Provost 
Monroe  H.  Deutsch 


- 


/m- 


>) 


PUBLII  VIRCJII.II 

OPERA; 

OR, 

THE  WORKS  OF  VIRGIL. 

WITH  COPIOUS  NOTES, 

MYTHOLOGICAL,  BIOGRAPHICAL,  HISTORICAL,  GEOGRAPHICAL,  PHILOSOPHICAL, 
ASTRONOMICAL,  CRITICAL,  AND  EXPLANATORY,  IN  ENGLISH  ; 

Compiled  from  the  best  Commentators,  with  many  that  are  new. 
TOGETHER  WITH 

AN  ORDO  OF  THE  MOST   INTRICATE  PARTS  OF  THE  TEXT, 

UPON  THE  SAME  PAGE  WITH  THE  TEXT- 
DESIGNED  FOR  THE  USE  OF 

STUDENTS  IHT  THE   COLLEGES,  ACADEMIES, 

AND  OTHER  SEMINARIES,  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Specially  calculated  to  lighten  the  Labour  of  the  Teacher,  and  to  lead  the 
Student  into  a  Knowledge  of  the  Poet. 

TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED,  A 

TABLE  OF  REFERENCE. 


BY  THE  REV.  J.  G.  COOPER,  A.  M, 


•PUBLISHED  BY  WHITE,  GALLAHER  fc  WHl'l T.. 

Clayton  6-  Van  Worden,  Prinlr  ~ 


-< 


A3 


D,  That  on  the  28th  day  of  May,  in  the  fifty- rim  year  of  the  Indepei. 

dence  of  the  United  States  of  America,  J.  G.  COOPER,  of  the  said  District,  hath  deposited  in  this  office  thr 
title  of  a  book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  proprietor,  in  the  words  following,  to  wit : 

"  Publii  Virgilii  Maronis  Opera :  or,  the  works  of  Virgil.  With  copious  notes,  Mythological,  Biographical, 
Historical,  Geographical,  Philosophical,  Astronomical,  Critical,  and  Explanatory,  in  English  ;  compiled  tram  th 
best  Commentators,  with  many  that  ure  new.  Together  with  an  Ordo  of  the  most  intricate  parts  of  the  text, 
upon  the  same  page  with  the  text.  Designed  for  tfe  use  of  Students  in  the  Colleges,  Academies,  and  other 
Seminaries,  in  the  United  States.  Specially  calculated  to  lighten  the  labour  of  the  Teacher,  and  to  lead  the 
Scut  into  a  knowledge  of  the  Poet  To  which  is  added,  a  Table  of  Reference.  By  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Cooper, 

A  '^conformity  to  the  Act  of  Congress  of  the  Unitod  States,  entitled,  "  An  Act  forthe  encouragement  of  learn- 
ins  bv  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during 
the  time  therein  mentioned."     And  alsd  to  an  Act,  entitled,  "  An  Act  supplementary  to ,  an  Act  em 
Act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts  and  Books,  to  the  auth<      and 
proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned,  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  a: 
designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints."  JAMES  DILL 

Clerk  of  the  Southern  District  of  New-York- 


NEW-YORK,  July  6,  1815. 

An  edition  of  the  works  of  Virgil,  upon  the  plan  adopted  by  the  Rev.  J. 
G.  Cooper,  I  think  preferable  to  those  usually  put  into  the  hands  of  boys. 
His  notes  and  explanations,  so  far  as  I  have  examined  them,  are  both  copious 
and  judicious.  Believing  that  classical  literature  will  be  promoted  thereby, 
I  do  cheerfully  recommend  the  work. 

WILLIAM  HARRIS,  D.  D. 

President  of  Columbia  College. 

In  the  above  opinion  expressed  by  Dr.  Harris, -we  do  fully  and  cordially 
unite. 

JOHN  BOWDEN,  D.  D. 

Professor  of  Rhetoric,  &c.  &c.  Columbia  College. 

Rev.  EDMUND  D.  BARRY, 

Principal  of  the  Ep.  Academy,  New- York. 

JOHN  BORLAND,  A.  M. 

Teacher  of  a  Select  Classical  School,  New- York. 

TILLOTSON  BRUNSON,  D.  D. 

Principal  of  the  Ep.  Academy,  Cheshire,  Connecticut* 

BALTIMORE,  Oct.  20,  1825. 

In  the  above  opinion  expressed  by  Dr.  Harris,  we  do  fully  and  cordially 
unite. 

W.  E.  WYATT,  D.  D. 

Associate  Min.  of  St.  Paul's  Parish. 

Rev.  JOHN  ALLEN,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  Math,  in  the  University  of  Maryland,  and  author  of  an  edition  of  the 
Elements  of  Euclid,  &c.  &c. 

NEW- YORK,  April,  1827. 

In  the  above  opinion  expressed  by  Dr.  Harris,  I  do  fully  and  cordially 
agree. 

JAMES  RENWICK, 

Professor  of  Nat.  Philosophy  and  Ch«mistryin  Col-  College. 

PHILADELPHIA,  June,  1827. 

In  the  above  opinion  expressed  by  Dr.  Harris,  I  do  fully  and  cordially 
agree. 

JAMES  ROSS,  LL.  D. 

Author  of  a  Latin  Grammar,  &c.  &c. 

LEXINGTON,  Ky.  April  1,  1825. 

Having  recently  examined  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Cooper's  proposed  edition  of 
the  Works  of  Virgil,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  giving  my  opinion,  that  the  plan 
which  he  has  pursued  is  excellent,  and  the  execution  highly  creditable  to  his 
talents  and  scholarship.  Such  a  work  will  greatly  facilitate  the  study  of  the 
poet,  on  the  part  of  the  youthful  learner.  It  will  give  him  a  correct  idea  of 
the  meaning  of  the  author  in  the  more  difficult  passages  ;  and  by  its  copious 
notes  upon  ancient  history,  and  mythology,  will  enable  him  to  relish  beauties 
that  are  now  rarely  perceived  in  the  early  course  of  classical  instruction.  I 
have  no  doubt  but  that  its  appearance  will  be  welcomed  by  the  intelligent 
and  discerning,  as  a  publication  admirably  adapted  to  enlist  the  feelings, 
and  stimulate  the  application  of  youth,  in  the  elementary  schools  of  our 
country. 

GEORGE  T.  CHAPMAN,  D.  D. 

Professor  of  Historv.  &c.  &c.  in  Transylvania  University.  Kv. 

:3 


RECOMMENDATIONS. 

,  BALTIMORE,  Oct.  20,  1825. 

The  edition  W  the  works  of  Virgil  proposed  to  be  published  by  the  Rev. 

.G.  Cooper,  appears  to  me,  as  far  as  a  very  partial  examination  of  it  has 
enabled  me  to  judge,  to  be  a  work  of  merit,  both  as  to  the  plan  and  execu- 
tion. And  I  am  persuaded,  that  its  adoption  into  our  Colleges  and  Semina- 
ries of  learning  will  greatly  facilitate  the  acquisition  of  a  correct  knowledge 
of  that  elegant  and  distinguished  poet. 

JAMES  KEMP,  D.  D. 

Bishop  of  the  Prot.  Epis  Church  in  the  state  of  Maryland. 

So  far  as  I  have  had  opportunity  to  examine  the  manuscript  of  the  Rev. 
J.  G.  Cooper  for  a  new  edition  of  the  Works-  of  Virgil,  I  highly  approve  of 
the  plan,  and  think  it  well  calculated  to  facilitate  the  study  of  the  poet.  It 
appears  to  be  a  leading  object  with  Mr.  Cooper,  to  lighten  the  burden  of  the 
student,  by  elucidating  the  difficult  passages  of  the  author,  and  by  leading 
the  youthful  mind  into  a  relish  of  his  beauties  and  excellencies. 

The  substitution  of  an  Urdo  of  the  most  intricate  passages  in  the  room  of 
a  general  interpretation  of  the  text,  I  consider  a  material  advantage.  While 
it  removes  the  difficulties  in  the  collocation  of  the  words,  it  leads  the  student 
more  directly  to  the  text,  and  tends  to  fix  his  attention  more  closely  upon 
the  language  of  the  poet.  On  the  whole,  I  consider  the  work  deserving  of 
public  patronage  :  and  I  wish  him  every  encouragement  in  his  endeavours 
to  promote  the  interests  of  classical  literature. 

FRANCIS  E.  GODDARD,  A.  M. 

President  of  the  Southern  College,  Bowling-Green,  ICr- 

November  6,  1823. 

LOUISVILLE,  Ky.  December  20,  1823. 

Having  been  favoured  with  the  perusal  of  notes  upon  the  Works  of  Vir- 
gil, compiled  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Cooper,  together  with  an  Ordo  of  the  more 
intricate  parts  of  the  text,  I  am  fully  persuaded  they  are  well  calculated  to 
assist  the  younger  classical  students  to  read  and  understand  the  poet,  espe- 
cially in  the  more  difficult  passages  ;  to  enlarge  the  mind  in  the  Geography 
of  the  country,  and  to  explain  the  mythology  of  the  age  in  which  he  wrote. 

The  criticisms  on  the  text  are  generally  correct,  and  display  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  syntax  of  the  Latin  language  :  and  I  do  not  hesitate 
to  say,  that  in  my  opinion,  the  work  would  be  very  useful  in  the  Academies 
and  Seminaries  of  the  United  States. 

GIDEON  BLACKBURN,  D.  D. 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASS.  May  10,  1815. 

AN  edition  of  the  works  of  Virgil,  upon  the  plan  adopted  by  the  Rev.  J. 
G.  Cooper,  will,  I  am  persuaded,  be  found  useful  in  instruction.  It  provides 
for  a  portion  of  that  assistance  in  the  interpretation  of  the  poet,  for  which  re- 
sort is  frequently  and  injudiciously  had  to  translations ;  while  it  is,  at  ihe 
same  time,  exempt  from  any  of  the  disadvantages  attending  such  a  mode  of 
studying  this  author.  JOHN  T.  KIRKLAND,  D.  D. 

President  of  Harvard  University. 

HINGHAM,  MASS.  May  8,  1815. 

From  a  partial  examination  of  the  manuscript  copy  of  the  works  of  Virgil, 
with  English  notes,  &c.  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Cooper,  it  appears  to  have  been 
prepared  with  much  labour  and  care.  1  have  no  doubt  that  a  work  of  this 
kind  would  be  of  essential  advantage  to  classical  students,  especially  to 


RECOMMENDATIONS.  v 

those  who  have  not  made  considerable  progress  in  the  Latin  language,  pre- 
vious to  their  commencing  the  study  of  the  poet. 

DANIEL  KIMBALL,  A.  M. 

Principal  of  Derby  Academy. 

I  fully  assent  to  the  opinion  expressed  above  by  Mr.  Kimball,  as  to  the 
value  and  usefulness  of  an  edition  of  Virgil,  upon  the  plan  proposed  by  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Cooper.  HENRY  WARE,  D.  D. 

Prafessoi  of  Divinity  in  Harv.  University. 

THE  edition  of  the  works  of  Virgil,  prepared  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Cooper, 
appears  to  be  well  calculated  to  facilitate  a  knowledge  of  the  poet.  To 
those  who  may  wish  to  study  the  poet,  without  the  aid  of  an  instructor ; 
and  to  instructors  themselves,  who  have  not  enjoyed  a  correctly  classical 
education,  it  will  be  eminently  useful. 

JOJIN  S.  J.  GARDINER,  D.  D. 
BOSTON,  May,  1815. 

At  the  request  of  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Cooper,  I  have  cursorily  examined  a 
printed  specimen  of  his  proposed  edition  of  the  works  of  Virgil ;  and  am 
of  opinion,  that,  if  the  whole  should  be  executed  in  the  manner  of  this  sam- 
ple, it  will  be  deserving  of  patronage. 

J.  L.  KINGSLEY, 

jt-i  Professor  of  the  Latin  Language. 

YALE  COLLEGE,  April  14,  1827. 

ELLWOOD  SEMINARY,  (near  Philadelphia,)  Dec.  9,  1826. 
I  have  perused  the  specimen  of  your  proposed  edition  of  the  works  of 
Virgil,  which,  I  think,  will  deserve  a  reception  into  every  classical  Academy. 

JAMES  TATHAM. 

Rev.  J.  G.  COOPER. 


From  a  specimen  of  the  proposed  edition  of  the  works  of  Virgil,  by  the 
Rev.  J.  G.  Cooper,  I  am  induced  to  believe  the  publication  will  be  an  aid  to 
the  cause  of  our  literature,  by  going  into  use  among  the  younger  students. 

HECTOR  HUMPHREYS, 

Professor  of  ancient  Languages,  Washington  College. 

HARTFORD,  April  14, 1827. 

I  highly  approve  of  the  plan  adopted  by  the  editor,  having  for  many  years 
believed  such  an  edition  of  Virgil  a  great  desideratum  in  our  schools. 

THOMAS  DUGDALE,jr. 

Teacher  of  Latin  and  Greek,  in  Friends'  Academ>,  Philadelphia- 

WASHINGTON  CITY,  Dec.  1825. 

Sir, — I  am  highly  pleased  with  your  edition  of  Virgil.  I  think  the  English 
notes  will  be  of  infinite  advantage  to  the  scholar,  and  very  interesting  to  the 
teacher.  I  am  anxious  to  have  a  sufficient  number  of  copies  to  supply  my 
school,  as  I  am  determined  to  use  no  other  for  the  future. 

Yours  respectfully, 

A.  R.  PLUMLEY, 
Rev.  J.  G.  COOPER. 

BOSTON,  May  9th,  1815. 

Sir, — So  far  as  I  can  judge  of  the  plan  on  whi<-h  you  propose  to  publish  an 
edition  of  Virgil,  from  the  few  pages  of  manuscript  submitted  to  my  inspec- 
tion, I  think  it  calculated  to  facilitate  the  progress  of  the  learner  ;  and  pe- 
culiarly adapted  to  the  younger  class  of  pupils,  who  are  with  difficulty  made 


vi  RECOMMENDATIONS. 

to  understand  the  notes  in  the  original,  when  hurried,  as  they  frequently  are. 
into  this  author. 

BENJAMIN  A.  GOULD, 

Principal  of  the  public  Grammar  School. 

I  cheerfully  concur  in  approving  the  plan  of  Mr.  Cooper's  proposed  edi- 
tion of  the  works  of  Virgil. 

FRANCIS  FELLOWS, 

Associate  Principal  of  the  Mount  Pleasant  Classical  Institution,  (near  Amherst,)  Mass. 

APRIL,  1827. 

We,  the  subscribers,  do  approve  of  the  plan  adopted  by  the  Rev.  J.  G. 
Cooper  for  a  new  edition  of  the  works  of  Virgil :  and,  when  published,  we 
do  hereby  recommend  his  work  to  those  classical  students,  who  may  attend 
our  respective  Seminaries. 

Rev..WM.  RAFFERTY,  D.  D. 

Principal  of  Si.  John  s  College,  Maryland. 

EDWARD  SPARKS,  M.  D. 

Professor  of  Languages  in  St.  John's  College,  Md. 

Rev.  SAM'L.  K.  JENNINGS,  M.  D. 

Principal  of  the  Asbury  College,  Baltimore. 

MICHAEL  POWER,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  Languages,  Abbury  College,  Baltimore- 

Rev.  TIMOTHY  CLOWS,  L.  L.  D. 

Principal  of  Washiugton  College,  Maryland. 

Rev.  HENRY  L.  DAVIS,  D.  D. 

Principal  of  Wilmington  College,  Delaware. 

Rev.  FREDERIC  BEASELY,  D.  D. 

Principal  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

J.  G.  THOMSON,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  Languages  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

B.  CONSTANT, 

Principal  of  the  Literary,  Scientific  and  Military  Lyceum,  Germantown,  Penn. 

JOHN  BORLAND, 

Professor  of  Classical  Literatuie  in  the  Collegiate  School,  N«w-York. 

Rev.  E.  D.  BARRY,  D.  D. 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New -York. 

A.  PARTRIDGE, 

Superintendant  of  the  American  Literary,  Scientific  mid  Military  Academy,  Middletown,  Conn. 

E.  B.  WILLISTON, 

Professor  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  in  the  A  L  S.  and  Military  Academy,  Middletown  Conn. 

Rev.  JOSEPH  SPENCER, 

Professor  of  Languages  in  Dickinson  College,  Pennsylvania. 

Rev.  JAMES  WILTBANK, 

Principal  of  the  Grammar  School  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Rev.  SAMUEL  B.  WYLIE,  D.  D. 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Philadelphia- 

GEORGE  HALENBAKE, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  and  Mathematical  Academy,  Philadelphia- 

JOHN  ANDERSON, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Philadelphia. 

C.  FELLT, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Philadelphia. 

W.  J.  BERKLEY, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Philadelphia. 

HENRY  HOOD, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Philadelphia. 

B.  J.  SCHIPPER, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Philadelphia, 


RECOMMENDATIONS.  vii 

We,  the  subscribers,  do  approve  of  the  plan  adopted  by  the'Rev.  J.  G. 
Cooper  for  a  new  edition  of  the  works  of  Virgil ;  and,  when  published,  we 
do  hereby  recommend  his  work  to  those  classical  students,  who  may  attend 
our  respective  Seminaries. 

Rev.  WM.  BALLANTINE, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Philadelphia. 

WM.  MANN,  A.  M. 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Philadelphia. 

J.  P.  ESPY, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Philadelphia. 

DAVID  PATTERSON, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New-York. 

WM.  SHERWOOD, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New-York. 

W.  H.  BOGART,  A.  B. 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New- York- 

JOSEPH  PERRY,  A.  M. 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New- York  • 

GOULD  BROWN, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New- York. 

JACOB  T.  BERGEN, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New-York. 

LOCKWOOD  &  GROAT, 

Principals  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New- York. 

JAMES  ANDERSON, 

Classical  Teacher  in  the  La  Fayette  Seminary,  New- York. 

J.  SLOCOMB, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New-York. 

SAMUEL  U.  BERRIAN, 

Classical  Teacher,  New- York. 

W.  LORD, 

Associate  Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Baltimore. 

A.  ROGERS, 

Principal  of  a  Select  Classical  Academy,  Baltimore. 

JAMES  STEEN, 

Principal  of  the  Wentworth  Academy,  Baltimore. 

JOHN  PRENTISS, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Baltimore- 

RICHARD  F.  CLEAVELAND, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Baltimore. 

Rev.  J.  G.  ROBERTSON, 

Principal  of  a  select  Classical  Academy,  Baltimore- 

JAMES  GOULD, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Baltimore- 

A.  B.  CLEAVELAND,  M.  D. 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  Baltimore, 

ELIJAH  GARFIELD, 

Teacher  of  Languages,  Middletown,  Conn- 

ELIJAH  P.  BARROWS,  Jr. 

Preceptor  of  the  Hartford  Grammar  School,  Conn. 

JOHN  M.  KEAGY,  M.  D. 

Principal  of  the  Harrisburg  Academy,  Penn- 

J.  D.  SLACK, 

Principalof  a  Classical  Academy,  New- York • 

WM.  SHADGETT, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  School,  New- York. 

BARNABAS  BATES, 

Principal  of  a  Classical  Academy,  New- York. 

THOMAS  P.  HAGGERTY. 

Pancipal  of  a  Classical  A^aderry,  Georgot&wn,  D-  f '. 


To  Professors  and  Teachers  of  Classical  Literature  in 
the,  Colleges,  Academies,  and  other  Seminaries  in  the 
United  States  : 


GENTLEMEN, 

The  very  favorable  opinion  that  many  of  you  have  expressed,  of  the 
plan  and  execution  of  this  Edition  of  the  works  of  Virgil,  claims  my  respect- 
ful acknowledgments. 

Every  attempt  to  facilitate  the  acquisition  of  classical  literature  will,  I 
am  persuaded,  meet  your  approbation;  I  shall,  therefore,  offer  no  apology 
for  adding  this  new  edition  to  the  many  others,  already  before  the  public. 

Soon  after  I  commenced  the  instruction  of  youth,  I  became  sensible  of  the 
impropriety  of  the  use  of  the  editions  of  Virgil,  then  in  our  schools.  Those 
of  Rua3us  and  Davidson  were  generally,  if  not  exclusively,  read  ;  both  equally 
objectionable,  the  former  by  affording  too  little  aid  to  the  student  in  the  illus- 
trauon  of  the  text,  the  latter  by  affording  him  too  much.  It  was  at  this  ear- 
ly period  that  I  formed  the  plan  of  the  present  edition.  Except  the  two  last 
books  of  the  /Eneid,  it  was  finished  in  the  year  1815,  as  you  will  perceive  by 
the  date  of  several  of  the  recommendations.  Since  which  time,  they  have 
been  completed,  and  the  whole  carefully  revised  and  greatly  improved. 
This  delay  in  the  publication  gave  me  a  further  opportunity  to  become  ac- 
quainted with  the  wants  of  students,  especially  in  the  early  course  of 
study,  and  to  collect  the  opinions  of  teachers  upon  this  subject.  That  opi- 
nion has  uniformly  been  in  favor  of  my  plan  ;  which  takes  a  middle  course 
between  the  opposite  extremes  of  atfording  too  little,  and  too  much  assist- 
ance to  the  sruderit. 

The  pai'iial  ordo  is  designed  to  assist  him  in  the  more  intricate  parts  of 
the  text ;  and  where  recourse  otherwise  must  be  had  to  the  teacher.  The 
nores  and  explanations  are  copious.  They  embrace  whatever  was  deemed 
necessary  to  elucidate  the  poet,  and  to  lead  the  youthful  mind  to  relish  his 
beauties.  Some  of  the  more  difficult  passages  I  have  translated  ;  and,  in 
general,  where  a  word  is  used  out  of  its  common  acceptation,  I  have  given 
its  sense  and  meaning  in  that  particular  place  :  and  where  commentators  are 
not  agreed  upon  the  meaning  of  a  word  or  phrase,  I  have  given  their  respect- 
ive opinions.  In  the  text,  I  have  adopted  the  reading  of  Heyne,  except  in  a 
few  instances,  where  the  common  reading  appeared  preferable. 

To  the  Bucolics,  Georgics  and  JEneid,  I  have  given,  in  the  first  instance^ 
a  general  introduction ;  and  to  each  Eclogue,  and  book  of  the  Georgics  and 
vEneid,  a  summary  or  particular  introduction  ;  so  that  the  student,  knowing 
beforehand  the  subject,  and  anticipating  the  beauties  and  excellences  of  the 
poet,  will  proceed  with  ease  and  pleasure,  and  in  a  manner  catch  his 

B 


(*) 

To  each  I  have  added  a  number  of  questions,  to  be  asked  by  the  teacher- 
and  answered  by  the  pupil  They  may  be  increased  or  modified  at  discre- 
tion. This  method  of  instruction,  by  question  and  answer,  will  be  found 
useful.  It  serves  to  excite  inquiry  and  attention  on  the  part  of  the  student, 
and  affords  the  teacher  a  ready  method  of  discovering  the  degree  of  know- 
ledge which  he  has  obtained  of  the  subject.  In  this  particular,  I  ac- 
knowledge my  obligation  to  several  eminent  teachers,  who  suggested  the  im- 
provement. 

The  commentators,  to  whom  I  am  principally  indebted,  are  Heyne,  Ruaeus, 
Dr.  Trapp,  Davidson  and  Valpy.  But  it  will  be  seen,  in  the  course  of  the 
work,  that  I  have  not  been  confined  to  these  alone.  Wherever  I  found  any 
thing  useful,  tending  either  to  elucidate  the  poet,  or  to  interest  the  student, 
I  have  taken  it. 

Throughout  the  whole,  it  has  been  a  principal  object  with  me,  to  render 
the  poet  intelligible,  and  to  elucidate  those  passages  which  are  obscure  and 
intricate.  To  the  whole  is  added,  a  table  of  reference  to  the  notes,  where 
any  particular  article  is  considered  or  passage  explained. 

For  those  typographical  imperfections  inseparable  from  the  press,  I  solicit 
your  indulgence.  The  future  editions,  it  is  expected,  will  be  from  plates,  when 
the  work  will  be  rendered  as  perfect  as  its  nature  will  admit. 

To  you,  gentlemen,  I  present  it,  with  the  humble  trust  that  it  will  be  found 
to  answer  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  designed,  namely,  to  lighten  the  la- 
bour of  the  teacher,  and  to  facilitate  the  acquisition  of  a  knowledge  of  the 
poet. 

J.  G.  COOPER, 

Nwnr-YoBK,  Oct.  1827. 


THE    MFE    OF    VIRttlL. 


PtTBLius  VIRGILIUS  MARC  was  born  at  a  village  called  Andes,  about 
tliree  miles  from  the  city  of  Mantua,  on  the  15th  day  of  October,  in  the 
year  oF&ome  684,  and  70  years  before  the  Christian  era.  Pompey  the 
Great  and  Marcus  Licinius  Crassus  were  consuls. 

His  parents  were  in  humble  circumstances.  His  father  cultivated  a 
small  farm  for  the  maintenance  of  his  family.  His  mother,  whose  name 
was  Maia,  was  related  to  Quiritilius  Varus,  who  rose  to  be  proconsul  of 
Syria,  and  afterwards  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Roman  army 
in  Germany. 

The  first  seven  years  of  his  life  were  passed  under  his  paternal  roof: 
after  which  he^  was  removed  to  Cremona,  a  town  situated  upon  the  banks 
of  the  Po,  and  not  far*  fronTTSf  antu  a"  While  here,  he  distinguished  him- 
self  in  those  studies  suited  to  his  age.  and  gave  presage  of  his  future 
eminence.  In  this  pleasant  retreat  he  passed  ten  years,  till  he  assumed 
the  Toga  virilis,  which,  among  the  Romans,  was  at  the  age  of  17.  At  an 
early  period  he  showed  himself  to  be  a  favorite  of  the  Muses,  and  mani- 
fested  a  genius  that  one  day  was  to  rival  the  author  of  the  Iliad.  At  this 
time  Pompey  and  Crassus  were  in  their  second  consulship. 

From  Cremona  he_  removed  to  Mediolanum,  a  town  not  far  distant,  and 
soon_jiter_tp  Naples.  "~T^fe^ie^evo^^liis  time  to  the  study  of  the  Greek 


__ 

language,    oT  which   he   soon   became   master.     By  this  means  he   was 
d  to  '' 


enabled  to  r^a^t'Iie'^reeir  poets  in  the  original,  to  enter  fully  into  their  , 
spirit,  and  to  discover  their  beauties  and  excellencies.     This  proved  of 
essential  service  to  him  in  his  future  labors.     With  a  mind  thus  stored^ 
with  literature,  and  a  taste  formed  by  the  best  models,  he  entered  upon 
the  study  of  medicine,  mathematics,  and   philosophy.     These  last,   more 
especially]  were  his  pleasure  and  delight,  as  he  has  intimated  in  several  ; 
parts  of  his  works. 

He  studied  the  Epicurean  philosophy,  then  in  much  repute,  under  one 
Syro,  an  eminent  teacher.  He  afterwards  composed  his  Sixth  Eclogue, 
with  a  view  to  compliment  his  preceptor,  and  to  express  a  grateful  remem- 
brance of  his  instructions.  Varus  was  a  pupil  with  him  at  the  same  time. 
Here  they  contracted  a  friendship  for  each  other,  which  continued  during 
the  remainder  of  their  lives.  Having  finished  his  studies  at  Naples,  which 
occupied  several  years,  it  is  said,  heLjvisited  Rome  ;  but  it  is  more  proba- 
ble that  he  returned  to  Mantua,  and  retired  to  his  paternal  inheritance. 


< 


IRGIL. 


Here  he  acquired  that  practical  information  which  so  eminently  qualified 
him  for  writing  the  Georgics. 

A  pers6n  of  Virgil's  extensive  attainments,  and  above  all,  of  his  poetic 
genius,  could  not  long  remain  in  obscurity.  His  fame  reached  the  ears  of 
Pollio,  who  was  no  less  distinguished  for  his  love  of  literature,  and  of  the 
muse,  than  for  his  military  achievements.  He  was  a  particular  friend  of 
Antony,  and  under  him  commanded  the  troops  in  Cis-Alpine  Gaul  ;  in  which 
Mantua  was  situated.  Here  he  became  acquainted  with  Virgil,  who  was 
introduced  to  him  either  by  Varus  or  Gallus  ;  both  of  whom  our  poet  has 
mentioned  in  his  Eclogues,  in  the  most  affectionate  terms. 
y  After  the  battle  of  Philippi,  which  proved  fatal  to  the  republican  party, 
Augustus  divided  the  lands  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mantua  among  his 
veteran  troops,  to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  that  victory.  Virgil  was 
involved  ,in  the  common  calamity.  This  circumstance,  in  all  human  ap- 
pearance to  be  lamented,  and  which  to  others  proved  a  heavy  calamity,  to 
our  poet  was  the  commencement  of  an  illustrious  career,  and  the  harbinger 
of  an  immortal  day. 

Pollio,  who  entertained  a  sincere  friendship  for  Virgil,  and  was  well 
qualified  to  form  a  correct  estimate  of  his  talents  and  acquirements,  becom- 
ing acquainted  with  his  case,  recommended  him  to  Maecenas,  who  was 
then  at  Rome,  and  held  the  highest  place  of  honor  and  confidence  with 
his  prince.  The  friend  of  Pollio  found  also  a  friend  in  Maecenas.  He  laid 

'  his  case  before  Augustus,  and  by  his  influence  with  his  prince,  obtained 
the   restoration  of  his  estate.     Virgil,  at  this  time,  probably  was  about  29 

;  years  of  age.     He  immediately  returned  wkh  the  edict  of  the  emperor  for 
the  restoration  of  his  farm,  which  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  one  Areus, 

'  a  centurion  ;  but  he  was  resisted  and  ill-treated  by  the  new  possessor,  and 

;  forced  to  swim  over  the  Mincius  to  save  his  life.     This  cruel  treatment  is 
the  subject  of  the  ninth  Eclogue. 

He  went  a  second  time  to  Rome  upon  the  subject.  But  it  is  probable 
he  never  after  resided  upon  his  estate.  A  wider  field  now  opened  before 
him  ;  and  he  made  the  seat  of  the  empire  the  place  of  his  residence.  Here 
his  acquaintance  and  friendship  were  sought  by  the  most  distinguished 

•  men;  and  the  favorite  of  the  Muses  became  also  the  favorite  of  Augustus. 

With  a  view  to  compliment  his  prince,  and  to  express  the  happy  state  of 
the  empire  under  his  administration,  it  is  said,  he  composed  the  following 
distich,  which,  in  a  private  manner,  he  affixed  to  the  gate  of  the  palace  : 

Nqcte  pinit  tol.i,  rcdeunt  spectacula  mane  : 
Divisum  imperium  cum  Jove  Caesar  hubet, 

Augustus  was  highly  pleased  with  the  compliment  paid  to  him,  and  the 
delicate  manner  in  which  it  was  expressed  ;  and  he  desired  to  find  out  the 
author.  Virgil's  modesty  and  diffidence  prevented  him  from  making  an 
avowal.  At  length,  one  Bathyllus.  a  poet  of  inferior  merit,  had  the  hardi- 
hood to  claim  to  be  the  author.  The  emperor  richly  rewarded  him.  This 
greatly  mortified  our  poet,  who  wrote  the'  same  lines  upon  the  gate  of  the 
palace,  with  the  following  one  under  them  : 

Y..    Hos  ego  versiculos  feci,  tulit  alter  honores  : 
together  with  the  beginning  of  another  line  in  these  words, 

Sic  vos  non  vobis, 

repeated  throe  times.  Augustus  wished  to  find  the  author  ;  and  as  the 
surest  way  of  doing  it,  demanded  that  the  lines  should  be  finished.  Several 
attempts  were  made  without  effect.  Bathyllus  was  not  able  to  do  it  ;  which 
l^d  to  a  .suspicion  of  his  imposture*  At  last  Virgil  finished  them,  and 


LIFE  OF  VIRGIL.  xiii 

thus  avowed  himself  the  author  of  the  previous  distich.     The  lines  are  as 
follow  : 

Sic  vos  non  vobis  nidificatis  avcs ; 

Sic  vos  non  vobis  vellera  fertis  oves ; 

Sic  vos  rion  vobis  mellificatis  apes  : 

Sic  vos  non  vobis  fertis  aratra  boves. 

r  This  detected  the  impostor,  and  covered  him  with  ridicule  and  contempt. 
S  About  this  time,  at  the  suggestion  of  Pollio,  Virgil  commenced  writing 
his  Eclogues;  which  occupied  him  three  years.  The  first  was  written  to 
express  his  gratitude  to  his  prince  for  the  restoration  of  his  lands.  This 
he  did  in  so  delicate  and  modesi  a  manner,  that  it  raised  him  greatly  in 
the  estimation  of  his  friends  and  countrymen  :  and  the  poet  conferred  a 
greater  favor  upon  Augustus,  by  immortalizing  this  act  of  his  beneficence, 
than  he  did  by  restoring  to  him  his  lands.  The  others  were  written  upon 
various  occasions,  and  for  various  purposes. 

The  Eclogues  were  extremely  popular.  So  well  were  they  received, 
that  they  were  several  times  repeated  upon  the  stage.  Cjcero,  upon  hear- 
ing them,  was  so  much  pleased,  that  he  did  not  hesitate  to  say  of  the^ 
author  :  Alagna  spe.s  aliera  Rom&>  which  words  the  poet  afterwards  intro- . 
duced  into  the  twelfth  book  of  the  ^Eneid,  applied  to  lulus.  Virgil  may 
be  considered  the  first  who  introduced  pastorals  among  the  Romans.  It 
is  a  fact  worthy  of  notice,  that  he  was  the  introducer,  and  at  the  same  time 
the  porfector,  of  this  kind  of  writing.  All  succeeding  poets  have  taken 
him  as  their  model,  and  found  the  surest  way  to  success  to  be,  to  copy  his 
beauties.  It  is  true,  he  was  much  indebted  to  Theocritus,  who  was  the 
first  pastoral  writer  of  eminence  among  the  Greeks  :  but  he  followed  him 
with  judgment,  and  improved  upon  him  so  much  in  correctness  of  taste, 
in  purity  of  thought,  and  delicacy  of  expression,  that  we  lose  sight  of  the 
original.  So  much  was  he  esteemed,  that  all  classes  of  persons  crowded 
to  see  him,  whenever  he  appeared  in  public  ;  and  on  entering  the  theatre, 
the  people  rose  up  to  do  him  reverence,  no  less  than  to  Augustus  himself. 

During  the  civil  wars,  agriculture  had  been  much  neglected  :  and  so 
general  had  the  distress  become  on  that  account,  that  serious  apprehen- 
sions were  entertained  for  the  peace  of  Italy.  All  classes  of  people  began, 
to  murmur,  and  to  cast  the  blame  upon  Augustus,  and  his  administration. 
In  this  state  of  things,  it  occurred  to  Maecenas,  that  the  most  effectual 
method  of  averting  the  impending  evils,  and  of  restoring  peace  to  the  peo- 
ple, and  confidence  in  the  administration,  was  to  revive  the  agricultural 
interests  of  the  country.  For  this  purpose,  he  desired  Virgil  to  write  a 
treatise  upon  agriculture.  He  well  knew  no  person  was  better  qualified 
for  a  work  of  this  kind.  He  possessed  an  extensive  knowledge  of  the  sub- 
ject, a  correct  taste,  and  could  enliven  it  with  the  charms  of  poetic  num- 
bers ;  and  he  already  possessed  the  confidence  and  affections  of  his  coun- 
trymen. 

After  a  short  respite,  he  entered  upon  the  work.  That  he  might  be  less 
interrupted  in  its  prosecution,  he  retired  from  Rome  to  Naples,  a  city  more 
tranquil,  and,  at  the  same  time,  more  healthy.  In  this  pleasant  retreat, 
removed  from  the  bustle  of  the  capital,  the  intrigue  of  courts,  and  the 
jarring  interests  of  politics,  he_composed  the  Geprgic.s — a  poem,  the  most 
perfect  and  finished  of  any  composition  in  the  Latin  language.  He  spent 
seven  years  in  the  work.  The  public  expectation  was  raised  high  ;  but  it 
was  far  surpassed  :  and  Virgil  conferred  a  greater  blessing  upon  his  coun- 
try, than  if,  in  the  field,  he  had  obtained  the  most  splendid  victory  over 


xivr  LIFE  OF  VIRGIL. 

The  Georgics  were  every  where  well  received,  and  Italy  soon  assumed 
a  flourishing  appearance.  The  people  found  themselves  in  the  enjoyment 
of  peace,  plenty,  and  domestic  happiness.  The  poet  dedicated  the  work 
to  his  friend  Mrecenas,  a  statesman  distinguished  equally  for  his  love  of 
literature  and  science,  the  correctness  of  his  politics,  and  the  wisdom  of  his 
councils. 

Virgil  was  now  forty  years  of  age.     At  this  time,  he  found  himself  hi 

the  possession  of  a  large  estate,  chiefly  from  the  liberality  of  his  prince. 

His  fame  was  coextensive   with  the  empire,  and  the  lovers  of  the  muse 

$  courted  his  society.     Among  the  particular  friends  of  Virgil,  may  be  reck- 

^  oned  Horace,  a  distinguished  poet  of  that  age,  and  a  friend  equally  of  Pollio 

^  and  Maecenas.     Between  these  two  favorites  of  the  Muses  there  subsisted, 

during   their   lives,   the   most   cordial   friendship.      How   sincerely   they 

-  esteemed  each  other,  we  may  learn  from  an  ode  which  Horace  afterwards 

^  composed  upon  the  occasion  of  Virgil's  setting  sail  for  Greece,  on  account 

of  his  health. 

Having  completed  the  Georgics,  our  poet  soon  commenced  the  ^Eneid, 
an  epic  or  heroic  poem.  This  is  the  noblest  species  of  poetic  composition, 
requiring  a  correct  judgment,  a  lively  imagination,  and  an  universal  know- 
ledge. Virgil  possessed  them  all  in  a  high  degree.  It  is  supposed  that 
he  had  the  subject  in  contemplation  for  several  years  previous,  and  that 
he  alludes  to  it  in  the  sixth  Eclogue  in  these  words  : 

Cum  canerem  reges  et  prselia,  Cynthius  aurem 
Velht  et  admonuit :  Pastorem,  Tityre,  pingues 
Pascere  oportet  oves,  deductum  dicere  carmen. 

He  probably  had  something  of  the  kind  in  view ;  but  whether  it  was, 
what  the  yEneid  afterwards  proved  to  be,  is  uncertain. 

The  subject  of  the  poem  is  the  removal  of  a  colony  of  Trojans  from  Asia 
Minor,  under  the  conduct  of  ./Eneas,  and  their  settlement  in  Italy.  The 
Iliad  and  Odyssey  undoubtedly  suggested  to  Virgil  the  idea  of  the  ^Eneid  ; 
and  without  the  former  we  should  not  have  had  the  latter. 

It  has  been  supposed  by  some,  that  the  ^Eneid  was  designed  merely  as 
an  encomium  upon  Augustus,  who  was  now  raised  to  the  highest  temporal 
power.  But  if  this  had  been  his  only  object,  the  poet  might  have  saved 
much  time  and  labor,  by  composing  short  pieces,  or  brief  panegyrics  upon 
his  prince,  asJHorace  did  on  several  occasions.  It  is  true,  Virgil  was  very 
fond  of  complimenting  the  Ca?sars,  and  in  several  parts  of  his  works,  he 
has  done  it  in  the  most  extravagant  manner. 

The  jEneid  was  undoubtedly  designed  for  the  benefit  and  instruction  of  the 
Roman  people  generally,  who  were  now  happily  enjoying  the  blessings 
of  peace,  after  having  suffered,  for  a  series  of  years,  all  the  calamities  of 
civil  war.  The  poet  wished  these  blessings  to  be  perpetuated.  He,  therefore, 
endeavors  to  dissuade  his  countrymen  from  further  attempts  to  restore  the 
republic,  and  advises  them  to  submit  to  the  authority  of  a  man  who  derived 
his  origin  from  the  gods,  arid  under  his  auspices,  to  cultivate  harmony,  and 
the  arts  of  civilized  life.  This  is  the  moral  of  the  poem,  and  an  object 
worthy  of  the  patriotism  and  benevolence  of  the  poet. 

Virgil  wrote  with  a  wonderful  degree  of  exactness.  Every  thing  which 
he  mentions  is  founded  upon  historical  truth ;  and  the  voyage  and  adven- 
tures of  his  hero  are  given  with  geographical  precision.  He  has  also 
given  us  a  full  and  perfect  account  of  the  religious  rites  and  ceremonies  of 
the  age.  The  whole  so  artfully  blended  with  the  subject,  and  so  skilfully 
interwoven  into  it,  as  to  become  an  essential  part  of  the  poem.  And  while 
he  is  delighting  the  fancy  with  the  harmony  of  his  numbers,  he  informs  the 
understanding,  and  enlarges  the  bounds  of  our  knowledge- 


LIFE  OF  VIRGIL. 

As  soon  as  it  was  known  that  Virgil  had  commenced  the  ^Eneid,  the 
public  expectation  was  raised  very  high ;  and  so  great  was  the  general 
enthusiasm  on  the  occasion,  that  Sextius  Propertius  did  not  hesitate  to  say  : 

Cedite,  Roman!  scriptores,  cedite  Grail ; 
Nescio  quid  majus  nascitur  Iliade. 

His  delicate  health  caused  considerable  interruption  in  his  labors ;  and 
he  found  himself  under  the  necessity  of  travelling,  to  sustain  his  feeble  con- 
stitution. He  visited  Sicily,  and  several  parts  of  Italy;  but  Naples  was 
his  favorite  place  of  residence. 

He  spent  seven  years  in  composing  the  first  six  books  of  the  ^Eneid.  X 
Augustus  wished  to  hear  what  he  had  written,  and  desired  him  to  recite 
them  to  him.  The  poet  complied  with  the  request  of  his  prince  ;  and  for 
this  purpose,  selected  the  second,  fourth  and  sixth  books.  Into  this  last, 
he  had  incorporated,  with  an  ingenious  hand,  the  funeral  rites  of  Marcel- 
lus,  who  died  a  short  time  before,  and  whom  Augustus  designed  for  his 
successor  in  the  empire.  He  was  a  very  promising  youth,  the  darling  of 
his  mother,  Octavia,  and  the  favorite  of  the  people.  When  the  poet  came 
to  this  part,  Octavia,  who  was  present,  was  so  much  affected,  that  she 
fainted  away :  and  Augustus  was  so  highly  pleased  with  the  compliment 
paid  to  his  nephew,  that  he  ordered  ten  sestertia  to  be  given  for  every  line 
of  the  eulogium.  This  amounted  to  a  very  large  sum.  The  verse  165, 
had  been  left  in  an  unfinished  state,  and  in  the  heat  of  fancy,  occasioned 
by  the  recital,  it  is  said,  the  poet  added  the  words,  Martemque  accenctere 
cantUj  which  complete  the  measure. 

In  four  years  afterwards,  he  finished  the  remaining  six  books,  so  that  the 
poet  spent  eleven  years  in  writing  the  ^Eneid.  At  this  time,  he  was  in  the 
fifty-first  year  of  his  age,  and  his  health  considerably  impaired.  He  had 
revised  the  Eclogues  and  the  Georgics,  and  continued  to  improve  them  till 
the  year  before  his  death,  as  appears  from  some  passages,  particularly  the 
closing  verses  of  the  last  Georgic.  Augustus  was  on  the  banks  of  the 
Euphrates,  in  the  year  of  Rome  734.  At  this  time  Virgil  was  fifty  years 
of  age,  and  the  Georgics  had  been  published  ten  years. 

It  was  the  intention  of  Virgil  to  revise  the  ^Eneid  also,  before  it  was  pub- 
lished. And  for  this  end  he  visited  the  classic  soil  of  Greece,  where  he 
purposed  to  devote  three  years  to  the  poem  :  and,  this  being^  done,  to  turn 
his  attention  to  philosophy.  This,  from  his  earliesF~years,  had  been  his 
darling  study,  as  he  informs  us  in  the  latter  part  of  the  second  Georgic  ; 
and  he  wished  to  spend  the  remaining  years  of  his  life  in  contemplating 
the  works  of  nature,  and  in  elevating  his  mind  to  its  divine  Author. 

But  soon  after  his  arrival,  his  health  became  so  delicate,  and  his  strength 
so  much  exhausted,  that  he  was  obliged  to  relinquish  it ;  and  Augustus  being 
on  his  return  from  Asia,  Virgil  thought  proper  to  accompany  him.  At 
Megara,  a  town  not  far  from  Athens,  he  became  seriously  indisposed,  and 
apprehensions  were  entertained  of  his  recovery.  He  hastened  his  return 
to  Italy,  but  continued  to  decline,  and  a  few  days  after  his  arrival  at  Brun- 
dusium,  a  town  in  the  eastern  part  of  Italy,  he  expired,  on  the  22d  day  of 
September,  being  nearly  51  years  of  .age.  He  died  with  that  composure 
and  resignation,  which  became  so  good  and  virtuous  a  man.  He  wished 
to  be  interred  at  Naples,  the  favorite  place  of  his  residence  ;  and  Augustus- 
ordered  his  body  to  be  removed  thither,  according  to  his  desire  ;  where  it 
was  buried  with  every  testimony  of  respect  and  esteem.  Just  before  his. 
death,  he  wrote  the  following  lines,  as  his  epitaph  : 

Mantua  me  genuit :  Calabri  rapuere  :  tenet  mine: 
Parthenope  :  Cecini  pascua.  rura,  duce*. 

&yW&*   er/   ,  ^ 


.xvi  LIFE  OF  VIRGIL, 

This  was  inscribed  upon  his  tomb  ;  and  it  is  characteristic  ot"  the  modesty 
of  that  great  poet  and  distinguished  philosopher.  It  is  said  his  tomb  is  to 
be  seen  at  the  present  day  on  the  road  from  Naples  to  Puteoli,  about  two 
miles  from  the  former  place. 

Virgil  left  a  will.  By  it,  he  directed  the  ^Eneid  to  be  burned,  as  being  im- 
perfect and  unfinisSied.  But  this  was  countermanded  by  Augustus,  at  whose 
desire,  it  is  said,  it  was  undertaken  ;  and  we  are  indebted  to  him  for  the 
preservation  of  one  of  the  greatest  efforts  of  human  genius.  The  manu- 
script was  put  into  the  hands  of  Varus,  Tucca  and  Plotius,  all  friends  of 
Virgil,  and  poets  of  some  distinction,  with  direction  to  expunge  whatever 
they  deemed  improper ;  but  to  make  no  additions  themselves.  To  this 
circumstance  it  is  probably  owing  that  we  find  so  many  imperfect  lines  in 
the  JEneid. 

Virgil  died  in  the  possession  of  a  large  estate,  the  half  of  which  he  be- 
queathed  to  Valerius  Proculus,  his  half-brother,  on  his  mother's  side.  Of 
the  rest,  he  gave  half  to  Augustus,  and  the  remainder  to  Maecenas,  Tucca. 
Varus  and  Plotius. 

Virgil  was  tall  and  of  a  brown  complexion,  extremely  temperate  and 
regular  in  his  habits.  His  constitution  was  feeble,  and  his  health  often 
delicate.  He  was  much  afflicted  with  a  pain  in  his  head  and  stomach  ; 
and  often  with  the  spitting  of  blood.  He  was  extremely  modest,  and  even 
bashful  to  a  fault,  attended  with  a  hesitation  in  his  speech.  Like  other 
great  men  he  had  his  enemies  and  detractors  :  but  their  aspersions  only 
served  to  increase  his  fame,  and  add  new  lustre  to  it. 

Virgil  has  been  emphatically  styled  the  prince  of  Latin  poets ;  and  it 
has  not  been  decided  whether  the  palm  should  be  awarded  to  the  Roman 
or  Grecian  poet.  It  is  true,  Virgil  was  much  indebted  to  Homer,  who 
may  be  considered  the  master;  but  the  pupil  had  the  happy  talent  of 
making  every  thing  that  passed  through  his  hands,  his  own. 

The  condition  of  these  two  great  favorites  of  the  Muses  was  very  diffe- 
rent in  their  lives.  Homer,  as  his  name  implies,  was  blind ;  and  so  hum- 
ble was  his  birth  and  parentage,  that  the  place  of  his  nativity  has  not  been 
ascertained.  He  wrote  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  in  detached  pieces,  and 
recited  them  in  the  various  cities  of  Greece,  to  obtain  a  subsistence.  Virgil 
wrote  under  the  auspices  of  one  of  the  greatest  of  princes,  and  nothing 
was  wanting  that  could  contribute  to  his  ease  and  comfort.  His  friends 
were  the  best  and  the  greatest  men  of  the  age.  He  was  honored  in  his 
life,  and  lamented  in  his  death.  Homer  left  no  friend  to  point  the  travel- 
ler to  his  monument ;  and  nearly  four  centuries  rolled  away,  before  his 
countrymen  sufficiently  appreciated  his  merits,  to  collect  his  scattered 
productions,  and  rescue  them  from  oblivion.  The  world  is  indebted  to 
Pisistratus,  an  Athenian,  for  the  preservation  of  these  inimitable  poems; 
which  are,  and  will  ever  be,  the  delight,  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  wonder 
and  admiration  of  civilized  man. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  BUCOLICS, 


OF  the  several  kinds  of  poetry,  none  is  more  generally  admired  than  the 
pastoral.  Its  subjects,  the  variegated  scenes  of  the  country,  the  innocent 
employments  of  shepherds  and  shepherdesses,  possess  charms  which  never 
fail  to  please  and  interest  our  minds.  But  this  species  of  poetry  is  difficult 
in  execution ;  which  may  be  the  reason  that  there  have  been  so  few,  who 
excelled  in  it. 

If  the  poet  were  to  make  his  shepherd  talk  like  a  courtier,  a  philosopher, 
or  a  statesman,  we  should  immediately  perceive  the  impropriety  ;  or  were 
he  to  make  him  utter  low  and  vulgar  sentiments,  we  should  turn  from 
him  with  disgust.  The  medium  is  the  true  course.  To  maintain  this,  how- 
ever,  at  all  times,  is  no  easy  matter. 

Theocritus  was  the  only  pastoral  writer  of  eminence  among  the  Greeks, 
and  Virgil  among  the  Romans.  The  former  denominated  his  pastorals 
Idyllia,  the  latter  Eclogce.  Virgil,  however,  cannot  so  properly  be  called 
an  original  pastoral  writer,  as  an  imitator  of  Theocritus.  Many  of  his 
finest  touches  are  taken  from  the  Grecian.  He  imitated  him,  however, 
with  judgment,  and  in  some  respects  improved  upon  him,  particularly  in 
preserving  the  true  character  of  pastoral  simplicity ;  in  which  the  other 
on  many  occasions  failed. 

The  word  Bucolica  is  of  Greek  derivation,  and  signifies  pastoral  songs, 
or  the  songs  of  shepherds.  Virgil  denominated  his  Bucolica,  Eclogce; 
which  is  also  from  a  Grqek  word  signifying  to  choose  or  select  out  of.  The 
Eclogues  are,  then,  a  selection  of  choice  pieces,  such  as  he  thought  worthy 
of  publication. 

He  began  this  part  of  his  works  in  the  twenty -ninth  year  of  his  age,  and 
in  the  year  of  Rome  713 ;  and  finished  it  in  the  space  of  three  years.  The 
Eclogues  were  so  well  received  by  his  countrymen,  that  they  were  pro- 
nounced  publicly  on  the  stage.  After  hearing  one  of  them,  Cicero,  it  is 
said,  did  not  hesitate  to  say  of  him :  Mag-rue  spes  altera  Roma. 

It  appears  to  have  been  the  design  of  Virgil  in  writing  his  pastorals,  to 
celebrate  the  praises  of  Augustus,  and  of  some  other  of  his  friends  at  Rome, 
particularly  Maecenas  and  Pollio. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  are  the  subjects  of  pastoral  poetry?  At  what  age  did  he  begin  this  part  of  his 

Does  this  kind  of  poetry  possess  any  pe-  works  ? 

culiar  charms  ?  In  what  year  of  Rome  ? 

Is  it  difficult  in  execution  ?  How  many  years  did  he  spend  in  writing 

Who   among   the    Greeks  was  the  first  the  Eclogues? 

pastoral  poet  of  eminence?  Were  they  well  received  by  his  country- 

What  did  he  call  his  pastorals?  men? 

What  did  Virgil  denominate  his  ?  What  was  probably   the   reason   of  m> 

In  what  light  are  we  to  consider  Virgil,  writing  the  Eclogues  ? 
as  a  pastoral  poet  ? 


P.    VIRGILII    MARONIS 
BUCOLICA. 


ECLOGA    PRIMA. 

MELIBCEUS,  TITYRUS. 

AT  the  termination  of  the  civil  war,  which  placed  Augustus  securely  on  the  Imperial 
throne,  to  reward  his  soldiers  for  their  services,  he  gave  them  the  lands  lying  about 
Mantua  and  Cremona,  dispossessing  the  former  owners.  Among  the  unfortunate  suf- 
ferers was  Virgil  himself;  who,  however,  by  the  interest  of  Maecenas  with  the  Emperor, 
received  his  lands  again. 

In  the  character  of  Tityrus,  the  poet  sets  forth  his  own  good  fortune ;  and  in  that  of  Meli- 
boeus,  the  calamity  of  his  Mantuan  neighbors.  This  is  the  subject  of  the  pastoral. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  a  beautiful  landscape.  A  shepherd,  with  his  flock  feeding  around 
him,  is  lying  at  ease  under  a  wide-spreading  beech-tree :  the  sun  is  approaching  the 
horizon :  shadows  are  falling  from  the  mountains :  the  air  is  tranquil  and  serene  :  the 
smoke  is  ascending  from  the  neighboring  villages.  This  scenery  a  painter  could  copy. 

MEL.  TITYRE,  tu  patulaa  recubans  sub  tegmine  fagi, 
Sylvestrem  tenui  Musam  meditaris  avena  : 
Nos  patriae  fines,  et  dulcia  linquimus  arva ; 
Nos  patriam  fugimus  :  tu,  Tityre,  lentus  in  umbra 
Formosam  resonare  doces  Amaryllida  sylvas.  5 

TIT.  O  Melibcee,  Deus  nobis  haec  otia  fecit.  8.  Stepe  tener  agnus 

Namque  erit  ille  mihi  semper  Deus  :  illius  aram  ab  nostris. 

Saepe  tener  nostris  ab  ovilibus  imbuet  agnus.  9<  Ille  Permisit 

Ille  meas  errare  boves,  ut  cernis,  et  ipsum  ^  SE? 

Ludere,  quae  vellem,  calamo  permisit  agresti.  10  quae. 

MEL.  Non  equidem  invideo  :  miror  magis  :  undique  14.  Namque  modo 
Usque  adeo  turbatur  agris.  En  ipse  capellas  [totis  connixa  gemellos,  spem 
Protenus  apr  ago  :  hanc  etiam  vix,  Tityre,  duco :  E&tL±££ 
Jiic  inter  densas  corylos  modo  namque  gemellos,  in  nuda  silice. 

NOTES. 

1.  Fagi :  gen.  of  Fagus,  the  beech-tree.  9.  Errare.    To  feed  at  laro-e. 
It  is  glandiferous. 

2.  Sylvestrem  musam.     A  pastoral  sono-.  __10;  Calamo  agresti  :  upon  a  rural  reed. 
Avena:  properly  oats.     By  Met.  the  straw;  Musical  instruments  were  at  first  made  of 
and  hence  an  oaten,  or  oat-straw  pipe     Me-  oat'  or  wheat  straw ;  then  of  reeds  and  box- 
ditaris :  you  practise  or  exercise.    '  wood  J  afterwards  of  the  leg  bones  of  the 

3.  Aroa.    neu.   plu.    properly  cultivated  crane  ;  of  the  homs  of  animals,  &c.   Hence 
fields  :  from  the  verb  aro.  tliev  are  called  dvena,    stipula  ;    calamus^ 

4.  Tu  lentus:  thou  at 'ease  in  the  shade,  "™>^  cicuta,  fistula;  buxus,  tibia,  cornua, 
dost  teach  the  woods,  £c.     rfmaryllida,  a  &c> 

Greek  ace.  of  Amaryllis.     See  31.' infra.  12.    Turbatur  usque  adeo  totis,  &c.   Lit. 

6.  Deus.     A  god,  namely  Augustus,  who  It  is  disturbed  so  much  in  the  whole  coun- 

had  reinstated  him  in  his  possessions ;  and  try  all  around.     There  is  so  much  commo- 

whom  the  Romans  had  deified.     Hcec  otia :  tion  in  the  whole  country,  I  wonder  that 

us  rest  or  ease.    Otium  is  opposed  to  labor  you  should  enjoy  such  peace  and  quiet. 

l"  sia-nincatiou.  *    14.  Coryfo/:  Hazles— Gemello*:  twins. 


Vl&GlLli  MAROMS 


Spem  gregis,  ah  !  silice  in  nuda  connixa  reliquit.        15 
Saepe  malum  hoc  nobis,  si  mens  non  laeva  iuisset, 
17.  Memini   quercus  De  coelo  tactas  memini  praedicere  quercus  : 
tactasdecffilossepeprre-gggpe  sinistra  cava  praedixit  ab  ilice  comix. 

Sed  tamen,  ille  Deus  qui  sit,  da,  Tityre,  nobis. 

20.  Ego  stultus  pu-      TIT.  Urbem,  quam  dicunt  Romam,  Melibcee,  putavi 
tavi  urbem,  quam  di-  Stultus  ego  huic  nostrae  similem,  quo  saepe  solemus 


cunt  Romam  esse  simi-  pastores  ovium  teneros  depellere  foetus. 

' 


lemhuicnostrtcJiian/wa. 


22 


0.  .,  ,    ,         .     .,  A  .,        ,       , 

Sic  cambus  catulos  similes,  sic  matnbus  hoedos 

Noram  :   sic  parvis  componere  magna  solebam. 

25.  Heec  Roma  extu-  Verum  haec  tantum  alias  inter  caput  extulit  urbes,      25 
Quantum  lenta  solent  inter  viburna  cupressi. 

MEL.  Et  quae  tanta  fuit  Romam  tibi  causa  videndi  ? 
TIT.  Libertas  :  qua3  sera,  tamen  respexit  inertem  ; 
Candidior  postquam  tondenti  barba  cadebat  : 
Respexit  tamen,  et  longo  post  tempore  venit,  30 

Postquam  nos  Amaryllis  habet,  Galatea  reliquit. 
Namque  (fatebor  enim)  dum  me  Galatea  tenebat, 


NOTES. 


1 6.  Hoc  malum  nobis.  There  seems  to  be 
required  here,  to  make  the  sense  complete, 
the  words :  and  I  might  have  understood  it ; 
si  mens,  &c.  If  my  mind  had  not  been  foolish. 

18.  Sinistra  cornix  :  the  ill-boding  crow. 
The  Romans  were  very  superstitious.    They 
considered  every  thing  as  ominous.     The 
flight  of  some  kinds  of  birds,  the  croaking 
of  others,  the  darting  of  a  meteor,  a  peal 
of  thunder,  were  signs  of  good  or  bad  luck. 
Those  that  appeared  on  their  left  hand,  for 
the  most  part,   they   considered   unlucky. 
Hence  sinister  and  ICPVUS  came  to  signify 
unlucky,    ill-boding,   £c.     And   those   that 
appeared  on  their  right  hand,  they  consi- 
dered to  be  lucky.     Hence,  dexter  came  to 
signify  fortunate,  lucky,  &c.     The  best  rea- 
son that  can  be  given,  why  they  used  sinis- 
ter and  I(RVUS,  sometimes  in  a  good,  at  other 
times  in  a  bad  sense,  is,  that  they  occasion- 
ally interpreted  the  omens  after  the  manner 
of  the  Greeks,  who  considered  those  that 
appeared  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  heavens 
to  be  lucky  ;  and  turning  their  faces  to  the 
north,  as  their  custom  was,  they  would  be 
seen  on  the  right  hand.     Ths  Romans,  on 
the   contrary,    turned    their  faces   to   the 
south  in  observing  the  omens  ;  and  conse- 
quently, their  left  hand  would  be  toward 
the  east,  corresponding  to  the  right  hand 
of  the  Greeks.     Ilice :  the  holm-oak. 

19.  Qwi  sit  Deus:  who  may  be  that  God  of 
yours,  of  whom  you  speak  ?    Da  nobis :  tell 
me.    JVb&i's :  in  the  sense  of  mihi. 

20.  Romam.     Rome,  a  city  of  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Tiber,  founded  by  Romu- 
lus 753  years  before  Christ.     Mantua  was 
a  city  of  the  Cis-Alpine  Gaul,  now  Lom- 
bardy,  situated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
river  Mincius,  which  falls  into  the  Po. 

22.  Fcztus.  This  word  signifies  the  young 
of  any  thing  or  kind,  whether  animate  or 


inanimate.  We  have  introduced  it  into  our 
language  without  any  variation.  Teneros 
fudus  ovium,  simply,  our  lambs. 

23.  Sic  canibus,  £c.     This  passage  Ser- 
vius  thus  explains :  I  thought  before  that 
Rome  resembled  Mantua  and  other  cities, 
as  I  knew  whelps  and  kids  resemble  their 
dams  or  mothers,  differing  only  in  size.    In 
this  I  was  mistaken :  I  find  it  to  be  of  a 
different   species   from  other  cities,  as  the 
cypress  differs  from  the  shrub. 

24.  Componere :  in  the  sense  ofcompararc. 

25.  Extulit  caput :  hath  raised  its  head.  A 
figurative  expression,but  extremely  beautiful. 

26.  Vibuma,  plu.  of  viburnum,  a  species 
of  shrub.     Some  take  it  for  a  withy,  others 
for  the  wild-vine. 

28.  Libertas.    Virgil  here  speaks  of  him- 
self as  being  an  old  man,  having  a  hoary 
beard,  and  as  having  been  a  slave.     Nei- 
ther of  which  was  the  case.   But  it  was  not 
necessary  for  him  to  describe  himself  in  all 
his  circumstances.     That  would  have  been 
too  plain,  and  would  have  taken  from  the 
beauty  of  the  pastoral.  Inertem :  indolent — 
inactive.     Sera :  late  in  life. 

29.  Candidior  barba :  my  gray,  or  hoary 
beard.     The  comp.   is  here  plainly  to  be 
taken  in  the  sense  of  the  pos.  tondenti :  to  me 
shaving  it. 

31.  Amaryllis — Galatea.  Some  think  these 
are  to  be  taken  allegorically ;  the  former  for 
Rome,  the  latter  for  Mantua.  But  this  is  not 
necessary ;  nor  will  it  be  easy  to  support  the 
allegory  throughout.  It  is  better  to  take 
them  literally,  for  the  names  of  the  poet's 
mistresses.  Servius  thinks  nothing  in  the 
Bucolics  is  to  be  taken  allegorically.  Dr. 
Trapp  thinks  Virgil  insinuates  that  his  old 
mistress  Galatea  was  in  favour  of  Brutus, 
and  his  new  one  Amaryllis  in  favor  of  Au- 
gustus ;  and  by  changing  mistresses,  he  de- 


BUCOLIC  A.     ECL.  I. 


resDeoseicui  patereris. 


Nec  spes  libertatis  erat,  nee  cura  peculi : 

Quamvis  multa  meis  exiret  victima  septis, 

Pinguis  et  ingratae  premeretur  caseus  urbi,  35 

Non  unquam  gravis  sere  domum  mihi  dextra  redibat. 

MEL.  Mirabar,  quid  moesta  Deos,  Amarylli,  vocares,      37.  Mirabar,  quid  in 
Cui  pendere  su&  patereris  in  arbore  poma.  mce?ta'  Amarylli,  voca- 

Tityrus  hinc  aberat.     IpsaB  te,  Tityre,  pinus, 
Ipsi  te  fontes,  ipsa  haec  arbusta  vocabant. 

TIT.  Quid  facerem  1  neque  servitio  me  exire  licebat, 
Nec  tarn  pra^sentes  alibi  co^noscere  divos. 
Hie  ilium  vidi  juvenem,  Meliboee,  quotannis 
Bis  senos  cui  nostra  dies  altaria  fumant. 
Hie  mihi  responsum  primus  dedit  ille  petenti : 
Pascite,  ut  ante,  boves,  pueri :  submittite  tauros. 

MEL.  Fortunate  senex  !  ergo  tua  rura  manebunt : 
Et  tibi  magna  satis :  quamvis  lapis  omnia  nudus, 
Limosoque  palus  obducat  pascua  junco  : 
Non  insueta  graves  tentabunt  pabula  fcetas, 
Nec  mala  vicini  pecoris  contagia  laedent. 
Fortunate  senex  !  hie  inter  flumina  nota, 
Et  fontes  sacros,  frigus  captabis  opacum. 

i 


45 


54.  Hinc  sepes,  quae 
5"  dividit  tuum  agrum  ab 
vicino    limite,    semper 
depasta    quoad    florem 
salicti   Hyblffiis  apibus, 


TT.         .,.  .   .         i   i-     •  seepe  suadebit  tibi  inire 

Hmc  tibi,  qua?  semper  vicino  ab  limite  sepes  somnum    levi    susurro 

Hyblaeis  apibus  florem  depasta  salicti,  55  apum. 


NOTES. 


licately  hints  at  his  changing  political  sides, 
and  in  consequence  thereof  leaving  Mantua, 
and  going  to  Rome. 

From  the  circumstance  of  Augustus  de- 
priving the  Mantuans  of  their  lands,  we 
may  infer  that  they  were  generally  in  favor 
of  the  Republic,  and  Virgil  might  have  been 
of  that  party,  till  all  hope  of  liberty  was 
lost,  and  prudence  dictated  a  change  of 
politics.  Galatea  reliquit,  is  for  reliqui  Ga- 
lateam,  by  Euphemismus.  After  he  had 
left  Galatea,  "and  transferred  his  affections 
to  Amaryllis,  he  obtained  liberty  and  pro- 
perty :  that  is,  after  he  had  changed  poli- 
tical sides. 

33.  Peculi.  By  apocope  for  Peculii.  This 
word  properly  denotes  the  property  of  a 
slave — that  which  his  master  suffers  him  to 
possess,  and  call  his  own.  In  this  sense,  it 
is  peculiarly  proper,  as  Virgil  here  speaks  of 
himself  as  having  been  in  that  humiliating 
condition. 

.35.  Urbi.     The  city  Mantua. 

36.  Non  unquam,  &c.  Never  did  my 
right  hand  return  home  heavy  with  money. 
— Mihi :  in  the  sense  of  mea. 

40.  Arbusta :  the  groves  themselves,  &c. 
There  is  a  great  beauty  in  the  personification 
of  inanimate  things;  or  attributing  to  them 
the  actions  of  real  life.  The  Arbusta  were 
large  pieces  of  ground  set  with  elms  or  other 
trees,  commonly  at  the  distance  of  about  40 
feet,  to  leave  room  for  corn  to  grow  between 
them.  They  were  sometimes  pruned,  and 
served  for  stages  to  the  vine.  The  verb  vo- 
cab.ant  is  to  be  repeated  with  each  of  the 


nominatives  preceding,  and  to  govern  the 
pronoun  te. 

42.  Prcesentes :  propitious  or  favorable. — 
Alibi :  in  any  other  place — any  where  else. 
— Cognoscere :  to  experience,  or  find. 

43.  Hie.  Here,  at  Rome. — Juvinem :  Oc- 
tavius,   who  was   then   about  twenty-two 
years  of  age ;  afterward  by  a  decree  of  the 
senate   called  Augustus. — Cui  nostra:    for 
whom  our  altars  smoke,  &c.  in  honor  of,&c, 

46.  Pueri.  Swains.  The  word  puer  pro- 
perly signifies  a  boy,  in  opposition  to  a  girl — 
also  a  male  slave  or  waiter. 

49.  Obducat  omnia  pascua,  &c.  Ruseus 
understands  this  not  of  Virgil's  own  lands, 
but  of  the  lands  of  his  neighbors.  Dr. 
Trapp  very  justly  rejects  this  interpretation. 
The  poet  is  felicitating  himself  on  his  good 
fortune  under  the  character  of  an  old  man. 
And,  though  his  farm  was  covered  over 
partly  with  rocks  and  stones,  and  partly 
with  a  marsh ;  yet  no  unusual  or  improper 
pasture  should  injure  his  (graves  fcetas)  preg- 
nant ewes;  nor  any  noxious  contagion  of  a 
neighboring  flock  should  infect  or  hurt  them. 
— Fctfa:  the  female  of  any  kind  big  with 
young — a  breeder. 

52.  Inter  flumina  nota.  The  Mincius  and 
Po. 

55.  Sapes  depasta  Jlorem,  &c.  This  con- 
struction frequently  occurs  among  the  poets, 
and  is  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks ;  who 
sometimes  placed  the  noun  or  pronoun  in 
the  ace.  case,  omitting  the  governing  prep. 
Fed  upon  as  to,  or  with  respect  to,  its  flo-wfr 
of  urillo-u;  &c. — Hybfais,  an  adj.  from  Hy- 


P.  V1RG1L1I  MAKOMS 


Saepe  levi  somnum  suadebit  iniresusurro. 
Hinc  alta  sub  rupe  canet  frondator  ad  auras. 
Nee  tamen  interea  raucae,  tua  cura,  palumbes, 
Nee  gemere  aeria  cessabit  turtur  ab  ulmo. 

TIT.  Ante  leves  ergo  pascentur  in  aethere  cervi, 
Et  freta  destituent  nudos  in  litore  pisces  : 
Ante,  pererratis  amborum  finibus,  exul 

65.  At   DOS   expuhi  Aut  Ararim  Parthus  bibet,  aut  GermaniaTigrin), 
liinc,  alii  nostrum  ibi-  Quam  nostro  illius  labatur  pectore  vultus. 
mus  ad  sitientes  Afros,      ]y[EL<  ^t  nos  njnc  ajij  sitientes  ibimus  Afros, 
SrScn?£n  VeiUemUSPars  Scythiam,  et  rapidum  Crete  veniemus  Oaxem, 

68.  En  uriquam  mi-  Et  penitus  toto  divisos  orbe  Britannos. 
rabor    videns    patrios  En  unquam  patrios  longo  post  tempore  fines, 


NOTES. 


bla,  a  town  and  mountain  in  Sicily,  famous 
for  honey. — Vicino  limite :  from  the  neigh- 
boring field.  Hinc:  on  the  one  hand.  It 
is  opposed  to  the  Hinc  in  line  57.  infra ; 
which  is  to  be  rendered :  on  the  other  hand. 

57.  Ad  auras :  to  the  air — aloud,  so  as  to 
pierce  the  air. 

60.  Ante.     The  ante  in  this  line  is  mere- 
ly expletive ;  the  sense  is  complete  without 
it. 

61.  Destituent :  in  the  sense  of  relinquent. 

62.  Ante,  pererratis,  &c.      Parthus,  by 
Synec.  for  the  Parthians  collectively.    They 
were  a  people  descended  from  the  Scythians, 
and  possessed  that  part  of  Asia,  which  is 
bounded  on  the  west  by  Media,  on  the  north 
by  the  Caspian  sea,  on  the  east  by  Bactri- 
ana,  and  on  the  south  by  the  deserts  of  Car- 
mania,     hi  process   of  time,  they  became 
very  powerful,  and  were  the  most  formida- 
ble enemies  of  the  Persians :  and  from  their 
frequent  conquests   over   that  people,   are 
sometimes  confounded  with  them.     Germa- 
•ii ia.    An  extensive  country  in  Europe,  put,. 
by  meton.  for  the  inhabitants  of  that  coun- 
try.    Ararim.     A  river  of  France   arising 
from  mount  Vogesus  (hodie  Vauge)  and  run- 
ning in  a  southern  direction,  falls  into  the 
Rhodanus  at  Lyons,  and  along  with  it,  into 
the  Mediterranean.     It  is   famous  for  the 
bridge  built  over  it  by  Julius  Csesar.     Its 
present  name  is  the  Soane.     Tigrim.  This  is 
a  very  rapid  river  of  Asia,  rising  in  Arme- 
nia, and  taking  a  southerly  direction,  pass- 
ing  by   Mesopotamia  and  Assyria,  unites 
with  the  Euphrates,  and  with  it  falls  into 
the  Sinus  Persicus.     The  Araris  is  not  in 
Germany  properly  so  called.     But  it  is  well 
known  that  the    Germans   extended  their 
conquests  beyond  that   river,  and  effected 
settlements  among  the  Sequani,  and  other 
nations  of  Gaul.     Nor  is  the  Tigris  in  Par- 
thia  proper.     But  the  Partliians   extended 
their  conquests,  as  far  west  as  the  Euphra- 
tes.    Not  far  from  this  river  they  vanquish- 
ed Crassus,  the  Roman  general.    The  mean- 
ing of  this  passage,  which  hath  so  much 


divided  the  opinions  of  commentators,  ap- 
pears to  be  this:  that  these  two  nations. 
the  Germans  and  the  Parthians,  shall  ex- 
change countries  with  each  other  (Jiriil,v.i 
amborum  pererratis)  sooner  than  (ante  quani) 
the  image  of  that  youth  should  be  effaced 
from  his  breast.  But  the  former  could  1 1 
be;  therefore,  the  latter  would  remain.  Ptr- 
t'rrniis.  in  the  sense  of  Permutatis. 

65.  Sitientes:  thirsting  or  parched.     This 
epithet  is  peculiarly  proper  for  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Africa,  the  greater  part  of  which  lies 
between  the  tropics. 

66.  Srythutm.      The  Scythians   were    a 
brave  and  warlike  people,  leading  a  wan- 
dering life.     They  extended  their  conquests 
over  a  very  considerable  part  of  Europe  and 
Asia.      Hence  the  term  Sr-ytliia  came  to 
be  used  indefinitely,  to  denote  any  part  or 
the  whole  of  the  northern  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia.     Oaxis:  a  river  <>('(  ><•'»  ;  a 
island  in  the  Mediterranean.     It  is  celebra- 
ted for  having  been  the  birth-place  of  Jupi- 
ter, and  for  its  having  oace  had  a  hundred 
cities,     f^eniemus.'m  the  sense  of  ibimus. 

68.  I'liiuii'jtHini.  Alas!  shall  I  ever  won- 
der, beholding,  &c.  Germanus,  Ruajus  and 
Davidson  connect  aliquot  aristas  with  mea 
regna.  But  Dr.  Trapp  takes  post  aliquot 
aristas  to  mean  after  some  years;  and  con- 
strues mea  regna  with  culmcn  tugnri.  It  is 
true,  arista;  may  be  taken  for  years.  But 
aliquot  aristas  does  not  very  well  answer  to 
the  Longo  tempore  post,  mentioned  just  be- 
fore. And  if  it  did,  it  would  be  only  a  use- 
less repetition.  But  connect  aliquot  </> 
with  mea  regna,  as  in  the  ordo;  any  impro- 
priety of  this  kind  is  removed  ;  and  we  have 
a  beautiful  representation  of  Melibceus's 
possessions ;  which  consisted  in  a  few  acres 
of  land,  lying  adjacent  to  his  cottage,  the 
roof  of  which  just  rose  above  the  corn  that 
was  planted  around  it,  and  might  not  im- 
properly be  said  to  be  concealed  among  it, 
or  behind  it.  Tuguri,  by  apocope,  for  7V- 
gurii.  Congestum  respiti :  covered  over  with 
turf. 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  II. 

Pauperis  et  tuguri  congestum  cespite  culmen,  fines  longo  tempore  post, 

Post  aliquot,  mea  regna,  videos  mirabor  aristas  'I  70  et  c.ulme"  pauperis  tu- 

Impius  haac  tarn  culta  novalia  miles  habebit  ?  S±2rt55tfc 

Barbarus  has  segetes  ?  En  quo  discordia  cives  tas,  tota  raea  regna. 

Perduxit  miseros  !  en  queis  consevimus  agros  ! 

Insere  nunc,  Melibcee,  pyros,  pone  ordine  vites  : 

Ite  mea?,  felix  quondam  pecus,  ite  capellae.  75 

Non  ego  vos  posthac,  viridi  projectus  in  antro,  76.  Ego  posthacpro- 

Dumosa  pendere  procul  de  rupe  videbo.  Jectus   in   viridi  antro 

Carmina  nulla  canam  :  non,  me  pascente,  capelte  !™H  J^f  °  V°S  Pr°Wl 

i"»i  T  •  **f\  peiiuere.* 

rJorentem  cytisum  et  sauces  carpetis  amaras.  ^ -•-.._     79 
TIT.  Hie  tamen  hanc  mecum  poteris  requiescere  rioc- 
Fronde  super  viridi.     Sunt  nobis  mitia  poma,  [tern 

Castaneae  molles,  et  pressi  copia  lactis. 
Et  jam  summa  procul  villarum  culmina  fumant, 
Majoresque  cadunt  altis  de  montibus  umbrae. 

NOTES. 

71.  Novalia:  fallow-ground.  had  labored,  and  had  improved  his  lands,  to 

72.  Quo :  whither— to  what  state  of  mi-      be  now  Possessed  by  a  cruel  soldier. 

sery.    Perduxit :  hath  reduced,  or  brought.          82'  C°Pia  Pressi  lactis  •'  a  plenty  of  curds 

and  cheese.     Molles,  may  here  mean  ripe, 

74.  Insere  nunc,  &e.     Mehboaus  says  this     or  soft  and  smooth,  in  opposition  to  the  hir- 
iromcally  to  himself,  being  vexed  that  he     suta,  or  rough. 

. 
QUESTIONS. 

What  is  the  subject  of  this  pastoral  ?  Where  is  the  scene  of  the  pastoral  laid  ? 

To  reward  his  troops,  what  did  Augustus         What  is  the  time  of  the  day  ? 

What  is  the  state  of  the  atmosphere  ? 
Who    3  represented  under  the  character         To  what  isotium  opposed? 

Were  the  Romans  a  superstitious  people  ? 
Who  undor  that  of  Melibceus  ? 


ECLOGA   SECUNDA. 

ALEXIS. 


THE  subject  of  this  charmmg  pastoral  is  the  passion  of  the  shepherd  Corydon  for  the 
Beautiful  youth  Alexis.     The  shepherd  complains  of  the  cruelty  of  the  boy  in  slight- 
ing his  overtures ;  and  withal  advises  him  not  to  trust  too  much  to  his  complexion  and 
ity.     He  endeavors  to  prevail  on  him  to  visit  the  country,  where  he  promises  to 
tertam   him  with  music,  nuts,  apples,  and  flowers.     But  when  he  finds  nothing  will 
avail  he  resolves  to  seek,  another  lover.     By  Corydon  some  understand  Virgil  himself, 
and  by  Alexis  a  beautiful   slave,  belonging  to  his  friend  and  patron,  Mafcenas.     Iu 
several  parts  of  this  pastoral,  the  poet  is  indebted  to  Theocritus      The  sc.no  is  laid  i  , 


Sicily. 


FORMOSUM  pastor  Corydon  ardebat  Alexim, 
Delicias,domini :  nee,  quid  speraret,  habebat. 


NOTES. 


for     TV          hegwatly  loyedr-he  burned         2.  Delicias :  the  darling-the   delight  of 

ieffree  of'hiTn      •VWy  fol€lbly  ™**  *°     his  master'    li  is  Placed  in  apposition  with 
f  his  passion,  jkxim.     It  is  used  on,    in  t 


3  P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 

3.  Inter  densas  fagos  Tantum  inter  densas,  umbrosa  cacumina,  fagos 
Jabentes  umbrosa  cacu-  Assidue  veniebat :  ibi  base  incondita  solus 

Montibus  et  sylvis  studio  jactabat  inani. 

O  crudelis  Alexi,  nihil  mea  carmina  curas  : 

Nil  nostri  miserere  :  mori  me  denique  coges. 

Nunc  etiam  pecudes  umbras  et  frigora  captant ; 

Nunc  virides  etiam  occultant  spineta  lacertos  : 
10.  Thestylis  contun-  Thestylis  et  rapido  fessis  niessoribus  33stu 
it  allia  serpyllumque,Allia  serpyllumque  herbas  contundit  olentes. 
olentes  herbas,   messo-  .  A  r  J          ?  .    .    , 

ribus  fessis  rapido  sestu. At  mecum  raucis,  tua  dum  vestigia  lustro, 
At,  dum  lustro  tua  ves-  Sole  sub  ardenti  resonant  arbusta  cicadis. 
tjgia,  arbusta.  Nonne  fuit  satius  tristes  Amaryllidis  iras, 

Atque  superba  pati  fastidia  ?  nonne  Menalcan  ? 

Quamvis  ille  niger,  quamvis  tu  candidus  esses. 

O  formose  puer,  nimium  ne  crede  colori : 

Alba  ligustra  cadunt,  vaccinia  nigra  leguntur. 

Despectus  tibi  sum,  riec  qui  sim  quaeris,  Alexi  : 

Quam  dives  pecoris  nivei,  quam  lactis  abundans. 

Mille  meae  Siculis  errant  in  montibus  agnae  : 

x3.    Canto   carmina,  T  .,  .  /••!/> 

quse  Dircteus  Amphion  ^ac  mini  non  testate  novum,  non  trigore  dent. 
solitus  est  cantare.          Canto,  qua  solitus,  si  quando  armenta  vocabat, 

NOTES. 


- 


10 


15 


4.  Ibi  solus  jactabat,  &c.     There  alone  fie 
poured  forth  these  indigested  complaints.  Jac- 
tabat: he  threw  them  away — they  were  of 
no  avail  to  him,  because  they  were  unheed- 
ed by  Alexis. 

5.  Inani  studio :  with  unavailing  pleasure, 
or  fondness.     He  speaks  the  language  of  a 
Jover.     The  beauty  and  accomplishments  of 
the  boy  had  taken  possession  of  his  affec- 
tions.    He  dwells  upon  them  with  rapture 
and  delight.     But  all  this  is  vain  and  una- 
vailing.    The  boy   regards   him  not.     He 
then   breaks  forth :  O   crudelis  Alexi,  nihil 
mea  carmina  curas,  £c. 

7.  Ml.  This  word  is  often  used  in  the 
sense  of  non,  as  a  simple  negative.  So  also 
is  nihil. 

9.  Lacertos:  lizards.     Spinetum:  a  place 
where  thorns  and  prickly  shrubs  grow :  here 
put  for  the  thorns  themselves,  by  meton. 

10.  Thestylis.     The  name  of  a  servant; 
taken  from  Theocritus. 

11.  Allia:  plu.  of  allium,  an  herb  called 
garlic.     Serpyllum:  wild-thyme,  or  running- 
betony ;  an  odoriferous  herb. 

13.  Cicadis.  The  cicada  is  an  insect  of 
the  species  of  the  grasshopper,  making  a 
very  hoarse  and  disagreeable  noise,  parti- 
cularly in  the  heat  of  the  day.  Satius :  in 
the  sense  of  melius. 

15.  Menalcan.  A  Greek  ace.  of  Menal- 
cas.  See  Eel.  3.  Fastidia :  plu.  offastidium  : 
disdain — haughtiness.  Pati:  to  bear — en- 
dure. 

18.  Ligustra :  plu.  of  Ligustrum :  a, privet 
or  with-bind,  a  species  of  shrub  or  plant 
bearing  very  white  flowers;  taken  for  the 


flowers  themselves,  by  meton.  Vaccinia: 
the  blackberries  or  bilberries.  Some  take 
them  for  the  Hyacinth  of  Theocritus,  whom 
Virgil  here  imitates.  The  meaning  of  the 
poet  is  this :  as  the  privets,  though  white  and 
fair,  (cadunt^)  lie  neglected  because  they  are 
useless ;  and  the  blackberry  is  gathered  and 
saved  for  its  usefulness:  so,  Alexis,  shall 
you,  though  fair  and  beautiful  to  the  sight, 
be  neglected  for  your  pride ;  while  Menalcas, 
though  black  and  swarthy,  shall  be  loved 
for  his  good  disposition,  and  his  conciliating 
temper. 

21.  Sicuhs.     The  mountains  of  Sicily  are 
mentioned,  either  because  they  are  famed 
for  excellent  pastures,  or  because  the  scene 
of  the  pastoral  is  laid  in  that  country. 

22.  JEstate:    in   summer.     Frigore :    in 
winter. 

23.  Siquando:  the  same  as  quando.  When 
he  called  his  herds.     It  was  usual  with  shep- 
herds to  walk  before  their  sheep,  and  call 
them. 

24.  Amphion.     A   celebrated   musician, 
said  to  have  been  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  An- 
tiope,  and  born  on  mount  Cythera.     He  was 
king  of  Thebes,  and  is  said  to  have  built  the 
walls  of  that  city  by  the  music  of  his  lyre. 
We  are  to  understand  by  this,  perhaps,  his 
persuading,  by  his  eloquence,  a  barbarous 
people  to  unite,  and  build  a  city  for  their 
common  safety.     His  mother  was  wife  to 
Lycus,  king  of  Thebes,  and  put  away  by 
him  for  the  sake  of  Dirce,  whom  he  married. 
Dirc&us :  an  adj.  either  from  Dirce  his  step- 
mother, or  from  a  fountain  of  that  name  in 
Beotia.    Aracyntho:  a  town  and  mountain 


COLIC  A.     ECL.  11. 


Amphion  Dircaeus  in  Actaeo  Aracyntho. 

Nee  sum  adeo  informis  :  nuper  me  in  litore  vidi,         &5 

Cum  placidum  ventis  staret  mare  :  non  ego  Daphnim, 

Judice  te,  metuam,  si  nunquam  fallat  imago. 

O  tantum  libeat  mecum  tibi  sordida  rura, 

Atque  humileshabitare  casas,  et  figere  cervos, 

Hcedorumque  gregem  viridi  compellere  hibisco !          30      , 

Mecum  una  in  sylvis  imitabere  Pana  canendo. 

Pan  primus  calamos  cera  conjungere  plures 

Instituit :  Pan  curat  oves,  oviumque  magistros. 

Nee  te  poeniteat  calamo  trivisse  labellum. 

Haec  eadem  ut  sciret,  quid  non  faciebat  Amyntas  ? 

Est  mihi  disparibus  septem  compacta  cicutis 

Fistula,  Damoetas  dono  mihi  quam  dedit  olim  : 

Et  dixit  moriens  :  Te  nunc  habet  ista  secundum. 

Dixit  Damoetas :  invidit  stultus  Amyntas. 

Praterea  duo,  nee  tuta  mihi  valle  reperti, 

Capreoli,  sparsis  etiam  nunc  pellibus  albo, 

Bina  die  siccant  ovjs  ubera  :  quos  tibi  servo. 

Jampridem  a  me  illos  abducere  Thestylis  orat : 

Et  faciet :  quoniam  sordent  tibi  munera  nostra. 

Hue  ades,  6  formose  puer.     Tibi  lilia  plenis 


35 


38.  Nunc  ista,  fistula 
habet  te  secundum  do- 
minum. 

40  40.  Duo  capreoli  re- 
perti mihi,nec  tuta  valle, 
siccant  bina  ubera  ovis 
in  die,  pellibus  etiam 
nunc  sparsis  albo. 


45 


NOTES. 


in  Beotia.  But  why  it  should  be  called  Ac- 
t<zus,  there  is  a  difference  of  opinion.  Ser- 
vius  thinks  it  is  so  called  from  a  Greek  word 
which  signifies  the  shore.  Probus  derives  it 
from  Action,  who  hunting  near  this  moun- 
tain, was  torn  in  pieces  by  his  dogs,  for  hav- 
ing discovered  Diana  bathing  herself.  Mr. 
Davidson  places  the  mountain  in  the  con- 
fines of  Attica  and  Beotia ;  and  thinks  it  is 
so  called  from  Ada  or  Acts,  the  country 
about  Attica.  Ruseus  interprets  Actceo  by 
Maritimo. 

26.  Daphnim.      A   beautiful   shepherd. 
See  in  Eel.  5.     Placidum :  in  the  sense  of 
tranquillum. 

27.  Imago.    His  image  reflected  from  the 
water.     Nunquam :  in  the  sense  of  non. 

28.  O  tantum  libeat  tibi :  O  that  it  would 
please  you  to  inhabit  with  me,  &c.     These 
are  sweet  lines.     Sordida  rura.    Most  com- 
mentators join  tibi  to  sordida,  disdained  or 
despised  by  thee.     But  there  is  no  need  of 
this  refinement.     Sordida  is  a  very  proper 
epithet  for  cottages  and  country  villages, 
which  in  general  are  indifferent  in  them- 
selves, and  poorly  furnished,  when  compar- 
ed with  the  splendor  and  luxury  of  cities. 
Or,  we  may  suppose  the  poet  to  speak  in  the 
character  of  a  lover,  who  thinks   nothing 
good  enough  for  the  object  of  his  affections. 
lilts  is  opposed  to  urbs. 

30.  Viridi  hibisco.  Ruaeus  takes  these 
words  to  be  in  the  dative  case,  and  under- 
stands by  them  :  to  green  or  verdant  pasture ; 
ad  virentem  hibiscum,  says  he :  taking  the 
hilriscwm  for  a  kind  of  plant.  But  this  in- 


terpretation is  attended  with  difficulty.  Dr. 
Trapp  takes  it  for  a  large  plant  or  little  tree, 
out  of  which  wands  were  made.  He  ob- 
serves, Virgil  no  where  mentions  it  as  food 
for  cattle.  Compellere,  &c. :  to  drive  them 
with  a  green  switch. 

31.  Pana.  Pan,  the  god  of  shepherds  and 
hunters,  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  Mer- 
cury and  the  nymph  Dryope.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Arcadia ;  and  wrapped  in  the  skin 
of  a  goat,  he  was  carried  up  to  heaven  by 
Jupiter,  where  all  the  gods  ridiculed  his  ap- 
pearance. He  chiefly  resided  in  Arcadia. 
He  is  said  to  have  invented  the  pipe  with 
seven  reeds.  He  was  worshipped  in  Arca- 
dia, and  is  said  to  have  given  out  oracles  on 
mount  Lycseus.  His  festivals,  called  by  the 
Greeks  Lyccs,  were  introduced  into  Italy  by 
Evander,  and  established  at  Rome  under  the 
name  of  Lupercalia,  and  celebrated  the  15th 
of  February.  He  was  the  chief  of  the 
Satyrs. 

34.  Trivisse  labellum  :  to  have  worn  the 
lip.  From  the  verb  tero. 

36.  Cicvtis.  Cicuta,  an  herb  much  like 
the  Hemlock.  Hence  used  for  any  hollow 
reed  :  hence  also,  by  Meton.  for  a. pipe.  Fis- 
tula :  a  pipe  connected  together  with  seven 
unequal  reeds,  &c.  These  were  put  toge- 
ther with  wax,  as  mentioned  32  supra. 

41.  Duo  Caprtoli :  two  young  goats.  Ca- 
preoli :  a  diminutive  noun,  from  capra  or 
caper.  These  were  undoubtedly  wild  kids, 
taken  from  their  dams,  which  he  esteemed 
very  much;  and  not  those  lost  by  him,  and 
recovered  a<rain.  Servius  says  :  kids  have 


10 


1'.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


• 


Ecce  ferunt  Nymphae  calathis  :  tibi  Candida  Nais 
Pallentes  violas  et  summa  papavera  carpens, 
Narcissum  et  florem  jungit  bene  olentis  anethi:  & 
Turn  casia,  atque  aliis  intexens  suavibus  herbis, 
Mollia  luteola  pingit  vaccinia  calthar-v^  50 

Ipse  ego  cana  legam  tenera  lanugine  mala, 
Castaneasque  nuces,  mea  quas  Amaryllis  amabat. 
Addam  cerea  pruna :  et  honos  erit  huic  quoque  porno  : 
Et  vos,  6  lauri,  carpam,  et  te,  proxima  myrte : 

55.  Quoniam  vos  po-  Sic  positse  quoniam  suaves  miscetis  odores.  55 

sitae  sic  miscetis.  Rusticus  es,  Corydon ;  nee  munera  curat  Alexis  : 

miM  ±™  f?erd±Nec  si  muneribo,  certes,  concedat  Mas 
immisiaustrumfloribus,Eneu>  <lui(i  volui  nnsero  mihi  ?  flonbus  Austrum 
et  apros.  Perditus,  et  liquidis  immisi  fontibus  apros. 


NOTES. 


at  first  white  spots,which  afterwards  change, 
and  lose  their  beauty.  If  it  be  so,  this 
circumstance  will  explain  the  words,  spar- 
sis  etiam  nunc  pellibus  albo :  which  also  de- 
notes that  they  were  young. 

46.  Ecce  ferunt :  behold  the  nymphs  bring 
for  you  lilies  in  full  baskets,  £c.  The  fol- 
lowing lines  are  extremely  beautiful.  Mr. 
Warton  observes,  they  contain  the  sweetest 
garland  ever  offered  by  a  lover.  The  agi- 
tation and  doubts  of  a  lover's  mind  are 
finely  set  forth :  nee  munera  curat  Alexis, 
&c.  At  length  he  seems  to  come  to  himself, 
and  to  reflect  upon  the  state  of  his  affairs : 
vitis  semiputata  est,  £c.  Nympho?..  They 
were  a  kind  of  female  Divinities  supposed 
to  exist  for  a  very  great  length  of  time ;  but 
not  to  be  altogether  immortal.  They  were 
divided  into  two  general  classes — Nymphs 
of  the  land,  arid  Nyrnphs  of  the  water. 
Each  of  these  classes  was  divided  into  seve- 
ral others.  The  former  into  Dryades — Ha- 
madryades — Oreades — Napozaz — Limoniades, 
&c.  The  latter  into  Oceanides — Nereides — 
Naiades  or  Naides — Potamides — Limniades, 
Sic.  All  of  which  are  of  Greek  derivation. 

The  nymphs  were  farther  distinguished 
by  an  epithet  taken  from  the  place  of  their 
residence.  Thus  the  Nymphs  of  Sicily  are 
called  Sicelides — those  of  Corycus,  Coryci- 
ades  or  Corycides,  £c. 

Echo  is  said  to  have  been  formerly  a 
nymph ;  but  falling  in  love  with  a  beautiful 
youth  called  Narcissus,  who  refused  her  ad- 
dresses, at  which  she  was  so  much  grieved 
that  she  pined  away,  till  every  part  of  her 
was  consumed  but  her  voice,  that  continued 
to  haunt  the  woods  and  fountains,  which 
she  once  frequented.  Na re issus,  stopping  to 
repose  himself  by  the  side  of  a  fountain, 
where  he  chanced  to  see  his  image  reflected 
in  the  water,  became  enamoured  with  it : 
taking  it  for  a  nymph,  he  endeavored  to 
approach  it ;  but  all  his  attempts  being  un- 
availing, he  was  so  much  disappointed  that 


he  killed  himself.     His  blood  was  changed 
into  a  flower,  which  bears  his  name. 

47.  Summa  papavera  carpens  :  gather- 
ing the  heads  of  poppies.  Papaver  and 
Anethus  were  two  beautiful  youths;  who. 
according  to  Servius,  were  changed,  the 
former  into  the  flower,  which  we  call  the 
poppy ;  the  latter  into  the  herb,  which  we 
call  anise  or  dill.  Bene  olentis:  sweet- 
smelling. 

50.  Pingit  mollia,  &c.  She  adorns  or  sets 
off  the  soft  hyacinths  with  saffron-coloured 
marygold.     Vaccinium,  here  is  plainly  the 
Hyacinthus   of    Theocritus,   whom   Virgil 
here  copies;   so  say  Turnebus,  Salmasius, 
and  Ruseus. 

51.  Mala.    Malum  signifies  several  kinds 
of  fruit,  such  as  apples,  peaches,  quinces, 
&c.     The   last  is  here  meant,  as  appears 
from  the  cana  tenera  lanugine:  white  with 
soft  down,   or   fur.     Mr.   Dryden   renders 
mala,  peaches. 

53.  Cerea :  of  waxen-colour. 

54.  Myrte.     The  Romans  used  crowns  or 
garlands  of  laurel  in   their  most  splendid 
triumphs :  and  those  of  myrtle,  in  the  ovatio, 
which  was  on  horseback,  and  considered  the 
lesser  triumph,  or  triumph  of  less  honor  and 
dignity  than  that  in  which  the  conqueror 
rode  in   a  chariot.     The  myrtle  tree  was 
sacred  to  Venus,  and  the  laurel  to  Apollo. 
Proxima :  next  in  honor  to  the  laurel. 

56.  Rusticus :  in  the  sense  of  stultus. 

57.  Mas.  The  owner  or  master  of  Alexis. 

58.  Eheu,  quid  volui,  £c.     Lit.  what  have 
I  done  to  myself,  a  miserable  manf     Alas! 
ruined,  I  have  let  in  the  south  winds,  &r. 
These  expressions  are  proverbial,  and  ap- 
plicable to  those  who  wish  for  things  that 
prove  ruinous  to  them.    Dr.  Trapp  explains 
the  passage  thus :  By  my  folly  in  indulging 
this  extravagant  passion,  I  have  ruined  my 
peace  and  quiet,  and  permitted  my  affairs  to 
go  to  decay , which  were  before  well  managed, 
flourishing,  and  prosperous.     Volui.  Ruaeus 
interprets  it  by  f?ci. 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  II. 


11 


Quern  1'ugis,  ah,  demens  !  habitarunt  di  quoque  sylvas, 
Dardaniusque  Paris.     Pallas,  quas  condidit  arces,       61 
Ipsa  colat :  nobis  placeant  ante  omnia  sylvae. 
Torva  leaena  lupum  sequitur :  lupus  ipse  capellam,: 
Florentem  cytisum  sequitur  lasciva  capella  : 
Te  Corydon,  6  Alexi :  trahit  sua  quemque  voluptas.    65 
Aspice,  aratra  jugo  referunt  suspensajuvenci, 
Et  sol  crescentes  decedens  duplicat  umbras. 
Me  tamen  urit  amor :  quis  enim  modus  adsit  amori  ? 
Ah,  Corydon,  Corydon,  quae  te  dementia  cepit ! 
Semiputata  tibi  frondosa  vitis  in  ulmo  est.  70 

Quin  tu  aliquid  saltern  potius,  quorum  indiget  usus, 
:l/Viminibus  mollique  paras  detexere  junco  ? 
Invenies  alium,  si  te  hie  fastidit  Alexim. 


71.  Quin  potius  tu 
paras  detexere  saltern 
aliquid  eorum,  quorum 
usus  indisret  viminibus. 


NOTES. 


60.  Demens :  O  foolish  boy,  whom  do  you 
flee?       Demens,  compounded  of    de  and 
mens. 

61.  Paris.    See  nom.  prop,  under  Paris. 
Dardanius,  an  adj.  of  Dardanus,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Troy.    Pallas,  the  same  as  Mi- 
nerva.    See  Geor.  1. 18. 

62.  Colat :  in  the  sense  of  incolal. 

65.  Sua  voluptas  trahit  quemque:  his  own 
pleasure  draws  every  one — every  one  is 
drawn  by  his  own  pleasure. 


66.  Referunt.  After  the  labour  of  the 
day,  they  drew  home  the  plough  inverted, 
so  that  the  share  would  glide  easily  over  the 
ground,  and  hang,  as  it  were,  lightly  upon 
the  yoke. 

71.  Qwm  /w,&c.  Why  do  you  not  rather 
prepare  to  make  (weave)  at  least  some  of 
those  things  which  need  requires,  of  osiers 
and  pliant  rushes?  The  verb  indigeo  go- 
verns the  genitive.  Usus :  need,  or  neces- 
sity. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  pastoral? 

Who  is  represented  under  the  character 
of  Corydon? 

Who  under  that  of  Alexis  ? 

Where  is  the  scene  laid? 

Who  was  Amphion?  What  is  said  of 
him? 

Who  was  Pan  ?    What  is  said  of  him  ? 

What  were  his  festivals  called  by  the 
Greeks  ?  What  by  the  Romans? 

By  whom  were  they  introduced  into  Italy  ? 


When  were  they  celebrated? 

Who  were  the  Nymphs  ?  Into  how  many 
classes  may  they  be  divided  ? 

Was  each  of  these  classes  subdivided 
into  other  classes  ? 

Can  you  mention  some  of  those  subdi- 
visions ? 

Who  was  Echo  said  to  have  been? 

From  what  language  are  the  names  of 
the  Nymphs  derived  ? 


ECLOtiA  TERTIA* 


MENALCAS,   DAMCETAS,  PAL^EMON. 

THE  subject  of  this  pastoral  is  a  trial  of  skill  in  music  between  the  shepherds  Menaleac 
and  Damoetas  ;  who  after  rallying  each  other  a  while,  resolve  to  try  a  song  in  the  pre- 
sence of  their  neighbor  Palaemon,  whom  they  constitute  judge  of  their  performances. 
Having  h»ard  each  of  them  attentively,  be  declared  he  was  unable  to  decide  so  weighty 
a  controversy  ;  but  pronounced  each  one  to  be  deserving  of  the  pledge. 

This  beautiful  pastoral  is  in  imitation  of  the  fifth  and  eighth  of  the  Idylls  of  Theocri- 
tus. It  is  conjectured  that  under  the  character  of  Damoetas,  we  are  to  understand 
Virgil  ;  and  under  that  of  Menalcas,  some  rival  poet  at  Rome. 

1.  Cujum  pecus  est     MEN.  DIG  mihi,  Damoeta,  cujum  pecus  ?  an  Melibcei  ? 
Mud  ?  an  est  pecus  Me-       DA.  Non>  verum  ^gonis  .  nuper  mihi  tradidit  ^ 
liboei  :   non  :   verum  est       T**      T   c  r  i  •         -».T 

pecus  JE,gonis  ME*  lr"ellx>  °»  semper,  oves,  pecus!  ipse  Neaeram 

Dum  fovet,  ac,  ne  me  sibi  praeferat  ilia,  veretur, 
Hie  alienus  oves  custos  bis  mulget  in  bora  :  5 

Et  succus  pecori,  et  lac  subducitur  agnis. 

DA.  Parcius  ista  viris  tamen  objicrenda/  memento.  c- 
8.   Novimus   et  qui  Novimus  et  qui  te,  transversa  tuentibus  hircis, 
wruperint  te  et  in  quo  Et  quo   ged  faciles  Nymphae  risere,  sacello. 
sacello,  hircis  tuentibus       w     ™  / 

transversa,  sed  ME*  *  um»  credo>  cum  me  arbustum  videre  Mycoms,  10 

10.  Turn,  credo,  i/te  Atque  mala  vites  incidere  falce  novellas. 
riserunt,  cum  vidgre  me      DA.  Aut  bic  ad  veteres  fagos,  cum  Daphnidis  arcum 
incidere  arbustum         Fregisti  et  calamos  :  quae  tu,  perverse  Menalca, 

Et  cum  vidisti  puero  donata,  dolebas  ; 

Iff.  Audent/om-c  ta-  Et,  si  non  aliqua  nocuisses,  mortuus  esses.  15 

lia  ME.  Quid  domini  facient,  audent  cum  talia  fures  1 

NOTES. 


1.  Cujum:  an  adj.  agreeing  \viihpecus:     minished   or   taken    away    proportionably 
in  the  sense  of  cujus.  from  their  young.    This  was  a  heavy  charge 

2.  J&on.  ught  against  Damffitas.     He  highly  re- 

ted  it. 

.    Traversa:   crosswise-asquint.     An 


.  er  young.          s  was  a   eavy  carge 

2.  J&gon.     The  name  of  a  shepherd,  the     brought  against  Damffitas.     He  highly  re- 
rival  of   Menalcas  in  the  love  of  JVetera.      sented  it. 


3.       T,  infeUx  pecus.    The  sheep  are  the 
called  unhappy,  because  their  master  ^Egon, 

while  in  love  with  JVeora,  had  given  up  all  9-  SaeeUo  :  any  place  consecrated  to  the 

care  of  them  ;  and  because  they  had  fallen  worship  of  God  —  a  cave  or  grotto  ;  as  in 

into  the  hands  of  a  hireling,  who  treated  the  present  case. 

them  so  inhumanly.  10.  Arbustum  :  properly,  a  place  planted 

5.  Alienus.     An  alien,  or  hireling  shep-  with  trees  for  vines  to  grow  up  by.     By 
a  d~~ctustos'  meton.  the  trees  themselves.  See  Eel.  I.  40. 

6.  Succus  :  may.  mean  the  same  with  lac  Novellas  :  new,  or  young. 

mentioned  just  after.    By  milking  the  dams,  13.  QIME  tu,  &c.  Which  (bow  and  arrows) 

the  natural  food  (lac)  of  the  young  would  ichen  you  saw  given  to  the  boy,  yoii  both  grieved, 

be  taken  from  them,  and  they  suffered  to  and  would  have  died,  if  you  had  not,  in  some 

starve.     Or  succus  may  mean  nourishment  way,  injured  him. 

in  general.     It  being  taken  away  or  dimi-  16.  Fures  :  slaves.   They  were  sometimes 

mshed  to  the  dams,  the  milk  would  be  di-  so  called,  because  notorious  for  stealing. 


UUCOL1CA.     ECL.  III. 


13 


•20 


JSon  ego  te  vidi  Damonis,  pessime,  caprurn 
E:dp>ere  insidiis,  multum  latrante  lycisca  ? 
Kt  cum  clamarem  ;  "  Quo  nunc  se  proripit  ille  ? 
Tityre,  coge  pecus :"  tu  post  carecta  latebas. 

DA.  An  mihi  cantando  victus  non  redderet  ille, 
Quern  mea  carminibus  meruisset  fistula,  caprum '! 
Si  nescis,  meus  ille  caper  fuit ;  et  mihi  Damon 
Ipse  fatebatur,  sed  reddere  posse  negabat. 

ME.  Cantando  tu  ilium  ?  aut  unquam  tibi  fistula  cera  25 
Juncta  fuit  ?  rion  tu  in  triviis,  indocte,  solebas 
Stridenti  miserum  stipula  disperdere  carmen  ? 

DA.  Vis  ergo  inter  nos,  quid  possit  uterque,  vicissim 
Experiamur  ?  ego  hanc  vitulam  (ne  forte  recuses, 
Bis  venit  ad  mulctram,  binos  alit  ubere  foetus)  30 

Depono  :  tu  die,  mecum  quo  pignore  certes. 

ME.  De  grege  non  ausim  quicquam  deponere  tecum. 
Est  mihi  namque  domi  pater,  est  injusta  noverca  : 
Bisque  die  numerant  ambo  pecus ;  alter  et  hcedos. 
Verum,  id  quod  multo  tute  ipse  fatebere  majus, 
Insanire  libet  quoniam  tibi,  pocula  ponam 
Fagina,  ccelatum  divini  opus  Alcimedontis  : 
Lenta  quibus  torno  facili  superaddita  vitis 
Diffuses  hedera  vestit  pallente  corymbos. 
In  rnedio  duo  signa,  Conon :  et  quis  fuit  alter, 


25.    Tu  vicisli  ilium 
cantando  ? 


35 


40 


35.  Verum,  quoniam 
libet  tibiinsanire,ponarri 
id  quod  tute  ipse  fate- 
bere esse  multo  majus 
pignus,  nempe,  duo  fagi- 
na  poeula,ccelatum  opus 


NOTES. 


18.  Lycisca.  A  mongrel  dog — an  animal 
half  dog  and  half  wolf. 

20.  Post  carecta:  behind  the  sedges.     See 
Eel.  1. 68. 

21.  An  non  victus  cantando:  vanquished 
in  singing,  should  he  not  return  to  me  the  goat 
which,  &c. 

26.  Triviis.  Trivium,  a  place  in  which 
three  ways  met.  So  Bivium  and  Quadrivium, 
places  in  which  two  and  four  ways  met. 
Disperdere  miserum  carmen:  to  murder  a 
sorry,  or  wretched  tune,  on  a  squeaking  straw- 
pipe. 

30.  Ubere :  the  udder.     By  meton.  for  the 
milk  contained  in  it.     Fcetus :  calves. 

31.  Quo  pignore:  with  what  pledge  or  bet. 
Tell  me  what  pledge  you  will  put  against 
my  heifer. 

34.  Ambo  numerant:  they  both  count  the 
flock  twice  in  a  day ;  and  one  counts  the  kids. 
Pecus  is  properly  a  flock  or  herd  of  neat- 
cattle,  as  here.  Alter,  properly  is  one  of  two 
— unus,  one  of  many. 

36.  Insanire:  to  be  beside  yourself—  to  play 
the  fool ;  by  contending  with  me,  who  am 
so  much  more  skilful  than  you.     Pocula  fa- 
gina :  beechen  bowls — made  of  the  beech- 
wood. 

37.  Alcimedontis.    The  name  of  a  very 
skilful  and  ingenious  carver.     Mr.  Martin 
thinks  he  was  some  intimate  friend  of  Vir- 
gil, who  wished  to  transmit  his  name  to 
posterity.    History  is  silent  respecting  him. 


38.  Lenta  vitis  quibus:  around  which  a 
limber  vine,  superadded  by  the  easy  carving  in- 
strument, covers  over  (mantles)  the  diffused 
(loosely  hanging)  clusters  with  palejxy. — • 
These  lines  are  somewhat  intricate,  and 
have  divided  the  opinions  of  commentators. 
RUSBUS  takes  quibus  in  the  abl.  and  inter- 
prets facili  torno  by  ope  facilis  torni.  Dr. 
Trapp  and  some  others  take  facili  torno  in 
the  dat.  and  understand  by  it  the  wood  after 
it  is  smoothed  and  polished  in  the  turner's 
lathe,  by  meton.  Davidson,  on  the  other 
hand,  takes  quibus  for  the  dat.  and  facilis 
torno  for  the  abl.  but  then  he  takes  these  last 
for  the  ingenious  carver,  or  easy  skilful  work- 
man, which  he  might  do  by  meton.  The 
sense  I  have  given  is  the  most  natural  and 
easy.  The  meaning  of  the  poet  is  this : 
That  each  of  these  bowls  was  engraved  or 
carved  with  vine  and  ivy  boughs,  so  curiously 
interwoven,  that  the  ivy-berries  were  shaded 
or  mantled  with  the  limber  or  pliant  vine. 

40.  Conon.  The  name  of  a  famous  ma- 
thematician and  astronomer  of  Santos,  a  co- 
temporary  and  friend  of  Archimedes.  Signa: 
figures.  Et  quis  fuit  alter  ?  Thisisavery 
pleasant  turn.  There  is  something  agreeable 
in  this  picture  of  pastoral  simplicity.  He 
had  mentioned  the  name  of  one,  but  had 
forgotten  the  name  of  the  other.  He  turns 
to  himself  and  asks:  quis  fuit  alter?  but 
the  name  not  recurring  to  him,  he  goes  on 
to  describe  him  bv-  his  works :  It  was  he. 


14 


P.  V1RGILII  MARON1S 

Descripsit  radio  totum  qui  gentibus  orbein  .' 
Tempora  quae  messor,  quae  curvus  arator  haheret  '^) 
Necdum  iliis  labra  admovi,  sed  condita  servo. 

DA.  Et  nobis  idem  Alcimedon  duo  pocula  fecit, 
Et  molli  circum  est  ansas  amplexus  acantho  :  45 

Orpheaque  in  medio  posuit,  sylvasque  sequentes. 
Necdum  illis  labra  admovi,  sed  condita  servo. 
Si  ad  vitulam  spectes,  nihil  est  quod  pocula  laudes.  *• 

ME.  Nunquam  hodie  effugies  :  veniam  quocunque  vo- 
Audiat  haDC  tantum  vel  qui  venit :  ecce,  Palaemon :  [cfiris. 
Efficiam  posthac  ne  quemquam  voce  lacessas.  '  51 

DA.  Quin  age,  si  quid  babes ;  in  me  mora  non  erit  ulla : 
Nee  quemquam  fugio  :  tantum,  vicine  PalaBmon, 


NOTES. 


who,  &c.  It  is  supposed  that  Aratus  or 
Archimedes  is  meant.  The  former  wrote  in 
Greek  a  treatise  concerning  the  situation 
and  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies:  which 
was  translated  into  Latin.  The  latter 
was  a  famous  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer of  Syracuse,  in  Sicily.  By  the  help  of 
his  burning-glasses  and  engines,  he  nobly 
defended  that  city  when  besieged  by  the 
Romans  under  Marcellus.  After  a  siege  of 
three  years,  however,  it  was  taken  by  stra- 
tagem. Archimedes  was  slain  by  a  soldier, 
while  in  the  act  of  demonstrating  a  propo- 
sition. 

45.  Amplexus  est  ansas :    he   encircled 
the  handles  around  with  soft  acanthus.  The 
parts  of  the  verb  are  here  separated  for  the 
sake    of  the  verse,  by  Tmesis.     Acantho : 
a  plant  called  Beards-foot. 

46.  Orphea:    ace.   of  Greek  ending. — 
Orpheus  was  a  most  ancient  and  excellent 
poet,  the  son  of  CEagrus,  king  of  Thrace. 
But  according  to  fable,  he  was  the  son  of 
Apollo  and  Caliope,  one  of  the  Muses.   He 
received  a  lyre  from  Apollo,  some  say  from 
Mercury,  upon  which  he  performed  in  such  a 
masterly  manner,  that  the  rivers  ceased  to 
flow — the  savage  beasts  forgot  their  ferocity 
— and  the  lofty  oaks  bowed  their  heads  and 
listened  to  his  song.     He  was  beloved  by  all 
the  nymphs.     Eurydice  alone  could  make 
an  impression  on  his  mind.    He  married 
her;  but  their  happiness  was  short.     For 
Aristceus  fell  in  love  with  her ;  and  fleeing 
from  him,  a  serpent  lying   in  the    way 
wounded  her  in  the  foot,  of  which  she  died. 
Orpheus  was  so  much  afflicted  at  the  loss, 
that  he  resolved  to  recover  her,  or  perish  in 
the  attempt.    For  this  purpose,  he  descend- 
ed to  Hell,  and  gained  admittance  to  Pluto, 
who  was  so  charmed  with  his  music,  that 
he  consented  to  restore  to  him  his  wife,  upon 
the  condition  that  he  would  forbear  to  look 
behind  him  till   he  passed  the  bounds  of 
his  empire.     The  condition  was  accepted ; 
but  as  they  were  very  near  the  region  of 
light,  the  unhappy  lover  turned  his  eyes  fo 


behold  his  long-lost  Eurydice.  He  saw  hrr  • 
but  she  immediately  vanished  away.  H<* 
attempted  to  follow  her,  but  was  refused. 
The  only  consolation  he  could  find,  was  in 
the  sound  of  his  lyre  in  groves  and  moun- 
tains apart  from  society.  The  Thracian 
women,  whom  by  his  neglect  and  coldness 
he  had  offended,  set  upon  him,  while  they 
were  celebrating  the  orgies  of  Bacchus,  and 
having  torn  his  body  in  pieces,  they  threw 
his  head  into  the  river  Hebrus,  which  con- 
tinued to  articulate  Eurydice!  Eurydice! 
as  it  was  carried  down  the  stream  into  the 
TEgean  sea.  After  his  death,  some  say,  he 
received  divine  honors.  His  lyre  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  heavens,  and  made  a  constel- 
lation. Sequentes :  obedient  to  liis  lyre. 

47.  Condita :  laid  up  safe :  a  part,  from 
conrfo,  agreeing  with  pocula. 

49.  Nunquam  effugies  hodie :  you  shall  by 
no  means  avoid  the  trial  this  day.     Damos- 
tas  had  proposed  to  stake  an  heifer  which 
Menalcas  said  he  could  not  do  through  fear 
of  his  father  and  step-mother ;  but  proposed 
to  pledge  his  bowls.  Damoetas  insisted  upon 
the  heifer,  and  so  seemed  to  avoid  the  con- 
test, because  the  conditions  could  not  be 
accepted  by  Menalcas.  At  length,  however, 
confident  of  victory,  and  laying  aside  his 
fear,   he  says:  Veniam  quocunque  vocdris: 
I  will  come  to  any  conditions  you  shall  pro- 
pose.    Accordingly  the  bowls  are  laid  aside* 
and  a  heifer  is  the  prize. 

50.  Tantum  vel  quivenit,  &c.  Only  (1  have 
nothing   more   to  say)  even  let  nim  who 
comes  yonder,  hear  these  things.     Menalcas 
was  so  sure  of  victory,  that  he  was  willing 
to  submit  to  the  decision  of  any  third  per- 
son; and  accordingly  seeing  some  person 
at  a  distance,  says :  even  let  him,  who  is 
coming  there,  be  the  judge  of  our  contro- 
versy, whoever  he  may  be.     Upon  his  near 
approach,  discovering  who  ho  was,  he  says : 
behold,  it  is  Palaemon  our  neighbor,     f  /«•• 
in  the  sense  ofcantu. 

51.  Efficiam:  I  will  cause. 

53.  Fugio:  in  the  sense  ofrecusn. 


BITCOLICA.     ECL.  Ill, 


15 


Sensibus  hsec  imis,  res  est  non  parva,  reponas. 

j^L.  Dicite  :  quandoquideminmolli  consedimusherba  : 
Et  mine  omnis  ager,  nunc  omnis  parturit  arbos  ;  56 

Nunc  frondent  sylvse,  nunc  formosissimus  annus. 
Incipe,  Damoeta  :  tu  deinde  sequere,  Menalca. 
Alternis  dicetis  :  amant  alterna  Camenae. 

DA.  Ab  Jove  principium,  Musae  ;  Jovis  omnia  plena  :     60.  O  musse,  princi- 
Ille  colit  terras,  illi  mea  carmina  curae.  61  Pium   omnium    est   ab 

ME.  Et  me  Phoebus  amat  :  Phoebo  sua  semper  apud     «®  :a 

,  .  62.  Sunt  Phoebo  sem- 

Munera  sunt,  laun,  et  suave  rubens  hyacmthus.        [me  per  apud  me  sua  mu_ 

DA.  Malo  me  Galatea  petit,  lasciva  puella  :  nera,  nempe,  lauri 

Et  fugit  ad  salices,  et  se  cupit  ante  videri.  65 

ME.  At  mihi  sese  offert  ultro,  meus  ignis,  Amyntas  : 
Notior  ut  jam  sit  canibus  non  Delia  nostris. 

DA.  Parta  meae  Veneri  sunt  munera  :  namque  notavi 
Ipse  locum,  aeriae  quo  congessere  palumbes. 
*    ME.  Quod  potui,  puero  sylvestri  ex  arbore  lecta     70 
Aurea  mala  decem  misi  :  eras  altera  mittam. 

DA.  O  quoties,  et  quae  nobis  Galatea  locuta  est  ! 
Partem  aliquam,  venti,  divum  referatis  ad  aures. 

ME.  Quid  prodest,  quod  me  ipse  animo  non  spernis, 
Si,  durn  tu  sectaris  apros,  ego  retia  servo  ?        [Amynta, 

DA.  Phyllida  mitte  mihi,  meus  est  natalis,  lola.       76 
Cum  faciam  vitul&,  pro  frugibus,  ipse  venito. 

ME.  Phyllida  amo  ante  alias  :  nam  me  discedere  flevit  : 


71.  Quod  solum  potui 

ere 

72-  Et  qua  dttfews  v«r- 


NOTES. 


54.  Imis  sensibus  :  your  deepest  attention, 
or  thoughts.     Res  :  the  controversy. 

59.  Alternis  :  in   alternate  verses.     This 
is  called  carmen  amceb&um.     It  consists  not 
solely  in   the  dialogue  ;  but   requires  that 
what  the  first  says  shall  be  replied  to  by 
the  other  upon  the  same  or  similar  subject. 
Carolina,  or  verses,  is  understood.     Camcenee: 
the  Muses.     It  was  formerly  written  Car- 
mencK,  and  Casmcnm.     Theme,  carmen. 

60.  Musa.     They  were  nine  in  number, 
the  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne. 
They  were  supposed  to  preside  over  the 
arts   and   sciences.      They   were   born   in 
Pieria  in  Macedonia,  and  were  said  to  re- 
side  on  mount  Helicon  and  mount  Parnassus, 
the  former  in  Beotia,  the  latter  in  Phocis.— 
Their   names   are:    Calliope,    Clio,   Erato, 
Thalia,  Melpomene,    Terpsichore,    Euterpe, 
Poh/hymnia,  and  Urania. 

61.  Hie  colit:   he  regards  the  earth—  he 
regards  my  verses. 

62.  Phccbus.    The   same  as  Apollo   and 
Sol;  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Latona.     The 
laurel   and  hyacinth  were  sacred  to  him. 
Hence  they  are  called  sua  munera,  his  own 
gifts.     See  Eel.  IV.  10. 

66.  Ignis  :  properly  a  fire  or  flame.     By 
meton.  love  —  also  the  object  of  love  ;  as  in 
the  present  case. 

67.  Ut  jam  Delia  non:  so  that  Delia  now 
is  not  better  known.  &c.     Diana  is  some- 


times  called  Delia  from  Delos,  the  place  of 
her  birth.  She  was  the  goddess  of  hunting, 
and  protectress  of  dogs.  Rueeus  and  Dr. 
Trapp  understand  by  Delia,  not  Diana,  but  a 
servant  of  Menalcas  by  that  name. 

68  Me(B  Veneri;  for  iove_the  dear 
object  of  affections. 

69'  Congessere:  in  the  sense  of  nidifica- 
verunt. 

7L  Awrea:  yellow—  ripe. 

72-  Venti,  referatis:  bear  some  part  of 
them>  °  winds,  &c.  Either  because  her 
words  were  so  sweet,.  that  they  would  de- 
hght  even  the  ears  of  the  £ods  :  or  that  the 
£ods  mi£ht  be  witnesses  to  her  promises. 

74-  Quid  prodest,  &c.  Damoetas  had  been 
j  ust  before  expressing  his  joy  at  the  con  ver- 
sation  wluch  he  had  with  his  mistress.  Me- 
nalcas  now  endeavors  to  go  beyond  him  in 
sentiments  of  tenderness  and  affection  ;  and 
intimates  that  he  cannot  have  any  enjoy- 
ment  while  Amyntas  is  absent  ;  nay,  unless 
he  share  with  him  his  dangers. 

75.  Retia  :  plu.  of  rete  :  toils,  or   snares 
set  to  take  any  prey. 

76.  Phillida  :   A  Greek  ace.  of  Phillis. 
She  was  the  slave  of  lolas,  and  mistress  both 
to  Damostas  and  Menalcas. 

77.  Faciam  vitula:  that  is,  faciam,  sacra 
ex  vitula:  I  will  make  the  sacrifice  of  an 
heifer  for  the  fruits. 


IB  p.  VIRGIL!!  MAROMS 

Et,  "  longum,  formose,  vale,  vale,"  inquit,  lola. 

DA.  Triste  lupus  stabulis  ;  maturis  frugibus  imbrem  80 
Arboribus  venti  ;  nobis  Amaryllidis  irae. 

ME.  Dulce  satis  humor  ;  depulsis  arbutus  hoedis, 
Lenta  salix  foeto  pecori  :  mihi  solus  Amyntas. 

DA.  Pollio  amat  nostram,  quamvis  est  rustica,  Musam. 

85.    Pascite   taurum  Pierides,  vitulam  lectori  pascite  vestro.  85 

illi,  qui  jam  ME.  Pollio  et  ipse  facit  nova  carmina  :  pascite  taurum, 

Jam  cornu  petat,  et  pedibus  qui  spargat  arenam. 

88.    Veniat     quoque      DA.  Qui  te,  Pollio,  amat  ;  veniat  quo  te  quoque  gaudet  : 
quo  gaudet  eum  te  per-  Mella  fluant  illi,  ferat  et  rubus  asper  amomum. 
venisst.  jf  E>  Quj  Bavium  non  odit,  amet  tua  carmina,  Maevi  : 

Atque  idem  jungat  vulpes,  et  mulgeat  hircos.  91 

92.  O  pueri,  qui  le-      DA.  Qui  legitis  flores,  et  humi  nascentia  fraga, 
gitis  floras  et  fraga  nas-  Frigi<}USj  6  pueri  !  fugite  hinc,  latet  anguis  in  herba. 

ME.  Parcite,  oves,  nimium  procedere  :  non  bene  ripos 
Creditur  :  ipse  aries  etiam  nunc  vellera  siccat.  95' 

DA.  Tityre,  pascentes  a  flumine  reice  capellas  : 
Ipse,  ubi  tempus  erit,  omnes  in  fonte  lavabo. 

ME.  Cogite  oves,  pueri  :  si  lac  praeceperit  aestus, 
Ut  nuper,  frustra  pressabimus  ubera  palmis. 

DA.  Eheu,  quam  pingui  macer  est  mihi  taurus  in  arvo  ! 


102  Ne  ue  est  amor     em  amor  extum  pecor  est,  pecorsque  magistro. 
certe  causa  his  meis  ovi-      ME.  His  certe  neque  amor  causa  est  :  vix  ossibus  hoe- 
bus,  cur  sint  tam  macra.  Nescio  quis  teneros  oculus  mihi  fascinat  agnos.      [rent. 

NOTES. 

79.  Longum,formose,  &c.    These  are  not  learned  men  of  his  time.     See  Eel.  IV.  12. 

the  words  of  Phillis,  addressed  to  lolas,  but  89.  Atnomum.     An  aromatic  fruit  of  great 

of  Menalcas  ;   and  first  addressed  to  Me-  value.      The  Assyrian  was  considered  the 

nalcas  by  Phillis.     They  made  a  deep  im-  best.     Rubus  :  the  blackberry  bush. 

pression  on  his  mind  —  they  stole  his  affec-  90.  Qwi  Bavium  non  odit.     Bavius   and 

tions.     O  beautiful  youth,  said  she,  farewell  Moevius  were  two  contemptible  poets,  and 

—  farewell,   a  long  time.     Stabulis  :  sheep-  very  inimical  to  Virgil  and  Horace.     These 

folds.     By  meton.  the  sheep.     Triste  is  to  two   lines   are  wonderfully  satirical.     Let 

be  supplied  with  each  member  of  the  sen-  the  same  persons  yoke  oxen  and  milk  he- 

tence  following,  as  also  the  verb  est.  goats.     But  this  would  be  a  useless,  as  well 

82.  drbulus  :  the  strawberry  tree,  so  call-  as  a  ridiculous  employment. 

ed  from  the  resemblance  of  its  fruit  to  a  93.  Frigidus  :  deadly,  by  meton.  or  cold  ; 

strawberry.      Depulsis  :  the  words  a  lacte  descriptive  of  the  nature  of  the  snake. 

are  understood.  95.  Creditur.    It  is  not  easy  to  translate 

82.  Satis.     The   dat.  plu.  a  substantive  impersonal  verbs  always  literally.      They 

from  the  part.  pass,  of  the  verb  sero,  I  sow.  frequently  occur  in  sentences,  when  such  a 

It  signifies  any  thing  sown  or  planted—  stand-  version  would  be  very  awkward  English. 

ing  corn.     Depulsis  hadis:  to  the  weaned  This  is  the  case  here.     Menalcas  is  caution- 

kids.     Dulcis  is  to  be  supplied  in  each  mem-  ing  his  sheep  not  to  proceed  too  far  ;  and 

ber  of  the  sentence  ;  as  also  the  verb  est.  adds  as  a  reason  for  so    doing,  that   it   is 

85.  Pierides.     The  Muses  are  so  called  not  well  to  trust  to  the  bank.     To  give  force  to 
from  Pieria,  the  place  of  their  birth.     See  this   caution,  he  mentions  the  case  of  the 
60.  supra.  ram  that  had  just  recovered  of  a  fall  from 

86.  Pollio.     A  noble  Roman,  the  friend  it  into  the  river,  and  was  then  drying  his 
and  patron  of  Virgil.  See  next  Eel.    Nova  :  fleece. 

good  —  excellent.  96.    Reice.    Imp.  of  the  verb  rcicio,  by 

88.  Veniat  quo  gaudct,  &c.     May  he  also  syncope  for  rejicio,  drive  back. 

arrive  at  those  honors  to  which  it  delighteth  98.  Prcrceperit  :  if  the  heat  should  dry  up 

him  that  thou  hast  arrived.     Pollio  was  in-  the  rnilk  —  should  take  it  before  us,  then  in 

vested  with  the   consulate  in  the  year  of  vain,  &c. 

Rome  714,  and  in  the  following  year  he  re-  103.  Qww  oculus  :  what  evil  eye  bewitch- 

•ceived  a  triumph.     He  was  also  a  poet  and  es  my  tender  lambs.     Mihi  :  in  the  sense  of 

historian:  and  considered  among  the  most  ?/*m*. 


BUCOL1CA.     ECL.  111. 


17 


DA.  Die  quibus  in  terris,  et  eris  mihi  magnus  Apollo, 
Tres  pateat  cceli  spatium  non  amplius  ulnas.  105 

ME.  Die  quibus  in  terris  inscripti  nomina  regum 
Nascantur  flores  :  et  Phyllida  solus  habeto.  109.  Et  tu  es  dignus 

PA.  Non  nostrum  inter  vos  tantas  componere  lites.      vitula,  et  hie 
Et  vitula  tu  dignus,  et  hie  :  et  quisquis  amores 


Aut  metuet  dulces,  aut  expenetur  amaros. 
Claudite  jam  rivos,  pueri  :  sat  prata  biberunt. 


110 


experietur  araaros  amo- 
res. 


NOTES. 


105.  Spatium  cceli  pateat.  Damoetas  here 
proposes  a  very  intricate  riddle.  Various 
have  been  the  conjectures  to  solve  it.  It  is 
most  generally  thought  that  the  place  in- 
tended is  the  bottom  of  a  well,  from  whence 
the  space  of  the  heavens  appears  no  broad- 
er than  its  mouth,  which  in  the  general  may 
be  taken  for  three  ells. 

107.  Flores  nascantur  inscripti.    Without 
solving  the  riddle  of  Damoetas,  Menalcas 
proposes  this  one,  and  it  is  an  equal  match 
for  his.     The  solution  of  it  is  all  conjec- 
ture.    It  is  generally  supposed  that  the  hy- 
acinth is  the  flower  alluded   to.    JVbmma 
inscripti:    inscribed   as   to   the  names   of 
kings — or  with  the  names  of  kings.     See 
Eel.  I.  55. 

108.  JVbn  nostrum :  it  is  not  in  my  power 


to  settle,  &c.  Est  is  to  be  supplied.  Palffi- 
mon  declares  his  inability  to  determine  the 
controversy  between  them ;  but  pronounces 
them  both  worthy  of  the  prize. 

110.  Metuet  dulces:  shall  fear  successful 
love — shall  fear  that  it  would  not  be  lasting. 
Experietur  amaros :  shall  experience  disap- 
pointed love — love  not  returned  or  recipro- 
cated. 

111.  Claudite.    This  is  a  beautiful  line : 
shut  up  your  streams,  O  swains,  the  meads 
have  drunk  enough.  It  is  a  metaphor  taken 
from  rivers  refreshing  the  meadows  through 
which  they  pass ;  to  music  and  poetry,  de- 
lighting the  ear,  the  fancy,  and  the  judg- 
ment.   It  implies  that  it  was  time  to  cease 
their  song ;  they  had  given  sufficient  proofs 
of  their  skill  in  music. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  pastoral? 

Does  Virgil  here  imitate  Theocritus  ? 

Who  is  to  be  understood  under  the  cha- 
racter of  Damoetas?  Who  under  that  of 
Menalcas  ?  Who  under  that  of  Palaemon  ? 

Who  was  Conon  ?  Who  was  Archimedes  ? 

What  did  he  do  against  the  Romans  ? 

What  became  of  him  afterwards? 

Who  was  Orpheus  ?  Whom  did  he  marry  ? 


What  did  he  do  to  recover  his  lost  Eury- 
dice  ? 

What  became  of  him  at  last  ? 

In  what  consists  the  carmen  amcBbceum  ? 

Who  were  the  Muses  ?  How  many  were 
they  in  number?  What  were  their  names? 

Who  was  Diana  ?  Where  was  she  born  ? 
Over  what  did  she  preside  ? 


ECLOGA  QUARTA* 


POLLIO. 

VIRGIL'S  design  in  this  pastoral,  is  to  celebrate  the  birth  of  a  son  of  Pollio,  as  appear^ 
from  verse  17  ;  on  which  account  he  dedicated  it  to  that  noble  Roman.  But  it  is  evident 
that  he  ascribes  to  the  son  of  his  friend,  what  cannot  be  attributed,  with  any  propriety, 
to  a  being  merely  human.  On  examination,  it  will  be  found  that  there  are  several 
expressions  and  passages,  which  remarkably  correspond  with  the  prophecies  and  pre- 
dictions of  the  Messiah,  contained  in  the  scriptures  of  the  Old  Testament;  and  parti- 
cularly with  those  of  the  prophet  Isaiah.  That  the  poet  was  inspired  is  not  pretended. 

We  are  assured,  on  the  most  credible  testimony,  that  about  this  time  there  was  a  general 
expectation  of  the  Messiah's  appearance.  This  was  partly  from  the  dispersion  of  the 
Jews  over  the  Roman  empire,  who  carried  with  them  their  scriptures ;  and  partly  from 
the  Sibylline  oracles  then  much  in  repute.  What,  therefore,  was  generally  said,  and 
was  the  common  opinion  concerning  the  Messiah,  the  poet  applies  to  the  son  of  Pollio. 
It  was  not  fulfilled  in  him.  For  he  died  on  the  ninth  day  after  his  birth.  It  was,  how- 
ever, actually  fulfilled  in  about  forty  years  afterwards,  when  the  Saviour  appeared. 

Some  suppose  that  the  poet  hath  in  view  Marcellus,  the  son  of  Octavia,  the  sister  of 
Augustus,  whose  birth  corresponds  with  the  consulship  of  Pollio.  Augustus  adopted 
him  and  designed  him  for  his  successor  in  the  empire.  This  is  the  same  Marcellus 
whom  Virgil  highly  compliments  in  the  sixth  book  of  the  JEneid.  He  died  soon  after 
he  arrived  at  manhood. 

SICELIDES  Musae,  paulo  majora  canamus.  ; 
Non  omnes  arbusta  juvant,  humilesque  myricse. 
Si  (-animus  sylvas,  sylvan  sint  consule  dignae. 
ritirna  Currum  venit  jam  carminis  setas: 

/i^~   AjudnJ  XOTCS.          tA       ttt     / 


1.  Sicdides:    an   adj.  from   Sir  ilia,  the  residence  of  a  sibyl.     There  were  several 
island  of  Sicily,  the  country  of  Theocritus,  others  of  the  same  name  ;  but  the  most  dis« 
the  father  of  pastoral  poetry.     Hence  Hi-  tinguished  were,  a  city  of  JEolis,  in  Asia 
celides  Musa,  pastoral  muses.  Minor,  and  a  city  of  Eubcea,  an  island  in 

2.  Arbusta  —  myriccr.     Trees  and  shrubs  the  ^Egean  sea  :  Hodie,Negrop<wt.   The  re  - 
seem  to  be  put  here  for  pastoral  subjects,  or  sidence  of  this  sibyl  was  a  cave  or  vault 
the  style  and  manner  in  which  they  are  dug  into  a  rock,     Justin  Martyr  informs  us, 
sung,  by  meton.     Myriccs  :  a  shrub  called  that  he  visited  the  spot,  and  was  shown  a 
the  tamarisk.    The  poet  here  proposes  to  kind  of  chapel  hi  the  rock,  into  which  the 
write   in   a  style  different  from  the   usual  inhabitants  told  him   (as  they  received  it 
style  of  pastoral  ;  for  that  does  not  please  from  their  forefathers)  she  retired  whenever 
every  ear.     A  more  elevated  strain  he  will  she  gave  out  her  oracles.     He  also  men- 
now  attempt.  tioned  several  other  particulars.    Onuphrius 

3.  Sylvas  :   the  woods.     By  meton.  pas-  tells  us,  that  the  cave  or  residence  of  the 
toral  or  rural  subjects.     If  we  sing  of  pas-  sibyl   remained   in   the   same   state  Justin 
toral    subjects,   those    subjects   should   be  Martyr  described  it,  until  1539,  when  it  was 
worthy  of  a  consul's  ear.  entirely  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  which 

4.  Ultima  <ztas:  the  last  age  of  the  sibyl-  shook  all  Campania.     See  Prideaux's  Con, 
line  prophecy  hath  now  arrived  —  the  last  Part  2.   Lib.  9.     The  sibyls  were  women 
age,  which  was  the  subject,  £c.     I  would  said  to  have  been  endued  with  the  spirit  of 
here  observe  that  the  last  days  —  the  latter  prophecy,  and  to  have  foretold  the  destinies 
day*,  or  times,  are  common  expressions  in  of  states  and   kingdoms.     They   lived    at 
the  scriptures  to  denote  the  age  of  the  Gos-  different  periods  of  time,  and  in  different 
pel,  which  is  the  last  dispensation  of  grace,  countries.     They  took  the  name  of  Sibylla, 
Cumm  :  an  adj.  from  Cumce,  a  city  of  Cam-  or  Sibyls,  from  the  first,  who  was  thus  en- 
pania,  in  Italy,  famous  for  having  been  the  dued,  her  name  being  Sibylla.    Varro  enu- 


BCTCOLICA.     EOL.  IV. 


Magnus  ab  integro  saeclorura  imscitur  ordo. 
Jam  redit  et  Virgo,  redeunt  Saturnia  regna  : 
Jam  nova^rogenies  coelo  demittitur  alto. 
Tu  modo  nascenti  puero,  quo  ferrea  primum 
Besinet,  ac  toto  surget  gens  aurea  mundo, 
Casta,  fave,  Lucina :  tuus  jam  regnat  Apollo. 


10 


8.  Tu  modo,  easta 
Lucina,  fave  nascenti 
puero,  sub  quo  ferrea 
gens  primum  desinet,  ac 
aurea  gens  surget  toto 
10  mundo. 


NOTES. 


merates  ten :  The  Ddphica,  Erythma,  Cu- 
wicea,  Samia,  Cumana,  Hellespontica,  Libyca, 
Persica,  Phrygia,  and  the  Terburtina.  Of 
these,  the  one  most  noted  was  the  Cunuwn. 
She  seems  to  have  been  the  same  that  the 
Greeks  called  Erythma,  from  the  circum- 
stance of  her  being  born  at  Erythrce  in  Ionia, 
of  the  Lesser  Asia ;  from  whence  she  re- 
moved to  Cwnce,  in  Italy.  Carminis :  in  the 
sense  of  vaticinii. 

5.  Magnus  ordo.  Some  suppose  that  the 
poet  here  hath  reference  to  the  great  Plato- 
nic year;  of  which  Claudius  says,  Ch.  1, 
of  the  sphere :  Omnia,  quoecunque  in  mundo 
sunt,  eodem  ordine  esse  reditura,  quo  nunc 
cernuntur.  This  would  embrace  the  period 
of  25, 920  of  our  years;  when  the  equinoxes 
will  have  made  the  circuit  of  the  ecliptic,  and 
the  same  stars,  which  describe  the  equator, 
tropics,  and  polar  circles,  by  the  diurnal 
motion  of  the  earth,  will  describe  them  over 
again.  Ruseus,  however,  is  of  a  different 
opinion,  and  very  justly  understands  by 
niagnus,  great  and  illustrious ;.  implying  that 
the  period  of  which  the  poet  spake  as  then 
commencing,  should  be  distinguished  by 
great  and  illustrious  characters.  ScEclorum, 
by  syncope  for  s&culorum.  ficeculum  properly 
signifies  the  period  of  ajr  hundred  years. 
It  is  also  used  to  denote  ar/rndefinite  period, 
as  in  the  present  instance. 
vJk-^%H.°'  The  poet  here  means  Astraia, 
'me  goHoess  of  justice,  the  daughter  of  Ju- 
piter and  Themis.  See  nom.  prop,  under 
Astraua.  Saturnia  regna :  the  reign  of  Sa- 
turn. According  to  fable,  Saturn  was  the 
son  of  Cadus  and  Terra,  or  Vesta.  Coelus 
confined  in  Tartarus  all  his  sons,  except 
Saturn;  who  with  the  assistance  of  his 
mother,  banished  his  father,  and  set  his  bro- 
thers at  liberty.  He  succeeded  to  the  king- 
dom by  the  consent  of  his  brother  Titan,  on 
the  condition  that  he  should  raise  no  male 
offspring.  He  accordingly  devoured  his 
sons  as  soon  as  they  were  born.  But  when 
Jupiter  was  born,  his  wife  Rhea,  or  Ops,  un- 
willing  to  see  all  her  sons  perish,  concealed 
him ;  giving  to  her  husband  a  stone  in  room 
of  the  child,  which  he  devoured,  without 
discovering  the  cheat.  In  the  same  way  she 
preserved  Neptune  and  Pluto. 

Titan  being  informed  that  his  brother  had 
broken  the  terms  of  their  contract,  made 
war  upon  him,  and  made  both  him  and  his 
wife  prisoners ;  they  were,  however,  soon 


fr  4?   -' 

set 'at  liberty  by  Jupiter.  But  Saturn  did 
not  long  remain  mindful  of  this  favour. 
He  conspired  against  him  to  dethrone  him, 
and  possess  the  empire  himself.  Upon  this, 
Jupiter  banished  him  from  heaven.  He 
came  to  Italy,  which  was  afterwards  called 
Latium,  from  the  circumstance  of  its  being 
the  place  of  his  concealment ;  from  the  verb 
lateo.  Janus,  who  was  then  king,  received 
him  with  hospitality,  and  made  him  partner 
in  his  kingdom.  Saturn  employed  his  time 
in  civilizing  his  subjects,  teaching  them  agri- 
culture, and  the  several  arts  and  sciences. 
His  reign  was  so  mild,  so  beneficent  and 
virtuous,  that  it  came  to  be  denominated  the 
Golden  Age,  to  intimate  the  happiness  and 
tranquillity  which  then  were  enjoyed.  The 
Silver  Age  succeeded,  when  men  began  to 
degenerate,  and  their  peace  to  be  disturbed 
by  feuds  and  animosities.  The  Brazen  Age. 
followed,  when  avarice  and  licentiousness 
took  possession  of  the  heart.  To  this  suc- 
ceeded the  Iron  Age,  when  the  world  became 
sunk  into  a  general  and  total  depravity. 
These  four  ages  are  much  spoken  of  by  the 
poets,  but  particularly  the  first.  By  this 
time  men  had  become  so  wicked  and  dege- 
nerate, that  they  were  all  destroyed  by  a 
deluge,  which  took  place  in  the  reign  of 
Deucalion,  king  of  Thessaly.  He  and  his 
wife  Pyrrha  were  the  only  survivors. 

8.  Fave  nascenti  puero :  favour,  or  be  pro- 
pitious to  the  infant  boy.     Nascens  does  not 
refer  here  so  much  to  his  birth,  as  to  his  in- 
fant years.     As  Lucina  had  safely  brought 
the  child  into  the  world,  it  is  the  desire  of 
the  poet  that  she  should  continue  her  atten- 
tion and  regard  to  him  during  the  dangers 
of  infancy. 

9.  Gens :  in  the  sense  of  (etas. 

10.  Casta  Lucina.     Lucina  was  the  god- 
dess supposed  te  preside  over  child-bearing, 
and  called  Lucina  from  lux,  because  through 
her  means  children  were  brought  to  see  the 
light.     This   office  was  attributed  both  to 
Juno  and  Diana ;  the  latter  of  whom  is  the 
one  here  meant,  as  appears  from  Tuus  jam 
•regnal  Apollo:    now  thy    Apollo   reigns. — 
This  hath  led  some  into  a  singularity.     By 
Apollo  they  would  understand  Augustus, 
and  by  Lucina  his  sister  Octavia.     Virgil 
was  fond  of  complimenting  his  prince,  but 
there  can  be  no  necessity  of  such  an  inter- 
pretation here.     Ruseus  understands  it   of 

himself,  who  may  be  sard  te  reign. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


11.  Adeo  hoc  decusTeque  adeo  decus  hoc  aevi,  te  console,  inibit, 
et  inciPient  maSni  procedere  menses. 
Te  duce,  si  qua  manent  sceleris  vestigia  nostri, 
Irrita  perpetua  solvent  formidine  terras. 
Hie  Deum  vitam  accipiet,  Divisque  videbit 
Permixtos  heroas,  et  ipse  videbitur  illis  : 
Pacatumque  reget  patriis  virtutibus  orbem. 

& 


because  it  is  now  manifest  that  his  predic- 
tions are  true.  Apollo  was  the  god.  under 
Whose  influence  the  Sibyls  were,  when  they 
prophesied,  or  gave  out  their  oracles. 

Apollo  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Latona, 
and  brother  of  Diana.  Juno,  hi  order  to 
vent  her  rage  against  Latona,  sent  the  ser- 
pent Python,  to  vex  and  torment  her.  She 
was  unable  to  find  a  place  where  she  could 
be  delivered  of  her  children  in  peace,  till 
Neptune,  taking  pity  on  her,  raised  the  island 
Delos,  where  she  was  safely  delivered  of 
Apollo  and  Diana  at  a  birth.  As  soon  as 
he  was  born,  Apollo  slew  the  serpent  Python, 
from  which  circumstance  he  is  sometimes 
called  Pythius.  He  was  accounted  the  god 
of  medicine,  music,  poetry,  and  eloquence, 
all  of  which,  it  is  said,  he  invented.  His 
son  j£sculapius  being  killed  by  Jupiter  for 
raising  the  dead,  he  in  turn  slew  the  Cy- 
clops, who  had  made  the  thunderbolt  that 
slew  him.  Jupiter  being  much  enraged  at 
this  piece  of  conduct,  banished  him  from 
heaven,  and  deprived  him  of  his  dignity. 
He  came  to  Admetus,  king  of  Thessaly, 
and  hired  himself  as  a  shepherd,  in  which 
employment  he  served  nine  years.  Hence 
he  is  sometimes  called  the  god  of  shepherds. 
Apollo  was  amorous,  and  had  many  chil- 
dren. His  worship  was  very  general.  At 
Delphi,  Delos,  Claros,  Tenedos,  Patara,  £c. 
he  had  celebrated  oracles.  He  had  several 
names :  Pythius,  already  mentioned  ;  Delius, 
from  the  island  Delos,  where  he  was  born ; 
Cynthius,  from  Cynthus,  the  name  of  a 
mountain  on  the  same  island ;  Pceart,  from 
a  Greek  word  which  signifies  to  strJke,  or 
wound,  in  allusion  to  his  killing  the  Python  ; 
Delphicus,  from  Delphi,  in  Phocis,  where 
he  had  his  most  famous  temple  and  oracle ; 
Clavus,  &c.  He  was  called  Phozbus,  or  Sol, 
in  heaven.  There  were  several  among  the 
ancients,  who  went  under  the  name  of 
Jlpollo.  Cicero  mentions  three,  besides  the 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Latona. 

11.  Hoc  deeus  cevi :  this  glory  of  the  age, 
i.  G.  this  glorious  age,  shall  couimence  in  your 
consulship. 

12.  Magni  menses.     Servius  and  Pompo- 
nius  think  we  are  to  understand  the  months 
of  July  and  August,  because  they  bore  the 
names  of  Julius  and   Augustus.     But   we 
are  undoubtedly  to  understand  the  magni 
menses,  here,  in  the  same  manner  and  sense, 

H±  ikuMsfa 


15 


as  ma  gnus  ordo  saclorum,  verse  5,  supra. 
Pollio.  A  very  distinguished  Roman.  He 
arrived  to  the  highest  honors  that  the  people 
could  bestow.  He  wasappointedPr(P/ec/?^* 
of  Hispania  Ulterior  by  Julius  Caesar.  On 
some  occasion  or  other,  being  in  Cis-alpine 
Gaul,  he  became  acquainted  with  Virgil, 
for  whom  he  conceived  a  very  high  regard, 
and  recommended  him  to  Maecenas,  who 
was  then  at  Rome.  A  way  was  thus  open- 
ed to  our  poet  for  the  recovery  of  his  lands. 
In  the  year  of  Rome,  714,  Pollio  was  ap- 
pointed consul,  and  in  the  following  year 
he  triumphed  over  the  Partheni,  a  people 
of  Illyricuin,  who  adhered  to  the  party  of 
Brutus  and  Cassius.  He  wrote  the  history 
of  the  civil  wars,  and  was  both  a  poet  and 
orator.  He  died  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his 
age,  and  in  the  year  of  Rome,  757. 

13.  Siqua  vestigia,  &c.     The  poet  here 
alludes,  most  probably,  to  the  perjury  of 
Laomedon,  king   of  Troy;    to  which  the 
Trojans   attributed   their   misfortunes  and 
calamities.     See  Geor.  I.  502 ;    or  to  the 
civil  wars  which  were  carried  on  between 
Caesar  and  Pompey.     Or  lastly,  to  the  death 
of  Julius  Caesar,  who  was  slain  by  Brutus 
in  the  senate  house;  which  was  the  cause 
of  a  second  civil  war,  between  Brutus  and 
Cassius  on  the  one  part,  and  Octavius  and 
Anthony    on  the  other.     It  terminated  in 
the  ruin  of  the  Republic,  and  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Empire. 

14.  Irrita :  being  effaced,  or  done  away, 
will  free  the  earth,  &c.     Irrita,  of  in  nega- 
tivum,  and  ratus;  agreeing  with  vestigia. 

15.  Ille  accipiet  vitam:  he  shall  partake 
the  life  of  the  gods,  &c.     Here  is  an  allu- 
sion to  the   Golden  Age,  when,  the  poets 
say,  the  gods  had  familiar  intercourse  with 
men,  and  dwelt  on  the  earth.     That  happy 
period  was  again  about  to  return. 

17.  Reget,  &c.  He  shall  rule  the  peace- 
ful world  by  his  father's  virtues.  Meaning  . 
that  the  child  should  arrive  at  the  highest 
honors  of  the  state,  that  is,  should  be  a  con- 
sul. Or,  he  shall  rule  the  world,  reduced  to 
peace  by  his  father's  virtues.  Pollio  and 
Maecenas  effected  a  reconciliation  between 
Octavius  and  Anthony,  which  gave  hope 
of  a  lasting  peace.  Orbcm  here  means 
the  Roman  Empire  ;  which,  in  the  height  of 
its  greatness,  comprehended  the  greater  pa  rt 
of  the  world  that,  was  then  known. 


'• 

fib 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  IV. 


At  tibi  prima,  puer,  nullo  munuscula  culm, 
Errantes  hederas  passim  cum  baccarelellus, 
Mixtaque  ridenti  colocasia  fundet  acantho. 
Ipsae  lacte  domum  referent  distenta  capellse 
Ubera :  nee  magnos  metuent  armenta  leones. 
Ipsa  tibi  blandos  fundent  cunabula  flores  : 
Occidet  et  serpens,  et  fallax  herba  veneni 
Occidet :  Assyrium  vulgo  nascetur  araomum. 
At  simul  heroiim  laudes,  et  facta  parentis 
Jam  legere,  et  qua?  sit  poteris  cognoscere  virtus  : 
Molli  paulatim  flavescet  campus  arista, 
Incultisque  rubens  pendebit  sentibus  uva, 
Et  durae  quercus  sudabunt  roacida  mella : 
Pauca  tamen  suberunt  priscae  vestigia  fraudis, 
Quse  tentare  Thetim  ratibus,  quse  cingere  muris 
Oppida,  quae  jubeant  telluri  infindere  sulcos. 
Alter  erit  turn  Tiphys,  et  altera  qua?  vehat  Argo 
Delectos  heroas  :  erunt  etiam  altera  bella, 
Atque  iterum  ad  Trcjam  magnus  mittetur  Achilles. 
Hinc,  ubi  jam  firmata  virum  te  fecerit  setas,  *~ 
Cedet  et  ipse  mari  vector :  nee  nautica  pinus 


18.  At  tellus  fundet 
prima  munuscula  tibi, 
O  puer,  nullo  cultu, 
nempe,  errantes  hederas 
passim  cum  baccare, 
coloasiaque  mixtar  iden- 
ti  acantho. 


25 


At  simul  jam  po- 

laudes  he- 
roum,  et  facta  parentis, 
et 


30 


32.  Qute  jubeant  ho- 
mines tentare  Thetim 
ratibus  ;  qua?  jubeant  il- 
oe  los  cingere  oppida  muris; 
et  quae  jubeant  illos  in- 
findere sulcos  telluri. 


NOTES. 


19.  Baccare.  Baccar,  a  sweet  herb  called 
by  some  ladies-glove ;  by  others,  clown-spike- 
nard. Colocasia :  Egyptian  beans.  Acan- 
tho: the  herb  called  beards-foot.  It  has  a 
long  and  broad  leaf. 

23.  Cunabula  ipsa:  the  cradle  itself— 
the  very  cradle.  Blandos:  in  the  sense  of 
jucitndos. 

'ZAtSerpens  occidet :  the  serpent  shall  die. 
/  f  This^s  a  very  remarkable  passage.     The 
I     Messiah  was  promised  to  bruise  the  head  of 
tlif.  serp_ent,  Gen.  Ch.  iii.  15th  verse.   Fullax 
i>  i  ,-b~a  veneni  :  the  deceiving  herb  of  poison 
shall    die — every    herb    whose    poisonous 
quality  is  not  known.     For  if  it  were  known, 
no  person  would  meddle  with  it,  and  con- 
sequently none  would  be  deceived.     Atno- 
nc.un.     See  Eel.  iii.  89. 

28.  Motti:   ripe.     For  the  fields  do  not 
grow  yellow  till  the  approach  of  harvest. 
Arista  :  corn — an  ear  of  corn. 

29.  Sentibus:  thorn-bushes. 

31.  Tamrn  paucct,  £c.  We  may  here 
^  observe  the  several  gradations  of  the  Gold- 
en Age.  With  the  birth  of  the  child  it 
commenced:  Cunafrdti  f undent  Jlores.  Du- 
ring the  years  of  his  youth,  the  earth  is  to 
bring  forth  abundantly.  There  is  to  be 
no  want  of  any  thing :  Campus  fartwt, 
&';.  All  vosti sres  of  former  crimes,  howe- 
ver, we>-3  not  done  away.  Some  traces  of 
the  Iron  Age  were  to  be  visible  in  the  con- 
duct, and  actions;  of  men  :  QJ/YT  iubeant,  &«.-. 
But  when  he  lias  arrived  to  years  of  full 
maturity,  then  the  earth  is  to  produce  all 
things  spontaneously:  Onmia  ttlus  fercf 
:rt ;  and  the  Golden  Age  is  to  appear 


in  all  its  felicity  and  glory.    Fraudis:  in 
the  sense  of  scelerls.  * 

32.  Tlietim.  Thetis,  a  goddess  of  the 
sea,  the  daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris. 
Jupiter  fell  in  love  with  her,  and  determined 
to  marry  her ;  but  being  informed  by  Pro- 
metheus of  a  decree  of  the  fates,  that  she 
should  bear  a  son  who  should  be  greater 
than  his  father,  he  desisted  from  his  pur- 
pose. Whereupon  Peleus,  king  of  Thessaly, 
took  her  to  wife,  and  of  her  begat  Achilles. 
Th  etisby  meton.  is  put  for  the  sea  in  this  place. 

34.  Tiphys.     The  name  of  the  pilot   of 
the  ship  Argo.     It  was  so  called,  either  from 
Argus,  the  architect ;  or  from  Argivi,  Greeks, 
whom  it  carried.     It  was  built  at  Pegasee,  a 
promontory  and  town  of  Thessaly.     Hence 
sometimes  called  naris  Pegas&a. 

35.  Deiectos  heroas:     chosen    heroes. — 
These  were  noble  Greeks,  chiefly  of  Thes- 
saly.     They  were  about  fifty  in  number, 
and  went  to  Colchis  in  the  ship  Argo^  to 
bring  away  the  golden  fleece,  which  was 
guarded  by  a  dragon,  and  bulls  breathing 
fire.      Jason   commanded    the    expedition. 
Castor,  PoUuTC,  Hercules,  Theseus,  Orpheus, 
Zctes,  and  Calais,  accompanied  him.     The 
crew  collectively  was  called  Argonautce.  See 
nom.  prop,  under  Jason. 

30.  Achilles — Trojnm — Argo — Tiphys. — 
These  are  here  put  for  any  hero,  any  city, 
any  ship,  anv  pilot. 

38.  Nficnantica pinus,  &c.  Nor  shall  the 
naval  pine  exchange  commodities — carry  on 
traff.c.  Pinus  is  here  put  for  a  ship  made 
of  that  tree,  by  meton.  Vector:  the  mari- 
ner. Ccdf.t :  shall  leave,  or  abandon. 


P.  VIRGILII  MAfcONIS 


Mutabit  merces  :  omnis  feret  omnia  tellus. 

Non  rastros  patietur  humus,  non  vinea  falcem  ; 

Robustus  quoque  jam  tauris  juga  solvet  arator. 

Nee  varies  discet  mentiri  lana  colores : 

43.  Sed  aries  ipse  in  IpSS  secl  in  pratis  aries  jam  suave  rubenti 
pratis   mutabit  yellera  ^Iurice    j  am  croceo  mutabi  t  veil  era  1  utoT 
mm  suave  rubenti  mu-  c, 
rice,  jam  Sponte  sua  sandyx  pascentes  vestiet  agnos. 


40 


45 


46.  Parcse  concordes  Talia  saecla  suis  dixerunt,  currite,  fusis 
stabili  numine  fatorum  Concordes  stabili  fatorum  nuniine  Parcae. 
dixerunt  suis  fusis,  O  Aggredere,  6,  magnos,  aderit  jam  tempus,  honores, 
clara  ^oboleTri>euin,  Clara  Deum  soboles,  magnum  Jovis  incrementum  ! 
magnum  incrementum  Aspice  convexo  nutantem  pondere  mundum, 
Jovis,  aggredere  mag-  Terrasque,  tractusque  maris,  ccelumque  profundum 
nos  honores  Aspice,  venturo  laetentur  ut  omnia  sa3clo. 

53.    O    ultima   pars  O  mihi  tarn  longse  maneat  pars  ultima  vitae, 
tarn  longse  vitse  maneat  Spiritus  et,  quantum  sat  erit  tua  dicere  facta  ! 
mihi,  et  tant  urn  spiritus,  Non  me  carminibus  vincet,  nee  Thracius  Orpheus, 

Nee  Linus  :  huic  mater  quamvis,  atque  huic  pater  adsit, 
Orphei  Calliojpea,  Lino  formosus  Apollo. 
Pan  etiam  ^Arcadia  mecum  si  judice  certet, 
Pan  etiam  Arcadia  dicat  se  judice  victurn. 
Incipe,  parve  puer,  risu  cognoscere  matrcm 


50 


55 


42.  Lana  discct,  &c.    Nor  shall  the 
learn  to  counterfeit  various  colours. 

44.  Murice.     Murex,   a    sea-fish  of  the 
tfhell  kind.     It  is  said  to  have  been  of  great 
use  among  the  ancients  for  dying  purple. 
Hence,  by  meton.  put  for  the  purple  colour 
itself.     Croceo :    an    adj.    from    crocum,   or 
•crocus,  saffron.     Luto:  the  Lntum  was  an 
herb  used  in  dying  yellow.  Hence  the  colour 
itself,  by  meton.    Modern  botanists  describe 
it   under   the   name   of  luteola,  wild-woad, 
and  dyer's  weed.     It  is  used  in  colouring 
both  wool  and  silk.     Mutabit :  shall  tinge, 
or  dye. 

45.  Sandyx:  the  scarlet  colour— vermilion. 

46.  Fusis  :  to  their  spindles. 

47.  Parccp.     They  were  the  daughters  of 
Erebus  arid  Nox,  and  said  to  be  three  in 
number :    Clotho,   Laches-is,    and    Atropos. 
They   were  supposed  to  preside  over  the 
birth,  life  and  death  of  mankind.     The  first 
was  represented  as  presiding  over  the  mo- 
ment of  birth,  and  holding  a  distaff  in  her 
hand ;  the  second,  as  spinning  out  the  events 
and  actions  of  human  life ;  the  last  as  cut- 
ting the  thread  of  it  with  a  pair  of  scissors. 
They  were  considered  powerful  goddesses, 
and  were  worshipped  with  great  solemnity. 
titabili  numine :  in  the  fixed  purpose  or  de- 
cree.    Clara.     Some   copies   have   cara. — 
Magnum  incrementum :  greal  son  of  Jove. 

48.  Ag^rtdcre.     Ruceus  says  accede7~^ 
50.  A sj lice  mundum :  sec  the  world  with 

its  globoun  mass  or  load,  nodding  (reeling 
to  and  fro)  both  the  land,  <fcc.  Dr.  Trapp 
titkos  conve.ro  port-dire  in  the  sonse  of 


00 


ponderis,  and  connects  it  with  mundum,  and 
not  with  nutantem,  as  is  commonly  done. 
For  he  observes,  that  it  is  impossible  for  the 
earth  to  reel  to  and  fro  or  nod,  with  its  own 
weight  or  load.  He  chooses,  therefore,  to 
understand  it  of  the  load  of  its  guilt  arid 
misery:  mole  malo-rum,  riliornmque;  but 
rejoicing  at  the  happy  change  about  to  be 
introduced,  which  is  expressed  in  the  next 
lino:  omnia  Iwtcn  Inr. wclofuturo.  Some  ex- 
plain the  words,  notice  mundum,  &c.,  look 
with  compassion  upon  a  world,  nutontcm 
mole  m'tlonnn  ritiorumque  :  labouring  arid 
oppressed  with  a  load  of  guilt  and  misery. 
L  t :  in  the  sense  of  quomodo. 

55.  Nun  rificd.     Non  appears  to  be  used 
in  the  sense  of  nullus.     No  one  shall  excel 
me  in  singing,  neither  Thracian,  &c. 

56.  Linus.     He  was  the   son  of  Apollo 
and    Terpsichore,  one  of  the   muses.     He 
was  an  excellent  musician,  and  the  precep- 
tor of  Orpheus  and  Hercules.     He  is  said  to 
have  been  killed  by  the  latter,  by  a  stroke 
of  his  lyre,  because  he  laughed  at  hisjang- 
ing.     Qnamvis   mater    Calliopea    adsil,  &<•. 
Although  the  mother  Calliopea  should  assist 
this  Orpheus ;  and  fair  Apollo,  the  father, 
should  assist  this  Linus.     Orphei :  a  Greek 
dat.  of  Orpheus. 

59.  Arcadia  judice  :   Arcadia  being  judge. 
Arcadia  was  an  inland  country  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus ;  famous  for  its  excellent  pastures. 
The  whole  of  it  was  sacred  to  Pan.     See 
Eel.  ii.31. 

60.  Risu  cognoscere,   &c.     Begin,   sweot 
boy,  to  knew  thy   mother   by  her  smiles. 


. 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  IV. 


Matri  ionga  decem  tulerunt  fastidia  menses. 
Incipe,  parve  puer,  cui  non  risere  parentes, 
Nee  Deus  hunc  mensa,  Dea  nee  dignata  cubili  est. 


6'3.  Nee  Deus  digna- 
tits  est  hunc  mensa 


This  Is  the  sense  which  Ruseus  and  some 
others  give  to  risu.  But  Dr.  Trapp  takes 
it  otherwise,  applying  it  to  the  boy.  Begin 
to  know  and  acknowledge  thy  mother  by 
smiling  on  her ;  as  a  kind  of  recompense  for 
the  pains  she  endured  for  thy  sake. 

61.  Fastidia:  qualms,   as   of   a   woman 
with   child.     Longa:   tedious — without  in- 
termission.      Decem  menses:    ten   months 
brought  to  your  mother,  &c. 

62.  Cui  parentes  non  risere,  &c.     It   is 
plain  the  poet  here  intends  a  threat  of  some 


kind  to  the  child.  But  upon  the  nature  or 
extent  of  the  threat,  commentators  are  not 
agreed.  It  is  generally  thought  that  refer- 
ence is  here  made  to  verse  15,  where  the 
babe  was  promised  divine  honors :  ille  ac- 
cipiet  vitam  Deorum ;  and  lest  he  should  fail 
of  it,  the  -poet  urges  him  to  smile  upon  his 
parents,  that  in  turn  they  might  smile  upon 
him.  For,  on  whom  his  parents  have  not 
smiled,  him  hath  a  god  neither  honoured 
with  his  table,  nor  a  goddess  with  her  bed. 
Thus  Dr.  Trapp. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  pastoral? 

In  what  light  has  it  been  considered  by 
some? 

Are  there  any  passages  in  it  which  have 
a  resemblance  to  the  prophecies  of  our  Sa- 
viour, as  contained  in  the  scriptures  ? 

Was  the  poet  divinely  inspired  ? 

About  this  time  was  there  a  general  ex- 
pectation of  the  Messiah's  appearance  ? 

How  was  this  occasioned  ? 

At  what  age  did  the  son  of  Pollio  die? 

How  many  years  before  the  birth  of 
Christ? 

Do  some  suppose  the  poet  celebrates  the 
birth  of  Marcellus? 

Who  was  this  Marcellus  ?  To  what  age 
did  he  live? 

Who  were  the  Sibyls  ?  How  many  does 
Varro  mention  ?  Of  these,  which  was  the 
most  distinguished  ? 

Where  did  she  reside  ? 


What  does  Justin  Martyr  say  of  her  resi- 
dence ? 

Who  was  Saturn  ?     What  is  said  of  him  ? 

Whence  did  Latium  derive  its  name  ? 

How  did  Saturn  employ  his  time  after 
his  banishment  to  Italy  ?  . 

How  many  ages  do  the  poets  mention  be- 
fore the  deluge  in  the  reign  of  Deucalion  ? 

Describe  those  ages  ? 

Who  was  Apollo  ?     What  is  said  of  him  ? 

For  what  was  he  banished  from  heaven  ? 
What  did  he  then  do? 

Where  were  his  most  celebrated  oracles? 
What  were  his  names? 

Who  was  Pollio?  To  what  honors  did 
he  arrive  ? 

Was  it  through  his  means  that  Virgil  re- 
covered his  land  ?  In  what  way  ? 

To  what  age  did  he  live  ? 

Who  were  the  Parcae?  How  many  in 
number  ?  What  was  their  supposed  office  ? 


ECJLOGA  QUINTA. 


MENALCAS,  MOPSUS. 

THE  subject  of  this  excellent  pastoral  is  the  death  of  some  eminent  person  under  the 
character  of  Daphnis.  But  concerning  the  person  intended,  there  have  been  various  con- 
jectures. It  is  most  probable  the  poet  had  in  view  Julius  Caesar,  who  was  killed  in  the 
senate-house  by  Brutus ;  and  afterwards  enrolled  among  the  Roman  deities.  By  Me- 
nalcas,  we  are  to  understand  Virgil ;  and  by  Mopsus,  some  poet  of  reputation,  who 
probably  had  been  Virgil's  pupil.. 

Rueeus  thinks  it  was  written  when  some  games  or  sacrifices  were  performed  in  honor  of 
Caesar.  The  scene  is  beautiful,  and  adapted  to  the  subject.  The  shepherds  sit  on  the 
verdant  grass  in  the  awful  gloom  of  a  grotto,  overhung  with  wild  vines.  The  pasto- 
ral is  properly  divided  into  two  parts — the  Lamentation  at  his  death,  and  his  Deifica- 
tion, or  Apotheosis. 

1. 0  Mopse,  quoniam      ME. CUR  non,  Mopse,  boni  quoniam  convenimus  ambo, 
nos   convenimus    wna,Tu  caiamos  inflare  leves,  ego  dicere  versus, 

SSare    iTves    "alaTo^  Hic  corylis  mixtas  inter  consedimus  ulmos  ? 
ego  bonus  dicere  versus  •      Mo.  Tu  major  :  tibi  me  est  aequum  parere,  Menalca  : 
cur  non  consedimus  hie  Sive  sub  incertas  Zephyris  motantibus  umbras,  5 

inter  ulmos  mixtas  cory-  give  antro  potius  succedimus  :  aspice,  ut  antrum 

Ii85.    Subinrn*  umbras  S^68^8  rai?S  SParsit  labrUS™  ra'emis' 

incertas  motantibus.-         ME.  Montibus  in  nostns  solus  tibi  certet  Amyntas. 

6.  Aspice  ut  sylves-      Mo.  Quid  si  idem  certet  Phcebum  superare  canendo  ? 
tris  labrusca  sparsit  ME.  Incipe,  Mopse,  prior,  si  quos  aut  Phyllidis  ignes, 

9.  Idem  Amyntas  certet  Aut  Alconis  habes  laudes,  aut  jurgia  Codr!.  11 

.  NOTES. 

1.  Boni:  skilful — expert.  An  adj.  agree-     tree,  it  put  forth  leaves.    Ignis:  bymeton. 
ing  with  nos,  understood.  love ;  also  the  object  loved. 

11.  Alconis.     Gen.  of  jQIcon.  a  celebrated 

4.  Major.  Thou  art  the  older:  or  it  may      archer  of  Crete      He  aimed  an  am)W  SQ 

mean,  my  superior,  m  singing.  tmly   at   a   serpent,   entwined  around  the 

5.  Umbras :   shades.    By  melon,  put  for  bodJ  of  llis  son> that  he  killed  him  without 
the  trees  causing  them.     Incertas:  waving  injuring  the  child     Jurgia  Codri :  the  strife 
moving  to  and  fro.  or  contentions  of  Codrus,     He  was  the  son 

of  Menander,  and  the  last  king  of  Athens. 

7.  Sykestns  labrusca.     Simply  the  W1ld-     fe  a  war  ^  the  Lacedemomans,  it  was 
vine.     Raris  racemis :  with  thin  bunches  of       iyen  out  b    an  orade  thaf  vfct     '  should 
grapes-its    bunches    scattered   here   and     |e  Qn  that ^  whose  king  wag  gfam>    Jn 

*nere*  the  mean  time  the  enemy  had  given  strict 
10.  Si  habes  aut  quos  ignes :  if  you  have  charge  not  to  hurt  the  Athenian  king, 
either  any  loves  of  Phyllis,  or,  &c.  She  Being  informed  of  this,  as  well  as  of  what 
was  the  daughter  of  Lycurgus,  king  of  the  oracle  had  given  out,  Codrus  put  on  the 
Thrace,  and  fell  in  love  with  Demophoon,  habit  of  a  peasant,  went  among  the  enemy, 
the  son  of  Theseus,  king  of  Athens,  on  his  raised  a  quarrel,  and  suffered  himself  to  be 
return  from  the  Trojan  war.  He  went  slain.  As  soon  as  this  was  known,  the  La- 
home  to  settle  some  business,  and  tarrying  cedemonians  were  panic-struck,  and  the 
longer  than  the  time  appointed  for  their  Athenians  obtained  a  complete  victory, 
nuptials,  Phyllis,  imagining  herself  neglect-  This  noble  sacrifice  of  himself  for  the  good 
ed,  hung  herself,  and  was  changed  into  a  of  his  country,  so  endeared  his  name  to 
leafless  almond-tree.  Demophoon  after-  them,  that  they  considered  no  person  worthv 
wards  returned,  and  on  his  embracing  the  to  succeed  him. 


BUCOLICA.    ECL.  V. 


Incipe  :  pascentes  servabit  Tityrus  hcedos. 

Mo.  Immd  haec,  in  viridi  nuper  quae  cortice  fagi 
Carmina  descripsi,  et  modulans  alterna  notavi, 
Experiar :  tu  deinde  jubeto  certet  Amyntas. 

ME.  Lenta  salix  quantum  pallenti  cedit  olivse, 
Puniceis  humilis  quantum  saliunca  rosetis  : 
Judicio  nostro  tantum  tibi  cedit  Amyntas. 

Mo.  Sed  tu  desine  plura,  puer  :  successimus  antro. 
Extinctum  Nymphae  crudeli  funere  Daphnim 
Flebant :  vos  coryli  testes  et  flumina  Nymphis  : 
Cum,  complexa  sui  corpus  miserabile  nati, 
Atque  Deos  atque  astra  vocat  crudelia  mater. 
Non  ulli  pastos  illis  egere  diebus 
Frigida,  Daphni,  boves  ad  flumina :  nulla  neque  amnem 
Libavit  quadrupes,  nee  graminis  attigit  herbam. 
Daphni,  tuum  Pcenos  etiam  ingemuisse  leones 
Interitum,  montesque  feri  sylvaeque  loquuntur. 
Daphnis  et  Armenias  curru  subjungere  tigres 
Instituit :  Daphnis  thiasos  inducere  Baccho, 
Et  foliis  lentas  intexere  mollibus  hastas. 
Vitis  ut  arboribus  decori  est,  ut  vitibus  u\as, 


13    Immo    experiar 
hoec  carmina,  quse  nu- 
1  *  per  descripsi 

15.  Jubeto  ut  Amyn- 
tas certet  me  cum 


19.  Desine  loqui  plura 
20  verba 

21.  Vos,  O  coryli  et 
flumina  faistis  testes 
nymphis. 


25.    O  Daphni,  non 
26  ulli  pastores  egere  pap- 
tos  boves 

28.  Ferique   monies, 
sylvaeque        loquuntur, 


30 


etiam  Paenos  leones 

30.  Daphnis  inst.ituit 
inducere 


NOTES. 


14.  Modulans  alterna  notavi:  tuning,  or 
singing  them  alternate,  I  wrote  them  down. 
Experiar:  I  will  try — attempt.  Carmina: 


17.  Saliunca :  the  herb  lavender.  Puni- 
ceis rosetis :  to  red  rose-beds :  or  by  meton. 
the  red  rose.  Puniceus,  sometimes  written 
Phaniceus,  an  adj.  from  Phoenicia,  a  coun- 
try lying  along  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
Mediterranean,  including  Tyre  and  Sidon, 
famous  for  its  purple  or  red  colour.  The 
same  word  is  used  for  an  inhabitant  of 
Carthage,  because  that  city  was  founded  by 
a  colony  from  Tyre,  or  Phrenicia. 

20.  Daphnim  extinctum :  Daphnis  slain,  or 
cut  off  by  a  cruel  death.  This  circum- 
stance applies  very  well  to  the  case  of  Julius 
Cffisar,  who  was  slain  unexpectedly,  receiv- 
ing no  less  than  twenty-three  wounds  with 
the  dagger. 

22.  Cum  mater  complexa :  when  the  mother 
embracing,  &c.  Cerdanus  understands  by 
mater  the  wife  of  Crosar,  who  a  little 
before  his  death  'dreamed  her  husband  was 
stabbed  in  his  breast.  Ruseus  understands 
Rome,  and  Dr.  Martyn  Venus.  Vocat,  &c. 
She  calls  the  gods  and  stars  cruel — she 
blames  the  gods  and  cruel  stars.  Vocat, 
Dr.  Trapp  takes  for  vocabat,  where  the 
sense  evidently  determines  it. 

25.  Amnem :  in  the  sense  of  aquam. 

26.  Nutta  quadrupes.     Ruaeus  thinks  the 
poet  hath  in  his  view  a  passage  in  Sueto- 
nius.     Speaking   of  the   prodigies   which 
preceded   the   death   of    Caesar,   he   says: 
Pnximis  diebus  equorum  greges.  quos  in  tra- 

4 


jiciendo  Rubiconejtumine  consecrarat,acvt!gos 
et  sine  custode  dimiserat,  comperit  pertinacis- 
sime  pabulo  abstinere,  ubertimque  Jlere.  In 
this  case,  by  quadrupes,  we  are  to  understand 
equus,  an  horse.  Libavit:  drank — tasted. 

27.  Pcenos  leones :  African  lions.     P&nos : 
in  the  sense  of  Punicos,  vel  Africanos.   Car- 
thage  was  the  principal  city  of  Africa. — 
Hence  by  syriec.  it  may  be  put  for  Africa  in 
general.     Being  founded  by  a  colony  from 
Phoenicia,  its  inhabitants  were  called  Pcem', 
as  well  as  Carthaginienses.     These  lions  are 
mentioned,  either  because   they   were   the 
most  savage,  or  because  Africa  abounded 
in  lions,  and  other  savage  beasts. 

28.  Interitum:  in  the   sense   of  mortem, 
Feri :  wild — uncultivated. 

29.  Armenias:  an  adj.  from  Armenia,  an 
extensive  country  of  Asia,  abounding   in 
tigers.     Curru,  for  currui,  the   dat.  case. 
Nouns  of  the  fourth  declension  sometimes 
formed  the  gen.  in  uis,  and  when  the  gen. 
was  contracted  into  us,  the  dat.  was  some- 
times contracted  into  u.     Many  instances 
of  this  contraction  we  find  in  Virgil  and 
other  writers. 

30.  Tfiiasos.     Thiasus,  a  kind  of  dance. 
The  word  is  of  Greek  origin. 

31.  Intexere  lentas  hastas,  &c.  To  wreath, 
or  entwine  limber  spears,  &c.     Ruaeus  in- 
terprets intexere,  by  induere. 

32.  Ut  vitis  est  decori  arboribus :  as  the 
vine  is  for  an  ornament  to  the  trees,  as  the 
grapes,  &c.     The  words  sunt  decori  are  to 
be  supplied. 


20  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Ut  gregibus  tauri,  segetes  ut  pinguibus  arvis  | 
34.  Sic  tu  «•«&  omne  Tu  decus  omne  tuis  :  postquam  te  fata  tulerunt, 

Ipsa  Pales  agros,  atque  ipse  reliquit  Apollo.  35 

36.  In  sulcis,  quibus  Grandia  ssepe  quibus  mandavimus  hordea  sulcis, 
mandavimus     grandia  Infelix  lolium,  et  steriles  nascuntur  avenae. 
Pro  molli  viola,  pro  purpureo  narcisso, 
Carduus  et  spinis  surgit  paliurus  acutis. 
Spargite  humum  foliis  ;  inducite  fontibus  umbras,       40 
Pastores  :  mandat  fieri  sibi  talia  Daphnis. 
Et  tumulum  facite,  et  tumulo  superaddite  carmen  : 
43.  Ego  Daphnis  ja-  Daphnif  ego  in  sylvis,  hinc  usque  ad  sidera  notus  ; 
MO  hie  in  sylvis,  notus  Formosi  pecoris  custos,  formosior  ipse. 

ME.  Tale  tuum  carmen  nobis,  divine  poeta,  45 

Quale  sopor  fessis  in  gramine  ;  quale  per  aestum 
Dulcis  aquae  saliente  sitim  restinguere  rivo. 
Nee  calamis  solum  aequiparas,  sed  voce  magistrum. 
Fortunate  puer,  tu  nunc  eris  alter  ab  illo  :  49 

50.  Tamen  nos  dice-  Nos  tamen  haec  quocunque  modo  tibi  nostra  vicissim 
mus  haec  nostra  carmina  Dicemus  ;  Daphninque  tuum  tollemus  ad  astra ; 

Daphniri  ad  astra  feremus  :  amavit  nos  quoque  Daphnis. 

Mo.  An  quicquam  nobis  tali  sit  munere  majus  ? 
Et  puer  ipse  fuit  cantari  dignus,  et  ista 
Jampridem  Stimicon  laudavit  carmina  nobis.  55 

ME.  Candidus  insuetum  miratur  limen  Olympi, 
Sub  pedibusque  videt  nubes  et  sidera  Daphnis. 
58.  Ergo  alacris  vo-  Ergo  alacris  sylvas  et  caetera  rura  voluptas, 
luptas  tenet  sylvas        Panaque,  pastoresque  tenet,  Dryadasque  puellas. 

NOTES. 

34.  Tu  omne  decus  tnis:  so  thou  wast  all         49.  Alter  ab  illo:  the  next  from  him — the 
the  ornament  to  thy  friends.     Tuis :  to  thy     next  in  fame  after  him. 

fellow  swains.     Virgil  represents  Daphnis,  50.  Quocunque  modo :  in  some  manner  or 

whoever  he  be,  as  a  swain  and  shepherd.  other — as  well  as  I  can. 

35.  Pales.  See  Geor.  iii.  1.    Apollo.    He  52.  Daphnis,  &c.    As  we  are  to  under- 
is  considered  here   under  the  character  of  stand  Virgil  under  the  character  of  Menal- 
the  god  of  shepherds.  See  Eel.  iv.  10.  cas,  it  is  urged  that  Daphnis  cannot  be  Ju- 

36.  Hordea:  barley,  here  put  for  any  kind  lius  Caesar,  because  Virgil  was  little  known 
of  grain  ;  the  species  for  the  genus.  in  his  time.     But  Ruaeus  explains  it  of  the 

37.  Infelix  lolium :  the  hurtful  cockle.  Mantuans  in  general,  who,  with  the  other 

38.  Narcisso :    the   flower  Narcissus,  of  inhabitants  of  Cis-alpine  Gaul,  were  che- 
which  there  are  two  kinds,  the  white  and  rished  and  protected  by  Cffisar. 

the  purple.     See  Eel.  ii.  46.  53.  An  quicquam  sit :  can  there  be  any 

39.  Carduus :  the  thistle.    Paliurus:   a     thing  more  acceptable  (majus)  tome  than 
species  of  thorn.     It  abounds  in  Italy.  such  an  employment  ? 

42.  Carmen :  an  epitaph,  or  inscription.  54.  Puer  ipse.     Servius  infers  from  this 

45.  Tale   tuum  carmen.      The    elegance  that  Daphnis  cannot  be  Julius  Caesar,  since 

and  sweetness  of  this  and  the  two  following  he  was  56  years  old  when  he  was  killed, 

lines  are  not  to  be  equalled,  unless  by  the  Ruseus  understands  it  of  his  being  lately 

answer,  which  Mopsus  returns  in  verse  82,  enrolled  among  the  gods.     But  this  is  an 

et  sequens.     Est  is  to  be  supplied.  unnecessary   refinement,  and  the  objection 

47.  Restinguere,  &c.     To  allay  thirst  in  of  Servius  will  be  of  no  weight,  when  it  is 
a  purling  rivulet  of  sweet  water  in  the  sum-  considered  that  Virgil  speaks  of   Daphnis 
mer  heat.     This  is  a  most  beautiful  com-  under  the  character  of  a  shepherd,  or  swain, 
parison.    Nothing  could  give  a  livelier  idea  See  43  and  44,  supra  ;  and  puer  is  the  word 
of  the  charms  of  his  music,  and  the  melody  generally  used  to  denote  either. 

of  his  song.  56.  Candidus :  wliite — clothed  in  white. 

48.  Magistrum :  the  master.     It  appears  This  is  an  emblem  of  divinity ;  white  being 
from  this,  that  Mopsus  had  been  a  pupil  of  the  colour  assigned  to  the  celestial  gods,  as 
Menalcas,  and  much  esteemed  by  him.  black  is  to  the  infernal  gods.    Insuetum :  a 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  V. 


Nee  lupus  insidias  pecori,  nee  retia  cervis  60     60. 

Ulla  dolum  meditantur :  amat  bonus  otia  Daphnis. 

Ipsi  Isetitia  voces  ad  sidera  jactant 

Intonsi  montes  :  ipsae  jam  carmina  rupes  ; 

Ipsa  sonant  arbusta :  Deus,  Deus  ille,  Menalca. 

Sis  bonus,  6  felixque  tuis  !  en  quatuor  aras  :  65 

Ecce  duas  tibi,  Daphni,  duoque  altaria  Phoebo. 

Pocula  bina  novo  spumantia  lacte  quotannis, 

Craterasque  duos  statuam  tibi  pinguis  olivi. 

Et  multo  imprimis  hilarans  convivia  Baccho, 

Ante  focum,  si  frigus  erit';  si  messis,  in  umbra,         70 


63.  Jam  rupes  ips» 
sonant  carmina  ;  jam 
arbusta  ipsa  sonant  hoc  : 
O  Menalca,  ille  est  Deus, 
ille  est  Deus. 

65.  En  aspice  quatuor 
aras :  ecce  aspice  duas 
aras  tibi 

67.  Statuam  bina  po- 
cula  spumantia  novo 
lacte,  duosque 


NOTES. 


part,  of  insuesco,  unaccustomed,  referring 
to  his  being  but  lately  deified.  Limen  Olympi : 
the  threshold  of  heaven.  There  were  se- 
veral mountains  by  the  name  of  Olympus. 
The  most  distinguished,  however,  was  one 
in  Thessaly,  near  the  confines  of  Macedo- 
nia ;  the  top  of  which  arose  above  the  clouds. 
Hence  the  poets  feigned  it  to  be  heaven,  the 
seat  of  the  gods. 

60.  Insidias:  plots.     This  word  hath  no 
singular.      Retia:  neu.  plu.   toils — snares. 
Meditantur :  devise,  or  prepare. 

61.  Amatotia,8zc.    This  expression  seems 
to  allude  to  the  clemency  of  Caesar  toward 
his  enemies,  for  which  he  is  much  celebrated 
by  Cicero  and  others. 

62.  Jactant :  in  the  sense  of  emittunt. 

63.  Intonsi:  uncultivated — wild. 

64.  Deus  ille.     Divine  honors  were  de- 
creed to  Julius  Caesar  by  the  Triumviri,  in 
the  year  of  Rome  7l2,Lepidus  and  Plancus 
being   consuls.     From  this  time,  Octavius 
began  to  be  called  the  son  of  a  god. 

65.  Aras.     Ara  was  an  altar  dedicated 
both  to  the  gods  above,  and  to  those  below. 
Altare  was  a  high  altar,  and  dedicated  to 
the  gods  above  exclusively.     Felix :  propi- 
tious— kind. 

68.  Crateras:  ace.  plu.  of  crater,  a  large 
cup,  or  bowl.     This  word  is  purely  Greek. 
Statuam :  in  the  sense  of  offeram. 

69.  Hilarans  convivia,  &c.     Cheering  or 
making  merry  the  feasts  with  much  wine. 
Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine,  was  the  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Semele.     He  was  educated,  ac- 
cording to  some,  in  the  island  of  Naxus, 
one  of  the  Cyclades,  under  the  care  of  the 
nymphs  Philia,  Coronis,   and  Clyda;  and 
while  asleep  was  carried  off  by  some  mari- 
ners, all  of  whom  he  changed  into  dolphins, 
except  the  pilot,  who  showed  him  some  ten- 
derness and  regard.     Bacchus  is  celebrated 
as  a  warrior.     He  marched   into  India  at 
the  head  of  a  large  army  composed  of  men 
and  women,  all  inspired  with  a  divine  fury, 
and   armed  with  the  thyrsus,  cymbal,  &c. 
His  conquests  were  easy — the  people  sub- 
mitting wherever  he  came,  without  resist- 
ance.    Pentheus,  king  of  Thebes,  refused  to 


acknowledge  his  divinity,  and  forbade  his 
subjects  to  pay  adoration  to  him ;  and  even 
ordered  Bacchus  himself  to  be  seized  and 
cast  into  prison.  But  the  doors  opened 
of  their  own  accord,  as  if  refusing  to  con- 
tain him  a  prisoner.  Whereupon  the  king 
became  enraged,  arid  ordered  the  whole 
band  of  Bacchanals  to  be  destroyed.  But 
this  was  not  carried  into  effect.  Pentheus 
became  desirous  to  see  the  celebration  of 
the  Orgies,  or  feasts  of  Bacchus.  For  this 
purpose,  he  concealed  himself  on  mount 
Citheron,  whence  he  could  see  all  their  ce- 
remonies. But  being  discovered,  the  Bac- 
chanals fell  upon  him.  His  mother  was 
the  first  who  attacked  him,  and  was  follow- 
ed by  her  two  sisters,  Ino  and  Autone,  who 
immediately  tore  him  in  pieces.  See  Ovid. 
Met.  Lib.  3. 

Midas,  king  of  Phrygia,  had  entertained 
Silenus,  the  preceptor  of  Bacchus ;  who 
desired  him  to  ask  any  thing  he  might 
please,  and  it  should  be  granted  him. — 
Whereupon  he  asked  that  whatever  he 
might  touch  should  be  converted  into  gold. 
This  was  granted.  But  he  was  soon  con- 
vinced of  his  imprudent  choice  ;  for  his  food 
became  gold  in  his  mouth,  and  he  was  on 
the  point  of  perishing  with  hunger,  when  he 
besought  Bacchus  to  take  back  his  gift ;  he 
readily  did  so,  and  directed  him  to  wash  in 
the  river  Pactolus,  whose  sands  were  con- 
verted into  gold. 

The  festivals  of  Bacchus, 'called  Orgia, 
Bacchanalia,  or  Dyonisia,  were  introduced 
into  Greece  by  Danaus  and  his  daughters, 
from  Egypt.  The  panther  was  sacred  to 
him,  because  in  his  expedition  to  India,  ho 
was  covered  with  the  skin  of  that  animal. 
The  fir-tree,  the  yew-tree,  the  fig-tree,  the  ivy, 
and  the  vine,  were  all  sacred  to  him.  Bac- 
chus had  several  names  :  Liber,  Bromius,  Ly- 
(EUS,  Evan,  Thryonceus,  lacchus,  &c.  He  is  re- 
presented as  drawn  in  a  chariot  by  a  tiger 
and  a  lion,  accompanied  by  Pan,  Silenus, 
and  the  other  satyrs.  Bacchus,  by  meton-. 
is  frequently  put  for  trine,  as  in  the  present 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


71.  Arvisia  vina  qua  Vina  novum  fundam  calathis  Arvisia  nectar. 
*ltnt  Cantabunt  mihi  Damcetas,  et  Lyctius  /Egon : 

.    .      ,.    Saltantes  Satyros  imitatutur  Alphesiboeus. 

79.   Lit  Agricolte   la-  TT        ..,.          *  „    J      ,        . 

eient     vota    quotannis  HaBC  tlbl  semper  erunt ;  et  cum  solenma  vota 
Baccho  Cererique,   sic  Reddemus  Nymphis,  et  cum  lustrabimus  agros.         75 
facie.nl  ea  tibi  Dum  juga  montis  aper,  fluvios  dum  piscis  amabit, 

81.  Quae,  qu?B  donaDumque  thy  mo  pascentur  apes,  dum  rore  cicadae, 
rC  82aiNam  neque  sibi-  ^emPer  honos,  nomenque  tuum,  laudesque  manebunt. 
lus  venientis  Austri  ju-  Ut  Baccho  Cererique,  tibi  sic  vota  quotannis 
t;a«metant\im;neclitora  Agricolae  facient:   damnabis  tu  quoque  votis.  80 

percussa  fluctu  tam  ju-      Mo.  Quae  tibi,  quae  tali  reddam  pro  carmine  dona? 

int  me;  nee  numma^am  neque  me  tantum  venientis  sibilus  Austri, 
saxosas e™\\es"tamju-Nec  percussa  juvant  fluctu  tam  litora,  nee  quae 
vant  me.  Saxosas  inter  decurrunt  flumina  valles. 


NOTES. 


71.  Arvisia  vina:  Chian  wine.     Jlrvisia: 
an  adj.  from  Jlrvisus,  a  promontory  of  the 
island  Chios,  in  the  Archipelago,  famous  for 
its  good  wirie.     Novum  nectar :  nectar  was 
properly    any   kind   of  pleasant  wine,   or 
other  liquor.     Hence  the  poets  feigned  it  to 
be  the  drink  of  the  gods.     Novum :  good — 
excellent.     The  wine  here  offered  was  to 
be   as  good  as  nectar — good  or  excellent 
neetar.     See  Eel.  iii.  66. 

72.  Lyctius:  an  adj.  from  Lyctus,  a  city 
of  Crete. 

7:3.  Saltantes  Safyros :  leaping  or  wanton 
satyrs.  The  Satyri  were  demi-gods  of  the 
country,  the  origin  of  whom  is  not  well 
known.  They  were  of  a  hideous  form, 
and  generally  distinguished  themselves  by 
their  riotous  and  wanton  demeanour  in  the 
orgies  of  Bacchus,  which  they  generally  at- 
tended. The  Romans  called  them  indis- 
criminately Favni,  Panes,  and  Sylvani. 
Alphesibmu.  See  Eel.  8. 

75.  Lustra  birnus.  Lustro  may  here  be 
taken  in  the  sense  of  circumeo,to  go  around 
or  encompass;  or  of  purgo,  to  cleanse  or 
purify  by  sacrifice ;  or  it  may  comprehend 
both.  For  it  is  agreed  by  all,  that  the  poet 
hath  a  reference  to  what  is  called  the  sacri- 
Jicium  amberrale,  spoken  of  Geor.  i.  345, 
which  see.  Circumimus  campos  cum  hoslia, 
says  Rueeus.  *  Reddemus :  in  the  sense  of 
solremus. 

79.  Cereri.  Ceres  was  the  goddess  of 
husbandry,  the  daughter  of  Saturn  and  Ops, 
and  mother  of  Proserpine  by  Jupiter,  whom 
Pluto  carried  off  while  she  was  gathering 
flowers  in  the  plains  of  Enna,  in  Sicily. 
The  loss  was  grievous  to  Ceres,  who  sought 
her  both  day  and  night;  when  at  length 
she  found  her  veil  near  the  fountain  of 
Cyane.  She  could  obtain  no  information 
of  her  daughter,  till  the  nymph  Arethusa 
told  her  that  she  was  carried  off  by  Pluto. 
Upon  this,  she  immediately  ascended  to 
h<$av0n,and  demanded  of  Jupiter  the  resto- 


ration of  her  darling  child.  He  endeavored 
to  reconcile  her  to  Pluto  as  a  son-in-law ; 
but  to  no  purpose.  At  length  he  consented 
that  she  should  be  restored,  provided  she 
had  eaten  nothing  in  the  dominions  of  the 
ravisher.  Ceres  repaired  immediately  to 
the  infernal  regions,  and  found  she  had 
eaten  the  seeds  of  a  pomegranate,  found  in 
the  Elysian  fields.  Her  return,  therefore, 
was  impossible :  but  Jupiter  consented  that 
she  might  pass  six  months  of  the  year  with 
her  mother  on  earth,  and  the  remainder 
with  Pluto. 

During  all  this  time,  the  cultivation  of  the 
earth  had  been  neglected.  To  repair  the 
loss  which  mankind  sustained  by  her  ab- 
sence, Ceres  went  to  Attica  and  instructed 
Triptolemus,  the  son  of  Celeus,  in  all  that 
pertained  to  agriculture. 

Ceres  is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  the 
Egyptian  his,  and  her  worship  to  have  been 
brought  into  Greece  by  Erechtheus  about 
1426  years  before  Christ.  She  is  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  Tellus,  Cybele,  Berecynthia, 
&c.  The  Romans  paid  her  great  veneration, 
and  her  festivals  were  generally  celebrated 
for  eight  days  in  the  month  of  April.  Ceres, 
by  meton,  is  often  put  for  bread,  grain,  &c. 

80.  Damnabis  tu,  &c.  Thou  shalt  also 
bind  them  to  their  vows — thou  shalt  grant 
the  requests  of  those,  who  ask.  The  pro- 
priety of  this  mode  of  expression  will  ap- 
pear, when  it  is  considered  that  the  person 
who  asked  any  thing  of  a  God,  virtually, 
if  not  directly,  promised  or  vowed  some- 
thing in  return ;  and  if  his  requests  were 
granted,  then  he  became  condemned,  and 
judicially  bound  to  the  performance  of  his 
promise  or  vow.  And  the  god,  when  he 
granted  any  petition  or  request,  was  said 
to  condemn,  or  bind  the  promiser  to  pay  his 
vows. 

82.  Sibilus:  the  whistling  of  the  rising 
south  wind. 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  V. 


ME.  Hac  te  nos  fragili  donabimus  ante  cicuta.        85     86.  Hsec  eadem  cicuta 
Hsec  nos,  Formosum  Corydon  ardebat  Alexim  :  docuit  nos- 

Hsec  eadem  docuit,  Cujum  pecus  ?  an  Meliboei  ?  88.  Sume  pedum  for- 

Mo.  At  tu  sume  pedum,  quod,  me  cum  rape  rogaret,  J™^ g**™  ™*£ 
Non  tulit  Antigenes  (et  erat  turn  digrius  amari)  gines   non'  tuliti   cum 

Formosum  paribus  nodis  atque  aere,  Menalca.  90  stepe  rogaret  me,  et 


NOTES. 


85.  Nos  donabimus:  I  will  present   thee 
with  this,   &c.      Cicuta:   properly  a  pipe 
made  of  the   stalk  of  the  hemlock.     See 
Eel.  i.  10. 

86.  HCEC  eadem  docuit:   this  same  pipe 
taught  me  :  formosum  Corydon,  &c.  i.  e.  with 
this  same  pipe  I  sang  the  second  Eclogue. 
Hocc  docuit :  this  same  taught  me  :  Cujum 


pecus  ?  i.  e.  with  this  same  pipe  I  sang  the 
third  Eclogue. 

88.  Sume  pedum :  take  this  crook,  as  a 
testimony  of  my  regard. 

90.  Formosum:  beautified  with  equal  knobs 
and  brass — with  knobs  at  equal  distances : 
or  uniform,  in  regard  to  size. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  pastoral  ? 

Who  probably  is  meant  by  Daphnis  ? 

Who  is  to  be  understood  under  the  cha- 
racter of  Menalcas?  Who  under  that  of 
Mopsus  ? 

When  does  Ruseus  suppose  it  to  have 
been  written? 

Where  is  the  scene  laid  ? 

Into  how  many  parts  is  the  pastoral  di- 
vided? 

Who  was  Alcon?  and  what  is  said  of 
him? 

Who  was  Codrus  ?  and  what  is  said  of 
him? 

Who  was  Bacchus?  What  is  said  of 
him  ?  What  were  his  festivals  called  ? 


By  whom  were  they  introduced  into 
Greece  ?  and  from  what  country  ? 

What  were  his  votaries  called  ? 

What  were  some  of  the  names  of  Bacchus? 

How  is  he  represented  as  drawn  ? 

What  is  the  word  Bacchus  frequently 
used  for? 

Who  were  the  Satyri?  How  did  they 
distinguish  themselves? 

Who  was  Ceres?    What  is  said  of  her? 

Is  she  supposed  to  be  the  same  with  the 
Egyptian  Isis? 

By  whom  washer  worship  introduced  into 
Greece  ?  and  at  what  time  ? 

When  were  her  festivals  celebrated  ? 


ECLOGA   SEXTA. 


SILENUS. 

THE  subject  of  this  fine  pastoral  is  Silenus.  He  had  promised  the  swains  Chromis  and 
Mnasilus  a  song ;  but  had  put  it  off  from  time  to  time.  Wearied  with  the  delay,  they 
surprised  him  asleep  in  his  grotto,  just  recovering  from  his  intoxication.  His  garlands 
lay  at  some  distance  from  him  :  with  these  they  bind  him  fast ;  and  in  this  condition 
they  demand  of  him  the  fulfilment  of  his  promise.  At  this  moment,  ^Egle,  one  of  the 
nymphs,  joins  them.  Upon  which  he  begins,  and  explains  to  them  the  origin  of  the 
world  upon  the  principles  of  the  Epicurean  philosophy ;  and  concludes  with  several 
interesting  fables  by  way  of  episode. 

It  is  generally  supposed  this  pastoral  was  designed  as  a  compliment  to  Syro  the  Epicu- 
rean, who  taught  Virgil  the  principles  of  that  philosophy.  By  Silenus  we  are  to  under- 
stand Syro,  and  by  the  swains  Chromis  and  Mnasilus,  his  two  pupils,  Virgil  and  Varus. 

PRIMA  Syracosio  dignata  est  ludere  versu 
2.  Nostra  Thalia  pri-  Nostra,  nee  erubuit  sylvas  habitare,  Thalia, 
ma  dignata  est  £um  canerem  reges  et  praslia,  Cynthius  aurem 

Vellit,  et  admonuit :  Pastorem,  Tityre,  pingues 
Pascere  oportet  oves,  deductum  dicere  carmen.  5 

6.  Namque,  O  Vare,  Nunc  ego  (namque  super  tibi  erunt,  qui  dicere  laudes, 
super  erunt  tibiofo^oeteVare,  tuas  cupiant,  et  tristia  condere  bella) 
Agrestem  tenui  meditabor  arundine  Musam. 
Non  injussa  cano  :  si  quis  tarnen  haec  quoque,  si  quis 

NOTES. 

1.  Syracosio   versu :    in  pastoral  verse.  7.  Vare.    It  is  generally  thought  that  the 
Syracosio:  an  adj.  from  Syracuse,  the  birth  poet  here   means    Quin&nu    Varus,   who 
place  of  Theocritus,  the  first  pastoral  p6et  arose  to  the  highest  honors  under  Augustus, 
of  eminence ;  the  chief  city  of  Sicily,  and  He  was  consul  in  the  year  of  Rome  741 ; 
famous  for  its  defence  against  the  Romans  after  which  he  was  prefect  of  Syria  eight 
under  Marcellus.  years.       Having   returned   home,   he  was 

2.  Thalia.     One  of  the  Muses.     See  Eel.  sent  into  Germany  with  three  legions,  which 
iii.  60.     JVec  erubuit,  &c.     Nor  did  she  blush  he  lost,  being  drawn  into  an  ambush.    This 
to  inhabit  the  woods.     This  verb  here  is  mortified  him  so  much,  that  he  killed  him- 
both  expressive  and  beautiful ;  the  perf.  of  self.  This  happened  in  the  year  762.     Con- 
erubesco.     Thalia  was  supposed  to  preside  dere:  to  write — record. 

over  comedy  and  pastoral  poetry.     Virgil 

was  the  first  pastoral  writer  among  the  Ro-  9.  Noninjussa  cano :  I  do  not  sing  things 

mans;   which   explains   the   words,  nostra  forbidden  by    Apollo.     He  permits  me  to 

Thalia  prima:  my  muse  first  deigned,  &c.  sing  of  pastoral  subjects,  but  not  of  kings 

3.  Cum  canerem,  &c.     Virgil   is  said  to  and  battles.     Si  quis  tamen,  £c.  The  tamen 
have  begun  a  work  upon  the  affairs  of  Alba  does  not  refer  to  ,the  ^ords'  non  injussa  cano, 
Longa,  but  afterwards  relinquished  it,  and  but  to  the  third   and   fourth  lmes'  where 
commenced   the   Bucolics.       Cynthius:    a  Apollo  forbids  him  to   write  in  the  lofty 
name  of  Apollo.     See  Eel.  iv.  10.     Vellit:  style  of  heroic  poetry.    The  meaning  seems 
pinched  my  ear;   a  proverbial  expression,  to  be  this:  though  he  forbid  me  to  describe 
implying  admonition.  y°ur  actions  in  heroic  verse,  he  permits  me 

-  5.  Deductum:  a  part,  of  deduco, humble,  to  do  it  in  the  humble  style  of  pastoral, 

or  slender.  A  metaphor  taken  from  wool  And  if  any  should  be  taken'  caPtus  amwe-> 

spun  out  till  it  is  made  fine  or  slender.  with  the  love  of  this  kind  of  writing,  and 

6.  Supererunt:  in  the  sense  of  erunt  alii  should  read  these  pastorals,  he  shall  here 

poeta.  The  parts  of  the  verb  are  separated  £nd  them.  Hac:  these  things—these  my 

by  Tmesis  Bucolics.     Quoqne :  in  the  sense  of  ehmib 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  VI. 


31 


Captus  amore  leget  ;  te  nostrae,  Vare,  myricae, 
Tenemusomnecanet:necPhcBbogratiorullaest, 
Quam  sibi  quae  Van  praescripsit  pagma  nomen. 
Pergite,  Pierides.     Chromis  et  Mnasilus  in  antro 
Silenum  pueri  somno  videre  jacentem, 
Inflatum  hesterno  venas,  ut  semper,  laccho. 
Serta  procul  tantum  capiti  delapsa  jacebant 
Et  gravis  attrita  pendebat  cantharus  ansa 
Aggressi  (nam  saepe  senex  spe  carminis  ambo 
Luserat)  injiciunt  ipsis  ex  vincula  sertis. 
Addit  se  sociam,  timidisque  supervenit  jEgle  : 
jEgle  Naiadum  pulcherrima  :  jamque  videnti 
Sanguineis  frontem  moris  et  tempora  pingit. 
Ille  dolum  ridens  :  Quo  vincula  nectitis  ?  inquit. 
Solvite  me,  pueri  :  satis  est  potuisse  videri. 
Carmina,  quae  vultis,  cognoscite  :  carmina  vobis  ; 
Huic  aliud  mercedis  erit  :  simul  incipit  ipse. 
Turn  vero  in  numerum  Faunosque  ferasque  videres 
Ludere,  turn  rigidas  motare  cacumina  quercus. 
Nee  tantum  Phoebo  gaudet  Parnassia  rupes, 
Nee  tantum  Rhodope  mirantur  et  Ismarus  Orphea. 
Namque  canebat  uti  magnum  per  inane  eoacta 


10     10.   Nostroe    myricae 


ulla  pagina  gratior  Phoe- 
be, quam  ilia  quae 

14.  Pueri  Chromis  et 
15  Mnasilus  videre 

15.  Ut  semper  est  mos 


20 


24.  Satis  est  me  po» 
tuisse  videri  sic  vobis. 
25     25.  Sunt  carmina  vo- 
bis :  huic^EgZe  erit  aliud 
mercedis. 


30 


NOTES. 


10.  Nostra  myricce :  in  the  sense  of  nostra 
Bucolica.  The  omne  nemus  in  the  following 
line  probably  means  every  elevated  com- 
position, such  as  epic  or  heroic.  We  are 
led  to  this  interpretation  from  the  declara- 
tion of  the  poet  in  the  sixth  line,  that  there 
would  be  other  poets,  who  would  celebrate 
the  praises  of  Varus  in  heroic  verse,  though 
he  himself  would  prefer  to  do  it  in  the  hum- 
bler style  of  pastoral. 

14.  Silenum.   Silenus  was  one  of  the  rural 
deities,  the  god  of  mysteries  and  knowledge, 
and   the   foster-father  of  Bacchus.     He  is 
said,  by  some,  to  have  been  the  son  of  Pan ; 
others  say,  the.  son  of  Mercury.     Malea,  in 
the  island  of  Lesbos,  is  the  supposed  place 
of  his  nativity.     He  is  represented  as  a  fat 
and  merry    old   man,  riding    on    an    ass, 
crowned  with  flowers,  always  intoxicated. 

15.  Inflatum,  &c.  Swollen  as  to  his  veins, 
with  his  yesterday's  wine.     See  Eel.  i.  55. 
laccho :  a  name  of  Bacchus ;  here  put,  by 
meton.  for  wine.  It  is  derived  from  a  Greek 
word  signifying  a  shout  or  confused  noise. 
It  was  given  to  him  on  account  of  the  riot 
and  vociferation  of  his  inebriated  followers. 
See  Eel.  v.  69. 

15.  Serta :  plu.  of  serium,  a  garland,  or 
wreath  of  flowers.     To  be  crowned  with  a 

farland,  was  an  indication  of  drunkenness, 
ilenus  had  all  the  signs  of  being  in  such  a 
state.     He  was  lying  down — he  was  sleep- 
ing; but  his  garlands  were  not  on  his  head; 
tantum  delapsa :  they  had  only  fallen  off— 
they  were  neither  broken  nor  bruised. 
18,  .flggressi,&e.  The  swains,  seizing,  put 


on  him  cords  of  these  very  garlands — they 
bind  him  with  cords  made  of  them. 

20.  JEgle.  The  name  of  a  nymph,  de- 
rived from  a  Greek  word  signifying  splendor, 
or  brightness.  Naiadum.  See  Eel.  ii.  46. 
Videnti:  to  him  just  opening  his  eyes. 
Timidis:  to  the  trembling  swains. 

22.  Moris.     Morus  was  the  fruit  of  the 
mulberry -tree.    It  is  here  called  sanguineus, 
red,  or  bloody.     It  is  said  to  have  been  ori- 
ginally white ;    but   assumed   the   red   or 
purple  colour,  in  memory  of  the  two  lovers, 
Pyramus  and  Thisbe,  who  slew  themselves 
under  a  mulberry-tree.      See  Ovid.   Met, 
Lib.  4. 

23.  Qwo :  why — for  what  purpose. 

25.  Cognoscite  :  in  the  sense  of  audite. 

26.  Aliud  mercedis.     The  same   as  alia, 
merces :  another  reward. 

27.  Ludere  in  numerum:   to  dance,  or 
leap  about   in   regular  time,   or   measure. 
Their  motions  exactly  corresponded  to  the 
notes   or  measure  of  the  verse.     Faunos. 
The  Fauni  were  demi-gods  of  the  country, 
to  whom  the  first  fruits  of  all  things  were 
generally  offered.     See  Eel.  v.  73. 

29.  Parnassia  rupes.    The  mountain  Par- 
nassus in  Phocis ;  a  country  in  Grecia  Pro- 
pria,  much   celebrated   by   the   poets,  and 
sacred  to  the  Muses.     Here  Apollo  had  a 
famous  temple. 

30.  Rhodope — Ismarus.    Two  mountains, 
or  rather  ranges  of  mountains,  in  Thrace, 
the  country  of  Orpheus. 

31.  Namque  canebat,  &c.  For  he  sung  how 
the  seeds,  both  of  the  earth,  and  of  the  air. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONte 


Semina  terrarumque,  animseque,  marisque  fuissent, 
33.  Ut  ex  his  primis  Et  liquidi  simul  ignis  :  ut  his  exordia  primis 

.susceperunt          Qmnia,  et  ipse  tener  mundi  concreverit  orbis. 
35.  Turn  canebat  quo-  Turn  durare  solum,  et  discludere  Nerea  ponto 
modo  solum  cceperit        Coeperit,  et  rerum  paulatim  sumere  formas. 
37.   Jamque  canebat  Jamque  novum  ut  terra3  stupeant  lucescere  solem, 

Altius  utque  cadant  submotis  nubibus  imbres : 
oo.  utque  imores  ca-  T      .    .         •     ,  „  N 

dant  e  nubibus  submo-  Incipiant  sylvae  cum  primum  surgere,  cumque 
tis  altius  a  terra.  Kara  per  ignotos  errent  animalia  montes. 

Hinc  lapides  Pyrrhae  jactos,  Saturnia  regna, 
Caucaseasque  refert  volucres,  futrumque  Promethei. 

itdfo  '' 


35 


40 


NOTES. 


and  of  the  sea,  &c.  Silenus  here  relates 
the  origin  of  the  world,  according  to  the 
system  of  Epicurus,  who  taught  that  incor- 
poreal space,  and  corporeal  atoms,  were  the 
first  principles,  or  elements,  of  all  things. 
The  former  he  denominated  Inane,  the  lat- 
ter Plenum.  The  Inane,  or  Vacuum,  he 
considered  space,  every  way  indefinitely 
extended.  By  the  Plenum,  he  understood 
the  atoms  or  minute  particles  of  matter 
moving  in  every  direction  through  the  Inane, 
which  Virgil  here  calls  the  semina,  because 
it  was  thought  by  their  fortuitous  concur- 
rence arose  what  we  call  the  four  elements, 
earth,  air,  water,  and  fire.  Epicurus  held 
many  other  erroneous  notions,  particularly 
concerning  the  nature  of  God.  He  was  an 
Athenian,  and  born  about  340  years  before 
the  Christian  era.  He  had  many  followers. 

32.  Anwvz :  in  the  sense  of  aeris.   With- 
out air,  there  could  be  no  animal  existence. 

33.  Liquidi  ignis :  of  pure  fire.     His  pri- 
mis: of  these  first  principles  or  elements 
(earth,  air,  water,  and^ire)  all  things  sprang 
or  had    a    beginning.       The    Epicureans 
maintained  that,  though  their  atoms   and 
incorporeal  space  were  the  first  principles 
or  elements  of  earth,  air,  water,  and  fire, 
yet  these  last  were  the  principles  or  elements 
of  all  other  things,  or  out  of  which  all  other 
tilings  sprang.     Omnia  exordia :   all  things 
received  or  took   a  beginning.     The  verb 
susceperunt,  or  some  other  of  the  like  im- 
port, is  plainly  understood,  and  to  be  sup- 
plied.    Ut:  how. 

35.  Nerea :  ace.  sing,  of  Nereus,  a  god  of 
the  sea,  the  son  of  Oceanus  and  Terra.  He 
married  Doris,  by  whom  he  had  fifty  daugh- 
ters who  were  called  Nereides.  He  possess- 
ed the  gift  of  prophecy,  and  is  said  to  have 
informed  Paris  of  the  fatal  consequences  of 
his  carrying  off  Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus. 
It  was  by  the  direction  and  assistance  of 
JVerews,  that  Horcules  obtained  the  golden 
apples  of  the  Hesperides.  The  word  Nereus 
is  often  put,  by  meton.  for  the  sea,  as  in  this 
place.  Solum,  &c.  Then  he  sang  how  the 
land  began  to  grow  hard  and  to  separate  the 
waters  from  itself,  and  confine  them  to  their 


channel.     Ruaeus  says,  Dispellere  aquas  cf 
se  in  mare. 

38.  Utque.    Some  copies  have  atque,  but 
utque  is  the  easier. 

40.  Rara:  few  in  number,  or  thinly  dis- 
persed. 

41.  Hinc  refert  lapides,  &c.     After  that  he 
relates  the  thrown  stones  of  Pyrrha,  £c. 
Pyrrha  was  the  daughter  of  Epimetheus, 
and  wife  of  Deucalion,  the  son  of  Prome- 
theus, and  king  of  Thessaly.      The  poets 
say,  that  some  time  during  his  reign  the  in- 
habitants of  the  earth  were  destroyed  by  a 
universal   deluge,   except  himself  and   his 
wife  Pyrrha.     They  were  preserved  in  a 
small  ship,  and  carried  by  the  waters  to 
mount  Parnassus,  wliich  was  the  only  place 
not  overwhelmed.     Here  they  consulted  the 
oracle  of  Themis  concerning  the  restoration 
of  the  human  race ;  when   they   were  in- 
formed, to  cast  behind  them  the  bones  of 
their  great  mother ;  by  which  they  under- 
stood stones.    They  immediately  obeyed  the 
command  of  the  oracle,  and  those  thrown 
by  Deucalion  became  men,  and  those  by 
Pyrrha,  women.     See  Ovid.  Met.  Lib.  1. 
Saturnia  regna :  the  reign  df  Saturn,  or  the 
Golden  age.     See  Eel.  iv.  6. 

42.  Furtum  Promethei :  the  theft  of  Pro- 
metheus.    The  poets  say  that  he  stole  fire 
from  heaven,   with  which   he  animated  a 
man   of  clay,  made  by  himself.     At   this, 
Jupiter  was  so  much  enraged,  that  he  or- 
dered Mercury  to  chain  him  to  a  rock  on 
mount  Caucasus.     He  did  so,   and  placed 
a  vulture  to  prey   upon  his  liver ;  which, 
however,  grew  as  fast  as  it  was  consumed. 
Hence  Caucaseas  volucres :  the  vultures  of 
Caucasus.     This  is  a  very  celebrated  moun- 
tain, or  rather  range   of  mountains,  lying 
between   the   Euxine   and    Caspian   seas. 
Promethei:    the    word    Prometheus  is   of 
Greek  origin,  and  properly  signifies  fore- 
sight,  or   an   anxious   care    or  solicitude. 
This  is  a  key  to  the  story.    It  conveys  a 
strong  idea  of  the  troubles  men  create  to 
themselves,  by  taking  too  much  care  and 
thought  for  the  morrow. 


BUCOLICA.    ECL.  VI. 


His  adjungit,  Hylan  nautae  quo  fonte  relictum 

Clamassent :  ut  litus,  Hyla,  Hyla,  omne  sonaret. 

Et  fortunatam,  si  nunquam  armenta  fuissent, 

Pasiphaen  nivei  solatur  amore  juvenci. 

Ah,  virgo  infelix,  quae  te  dementia  cepit  ? 

Proetides  implerunt  falsis  mugitibus  agros  : 

At  non  tarn  turpes  pecudum  tamen  ulla  secuta  est 

Concubitus ;  quamvis  collo  timuisset  aratrum, 

Et  saepe  in  levi  quaesisset  cornua  fronte. 

Ah,  virgo  infelix,  tu  nunc  in  montibus  erras ! 

Ille,  latus  niveum  molli  fultus  hyacintho, 

Ilice  sub  nigra  pallentes  ruminat  herbas, 

Autaliquaminmagnosequiturgrege.  Claudite,Nymphse,     55.  Aut  aliquam  vac- 

Dictaeae  Nymphse,  nemorum  jam  claudite  saltus :        56  ca 

Si  qua  forte  ferant  oculis  sese  obvia  nostrisl  / 

Errabunda  bovis  vestigia.     Forsitan  ilium, 

Aut  herba  captum  viridi,  aut  armenta  secutum, 

Perducant  aliquae  stabula  ad  Gortynia  vaccse. 

Turn  canit  Hesperidum  miratam  mala  puellam  : 

Turn  Phaethontiadas  musco  circumdat  amarse 


45 

46.  Et  solatur  Pasi- 
phaen amore  nivei  ju- 
venci, fortunatam,  si 

49.  At  tamen  non  ulla 
earum  secuta  est   tarn 
50  turpes 

53.  Ille  laurus  fultus 
quoad  niveum  latus 
molli  hyacintho,  rumi- 
nat 


58.   Forsitan   aliquse 
vaccae  perducant  ilium, 
aut  captum  viridi  herba, 
60  aut  secutum  armenta  ad 


NOTES. 


43.  Hylan.  Hylas  was  the  companion  of 
Hercules  in  the  Argonautic  expedition,  and 
much  beloved  by  him.  Having  gone  on 
shore  to  obtain  water,  by  some  means  or 
other,  he  was  lost.  The  poets  say  he  was 
carried  off  by  the  nymphs.  Hercules  and 
his  companions  were  much  grieved  at  the 
loss  of  the  boy,  and  went  along  the  shores, 
when  they  found  he  was  missing,  calling 
him  by  name,  Hyla,  Hyla.  Clamassent :  in 
the  sense  of  vocavissent.  See  Eel.  iv.  35. 

46.  Pasiphaen  :  a  Greek  ace.  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  sun,  and  wife  of  Minos,  king  of 
Crete.     See  ^n.  vi.  24. 

47.  Virgo.     The  poet  here  calls  Pasiphae 
a  virgin,  though   she  was  the  mother  of 
Phcedra,    Ariadne,   and   Androgeus.      The 
ancients  sometimes  called  any   woman  in 
early  life  a  virgin. 

48.  Praztidts :    the  daughters  of  Prcetus, 
king  of  the  Argives,  who  vied  with  Juno  in 
beauty.    The  goddess,  by  way  of  punish- 
ment, caused  them  to  imagine  they  were 
changed  into  heifers.     Their  lowings,  mu- 
gitus,  are   here  called  false,  because  they 
were  not  in  reality  heifers.     Secuta  est :  in 
the  sense  of  qucesivit. 

50.  Quamvis  timuisset :  although  each  one 
had  feared  the  plough  upon  her  neck — the 
yoke  from  which  the  plough  was  hung  or 
suspended. 

53.  Fultus:  supported — resting  or  recli- 
ning. 

56.  Dictate :  an  adj.  from  Dicte,  a  moun- 
tain of  Crete.  Silenus  turns  again  to  the 
story  of  Pasiphae,  whom  he  here  introduces 
as  speaking,  and  calling  upon  the  nymphs 
to  shut  up  the  openings  of  the  groves.  Per- 
haps some  where  or  other  the  wandering  steps 


of  my  bull  may  present  themselves  to  my  eyes. 
Obvia :  an  adj.  from  obvius,  agreeing  with 
vestigia.  The  sense  is  complete  without  it. 
Saltus,  is  properly  a  lawn,  or  opening  in  a 
grove  or  park,  where  cattle  have  room  to 
sport  and  play ;  from  the  verb  salio. 

59.  Captum :  delighted  with,  desirous  of, 
the  green  pastures.     Ruseus  says,  cupidum. 

60.  Gortynia :    an  adj.  from  Gorlyna,  a 
city  of  Crete,  famed  for  its  excellent  pas- 
tures. 

61.  Turn  canit  puellam,  &c.     Then  he 
sings  the  damsel  admiring  the  apples  of  the 
Hesperides.    This  was  Atalanta,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Sch(Rneus,  king  of  the  island  of  Scy- 
rus,  in  the  ^gean  sea.     She  consented  to 
marry  the  man  who  should  outrun  her,  but 
if  he  were  beaten,  he  should  lose  his  life. 
Several  had  lost  their  lives.     At  length  she 
was  beaten  by  Hippomenes,  the  grandson 
of  Neptune  or  Mars.     At  the  suggestion  of 
Venus,  Hippomenes  cast  three  apples,  taken 
from  the  garden  of  the  Hesperides,  on  the 
ground,  one  at  a  time,  when  she  was  gain- 
ing upon   him ;    which   so  captivated  the " 
virgin,  that  she  stopped  to  pick  them  up ; 
and  by  this  means  he  obtained  the  beauteous 
prize.     Hesperidum.    The  Hesperides  were 
three  in  number,  JEgle,  Arethusa,  andHespe- 
rethusa,  the  daughters  of  Hesperus,  the  bro- 
ther of  Atlas.     They  resided  in  Mauritania , 
in  Africa,  where  it  is  said  they  had  gardens, 
in  which  were  trees  that  bore  golden  apples. 
These  gardens  were  watched  by  a  dragon 
that  never  slept.     Hercules  slew  him,  and 
stole  the  apples.     See  ^En.  iv.  484. 

62.  Tarn  circumdat,  £c.  Then  he  encloses 
the  sisters  of  Phaethon  in  the  moss  of  bitter 
bark — he  sings  them  transformed  into  pop- 


,34  P.  VIRG1LII  MARONIS 

64.  Turn  canit  ut  una  Corticis,  atque  solo  proceras  erigit  alnos. 
sororumduxerit  Gallum  Tum  canit  errantem  Permessi  ad  flumina  Gallum 
errantem    ad     flumina  Aonas  in  montes  ut  duxerit  una  sororum  : 
P<ffTut  Linus  pastor  Utque  viro  Phoebi  chorus  assurrexerit  omnis  ; 
ornatus    quoad    crines  Ut  Linus  hsBC  illi  divino  carmine  pastor, 
floribus,    atque   amaro  Floribus  atque  apio  crines  ornatus  amaro, 
apio  dixerit  hsc  illi  di-  j)ixerit  .   Hos  tibi  dant  calamos,  en  accipe,  MUSJE, 

^  geni  .        ibus  ale  solebat 

Cantando  rigidas  deducere  montibus  ornos. 
ilia  dederant  His  tibi  Grynsei  nemoris  dicatur  ongo  : 

74.  Aut  ut  narraverit-^e  qujg  s^t  lUCUSj  quo  se  plus  jactet  Apollo. 
Scyllam  fiUam  Nisi,  aut  Q  /J  .  ftut  Scyllam  Nisi,  aut  quam  fama  secuta  est, 

ST  TcTnctr  "Scandida%uccmctam  latrantibus  inguina  monstris,       75 


NOTES. 


lar  or  alder  trees.  PJiaethontiadas.  These 
were  the  sisters  of  Phaethon,  or  Phaiton, 
and  daughters  of  the  sun.  They  were 
sometimes  called  Heliades.  Their  names 
were  Pkaethusa,  Lampetie,  and  Lampethusa. 
Pftaeton  imprudently  desired  of  his  father 
the  management  of  his  chariot  for  one  day. 
PhoDbus  refused  for  a  long  time.  But,  at 
last,  overcome  by  his  importunity,  he  con- 
sented. He  was,  however,  soon  convinced 
of  his  rashness ;  for  the  horses,  perceiving 
an  unusual  driver,  became  impatient  of  the 
reins ;  and  when  they  had  passed  the  meri- 
dian in  their  course,  and  began  to  descend, 
he  was  no  longer  able  to  restrain  them,  and 
the  youth  was  thrown  headlong  from  the  car 
into  the  Eridanus,  or  Po.  His  sisters  grieved 
immoderately  at  this  misfortune  of  their 
brother;  and  were  changed,  some  say,  into 
poplar  trees,  others  say,  into  alder  trees.  See 
Ovid.  Met.  Lib.  2. 

63.  Circumdat.  Ruaeus  says,  cingit.  Pro- 
ceras: stately. 

64.  Permessi.  Permessus,  a  river  of  Beo- 
tia,  rising  at  the  foot  of  mount   Helicon. 
Gallum.     See  Eel.  10. 

65.  In  donas  monies:    to   the   Beotian 
mountains,  Helicon  and  Citheron,  famous  for 
being  the  seat  of  the  Muses.     Beotia  was 
originally  called  Aonia,  from  Aon,  the  son 
of  Neptune,  who  reigned  in  that  country. 

66.  Omnis  chorus.  Here  Virgil  pays  Gallus 
a  very  high  compliment  as  a  poet;  and  he 
does  it  in  the  most  delicate  manner.     They 
rose  up  in  his  presence,  to  do  him  honour : 
assurrexerit  viro. 

67.  Linus.  See  Eel.  iv.  56.    Carmine :  in, 
the  sense  of  versibus. 

70.  Ascmo  seni :  to  the  Ascrean  sage — 
Hesiod ;  who  was  a  native  of  Ascra,  a  town 
of  Beotia  not  far  from  Helicon.     He  was  a 
celebrated  poet. 

71.  Quibusille,  &c.  It  is  said  of  Orpheus, 
that  the  lofty  oaks  bowed  their  heads,  and 
listened  to  the  charms  of  his  music.     The 
same  effects  are  ascribed  here  fro  the  music  of 


Hesiod.    It  is  the  highest  compliment  that 
possibly  could  be  paid  him. 

72.  Grytwi:   an  adj.  from  Grynium,  a 
city  of  ^Eolis,  where  Apollo  had  a  temple, 
built  of  white  marble,  and  a  grove, 
was  a  famous  oracle. 

74.  Scyllam.  There  were  two  by  the 
name  of  Scylla :  one  the  daughter  of  Nisus, 
king  of  the  Megarenses,  who,  falling  in  love 
with  Minos,  king  of  Crete,  as  he  lay  siege 
to  Megara,  betrayed  her  father  to  his  enemy. 
For  which  deed,  it  is  said,  she  was  changed 
into  a  lark ;  while  he  was  changed  into  a 
hawk.  See  nom.  prop,  under  Nisus. 

The  other  was  the  daughter  of  Phorcus 
Some  there  are,  who  think  Virgil  here  con- 
founds  the  two,  attributing  to  the  formei 
what  properly  belongs  to  the  latter, 
there  will  be  no  need  of  this,  if  we  only  sup- 
ply the  word  earn,  or  illam. 

The  story  of  Scylla,  the  daughter  o 
Phorcus,  is  briefly  this :  Glaucus,  the  sec 
god,  fell  in  love  with  her,  but  she  refusec 
his  addresses.  In  order  to  render  her  mor< 
favourable  to  him,  he  applied  to  the  sor 
ceress  Circe;  who, as  soon  as  she  saw  him 
became  enamoured  with  him  herself;  am 
instead  of  affording  him  any  assistance 
endeavoured  to  divert  his  affections  fron 
Scylla,  and  fix  them  on  herself,  but  withou 
any  effect.  For  the  sake  of  revenge,  Circ 
poured  the  juice  of  some  noxious  herbs  int 
a  fountain,  where  Scylla  used  to  bathe  hei 
self.  And  as  soon  as  she  entered  it,  to  he 
great  surprise,  she  found  the  parts  below  he 
waist  changed  into  frightful  monsters,  lik 
dogs,  that  were  continually  barking  or  rm 
king  a  growling  noise.  The  rest  of  her  bod 
assumed  an  equally  hideous  form.  Th 
sudden  and  unexpected  metamorphosis,  fil] 
her  with  such  horror,  that  she  threw  herse 
into  that  part  of  the  sea,  which  div 
Sicily  from  Italy,  where  she  became  a  roc 
or  rather  a  ledge  of  rocks.  See  ./En.  i. 
420.  Secuta  est :  reported.  Loquar  •  in  u 
sense  of  dicam* 


BUCOLIC  A.     KCL.  VI. 

Pulichias  vexasse  rates,  et  gurgite  in  alto 
Ah !  timidos  nautas  canibus  lacerasse  marinis  ? 
Aut  ut  mutatos  Terei  narraverit  artus  ? 
Quas  illi  Philomela  dapes,  quae  dona  pararit  ? 
Quo  cursu  deserta  petiverit,  et  quibus  ante 
Infelix  sua  tecta  supervolitaverit  alis  ? 
Omnia  quae,  Phoabo  quondam  meditante,  beatus 
Audiit  Eurotas,  jussitque  ediscere  lauros, 
Ille  canit :  pulsse  referunt  ad  sidera  valles  ; 
Cogere  donee  oves  stabulis,  numerumque  referre 
Jussit,  et  invito  processit  Vesper  Olympo. 


NOTES. 


36 

Candida  inguina  latran- 
tibus  monstris,  vexasse 
78.  Mutatos  in  upu- 
pam. 

80.  Et  quibus  alis  in- 

gQfelix  Tereus  supervoli- 
taverit tecta  sua  ante. 

82.  Ille  Silenus  canit 
omnia,  quae  beatus  Eu- 
rotas audiit,  Phoebo 
quondam  meditante 

c  t-  84.  Valles  pulsae  cantu 
referunt  eum  ad  sidera  : 
donee  Vesper  jussit^as- 
tores  cogere  oves 


76.  Dulichias :  an  adj.  from  Dulichium, 
an  island  in  the  Ionian  sea,  forming  a  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  Ulysses.  Dulichias  rates : 
the  ships  of  Ulysses. 

78.  Terei:  gen.  of  Tereus,  a  king  of 
Thrace,  who  married  Procne,  or  Progne, 
daughter  of  Pandion,  king  of  Athens.  She 
had  a  sister  by  the  name  of  Philomela, 
whom  she  tenderly  loved.  Finding  herself 
unhappy  in  being  separated  from  her,  she 
desired  her  husband  to  go  and  bring  her 
to  Thrace.  Accordingly  he  went  to  Athens ; 
but  as  soon  as  he  saw  her,  he  was  enamour- 
ed with  her,  and  resolved  to  gratify  his 
passion.  This  he  did,  and  afterwards  cut 
out  her  tongue,  to  pi  event  her  from  dis- 
closing the  barbarous  deed.  He  left  her  in 
confinement ;  and  having  taken  every  pre- 
caution to  prevent  its  coming  to  light,  he 
returned  to  his  wife,  and  informed  her  that 
Philomela  had  died  on  the  way.  Not  long 
after,  however,  she  found  otherwise.  Phi- 
lomela, during  her  captivity,  described  on  a 
piece  of  tapestry  her  misfortunes  and  suf- 
ferings, and  privately  conveyed  it  to  her 
sister,  who  hastened  to  her  release.  Here 
they  concerted  measures  how  to  be  revenged 
on  Tereus.  It  was  agreed  that  Progne 
should  kill  her  son  Itys,  and  serve  him  up 
for  his  father.  In  the  midst  of  his  meal, 
he  called  for  his  son,  when  his  wife  told 
him  that  he  was  then  feasting  on  his  flesh. 
At  this  moment,  Philomela  appeared,  and 
threw  the  head  of  Itys  on  the  table  before 
him.  At  this  moment  he  drew  his  sword, 
and  was  going  to  punish  them  both,  when 
he  was  changed  into  a  upupa,  a  bird  called 
by  some  the  hoopoe,  by  others,  the  lapwing ; 
Philomela,  into  the  nightingale;  Progne, 
into  the  swallow ;  and  Itys,  into  the  pheasant. 
See  Ovid.  Met.  Lib.  6. 


80.  Cursu:    in  the  sense  of  edentate- 
Deserta :  the  deserts :  Zoca,  is  to  be  under- 
stood :  desert  places. 

81.  Tecta  sua  ante :  his  palace  his  own 
before  his  transformation — but  his  own  no 
longer.     Tectum,  is  any  covered  place  that 
is  inhabited ;  from  the  verb  tego. 

82.  Phcebo  quondam  meditante:    Apollo, 
formerly  singing.     The  poet  here  alludes  to 
the  fable  of  Apollo's  being  in  love  with  the 
beautiful  youth  Hyacinthus,  the  son  of  La- 
con  ;  and  in  that  state  wandering  along  the 
banks   of  the  Eurotas,   singing   upon  his 
harp. 

83.  Eurotas.    A  very  celebrated  river  of 
the  Peloponnesus :  its  banks  abounded  in  the 
laurel.     In  its  course,  it  forms  nearly  a  se- 
micircle, passing  by  the  ancient  city  Lace- 
dsemon,  and  falls  into  the  Sinus  Laconicus. 

84.  Valles  pulsce,  &c.    The  vallies  struck 
with  the  song,  waft  it  back  to  the  stars — 
bear  it  to  the  stars. 

85.  Referre :  to  count  over  their  number, 
to  see  that  none  be  missing. 

86.  Vesper.     The  same  as  the  planet  Ve- 
nus.    When  it  precedes  or  goes  before  the 
sun,  it  is  called  Lucifer,  and  sometimes  Phos- 
phorus, from  the  Greek ;  but  when  it  goes 
behind  him,  Vesper,  or  Hesperus,  the  even- 
ing star.     It  is  also  taken  for  the  evening, 
particularly  that  part  denominated  the  twi- 
light.    Processit  invito   Olympo:    marches 
along  the  unwilling  heaven.     The  word  in- 
vitus,  beautifully   represents   the   struggle 
between  the  light  and  darkness  in  the  time 
of  twilight.     The  day  is  loth,  or  unwilling 
to  yield ;  or,  it  may  refer  to  its  regret  at 
being  deprived  of  so  charming  a  song  as 
that  of  Silenus. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  probably  was  the  design  of  this 
pastoral ? 

Who  is  intended  under  the  character  of 
Silenus?  WhowasSyro? 

Whom  are  we  to  understand  by  the  swains 
Chromis  and  Mnasilus  ? 


Where  is  the  scene  laid? 
What  is  said  of  Silenus  ? 
Does   Virgil   give   the  principles  of  the 
Epicurean  philosophy  ? 

What  were  those  principles : 
Who  was  Epicurus  ? 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Who  was  Nereus  ?    Of  whom  was  he  the 
father? 

What  is  the  word  Nereus  sometimes  taken 
for? 

By  what  figure  is  it  so  taken  ? 

Who  was  Deucalion?     What  is  said  to 
have  taken  place  in  his  reign  ? 

Who  was  his  wife? 

What  were  they  directed  to  do  in  order  to 
re-people  the  earth  ? 

What  do  you  understand  by  the  words 
Saturnia  regna  ? 

Who  was  Prometheus?    What  is  said  of 
him? 

What  is  the  proper  meaning  of  saltus? 
r    Who  was  Atalanta?    What  is  said  of 
her? 


Who  were  the  Hesperides?  What  were 
their  names? 

WTio  was  Phaeton  ?  What  rash  act  did 
he  attempt? 

What  became  of  him  ? 

What  were  the  names  of  his  sisters? 

What  became  of  them  ? 

Who  was  Hesiod  ?     Where  was  he  born  ? 

How  many  were  there  of  the  name  of 
Scylla? 

Describe,  or  give  an  account  of  each  ? 

Who  was  Tereus  ? 

What  is  said  of  him? 

Into  what  was  he  transformed  ? 

What  was  the  name  of  his  wife  ?  Into 
what  was  she  transformed  ?  &c. 


ECLOGA  SEPTIMA. 


MELIBCEUS,  CORYDON,  THYRSIS. 


THIS  pastoral  contains  a  trial  of  skill  in  song  between  the  shepherds  Cory  don  and  Thyrsis. 
It  is  much  of  the  nature  of  the  fourth,  and  is  an  imitation  of  the  eighth  of  the  Idylls  of 
Theocritus.  It  is  conjectured  that  by  Corydon  and  Thyrsis  we  are  to  understand  Gallus 
and  Pollio ;  of  whom  our  poet  speaks  on  several  occasions  in  the  most  honorable  terms. 
The  scene  is  laid  on  the  pleasant  banks  of  the  river  Mincius.  Melibceus  is  thought  to 
be  Virgil  himself,  and  Daphnis  some  mutual  friend  of  theirs.  They  both  listen  atten- 
tively to  their  song;  which  being  ended,  they  give  the  palm  to  Corydon. 

MEL.  FORTE  sub  arguta  consederat  ilice  Daphnis, 
Compulerantque  greges  Corydon  et  Thyrsis  in  unum  : 
3.  Thyrsis  compulerat  Thyrsis  oves,  Corydon  distentas  lacte  capellas. 
oves,  Corydon  compute-  Ambo  florentes  aetatibus,  Arcades  ambo  : 

Et  cantare  pares,  et  respondere  parati.  5 

6.  Hie  caper  ipse  vir  Hie  mihi,  dum  teneras  defendo  a  frigore  myrtos, 
gregis  deerraverat  mihi,  Vir  gregis  ipse  caper  deerraverat :  atque  ego  Daphnim 
Aspicio  :  ille  ubi  me  contra  videt ;  Ocyus,  inquit, 


duin 


NOTES. 


1.  Arguta:  whispering.  The  word  very 
aptly  expresses  the  rustling  noise  made  by 
the  wind  among  the  leaves :  to  which  refe- 
rence is  here  had. 

%.  Corydon :  this  is  derived  from  a  Greek 
word  signifying  a  lark.  Thyrsis :  from  a 
Greek  word  signifying  a  spear  bound  with 
vine,  in  honor  of  Bacchus.  In  unum :  into 
one  place,  locum  being  understood. 

3.  Capellas  distentas  lacte :  his  goats  dis- 
tended with  milk — having  their  udders  dis- 
tended. 

4.  Ambo  Arcades.     Not  indeed  that  they 
were  both  natives  of  Arcadia  ;  but  they  are 
so  called,  because  that  country  was  famous 


for  its  pastures  and  flocks;  and  in  a  man- 
ner sacred  to  shepherds.  They  were  both 
in'  the  prime  of  life  :  florentes  cetatibus. 

5.  Pares  cantare:  equal  at  singing.  Par 
is  properly  equal  in  match  to  contend  for 
victory. 

7.  Daphnim :  from  a  Greek  word  signi- 
fying a  laurel.     Vir:  in  the  sense  of  dux. 

8.  Contra.    This  is  here  used  adverbially, 
in  turn;  or  over  against  him.     The  word 
may  be  taken  in  either  sense.     The  former 
seems  preferable  in  this  place. 

9.  Ades :   in  the  sense  of  veni.     Melibcee : 
from  a  Greek  word  signifying  a  shepherd  ; 
or  one  who  has  the  care  of  flocks. 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  VII. 


Volebant  me  me- 


Huc  ades,  6  Melibose ;  caper  tibi  salvus  et  hcedi ;  9.   Caper  est  salvus 

Et  si  quid  cessare  potes,  requiesce  sub  umbra.  10SBt  h<£d*1uo<*uesunt 

Hue  ipsi  potum  venient  per  prata  juvenci : 

Hie  viridis  tenera  praetexit  arundine  ripas  .  12<  **1C  yiridis  Min- 

Mincius,  eque  sacra  resonant  examina*  quercu. 

Quid  facerem  ?  neque  ego  Alcippen,  nee  Phyllida  habe- 

Depulsos  a  lacte  domi,  quae  clauderet  agnos  :         [bam, 

Et  certamen  erat,  Corydon  cum  Thyrside,  magnum. 

Posthabui  tamen  illorum  mea  seria  ludo. 

Alternis  igitur  contendere  versibus  ambo 

Coepere  :  alternos  Musse  meminisse  volebant. 

Hos  Corydon,  illos  referebat  in  ordine  Thyrsis.          20 

COR.  Nymphae,  noster  amor,  Libethrides,  aut  mihi  car-  ho£*" 
Quale  meo  Codro,  concedite  :  proxima  Phoabi       [men,     21.  Aut  concedite  tale 
Versibus  ille  facit  •  aut  si  non  possumus  omnes,  carmen  mihi,  quale  con- 

Hie  arguta  sacra  pendebit  fistula  pinu. 

TH.  Pastores,  hedera  crescentem  ornate  poetam,    25 
Arcades,  invidia  rumpantur  ut  ilia  Codro. 
Aut  si  ultra  placitum  laudarit,  baccare  frontem 
Cingite,  ne  vati  noceat  mala  lingua  futuro.  27.  Cingite jneamfron- 

COR.  Setosi  caput  hoc  apri  tibi,  Delia,  parvus  tei£9    Q  Delia       ^^ 

Et  ramosa  Mycon  vivacis  cornua  cervi.  30  Mycon   offert  \fa  hoc 

Si  proprium  hoc  fuerit,  levi  de  marmore  tota  caput 


non 


NOTES. 


10.  Quid :  temporis  is  understood,  govern- 
ed by  quid:  any  time — a  little  time. 

11.  Potum :  to  drink :    a  sup.  in  w/n,  of 
the  verb  poto,  put  after  the  verb  venient. 

12.  Prcetexit :  in  the  sense  of  tegit. 

13.  Mincius :  a  small  river  rising  out  of 
the  lake  Benacus,  and  falling  into  the  Po. 
Hodie,  Menzo. 

14.  Alcippen — Phyllida  :  the   names   of 
two  servants  ;  both  derived  from  the  Greek. 

15.  Depulsos  a  lacte  :  taken  away  from 
the  milk :  weaned.     Domi :  at  home. 

17.  Poslhabui,  &c.  I  postponed  my  se- 
rious business  to  their  song :  to  listen  to  their 
song.  Ludo:  in  the  sense  ofcantui. 

19.  MUSK  volebant :  the  meaning  is,  the  Mu- 
ses would  have  them  sing  alternate  verses. 

20.  Referebat :  in  the  sense  of  cantabat. 

21.  Libethrides :  an  adj.  from  Libethra,  a 
fountain  in  Beotia ;  others  say  in  Magnesia, 
over  which  they  presided.     Hence  they  are 
called   Libethrian  nymphs.     Noster  amor: 
rny  delight,  or  love. 

22.  Concedite :  grant  such    a  song  to  me 
as  ye  granted  to  my  Codrus :  inspire  such 
a  song,  &c.     Codrus  was  a  poet  cotempo- 
rary  with  Virgil,  as  we  learn  from  Servius, 
and  of  superior  merit.     Proxima:  next  in 
excellence  to  the  verses  of  Apollo.     Carmi- 
ne is  understood. 

23.  Facit :  in  the  sense  of  componit. 

24.  Sacra  pinu :  the  pine-tree  was  sacred 
to  Cybele,  the  mother  of  the  Gods,  on  ac 
count  of  the  transmutation  of  her  darling 
Jltys  into  that  tree.    It  was  a  custom,  when 


any  one  lay  down  his  art  or  profession,  to 
hang  up  and  consecrate  the  instruments 
which  he  had  used,  to  the  god  who  pre- 
sided over  that  art. 

25.  Hedera.     Poets  were  crowned  some- 
times with  ivy,  at  other  times,  with  laurel. 
These  both  were  evergreens,  and  designed 
to  denote  a  lasting  fame.     Ornate :  in  the 
sense  of  coronate.    By  poetam  we  are  to  un- 
derstand Thyrsis  himself. 

26.  Ilia  Codro :  the  sides   to  Codrus ;  the 
same  as  Ilia  Codri.     This  construction  is 
frequent  with  Virgil :  the  dat.  in  the  sense 
of  the  gen. 

27.  Ultra  placitum :  beyond  my  pleasure, 
or  desire.     Immoderate  praise  was  thought 
by  the  ancients  to  have  in  it  something  of 
the  nature  of  fascination ;  and  to  avert  its 
malignant  influence,  they  wore  a  garland 
of   baccar,   or   ladyVglove,   as   a   counter 
charm.     The  pron.  me  is  understood. 

29.  Delia :  A  name  of  Diana,  from  De- 
/<w,  the  place  of  her  birth.     Setosi :  bristly. 

30.  Mycon.     The  swain  Mycon  is  sup- 
posed to  be  Corydon 's  friend,  and  to  pro- 
raise  these  things  to  Diana  in  his  name. 

31.  .bi  hoc  fuerit  proprium.     If  this  (suc- 
cess which  you  granted  me  in  hurting)  shall 
be  lasting,  you  shall  stana  entire  in  polished 
. .  \rbfe  :  1  will  make  you  a  full-length  statue 
ot  polished,  &c.   It  was  usual  to  make  only 
t:Lc  head  and  neck  of  a  marble  statue.  Here 

don  promises  Diana  an  entire  statue, 
provided  she  continued  to  prosper  his  pur- 
suits. 


P.  V1RGILII  MARONIS 


32.  Tu  stabis  tota  de  Puniceo  stabis  suras  evincta  cothurno. 

evmcta      TH    ginum  iactis>  et  naec  te  iiba>  prfape?  quotannis 
"sa  °O  Priape,  sat  est  Expectare  sat  est :  custos  es  pauperis  horti. 
te  expectare  quotannis  Nunc  te  marmoreum  pro  tempore  fecimus  :  at  tu,      35 
«  me  Si  fetura  gregem  suppleverit,  aureus  esto. 

COR.  Nerine  Galatea,  thymo  mihi  dulcior  Hyblae, 
Candidior  cycnis,  hedera  formosior  alba  : 
Cum  primum  pasti  repetent  praesepia  tauri, 
Si  qua  tui  Corydonis  habet  te  cura,  venito.  40 

TH.  Iinmo  ego  Sardois  videar  tibi  amarior  herbis, 
42.  Alga  projecta  ad  Horridior  rusco,  projecta  vilior  alga  ; 
Utus  Si  mihi  non  base  lux  toto  jam  longior  anno  est. 

44.  Si  sit  vobis  quisjte  domum  pasti,  si  quis  pudor,  ite  juvenci. 
pudor  COR.  Muscosi  fontes,  et  somno  mollior  herba,        45 

Et  quae  vos  rar£  viridis  tegit  arbutus  umbra, 
Solstitium  pecori  defendite  :  jam  venit  aestas 


NOTES. 


32.  Puniceo :  in  the  sense  of  purpureo. 
See  Eel.  5.  17.     Cothurno.    The  cothurnus 
was   a   kind  of  high-heeled  shoe  or  boot 
worn  when  hunting  and  on  the  stage,  by 
both  sexes.     See  Geor.  2.  9. 

33.  Priape :  Priapus  was  the  tutelar  God 
of  gardens,  lakes,  &c.     He  was  the  son  of 
Venus,  by  Mercury  or  Bacchus.     The  place 
of  his  birth  was  Lampsacus,  near  the  Helles- 
pont, where  he  was  chiefly  worshipped.    He 
was  usually  represented  with  a  human  face 
and  the  ears  of  a  goat.     He  held  a  stick  in 
his  hand   to  drive  away  birds,  a  club  to 
drive  away  thieves,  and  a  scythe  to  prune 
the  trees.     Sinum :  in  the  sense  of  vas ;  a 
kind  of  vessel  swelling  out  in  the  middle 
like  a  pitcher. 

35.  Pro  tempore :  according  to  the  time ; 
in  proportion  to  my  present  ability.     Thyr- 
sis  promises  him  now  a  marble  statue,  and 
if  his  flocks  increase  so  that  he  can  afford 
it,  he  will  make  him  a  golden  one. 

36.  Suppleverit :  shall  enlarge — multiply. 

37.  Nerine :  an  adj.  from  Afereu*,  a  God 
of  the  sea.     The  poet  does  not  here  mean 
that  this  Galatea  was  actually  the  daughter 
of  Nereus ;  but  he  merely  intends  it  as  a 
compliment,  intimating  that  she  possessed 
equal  charms  with  her  namesake.     Hyblce. 
Hyblawas  a  mountain  in  Sicily,  abounding 
in  Thyme,  and  celebrated  for  its  bees,  and 
excellent  honey — sweeter  than  the  thyme  of 
Hybla,  fairer  than  the  sivans,  more  beautiful 
than  the  white  ivy.     These  comparisons  are 
extremely  chaste  and  delicate. 

39.  Cum  primum :  in  the  sense  of  ut  pri- 
mum.— Cura :  regard. 

41.  Sardois  herbis.  The  herb  here  ppoken 
of  is  supposed  to  be  the  Holly-bush,  of  sharp 
and  prickly  leaves,  and  of  a  very  bitter 
taste.  It  is  called  Sardinian,  from  the  island 
Sardinia,  where  it  grew  in  great  abundance. 
It  is  said  to  have  caused  a  convulsive  laugh- 
ter with  grinning.  Hence  Sardinicus  risus, 


a  forced  laughter ;  some  take  it  for  the  Crow- 
foot. 

42.  Horridior  rusco:  rougher  than   the 
butchers  broom.     Tliis  is  a  prickly  shrub  or 
plant. — Vilior:  more  vile,  or  worthless. — 
Alga.     This  was  a  kind  of  weed  or  grass, 
which  grew  in  great  abundance  about  the 
island  of  Crete.     When  torn  from  the  rocks 
where  it  grew,  by  the  violence  of  the  waves, 
tost  about  the  sea,  and  then  cast  upon  the 
shore,  it  became  quite  useless :  it  lost  its 
colour,  and  presented  to  the  eye  an  unseem- 
ly appearance. 

43.  Lux  :  in  the  sense  of  dies. 

44.  Pasti :  hi  the  sense  of  saturati. 

45.  Muscosi  fontes :  ye  cool  (mossy)  foun- 
tains.    The  epithet  muscosi  is  expressive  of 
coolness,  because  moss  will   seldom  grow 
where  there  is  any  considerable  degree  of 
heat.  It  grows  the  best  on  the  banks  of  rivers 
that  face  the  north.     Also  on  the  north  side 
of  trees. — Herba  mollior,  &c.  This  charming 
expression  is  taken  from  Theocritus.  Ruaeus 
says,   dulcis  ad  somnum,  which  is  not  the 
meaning  of  the  poet.  The  expression,  softer 
than  sleep,  is  extremely  delicate. 

46.  Viridis  arbutus,  &c.  This  is  a  singu- 
lar construction.      The  nom.  here  seems  to 
be  used  in  the  place  of  the  voc.     By  using 
the  nom.  it  placed  the  relative  qua  in  the 
third   person,  and  consequently  the   verb  ; 
whereas  they  should  be  in  the  second  per- 
son sing.      O  viridis  arbute,  quoz  tegis  vos 
rara  umbra.    The  vos  refers  to  the  fountains 
and  grass  mentioned  above. 

47.  Solstitium.     This  word  properly  sig- 
nifies that  point  in  the  ecliptic,  which  coin- 
cides with  the  tropics,  or  is  23°  28'  from  the 
equator,  measured  on  an  arc  of  the  meri- 
dian :  and  the  sun  being  in'  this  point  on  a 
particular  day  in  June  and  December,  the 
word  is  taken  by  Synec.  for  either  summer 
or  winter.     Again   by    meton.  for  heat  or 
cold,  according  as  the  sun  is  either  in  the 


BUCOLICA.     EOL.  VII. 


Torrida  :  jam  laeto  turgent  in  palmite  gemmae. 

TH.  Hie  focus,  et  taedae  pingues  :  hie  plurimus  ignis 


49.  Hie  tst  focus,  et 


Semper,  et  assidua  postes  fuligine  nigri 
Hie  tantum  Boreae  curamus  frigora,   quantum 
Aut  numerum  lupus,  aut  torrentia  flumina  ripas. 

COR.  Stant  et  juniperi,  et  castaneae  hirsutae  : 
Strata  jacent  passim  sua  quaque  sub  arbore  poma 
Omnia  nunc  rident :  at  si  formosus  Alexis 
Montibus  his  abeat,  videas  et  flumina  sicca. 

TH.  Aret  ager ;  vitio  moriens  sitit  ae'ris  herba  : 
Liber  pampineas  invidit  collibus  umbras. 
Phyllidis  adventu  nostrae  nemus  omne  virebit : 
Jupiter  et  laeto  descendet  plurimus  imbri. 

COR.  Populus  Alcidae  gratissima,  vitis  laccho  : 
Formosae  myrtus  Veneri,  sua  laurea  Phoebo. 
Phyllis  amat  corylos  :  illas  dum  Phyllis  amabit, 
Nee  myrtus  vincet  corylos,  nee  laurea  Phoebi. 

TH.  Fraxinus  in  sylvis  pulcherrima,  pinus  in  hortis, 


50  tiic  sunt 


52.  Quantum  auflu- 
pus  curat  numerura 
ovium,  aut  torrentia  flu- 
mina curant  ripas 
55  53.  Hie  stant  et  juni- 
peri 


59.  Sed  omne  nemus 
60  virebit. 


NOTES. 


sign  of  Cancer  or  Capricorn.  It  is  the  sol- 
stice of  Cancer,  or  the  summer  solstice, 
which  is  here  meant.  Defendite:  in  the 
sense  ofavertite. 

48.  Palmite :  the  shoot  or  branch  of  the 
vine. — Gemma:  the  buds,  or  first  appear- 
ances of  the  young  shoots  of  trees  or  shrubs. 
Lceto :  fruitful — fertile. 

49.  Pingues  tadai :  fat  pines ;  or,  we  may 
take  tcedcp,  in  a  wider  sense,  implying  any 
fuel,  or  combustible  matter. 

50.  Fuligine :  in  the  sense  offumo.     The 
cottages  of  the  poor  seldom  had  a  chimney. 
The  fire  was  made  directly  under  an  aper- 
ture in  the  roof  to  discharge  the  smoke. 
We  may  well  suppose  the  interior  of  the 
house  to  be  blackened  by  that  vapor. 

51.  Hie  tantum  curamus.     The  meaning 
is :  we  care  nothing  for  the  cold  of  Boreas. 
Boreas  is  the  Greek  word  for  the  north  wind. 
The  poets  say  he  was  the  son  of  Jjstrcsus 
and  Aurora;  or,  according  to  others,  of  the 
river  Strymon,  in  Macedonia.  He  was  king 
of  Thrace,and  carried  away  by  force  Orythia, 
the  daughter  of  Erictheus,  king  of  Athens, 
by  whom  he  had  two  sons,  Zetes  and  Calais. 
He  was  worshipped  as  a  god. 

53.  Juniperi.  The  juniperus  was  a  tree, 
having  sharp  and  narrow  leaves,  and  bearing 
a  small,  round,  and  odoriferous  fruit.  Ser- 
vius  understands  juniperi  and  castanets,  to  be 
the  trees  which  are  loaded  with  their  res- 
pective fruit.  Mr.  Davidson  takes  them  for 
the  fruit  itself,  and  considers  stant  in  oppo- 
sition to  strata  jacent :  the  former  stand  or 
hang  ripening  on  the  boughs,  the  latter  in 
rich  profusion  cover  the  ground  under  their 
respective  trees.  Hirsute :  rough — prickly, 
in  opposition  to  those  that  were  smooth, 
mentioned  Eel.  i.  82 :  or  it  may  only  mean 
that  they  were  yet  in  the  shell.  See  Eel,  x.  76. 


54.  Poma  jacent,  &c.  Much  hath  been 
said  upon  the  reading  of  this  line.  Some 
read  it  thus:  Poma  jacent  strata  passim,  qua- 
que  sub  sua  arbore :  apples  lie  scattered  all 
around,  every  one  under  its  own  tree. 
Others  read  it  thus :  sua  poma  jacent  strata 
passim,  sub  quaque  arbore :  their  own  apples 
lie  scattered  all  around  under  every  or  each 
tree.  This  last,  Dr.  Trapp  is  fully  persuaded 
is  the  correct  reading.  Heyne  reads,  quaque. 

56.  Videas  et,  &c.    You  would  even  see 
the  rivers  dry.    The  word  et  here  is  em- 
phatical. 

57.  Vitio  aeris :  by  the  infection  of  the 
air ;  or,  the  excessive  heat  of  the  air.  Sitit : 
is  parched. 

58.  Liber.     A  name  of  Bacchus.      See 
Eel.  v.  69.     Invidit :  hath  refused  the  sha- 
dows of  the  vine  to  our  hills.   The  meaning 
is :  the  vine  does  not  flourish  upon  our  hills, 

60.  Jupiter:  the  air — condensed  vapour. 
Lceto  imbri :  in  fertilizing  showers. 

61.  Alcidtt:  Hercules,  called  also  A Icides, 
from  Alc&us,  his  grand-father.     Thepopulus 
was  sacred  to  him.    It  is  said  he  wore  a 
crown  of  white  poplar  leaves  when  he  de- 
scended to  the  infernal  regions. 

62.  Myrtus.     The  myrtle  tree  was  sacred 
to  Venus,  on  account  of  the  delicacy  of  its 
odour,  or  because  it  flourishes  best  on  the 
margin  of  the  sea,  out  of  the  foam  of  which 
she  is  said  to  have  sprung. 

61.  laccho:  a   name   of   Bacchus.     The 
vine  was  sacred  to  him,  because,  it  is  said, 
he  was  the  inventor  of  wine ;  or  at  least 
taught  men  the  cultivation  of  the  vine. 

62.  Laurea.    The  laurel  tree  was  sacred 
to  Apollo,  on  account  of  his  beloved  Daphne, 
who  was  changed  into  a  laurel ;  therefore 
it  is  called  sua,  his  own. 

6.5.  Fraxinus :  the  ash-tree. 


40 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Populus  in  fluviis,  abies  in  montibus  altis  :  f>f> 

Ssepius  at  si  me,  Lycida  formose,  revisas  ; 
Fraxinus  in  sylvis  cedat  tibi,  pinus  in  hortis. 

ME.  Hasc  memini,  et  victumfrustra  contendereThyrsin. 
Ex  illo  Corydon,  Corydon  est  tempore  nobis.  70 


NOTES. 


70.  Ex  illo  tempore :  from  that  time,  Co- 
rydon, Corydon  is  the  one  for  me.  Heyne 
observes,  this  line  is  unworthy  of  Virgil.  It 


is  in  imitation  of  Theocritus,  Idyl.  viii.  92, 
but  far  inferior  to  the  original. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  pastoral  ? 

Whom  are  we  to  understand  by  Corydon 
and  Thyrsis?  Whom  by  Meliboeus  and 
Daphnis  ? 

Where  is  the  scene  laid? 

Who  comes  off  conqueror? 

Is  this  pastoral  imitated  from  Theocritus  ? 
Who  was  Priapus?  and  what  is  said  of  him  ? 


Who  was  Boreas?  For  what  did  the 
Greeks  take  the  word  ? 

For  what  is  the  word  Jupiter  sometimes 
taken  ? 

What  do  you  understand  by  the  word 
solstitium  ? 

For  what  is  it  used  figuratively? 


ECLOGA  OCTAVA. 


PHARMACEUTRIA. 


DAMON,  ALPHESIBCEUS. 


THIS  pastoral  consists  of  two  parts  :  the  first  is  taken  chiefly  from  the  Third  Idyl  of 
Theocritus  :  the  latter  from  the  second  Idyl.  The  shepherd  Damon  bewails  the  loss  of 
his  mistress,  Nisa,  and  is  much  grieved  at  the  success  of  Mopsus,  who  had  succeeded 
in  obtaining  her  for  a  wife.  Alphesiboeus  relates  the  charms,  or  incantations  of 
some  enchantress,  who  endeavored,  by  magic  arts,  to  make  Daphnis  in  love  with  her. 
Pharmaceutria,  the  title  of  this  Eclogue,  is  the  same  with  the  Latin  Venejica,  and  sig- 
nifies a  sorceress.  This  Eclogue  was  written  in  the  year  of  Rome  715,  when  L.  Mar- 
cus Censorinus,  and  C.  Calvisius  Sabinus,  were  consuls.  It  is  not  certain  to  whom  it 
was  inscribed,  whether  to  Augustus  or  Pollio  ;  most  commentators  are  in  favour  of  the 
latter. 

1.  Dicemus   musam      PASTORUM  Musam,  Damonis  et  Alphesibcei, 

Immemor  herbarum  quos  est  mirata  juvenca, 
-  Certantes,  quorum  stupefactae  carmine  lynces, 
mor  herbarum  mirata  Et  mutata  suos  requierunt  flumina  cursus  : 


NOTES. 


1.  Musam  :  in  the  sense  of  carmen. 

4.  Mutata  flumina,  &c.  This  line  may 
1>e  read  in  two  ways.  The  first  and  easiest 
is  given  in  the  ordo ;  the  other  is,  mutata  flu- 
mina requierunt  suos  cursus.  In  this  case, 
requiesco  must  be  taken  actively,  and  mu- 
tata in  the  sense  of  turbata,  as  Ruseus  in- 
terprets it.  But  Virgil  never  \ises  that  verb 


in  an  active  sense  in  any  part  of  his  works ; 
and  as  he  is  fond  of  imitating  the  Greeks, 
it  is  better  to  suppose  that  he  follows  them 
in  the  present  instance,  than  that  he  deviates 
here  from  his  uniform  practice  in  the  use  of 
the  verb.  Beside,  if  we  take  requiesco  ac- 
tively, we  must  take  mutata  out  of  its  usual 
acceptation. 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  Vlil; 


est ;  quorum  carmine 
lynces  stupefactae  sunt; 
et  flumina  mutata  quoad 
suos  cursus  requierunt : 
dicemus,  inquam,  musam 

6.  Tu,  O  Pollio,  fave 
1Q  mihi,  seu 

8.  En  ille  dies  erit, 
cum  liceat  mihi 


Damonis  Musam  dicemus  et  Alphesiboei. 
Tu  mihi,  seu  magni  superas  jam  saxa  Timavi ; 
Sive  oram  Illyrici  legis  aequoris  :  en  erit  unquam 
Ille  dies,  mihi  cum  liceat  tua  dicere  facta  ! 
En  erit,  ut  liceat  totum  mihi  ferre  per  orbem 
Sola  Sophocleo  tua  carmina  digna  cothurno  ! 
A  te  principium :  tibi  desinet :  accipe  jussis 

Carmina  ccepta  tuis,  atque  hanc  sine  tempora  circum        n    prfncipium  meo- 
Inter  victrices  hederam  tibi  serpere  lauros.  rum  laborum  erat  a  te : 

Frigida  vix  coelo  noctis  decesserat  umbra,  meus  labor  desinet  tibi 

Cum  ros  in  tenera  pecori  gratissimus  herba  est :         15     12>  Sine  hanc  ke<k- 
Incumbens  tereti  Damon  sic  coepit  olivae.  ^^O^Lucifer,  nas- 

DA.  Nascere,  praeque  diem  veniens  age,  Lucifer,  al-    cere,  prseveniensque  age 
Conjugis  indigno  Nisae  deceptus  amorc  [mum  :  almurn  diem :  dum  ego 

Dum  queror,  et  divos  (quanquam  nil  testibus  illis  deceptus  indigno  amore 

Profeci)  extrema  morions  tamen  alloquor  hora.  20 


NOTES. 


5.  Dicemus:  in  the  sense  of  nnrrdbiimts. 

6.  Tu  mihi,  &c.     It  is  generally  thought 
that   the  poet  addresses  himself  to  Pollio, 
who,  about  this  time,  returned  to  Rome  in 
triumph,  having  overcome  the  Partheni,  a 
people  oflttyricum.     The  verb/are,  or  adsis, 
must  be  supplied,  to  make  the  sense  com- 
plete.    Ellipses  of  this   kind  are  frequent, 
particularly   among    the    poets.      Timavi. 
See^n.i/244. 

7.  Sive   legis,  &c.     Whether   you  coast 
along  the  shore  of  the  Illyrian  sea.     Illyri- 
cum  was  a  very  extensive  country  lying  on 
the   right   of  the   Adriatic  sea,  or  gulf  of 
Venice,  including  the  ancient  Liburnia  and 
Dalmatia.    JEquoris.    JEquor  properly  sig- 
nifies  any  plain  or  level  surface,  whether 
land  or  water.     Erit :  in  the  sense  of  aderit. 

10.  Cothurno.     The  cothurnus  was  pro- 
perly a  high-heeled  shoe,  worn  by  the  tra- 
gedians to  make  them   appear  taller;  by 
meton.  put  for  tragedy,  or  the  tragic  style. 
Sophocleo:  an  adj.  from  Sophocles,  an  Athe- 
nian, the  prince  of  tragic  poetry.     He  was 
cotemporary  with  Pericles.     Tua  carmina 
sola,  &c.   Your  verses  alone  worthy  of  the 
buskin — worthy  of  being  introduced  upon 
the   stage.     The  cothurnus  is  here   called 
Sophoclean,  because  Sophocles  introduced 
it  upon  the  stage.     Pollio  was  not  only  a 
statesman,  but  a  poet,  and  a  distinguished 
writer  of  tragedy.     See  Eel.  iv. 12. 

11.  Principium,  &c.  This  line  is  elliptical. 
The  ellipsis  is  supplied  in  the  ordo  :  the  be- 
ginning of  my  labours  was  from  thee ;  my 
labours  shall   end   with   thee.     From   this 
circumstance,  some  have  been  led  to  think 
that  the  poet  alludes  to  Augustus,  and  not 
to  Pollio.     He  wrote  his  first  Eclogue,  it  is 
true,  to  compliment  the  generosity  of  his 
prince,  and  the  JEneid  to  flatter  his  vanity. 
But  we  are  to  remember,  it  was  through  the 
interest  and  friendship  of  Pollio.  that  he  re- 


covered his  lands,  and  so  had  an  occasion 
given  him  for  writing ;  and  further,  that 
poets  promise  many  things  which  they  do 
not  perform. 

12.  Sine  hanc,  &c.  Permit  this  ivy  to 
creep  around  thy  temples  amidst  thy  vic- 
torious laurels — permit  me  to  crown  thee 
with  ivy,  while  others  crown  thee  with  lau- 
rel. This  is  a  Very  delicate  verse.  The 
poet  here  entreats  his  patron  to  permit  his 
ivy  to  entwine  about  his  temples  among  his 
victorious  laurels ;  in  other  words,  to  accept 
these  his  verses,  in  the  midst  of  his  vic- 
tories. The  poetic  crown  was  originally 
made  of  ivy  exclusively,  afterwards,  some- 
times it  was  made  o£  laurel :  but  the  tri- 
umphal crown  was  always  made  of  laurel. 
Victrices  lauros :  alluding  to  the  triumph 
with  which  he  was  honored  for  his  victory 
over  the  Partheni. 

16.  Tereti  olivcc:  leaning  against  a  taper- 
ing olive,  Damon  thus  began. 

17.  PrcBveniens.     The  parts  of  the  verb 
arc  separated  for  the  sake  of  the  verse,  by 
Tmesis.     This  figure  is  frequent  among  the 
poets.    Lucifer :  the  morning  star,  or  Venus. 
It  is  called  Lucifer  when  going  before  the 
sun  ;  Hesperus,  when  following  after  him. 
There  is  a  fitness  and  propriety  in  Damon's 
calling  upon  the  star,  or  planet  Venus  to 
arise,  as  if  to  listen  to  his  complaint,  since 
it  was  a  love  affair.     »4ge:  in  the  sense  of 
adrehe. 

18.  Conjugis.     Conjux  here  is  a  betrothed 
or   expected"  wife.     Indigno   amore :    may 
mean  immoderate  love ;  or  a  love  ill-requi- 
ted— a  love  of  which  Nisa  was  unworthy. 

20.  Profeci:  I  have  gained,  or  profited 
nothing.  Illis  fcst/ln/s.  It  would  seem  that 
Nisa  had  pledged  her  fuith  to  Damon,  and 
called  the  gods  to  witness  it ;  }"et  she  vio- 
lated her  promises. 


P.  VIRGIL11  MARONJS 


tsse 


Iiicipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 

Maenalus  jtrgutumque  nemus  pinosque  loquente» 

23.  Ille  mons  Mmalta  Semper  habet :  semper  pastorum  ille  audit  amoretf, 
./'  5Panaque,  qui  primus  calamos  non  passus  inertes. 

Incipe  Msenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 

Mopso  Nisa  datur  :  quid  non  speremus  amantes  7 

Jungentur  jam  gryphes  equis ;  aevoque  sequenti 

Cum  canibus  timidi  venient  ad  pocula  damae. 

Mopse,  novas  incide  faces  ;  tibi  ducitur  uxor. 

Sparge,  marite,  nuces  ;  tibi  deserit  Hesperus  Oetam. 

Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus.  31 

32.  O  JV^aconjunctao  digno  conjuncta  viro  !  dum  despicis  omnes, 
digno  viro;  dum  despi-  w  .,  -J  ,. 

cis omnes  olios  Dumque  tibi  est  odio  mea  fistula;  dumque  capellae, 

34.    Prolixaque   mea  Hirsutumque  vsupercilium,  prolixaque  barba : 
ba.rba  sunt  tibi  odio.       Nee  curare  Deum  credis  mortalia  quemquam. 
Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Sepibus  in  nostris  parvam  te  roscida  mala, 

38.  Vidi  tcadhuc  par-  (Dux  ego  vester  eram)  vidi  cum  matre  legentern  : 
vam    legentem    rocida  Alter  ab  undecimo  turn  me  jam  ceperat  annus  : 
Jam  fragiles  poteram  a  terra  contingere  ramos. 


35 


•10 


NOTES. 


21.  M&nalios  versus:  Msenalean,  or  pas- 
toral verses — such  as  used  to  be  sung  on 
mount  Moenalus  in  Arcadia.     It  was  sacred 
to  Pan.     By  reason  of  its^  pleasant  groves, 
and  whispering  pines,  it  was  much  frequent- 
ed by   shepherds,  where   they   sang  their 
loves.     The  poet  personifies  the  mountain, 
and  makes  it  listen  to  the  songs  of  shep- 
herds. 

22.  Loquenles:  whispering — tuneful. 

24.  Qui  primus:  who  first,  &c.     See  Eel. 
ii.  31.     Inertes :  in  the  sense  of  inutiles. 

27.  Gryphes:  griffons.     They   were   fa- 
bulous animals,  having  the  body  of  a  lion, 
and  the  wings  and  beak  of  an  eagle. 

28.  Damce  timidi:  the  timid   deer.    Ad 
pocula :  in  the  sense  of  adaquam,  vel  potum; 
by  meton. 

29.  Incide  faces.    It  was  a  custom  among 
the  Romans  to  lead  the  bride  to  the  house 
of  her  husband  with  lighted  torches  before 
her.     These  torches  were  pieces  of  pine,  or 
some  unctuous  wood,  which  were^cut  to  a 
point,  that  they  might  be  lighted  th"e  easier. 
It  was  usual  to  have  five  of  these  torches. 
Hence  ducere  uxorem,  came  to  signify,  to 
marry  a  wife ;  it  is  said  of  the  husband :  nu- 
bere  viro,  to  marry  a  husband ;  this  is  said 
of  the  wife. 

30.  Sparge  nuces :   scatter  nuts.     It  was 
a  custom  among  the  Romans  at  nuptials, 
for  the  husband  to  throw  nuts,  &c.  upon  the 
floor,  that  the  boys  and  the  rest  of  the  com- 
pany might  divert  themselves  in  gathering 
them.      Hesperus  deserit   Oetam  tibi:    the 
evening  star  is  leaving  Oeta  for  you.     Oeta 
was  a  mountain,  or  rather  range  of  moun- 
tains, of  great  height,  in  Thessaly.   The  in- 
habitants of  Attica  and  Beotia  being  to  the 


eastward,  would  observe  the  stars  retiring 
or  settling  beliind  it.  Hence,  as  it  respected 
them,  the  expression  is  the  same  as  saying, 
the  evening  star  is  setting,  and  consequently 
the  .evening  somewhat  advanced;  which 
would  not  be  an  unpleasant  circumstance  to 
the  new-married  couple. 

34.  Hirsutum  supercilium :  my  rough,  or 
shaggy  eyebrows.  There  could  be  no  ground 
of  complaint  against  Nisa  for  not  loving 
these,  and  his  long  beard.     These  surely 
possess  no  charms.     But  as  Dr.  Trapp  ob- 
serves, the  ground  of  his  complaint  lay  in 
this :  that  her  cruelty  and  scorn  had  so  dis- 
heartened him,  as  to  render  him  negligent  of 
his  outward  appearance. 

35.  Mortalia:    things  done  by  mortals. 
This  line  is  both  beautiful  and  pathetic. 

37.  In  nostris  sepibus :  in  our  enclosures 
— gardens,  fields.  This  and  the  four  fol- 
lowing lines  ij^e  extremely  delicate,  and 
show  the  hand  of  a  master.  The  circum- 
stances here  enumerated,  the  age  of  the 
young  shepherd,  his  being  just  able  to  reach 
the  boughs,  his  officiousness  in  helping  the 
girl  and  her  mother  gather  the  fruit,  and 
his  falling  in  love  with  her  at  the  same 
time,  are  so  well  chesen,  and  happily  ex- 
pressed, that  we  may  consider  this  passage 
as  one  of  those  happy  and  delicate  touches 
which  characterize  the  writings  of  Virgil. 
Roscida.  By  this  we  are  to  understand, 
Heyne  observes,  that  the  apples  were  wet 
with  the  dew  of  the  morning.  This  will 
determine  the  time  of  the  day  when  they 
took  their  walk  into  the  orchard. 

39.  Alter  annus,  &c.  Lit.  another  year 
after  the  eleventh  had  just  then  taken  me 
—I  had  just  entered  my  twelfth  year. 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  VIII. 


Ut  vidi,  ut  perii,  ut  me  malus  abstulit  error  ! 
Incipe  Msenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Nunc  scio  quid  sit  amor.     Duris  in  cotibus  ilium 
Ismarus,  aut  Rhodope,  aut  extremi  Garamantes, 
Nee  generis  nostri  puerum,  nee  sanguinis  edunt. 
Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Saevus  amor  docuit  natorum  sanguine  matrem 
Commaculare  manus :  crudelis  tu  quoque,  mater : 
Crudelis  mater  magis,  an  puer  improbus  ille  ? 
Improbus  ille  puer,  crudelis  tu  quoque  mater. 
Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Nunc  et  oves  ultro  fugiat  lupus,  aurea  durae 
Mala  ferant  querciis,  narcisso  floreat  alnus, 
Pinguia  corticibus  sudent  electra  myricae. 
Certent  et  cycnis  ululae  :  sit  Tityrus  Orpheus  : 
Orpheus  in  sylvis ;  inter  delphinas  Arion. 

^  Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 

j  Omnia  vel  medium  fiant  mare):  vivite  sylvae. 
Praeceps  ae'rii  specula  de  montis  in  undas 
Deferar :  extremum  hoc  munus  morientis  habeto. 


45  45.  Edunt  ilium  in 
duris  cotibus,  puerum 
nee  nostri  generis,  riec 
nostri  sanguinis 

48.  Tu,  O  mater  eras 
quoque  crudelis :  eras  ne 

50  mater  magis  crudelis,  an 
ille  puer  magis  impro- 
bus! ille  puer  erat  im- 
probus ;  sed  tu,  O  mater, 
quoque  eras  crudelis. 

55 


60.   Habeto    tu   hoc 
extremum    munus    tui 
60  morientis  amatoris 


\-          "-' 


NOTES. 


41.  Ut  vidi,  ut,  &c.  How  I  gazed,  how  I 
languished,  how  a  fatal  delusion  carried  me 
away?  Nothing  can  exceed  this  line  in 
tenderness  of  expression.  The  me  malus 
abstulit  error,  represents  him  as  snatched 
from  himself,  deprived  of  his  reason  and 
judgment,  and  lost  in  wonder  and  admira- 
tion, while  he  surveyed  her  beauteous  form, 
and  attractive  charms.  It  also  conveys  to 
us  a  just  idea  of  the  nature  of  love,  which 
is  often  delusive,  deceptive,  and  unsuccess- 
ful, as  was  the  particular  case  of  Damon. 
Error :  in  the  sense  of  insania,  vel  amor, 
says  Heyne.  Malus :  fatal — unhappy. 

44.  Ismarus,  &c.     Ismarus  and  Rhodope 
were  two  very  wild  and  rocky  mountains  in 
Thrace.    Garamantes.  These  were  a  savage 
people  inhabiting  the  interior  parts  of  Africa. 
Hence  they  are  here  called  extremi. 

45.  -Edunt :  plainly  for  ederunt,  by  Enal- 
lage  ;  and  that  in  the  sense  of  produxerunt 
or  genuerunt. 

47.  Matrem.     Medea,   the    daughter   of 
JEtes,  king  of  Colchis,  a  famous  sorceress. 
She  fell  in  love  with  Jason,  one  of  the  Ar- 
gonauts, and  by  her  directions  and  assist- 
ance, he  obtained  the  golden  fleece.     She 
married   him,   and  returned   with   him   to 
Thessaly.     He  afterwards  repudiated  her, 
and  married    Creusa,  the  daughter  of  the 
king  of  Corinth.     In  revenge  for  which,  she 
slew  the  children  whom  she  bore  him,  be- 
fore his  eyes.     See  Ovid.  Met.  7.     Docuit : 
in  the  sense  of  impulit. 

48.  Commaculare :  in  the  sense  ofpolluerc. 
50.  Improbus:  wicked — impious. 

52.  Nunc  lupus  ultro,  &c.  Now  may  the 
wolf  of  his  own  accord  flee  from  the  sheep ; 
the  hard  oaks.  Sic.  As  if  he  had  said :  now 


the  natural  course  of  things  may  be  chang- 
ed. The  most  unlikely  and  unnatural  things 
may  take  place,  since  a  woman  is  found 
capable  of  such  unfeeling  and  cruel  conduct. 

53.  Alnus :  the  alder-tree.  Narcisso :  the 
flower  daffodil.     See  Eel.  ii.  46. 

54.  Myricoz:    shrubs — tamarisks.      The 
word  is  sometimes  taken  for  pastoral  poetry. 
Sudent :   in  the  sense  of  stillent.      Electro, 
pinguia:  rich  amber. 

55.  Tityrus  sit  Orpheus,  &c.  May  Tityrus 

become    an    Orpheus; Orpheus    in    the 

woods,  and  an  Orion  among  the  dolphins. 
Orion  was  a  famous  lyric  poet  of  Lesbos, 
who,  on  his  return  home  from  Italy  with 
great  wealth,  was  cast  into  the  sea  by  the 
sailors  for  the  sake  of  his  money.     A  dol- 
phin that  had  been  charmed  with  his  mu- 
sic, it  is  said,  took  him  on  his  back,  and 
carried  him  safe  to  Tcmarus,  a  town  on  the 
southern  promontory  of  the  Peloponnesus. 
For  Orpheus,  see  Eel.  iii.  46. 

58.  Omnia  vel  medium,  &c.  Let  all  things 
become  even  .the  middle  of  the   sea — the 
deep  sea.     Since  I  must  perish,  let  all  the 
world  be  drowned.     Vivite:  elegantly  put 
for  valete. 

59.  Specula :  the  top,  or  summit.    It  pro- 
perly signifies  any  eminence  which   com- 
mands a  prospect  of  the  country  around  it. 
Alrti  montis.     This  may  allude  to  tb.e  fa- 
mous rock   in 'Arcadia,   called   the  lover's 
leap ;  from  which,  those,  who  threw  them- 
selves into  the  sea,  were  cured  of  their  love. 

60.  Deferar.     This  appears  to  be  used  in 
the  sense  of  the  Greek  middle  voice,  which 
generally  hath  a  reflex  signification :  I  will 
throw  myself. 


44 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


62.  Damon  dixit  haec : 
vos,  Pierides,  dicite  ea, 
quaB 

63.  JVos  omnes  non 
possimus  facere  omnia 


73.  Priraum  circumdo 
hiBc  terna  licia  tibi,  di- 
versa 


78.  Necte  cos  modo : 
et 

81.  Sic  Daphnis  cmol- 
liatur  nostro 
83.  Ego  uro  hanc 


Desine  Macnalios,  jam  desine,  tibia,  versus* 
Haec  Damon  :  vos,  quae  respondent  Alphesiboeus, 
Dicite,  Pierides  :  non  omnia  possumus  omnes. 

ALP.  Effer  aquam,  et  molli  cinge  hsec  altaria  vitta  : 
Verbenasque  adole  pingues,  et  mascula  thura,  65 

Conjugis  ut  magicis  sanos  avertere  sacris 
Experiar  sensus.     Nihil  hie  nisi  carmina  desunt. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 
Carmina  vel  ccelo  possunt  deducere  Lunam  : 
Carminibus  Circe  socios  mutavit  Ulyssei :  70 

Frigidus  in  pratis  cantando  rumpitur  anguis. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 
Terna  tibi  haec  primum  triplici  diversa  colore 
Licia  circumdo,  terque  haec  altaria  circum 
Effigiem  duco.     Numero  Deus  impare  gaudet.  75 

Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 
Necte  tribus  nodis  ternos,  Amarylli,  colores ; 
Necte,  Amarylli,  modo  :  et  Veneris,  die,  vincula  necto. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 
Limus  ut  hie  durescit,  et  haec  ut  cera  liquescit,  80 

IJno  eodemque  igni :  sic  nostro  Daphnis  amore. 
Sparge  molam,  et  fragiles  incende  bitumine  lauros. 


NOTES. 


63.  Pierides :  the  Muses.     They  were  so 
called   from  Pieria,  where,  it  is  said,  they 
were  born.     See  Eel.  iii.  60. 

64.  Effer  aquam.     Here  Alphesibccus  per- 
sonates some  enchantress,  who  by  charms 
and  magic  rites  endeavors  to  make  Daphnis 
in  love  with  her.     The  words  are  supposed 
to  be  addressed  to  her  servant  maid  Ama- 
ryllis, mentioned  verse  78,  infra. 

65.  Verbenas.     A  species  of  plant  or  herb 
called  refrain^  much  used  in  magic  opera- 
tions.    It  is  sometimes  taken  for  all  kinds 
of  herbs  used  in  such  rites.    Mascula.     By 
this  we  are  to  understand  the  strongest  and 
best  kind  of  frankincense. 

66.  Ut  experiar :  that  I  may  try  to  turn- 
away  the  sound  mind  of  my  spouse  :  i.  e. 
throw  him  into  a  violent  passion  for  me, 
causing  him  to  lose  his  reason  arid  judg- 
ment.    Coiyux,  here  means  an  intended  or 
expected  husband.     By  it  we  are  to  under- 
stand Daphnis,  who  it  seems  had  left  her 
for  some  other  mistress,     tieecris:  rites,  or 
ceremonies. 

67.  Carmina:  charms— a  solemn  form  of 
words;    to  which  the    ancients   attributed 
great  efficacy. 

70.  Circe.     The  name  of  a  famous  sor- 
ceress.    See  JEn.  vii.  JO. 

71.  Cantando:  ger.  in   do,   of  the   verb 
canto.   Ruaeus  says  :  du.m  incantatur:  while 
the   incantations   or   magic  rites  are   per- 
forming. 

73.  Triplici  colore :  with  triple  color.  The 
ancients  had  a  great  veneration  for  the 
number  three.  This  was  thought  the  most 


perfect  of  all  numbers,  having  regard  to  the 
beginning,  the  middle,  and  the  end.  Diver- 
sa .  diversified — various. 

74.  Circumdo :  in  the  sense  of  circumligo. 

78.  Veneris :  in  the  sense  of  amoris. 
Modo  :  in  the  sense  of  nunc. 

80.  Ut  hie  Limus,  &c.  The  sorceress 
made  two  images  or  figures,  one  of  mud 
(limus)  to  represent  herself;  the  other  of 
wax  (cera)  to  represent  Daphnis.  The 
former  would  naturally  harden,  and  the 
other  melt  in  the  same  fire.  It  was  the  re- 
ceived opinion  that  as  the  image  melted 
and  consumed,  so  did  the  person  it  repre- 
sented melt  and  dissolve  into  love,  losing  all 
his  «ruelty  and  hardness  of  heart  toward 
liis  mistress;  while  she, who  was  represent- 
ed by  the  other  figure,  would  grow  harder, 
and  "more  indifferent  to  the  object  of  her 
love. 

82.  Sparge  molam :  break,  or  scatter  the 
salt-cake.     The  mola  was  a  kind  of  cake 
much  used  in  sacrifices.     It  was  made  of 
the  flour  of  grain  that  grew  the  same  year, 
highly  seasoned  with  salt.     It  was  placed 
upon  the  forehead  of  the  victim,  and  upon 
the  fire.     Incende :  burn  the  crackling  lau- 
rels with  bitumen.     The  laurels  were  burnt 
to  consume  the  flesh  of  Daphnis,  on  whose 
account  these  rites  were  performed.     The 
cake  was  crumbled  upon  his  image,  or  upon 
the  victims  in  sacrifices.     Such  was  the  na- 
ture of  these  ridiculous  rites. 

83.  Mains  Daphnis :  cruel  Daphnis  burns 
me  ;  I  burn  this  laurel  upon  Daphnis — upon 
his  image.     By  burning  the  effigy  of  a  per- 


BUCOLICA.     ECL.  VIII. 


nemora,  atque  altos  lu- 

cos,  procumbit 

89.  Teneat  Daphnim 
95.  Moeris  ipse  dedit 

has  hcrbas 


Ihiphnis  me  malus  urit,  ego  hanc  in  Daphnide  laurum. 

Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Talis  amor  Daphnim,  qualis,  cum  fessa  juvencum      85     85.  Utinam  talis  amor 

Per  nemora,  atque  altos  quaerendo  bucula  lucos,  occupet  Daphnim,  qua- 

Propter  aquae  rivum  viridi  procumbit  in  ulva 

Perdita,  nee  serae  meminit  decedere  nocti : 

Talis  amor  teneat :  nee  sit  mihi  cura  mederi. 

Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Has  olim  exuvias  mihi  perfidus  ille  reliquit, 

Pignora  chara  sui :  quae  nunc  ego  limine  in  ipso, 

Terra,  tibi  mando  :  debent  haec  pignora  Daphnim.   ' 

Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Has  herbas,  atque  haec  Ponto  mihi  lecta  venena          95 

Ipse  dedit  Moeris  ;  nascuntur  plurima  Ponto.  96.  Enim  plurima  ve- 

His  ego  saepe  lupum  fieri,  et  se  coridere  sylvis  nena  nascuntur  in  Pon- 

Mcerin,  saepe  animas  imis  excire  sepulchris,  to'      go     j  Moerm  tp- 

r  ...     .  ,.  .  sum   saepe   fieri  lupum 

Atque  satas  aho  vidi  traducere  messes.  his  venenis^  et  Con5ere 

Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim.   se  sylvis  ;  >idi   ilium 

Fer  cineres,  Amarylli,  foras :  rivoque  fluenti,  101  ssepe  excire 

Transque  caput  jace  :  ne  respexeris.    His  ego  Daphnim 
,  Aggrediar :  nihil  ille  Deos,  nil  carmina  curat. 
.Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Aspice  •  corripuit  tremulis  altaria  flammis  105 


NOTES. 


son  magically,  it  was  thought  that  they  burnt 
the  person  himself;  or  that  some  how  or 
other,  he  was  affected  in  a  similar  manner. 
85.  Juvencum:  the  bull.  Talis.  Here 
is  an  ellipsis  of  the  words,  occupatjuvencam, 
or  some  other  of  the  like  import,  to  make 
the  sense  complete. 

87.  Ulva :  a  kind  of  sedge,  or  meadow- 
grass.     Some  copies  have  herba. 

88.  Perdita :  wretched — desperate ;  with- 
out hope  of  finding  the  object  of  her  search. 
JVec  serif,  nocti,  &c.  She  is  so  intent  upon  the 
object  of  her  love,  that  she  thinks  of  no- 
thing else — she  thinks  not  of  returning  home, 
even  though  it  be  late  at  night.     Decedere 
sera  nocti :  to  yield  or  give  place  to  the  late 
night. 

89.  Mederi :  to  cure  him. 

91.  Ille  perfidus,  &c.     That  perfidious 
(shepherd)  formerly  left  these  clothes  with 
me,  as  the  dear  pledges  of  himself.     It  ap- 
pears hence  that  Daphnis  had  pledged  his 
love  to  her,  but  afterward  violated  his  word. 
This  justifies  the  use  of  the  word  conjux,  as 
applied  to  him,  verse  66. 

92.  In  ipso  limine :  in  the  very  threshold, 
or  entrance.     Servius  thinks  we  are  to  un- 
derstand  the   entrance   of   the   temple   of 
Vesta ;  others,  of  Daphnis1  own  house.  But 
it  is  better  to  understand  it  of  her  own  house, 
for  it  appears  that  here  she  performed  her 
rnagic  rites. 

.93.  Mando:  in  the  sense  of  committo. 
Scee  pignora:  these  pledges  owe  Daphnis  to 
me.  The  clothes  that  a  person  once  wore, 
or  any  thing  that  belonged  to  him,  were 


thought  to  be  very  efficacious  in  enchant- 
ments. Accordingly  she  lays  much  stress 
upon  them ;  she  is  sure  they  will  bring  him 
home  to  her.  One  part  of  these  magic  rites 
was  to  bury  the  clothes  of  the  lover  under 
the  threshold,  to  constrain  him  to  return. 

95.  Ponto.  Pontus,  an  extensive  coun- 
try in  Asia  Minor,  bordering  upon  the  Eux- 
ine  sea.  It  abounded  in  poisonous  herbs. 
Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus;  rendered  his 
country  notorious  by  the  long  and  bloody 
wars  which  he  maintained  against  the  Ro- 
mans. He  was,  however,  at  last  overcome 
by  Pompey  the  Great.  Venena:  magic 
plants.  Those  of  a  poisonous  quality  were 
considered  the  most  efficacious,  and  were 
particularly  sought  for,  and  required  in  all 
enchantments. 

101.  Fer  cineres.     The   most   powerful, 
and  usually  the  last  efforts  of  the  enchanter, 
were  to  throw  the  ashes  of  the  magical  sa- 
crifice over  the  head  backward  into  running 
water.     Servius  says,  this  was  done   that 
the  gods  might  catch  the  ashes  without  being 
seen,  as  they  were  unwilling  to  show  them- 
selves, unless  on  extraordinary  occasions. 

102.  JV*e  respexeris :    in  the  sense  of  ne 
respice. 

103.  Aggrediar  his,  &c.  With  these  ashes 
I  will  assail  Daphnis.     A*i/tz7  and  nil  are 
often  used  as  simple  negatives,  in  the  sense 
of  non :  he  does  not  regard  the  gods,  &c. 
In  other  words,  lie  does  not  regard  his  so- 
lemn promises  made  in  the  presence  of  the 
gods ;  he  regards  not  my  charms. 

105.  Aspice.     This  and  the  following  lino 


16  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

106.  Bonum  amen      Sponte  sua,  dum  ferre  moror,  cinis  ipse  :  bonum  sit ! 

Nescio  quid  certe  est :  et  Hylax  in  limine  latrat. 

Credimus  ?  an,  qui  amant,  ipsi  sibi  somnia  fingunt  ? 
109.  O  mea  carmina  Parcite,  ab  urbe  venit,  jam  parcite,  carmina,  Daphnis. 

NOTES. 

to  cinis  ipse,  were  spoken  by  Amaryllis,  as  107.  Nescio  quid,  &c.  As  if  she  had  said : 

appears  from  dum  ferre  moror :  while  I  de-  some  body  is  coming ;  I  know  not  certainly 

lay   to  carry   them.     If  we   attribute   the  who  it  is.  Hylax.  The  name  of  a  dog ;  from 

words  to  the  enchantress,  we  must  suppose  a  Greek  word  signifying  to  bark. 

her  to  do  what  she  commands  to  be  done.  108.  Credimus  ?  an  qui,  &c.  Do  I  believe 

But  beholding  the  ashes  kindle  the  altar  it?  or,  do  those  who  love  form  dreams  to 

into  a  trembling  flame  of  its  own  accord,  in  themselves  ?    Yes,  it  is  he.      Cease,  now 

a  transport,  she  exclaims :  may  it  be  a  good  cease,  my  charms,  Daphnis  comes  from  the 

omen !    The  ancients  considered  the  sudden  city, 
blazing  of  fire  to  be  a  good  omen. 

QUESTIONS. 

How  is  this  pastoral  to  be  divided  ?  When  is  the  planet  Venus  called  Lucifer  ? 

What  is  the  subject  of  it  ?  When  Hesperus  ? 

What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  Phar-  Can  you  mention  any  line  that  has  been 

maceutria,  the  title  of  the  Eclogue  ?  noticed  by  commentators  as  extremely  ten- 

When  was  this  Eclogue  written  ?  der  ?                                                                9 

Who  were  consuls  ?  Who  was  Medea  ? 

To  whom  was  it  probably  dedicated  ?  What  is  said  of  her  ? 

Why  do  you  suppose  it  to  be  dedicated  to  Why  are  the  Muses  sometimes  called 

Pollio  rather  than  to  Augustus  ?  Pierides .? 


ECLOGA  NONA. 

LYCIDAS,  MCERIS. 

WHEN  Augustus  divided  the  lands  about  Mantua  among  his  soldiers,  the  estate  of  Virgil 
fell  to  Arius,  a  centurion.  When  he  went  to  re-enter  upon  his  estate,  after  it  had  been 
restored  to  him,  he  met  with  much  severe  treatment  from  the  new  possessor,  and  on 
one  occasion,  was  near  being  killed.  He  saved  his  life  by  swimming  over  the  river 
Mincius.  In  consequence  of  which,  he  returned  to  Rome  to  acquaint  the  Emperor  of 
the  matter.  He  left  his  steward,  who  is  here  called  Moeris,  behind,  and  directed  him 
to  treat  his  new  landlord  with  civility  and  respect.  Mcris  is  going  to  him  with  a  pre- 
sent of  some  kids,  and  meets  Lycidas,  who  is  supposed  to  be  some  Mantuan  shepherd. 
Upon  their  meeting  the  pastoral  opens.  The  scene  is  the  road  to  the  town.  The 
evening  is  coming  on :  the  air  is  tranquil  and  serene.  The  pastoral  contains  a  com- 
plaint of  Virgil's  hard  treatment  under  the  character  of  Menalcas ;  a  compliment,  to 
his  friend  Varus,  and  another  to  Julius  Caesar,  and  consequently  to  Augustus ;  toge- 
ther with  several  scraps  of  poetry  artfully  interwoven  with  the  subject.  The  whole 
pastoral  is  elegant  and  beautiful. 

1.  O  Moeri,  quo  tui     LYC.  Quo  te,  Moeri,  pedes  ?  an,  quo  via  ducit,  in  ur- 
pedes  ducunt  te  ?  an  du-      M(E  Q  Lycida,  vivi  pervenimus  ;  advena  nostri  [bem  ? 
cunt   te  in  urbem,  quo  /r%       ,  .  .r  x  ,..»• 

via  ducit?  (Quod  nunquam  venti  sumus)  ut  possessor  agelli 

NOTES. 

2.  Vivi  pervenimus :  we'living  have  come     fy  intruding — usurping,  as  well  as  foreign : 
to  that  condition — or  have  lived  to  see  the     in  the  present  case,  it  includes  the  idea  of 
day,  that,  &c.   Advena :  a  noun  of  common     all  of  them. 

gender,  here  used  as  an  adj.    It  may  signi- 


BUCOLICA.    ECL.  IX. 


Diceret  :  Haec  mea  sunt ;  veteres  migrate  coloni.  2.  JVbs  vivi  perveni- 

Nimc  victi,  tristes,  quoniam  fors  omnia  versat,  5  mus  e°  »***«"«»  ut  a<i- 

Hos  illi  (quod  nee  bene  vertat)  mittimus  hoedos.  Tlfo^sunt mea ; 

lit.  Certe  equidem  audieram,  qua  se  subducere  colles  vos,  p  veteres  coloni, 
Incipiunt,  mollique  jugum  demittere  clivo,  7.  Certe  equidem  au- 

Usque  ad  aquam  et  veteris  jam  fracta  cacumina  fagi,     dieram  vestrum  Domi- 


10 


num  Menalcan  servasse 


sibi  omnia  arva  suis  car- 
minibus  ab  60  loco,  qua 
colles  incipiunt  subdu- 
cere se 

11.  Audieras  illud,  et 
1  f  talis  fuit  fama 
10      13 .  Columbas  valere 
14.  Quod  nisi  sinistra 


Omnia  carminibus  vestrum  servasse  Menalcan. 

MCE.  Audieras,  et  fama  fuit :  sed  carmina  tantum 
Nostra  valent,  Lycida,  tela  inter  Martia,  quantum 
Chaonias  dicunt,  aquila  veniente,  columbas, 
Quod  nisi  me  quacumque,  novas  incidere  lites 
Ante  sinistra  cava  monuisset  ab  ilice  cornix ; 
Nee  tuus  hie  Mceris,  nee  viveret  ipse  Menalcas. 

LY.  Heu  !  cadit  in  quemquam  tantum  scelus  ?  lieu  tua  cornix  monuisset  me 
Pene  simul  tecum  solatia  rapta,  Menalca !  [nobis  Jn^  ab  ilice  cava  inci~ 

Quis  caneret  Nymphas  ?  quis  humum  florentibus  herbis     e  jg  jjeu  tua  sojatja 
Spargeret  ?  aut  viridi  fontes  induceret  umbra  ?  20  rapta  mnt  pene  nobis 

Vel  quae  sublegi  tacitus  tibi  carmina  nuper,  simul  tecum 

Cum  te  ad  delicias  ferres  Amaryllida  nostras  ?  21.  Vel  quis  caneret 

"  Tityre,  dum  redeo,  brevis  est  via,  pasce  capellas :         ca™in*'  qutB  tacitus 

,.,  -r-i  rrv,.  .    •  T  *£*£•    TyT/07*WWt    VBTSWU/ffl 

Et  poturn  pastas  age,  Tityre,  et  inter  agendum  hoc  estfragmentum:  O 

u  Occursare  capro,  cornu  ferit  ille,  caveto."  25  Tityre,'  pasce 

MCE.  Immo  haec,  quae  Varo,  necdum  perfecta,  canebat.  26.  Immo  potius  quis 
"  Vare,  tiium  nomen  (superet  modo  Mantua  nobis,  canerethceccarmina^ws 

^  r  ^lle  Menalcas 


NOTES. 


3.  Agtlli :  a  noun  diminutive  from  ager  : 
a  little  farm. 

5.  Fors :  in  the  sense  offortuna, 

6.  Qworf  nee  bene  vertat :  which  (present 
of  the  kids,)  I  wish  may  not  turn  out  well 
to  him.     The  usual  mode  of  congratulation 
upon  receiving  a  favour  was :  Bene  vertat, 
I  wish  you  joy — may  it  turn  out  well  to  you. 
nee  bene  vertat,  therefore,  was  a  kind  of  im- 
precation :  may  it  prove  a  mischief  to  you. 

7.  Subducere  se :  to  decline — to  fall. 

8.  Demittere  jugum :  to  lower  their  ridge, 
or  top,  by  an  easy  descent.     Here  we  have 
a  description  of  the  farm  of  Virgil.     It  was 
bounded  on  one  side  by  a  sloping  hill ;  in 
other  parts  of  its  limits,  were  the  broken 
top  of  an  old  beech-tree,  a  marsh,  and  the 
river  Mincius. 

9.  Ad,  aquam :  perhaps  the  river  Mincius. 
13.  Aquilaveniente :  the  eagle  coming  upon 

them — pursuing  them.  Here  we  have  a 
beautiful  circumlocution,  expressing  the  in- 
utility  of  his  verses,  and  the  charms  of  po- 
etry, amidst  martial  arms.  Chaonias:  an 
adj.  from  Chaonia,  a  part  of  Epirus,  where 
was  the  city  Dodona,  and  a  grove  of  the 
same  name,  famous  for  its  oracular  oaks. 
Columbas :  two  doves  endued  with  a  pro- 
phetic spirit  are  said  to  have  resided  among 
these  oaks.  Afterward  one  of  them  is  said 
to  have  flown  to  the  temple  of  Apollo  at 
Delphi,  and  the  other  to  the  temple  of  Ju- 
piter Ammon  in  Africa.  They  are  here  put 
for  doves  in  general. 


14.  Incidere  novas  lites,  &c.   To  break  off 
my  new  disputes   in    any  way  whatever. 
Lis,  is  properly  an  action  or  case  at  law. 

15.  Sinistra:  ill-boding.     See  Eel.  1.  18. 

16.  Hie  tuus  Mwris.  It  appears  from  this 
that  the  life  of  Virgil,  who  is  here  called 
IVlenalcas,  and  that  of  Mffiris,  had  been  in 
danger  from  the  new  landlord. 

17.  Heu,  tantum  scelus,  Sic.  Alas !  that  so 
great  wickedness  should  fall  upon  any  one. 
Or  the  words  may  be  rendered  thus  ;  Alas ! 
that  so  great  wickedness  should  come  into 
any  one's  mind  : — that  any  one  should  con- 
ceive the  idea  of  perpetrating  the  horrid  deed 
of  murder.    This  is  the  usual  sense  given  to 
the  words. 

18.  Heu,  tua  solatia,  SLC.  Alas,  Menalcas, 
your  delight  (the  delight  of  your  song,)  was 
almost  snatched  from  us  with  yourself:  and 
if  you  had  been  quite  slain,  in  that  case, 
who  would  have  sang  the  nymphs,  &c.  Heyne 
observes  that  by  solatia  we  are  to  under- 
stand the  song,  carmina,  or  verses  of  Menal- 
cas. 

21.  Sublegi :  I  purloined  from  you.     Ru- 
EBUS  says,  surripui. 

22.  Jfatrag  delicias :  for  nostrum  amicdm. 
Delicics  is  used  only  in  the  plural ;  delight — 
darling:  here  a  mistress. 

24.  Age  pastas:  drive  them  full  fed  to 
drink.  Potum :  sup.  in  um,  to  drink — take 
water.  Inter  agendum:  in  driving  them — 
while  driving  them,  beware,  &c, 

26.  r/rr;*«  Vwus.    See  Eel.  6.  7, 


?.  VIRG1L11  MAROMS 


27.  Quorum  hoc  est  frag- 
mentum :  O  Vare,  can- 
tantes  cycni  ferent 
tuum  nomen 


34.  Ego  sum  non  cre- 
dulus  illis. 

35.  Nam   adhuc   vi- 
deor  mild  dicere  carmi- 
?ia  digna  neque 

38.  Nunc  recordor  frag- 
ment um  ejus:  ades  hue, 
O  Galatea : 


43.  Sine  ut  insani 

44.  Quse  carmina  au- 
dieram  te  solum  canen- 
tem  sub  pura  nocte 


Mantua,  va?  miserae  nimium  vicina  Cremonse  !) 

Cantantes  sublime  ferent  ad  sidera  cycni." 

LY.  Sic  tua  Cyrneas  fugiant  examina  taxos.  X\ » 

Sic  cytiso  pastse  distentent  ubera  vaccse  :  • 

Incipe,  si  quid  habes :  et  me  fecere  poetam 
Pierides  :  sunt  et  mihi  carmina  :  me  quoque  dicunt 
Vatem  pastores,  sed  non  ego  credulus  illis. 
Nam  neque  adhuc  Varo  videor,  nee  dicere  Cinn£        3X 
Digna,  sed  argutos  inter  strepere  anser  olores. 

M(E.  Id  quidem  ago,  et  tacitus,  Lycida,  mecum  ipse  vo- 
Si  valeam  meminisse :  neque  est  ignobile  carmen,    [luto, 

Hue  ades,  6  Galatea  :  quis  est  nam  ludus  in  undis  ? 
"  Hie  ver  purpureum  ;  varies  hie  flumina  circum          40 
"  Fundit  humus  flores  :  hie  Candida  populus  antro 
"  Imminet,  et  lentae  texunt  umbracula  vites.    V 
"  Hue  ades ;  insani  feriant  sine  litora  fiuctus." 

LY.  Quid,  quae  te  pura  solum  sub  nocte  canentem 
Audieram  ?  numeros  memini,  si  verba  tenerem.  45 

MCE.  "  Daphni,  quid  antiques  signorum  suspicis  ortus  4 
"  Ecce,  Dionaei  processit  Csesaris  astrum  : 


NOTES. 


28.  Cremona.    Cremona  was  a  city  on 
the  western  bank  of  the  river  Po,  not  far 
from   Mantua.      Its   inhabitants  were   in- 
volved in  the  same  misfortune  with  those  of 
Mantua,  in  having  their  property  and  lands 
taken  from  them  by  Augustus.     Hence  the 
epithet  miseroe. 

29.  Cycni:  properly  swans.     By  meton. 
poets.     The  meaning  of  this  fragment  is, 
that  if  Mantua  should  be  preserved  from  the 
calamity    which    had    befallen    Cremona, 
through  the  influence  of  Varus,  the  Man- 
tuan  poets  would  celebrate  his  praises  and 
raise  his  name  to  the  stars.     By  Cantantes 
cycni,  says  Heyne,  we  are  to  understand  the 
Mantuan  poets. 

30.  Cyrnecu;    an  adj.  from  Cyrnus,  an 
island   in  the   Mediterranean   sea.     Hodie 
Corsica.     This  island  abounded  in  the  yew- 
tree  :  hence  the  epithet  Cyrnean.     The  ho- 
ney made  of  this  tree  was  of  a  bitter  quali- 
ty, and  universally  considered  bad.      For 
this  reason  Lycidas  .wished  the  swarms  of 
his  friend  to  shun  those  trees.     Examina : 
swarms  of  bees. 

32.  Poetam :  a  poet.  Vatem :  a  poet,  or 
prophet.  These  words  are  frequently  used 
as  synonymous,  but  they  are  not  strictly  so. 

35.  Cinna.     Cornelius  China,  the  grand- 
son of  Pompey  the  Great.     He  became  a 
favorite  of  Augustus. 

36.  Digna :  things  worthy  of:  or  it  may 
agree   with   carmina^   understood  ;    verses 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  Varus  and  Cin- 
na;  or  worthy  to  celebrate  their  actions. 
sfrepere  anser :  to  gabble  as  a  goose  among 
tuneful    swans — to     make     inharmonious 
sounds,  &c. 

37.  *4go:  in  the  sense  of  facio.     Tacitus 


ipse  voiuto :  I  am  thinking  silently  with  my- 
self, if  I  can  recollect  it.  Volute :  I  am  re- 
volving it  in  my  mind. 

39.  Qrmnam  ludus:  what  sport  is  then* 
in  the  waves  ?    The  parts  of  the  word  am 
separated  by  Tmesis.   Nothing  can  be  more 
beautiful  than  the  whole  of  this  fragment. 
Jt  is  in  imitation  of  the  eleventh  Idyl   of 
Theocritus. 

40.  Purpureum  :  blooming — gay.    Est  is 
to  be  supplied. 

4J.  Fundit:  in  the  sense  ofprodurif. 

42.  Texunt:    in    the   sense   of  cflkiunt. 
Umbracula :  a  dim.  noun  from  umbra,  a  lit- 
tle, or  pleasant  shade. 

43.  Insani;  raging — stonny. 

44.  Qwrf;  in  the  sense  of  cur. 

45.  Mimini  numeros :  I  recollect  the  tune ; 
if  I  knew  the  words,  I  would  sing  them. 
These  last,  or  some  other  of  the  like  import, 
are  evidently  implied.    Or  else  we  must  take 
si  in  the  sense  of  Utimam ;  I  wish — O  that. 

46.  Suspicis;  in  the  sense  of  miraris. 

47.  Astrum.  This  word  properly  signifies 
a  constellation  of  stars.     The  poet  uses  it. 
here  for  a  single  star,  thereby  giving  the 
greater  dignity  to  the  star  of  Caesar.      Vir- 
gil makes  lulus  the  son  of  JEneas,  the  founder 
of  the  Julian  family.     lulus  was  the  grand- 
son of  Venus,  who  according  to  some  was 
the  daughter  of  Dione,  a  nymph  of  the  sea, 
by  Jupiter.      Hence  the  epithet  Dionccan. 
AbouUhe  time  of  Julius  Caesar's  death,  it  is 
said  a  remarkable  comet  appeared,  which 
the  Romans  considered  to  be  the  soul  of 
Caesar  received  up  to  heaven.     The  poet 
calls  it  the  star  of  Caesar,  agreeable  to  the 
vulgar  notion.     This  comet,  according  to 
Dr.  Halley,  appeared  the  third  in  time  in 


BUCOLICA.    ECL.  IX, 

**  Astrum,  quo  segetes  gauderent  frugibus,  et  quo 

"  Duceret  apricis  in  collibus  uva  colorem. 

*  Jnsere,  Daphni,  piros,  carpent  tua  poma  nepotes."    50 

Omni  a  fert  aetas,  animum  quoque.     Saepe  ego  longos 

Cantando  puerum  memini  me  condere  soles. 

Nunc  oblita  mini  tot  carmina :  vox  quoque  Moerim 

Jam  fugit  ipsa :  lupi  Moerim  videre  priores. 

Sed  tamen  ista  satis  referet  tibi  saepe  Menalcas.         55 

LY.  Causando  nostros  in  longum  ducis  amores  : 
Et  nunc  omne  tibi  stratum  silet  aequor,  et  omnes 
(Aspice)  ventosi  ceciderunt  murmuris  auras. 
Hinc  aded  media  est  nobis  via :  namque  sepulchrum 
Incipit  apparere  Bianoris :  hie,  ubi  densas  60 

Agricolae  stringunt  frondes ;  hie,  Moeri,  canamus  : 
Hie  hoedos  depone,  tameh  veniemus  in  urbem  : 
Aut  si,  nox  pluviam  ne  colligat  ante,  veremur  : 
Cantantes  licet  usque  (minus  via  Isedet)  eamus. 
Cantantes  ut  eamus,  ego  hoc  te  fasce  levabo.  65 

MCE.  Desine  plura,  puer :  et  quod  nunc  instat,  agamus. 
Carmina  turn  melius,  cum  venerit  ipse,  canemus. 


51.  Ego  memini  me 
puerum  saepe  condere 


55.  Ista  carmina  tibi- 
seepe  satis 

56.  Longum  tempu* 


62.  Tamen  veniemus 
opportune 

63.  Ante*  quam  perve- 
nerimus   ad  earn,    licet 
nobis  ut  eamus  usque 
cantantes. 

66.  Desine  loqui  plura 
verba 

67.  Cum  Menalcas  ipse 


NOTES. 


1680.  In  its  nearest  approach  to  the  sun, 
its  tail  was'  about  60  degrees  long.  Pro- 
cessit;  moves  along — hath  begun  its  course. 

48.  Quo  segetes,  &c.  Under  which  (by  the 
influence  of  which)  the  fields  shall  rejoice 
with  corn.    Or,  the  crops  shall  abound  in 
grain ;  taking  segetes  for  the  stalks  or  spring- 
ing corn.    Gauderent,  by  enallage  for  gaude- 
bunt.    Sata  abundabunt  frumento,  says  Ru- 
seus. 

49.  Uva  duceret  colorem:   shall  take  co- 
lour— grow  ripe.      Duceret :    for  duett,  by 
enallage. 

50.  Insere  piros :  plant  or  graft  your  pear- 
trees.     The  star  of  Caesar  shall  extend  its 
influence   to   them.     They  will  grow  and 
flourish ;  and  if  y*m  should  not  live  to  reap 
the  fruit  of  your  labour  yourself,  be  assured 
your  offspring  will.     Piros  may  be  put  for 
'fruit  trees  in  general :   the  species  for  the 
genus. 

51.  JEtas :  in  the  sense  of  tempus.    Ani- 
mum :  in  the  sense  of  memoriam. 

52.  Condere  longos  Soles :  to  pass  or  spend 
long  days  in  singing.     Sol  is  often  taken  for 
the  day,  as  Luna  is  for  the  night.    See  ^En. 
2.  255. 

54.  Lupi  priores:  the  wolves  first  have 
seen  Moaris.   He  hath  lost  his  voice — he  can- 
not sing.     Alluding  to  a  superstitious  notion 
that  if  a  wolf  saw  a  man  the  first,  he  would 
lose  his  voice. 

55.  Referret:  in  the  sense  ofrecitabit. 

56.  Causando :  by  framing  excuses.  From 
the  verb  causor.    Ducis :  you  put  off — defer. 
Amores :  pleasmre — entertainment. 

57.  Omne  stratum  (equor,  &c.  The  whole 


level  surface  of  the  water,  is  still  for  you. 
Stratum:  smooth — level.  To  consider  stra- 
tum as  expressing  the  tranquillity  of  the  wa- 
ter is  mere  tautology :  that  is  sufficiently 
expressed  by  silet.  JEquor  any  plain  or 
level  surface,  whether  land  or  water ;  heres 
probably,  the  river  Mincius.  Omnes  auras, 
&c.  Every  breeze  of  whispering  wind  hath 
ceased.  Ventosi  murmuris :  in  the  sense  of 
murmurantis  venti. 

59.  Adeb:  only — surely. 

60.  Sepulchrum  Bianoris:    the  tomb  of 
Bianor.     He  was  said  to  be  the  son  of  the 
river   Tiber  and  the  nymph  Manto.      He 
founded,  or  rather  enlarged  Mantua,  and 
called  it  after  the  name  of  his  mother.     See 
JEn.  10.  198.    His  tomb  was  placed  by  the 
side  of  the  way. 

61.  Stringunt:  prune,  or  lop  off  the  thick 
boughs. 

62.  Urbem.   The  city  Mantua.     Depone 
hozdos :  lay  down  your  kids.    He  was  pro- 
bably carrying  them  upon  his  shoulders. 
Let  us  stay  here  awhile  and  amuse  our- 
selves in  singing:  we  shall,  nevertheless,, 
arrive  in  town  in  good  time. 

64.  Usque:  all  the  way— all  the  time. 
Lcedet :  in  the  sense  offatigabit. 

65.  Levabo  te,  £c.  I  will  ease  you  of  this 
burden — load :  to  wit,  the  kids,  which  he 
was  carrying  to  town  for  his  new  landlord. 
See  verse  6,  supra. 

66.  Puer :  swain.    It  is  applied  to  shep- 
herds in  general. 

67.  Cum  ipse,  &c.  It  is  probable  that  Virgil 
composed  this  Eclogue  when   he   was  at 
Rome. 


50 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


QUESTIONS. 


To  whom  did  the  estate  of  Virgil  fall  in 
the  distribution  of  the  Mantuan  lands  ? 

Did  he  receive  any  hard  treatment  from 
Arius?  How  did  he  save  his  life?  What 
was  the  name  of  his  steward  ?  Who  is  Ly- 
cidas  supposed  to  be  ?  When  does  the  pas- 
toral open  ?  Where  is  the  scene  laid  ?  What 
is  the  time  of  the  day?  What  is  the  subject 
of  this  pastoral?  What  is  the  character  of  it  ? 


What  is  the  distinction  between poeta,  and 
rates? 

What  remarkable  appearance  was  ob- 
served in  the  heavens  about  the  time  of  Ju- 
lius Csesar's  death  ? 

What  does  the  poet  call  it  ? 

When  did  it  appear  the  third  time  ? 

Who  was  Bianor?  What  did  he  do? 


ECLOGA   DECIMA. 


GALLUS. 


THE  subject  of  this  fine  pastoral  is  the  love  of  Gallus  for  Lycoris,  who  refused  liis  ad- 
dresses, and  gave  her  affections  to  an  officer.  This.  Gallus  was  a  particular  friend  of 
Virgil,  and  was  an  excellent  poet.  He  raised  himself  from  a  humble  station  to  great 
favor  with  Augustus,  who  appointed  him  governor  of  Egypt  after  the  death  of  Anthony 
and  Cleopatria. 

The  scene  of  the  pastoral  is  laid  in  Arcadia,  whither  the  poet  supposes  his  friend  to  have 
retired  in  the  height  of  his  passion.  Here  all  the  rural  deities  assemble  around  him, 
inquire  the  cause  of  his  grief,  and  endeavor  to  moderate  it.  This  Eclogue  is  not  Btir- 
passed  by  any  of  the  preceding,  except  the  fourth,  in  beauty  and  grandeur.  Here,  too, 
Virgil  imitates  Theocritus,  particularly  in  his  first  Idyl.  By  Lycoris  is  meant  Cytheris, 
a  most  beautiful  woman,  and  celebrated  actress. 


dicenda 


EXTREMUM  hunc,  Arethusa,  mihi  concede  laborem. 
2.  Pauca  carmina  sunt  Pauca  meo  Gallo,  sed  quae  legat  ipsa  Lycoris, 

Carmina  sunt  dicenda :  neget  quis  carmina  Gallo  ? 
Sic  tibi,  cum  fluctus  subter  labere  Sicanos, 
Doris  amara  suam  non  intermisceat  undam.  5 

Incipe,  sollicitos  Galli  dicamus  amores, 


NOTES. 


1.  drethusa.  A  nymph  of  great  beauty, 
the  daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris.  Also,  a 
fountain  on  the  island  Ortygia,  in  the  bay 
of  Syracuse,  upon  which  stood  a  part  of  the 
city.  Syracuse  was  famous  for  its  being 
the  birth  place  of  Theocritus  and  Archime- 
des ;  and  for  its  valiant  defence  against  the 
Roman  fleet  and  army  under  Marcellus.  It 
was  taken  after  a  siege  of  three  years. 
Concede,  &c.  Grant  me  this  last  work — 
favor  me  in  the  execution  of  this  my  last 
pastoral  essay.  The  reason  that  the  poet 
invoked  this  nymph  is,  that  she  was  the 
goddess  of  a  fountain  of  that  name,  in  the 
place  where  Theocritus  was  born,  and  where 
pastoral  poetry  was  much  cultivated. 

4.  Tibi :  with  thee — with  thy  water. 

5.  Amara  Doris.     Doris,  a  nymph  of  the 
sea,  the'daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys, 
and  married  to  her  brother  Nereus,  of  whom 


he  begat  the  nymphs  called  Nereides ;  hers 
put  by  meton.  for  the  sea,  whose  water  is 
salt  and  of  an  unpleasant  taste ;  which  the 
poet  prays  may  not  be  mingled  with  the  sweet 
and  pleasant  waters  of  the  fountain  Arethusa, 
in  its  passage  under  the  Sicilian  sea.  See 
JEn.  iii.  694  and  6.  Alpheus,  a  river  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  is  said  to  have  been  in  love 
with  the  nymph  Arethusa,  who,  flying  from 
him,  was  turned  by  Diana  into  a  fountain. 
She  made  her  escape  under  the  sea,  to  the 
island  Ortygia,  where  she  rose  up.  But  Al- 
pheus pursuing  her  by  the  same  way,  arose 
up  in  the  same  fountain,  mingling  his  waters 
with  hers.  Undam :  in  the  sense  of  aquam. 
6.  Galli.  There  were  several  persons  by 
the  name  of  Gallus.  The  one  here  meant 
is  Publius  Cornelius  Gallu*  He  raised 
himself  by  his  extraordinary  merit  to  great 
favour  with  Augustus,  who  appointed  him 


BUCOLICA.    ECL.  X. 


'Dum  tenera  attondent  simae  virgulta  capellae. 
Non  canimus  surdis,  respondent  omnia  sylvae. 
Quae  nemora,  aut  qui  vos  saltus  habuere,  puellae 
Naiades,  indigno  cum  Gallus  amore  periret  ? 
Nam  neque  Parnassi  vobis  juga,  nam  neque  Pindi 
Ulla  moram  fecere,  neque  Aonia  Aganippe. 
Ilium  etiam  lauri,  ilium  etiam  flevere  myricae. 
Pinifer  ilium  etiam  sola,  sub  rupe  jacentem 
Maenalus,  et  gelidi  fleverunt  saxa  Lycaei. . 
Stant  et  oves  circum,  nostri  nee  poenitet  illas  : 
Nee  te  pceniteat  pecoris,  divine  poeta. 
Et  formosus  oves  ad  flumina  pavit  Adonis. 
Venit  et  upilio,  tardi  venere  bubulci : 
Uvidus  hyberna  venit  de  glande  Menalcas.  \ 

Omnes,  unde  amor  iste,  rogant,  tibi  ?  Venit  Apollo. 
Galle,  quid  insanis  ?  inquit :  tua  cura  Lycoris, 
Perque  nives  alium,  perque  horrida  castra  secuta  est. 
Venit  et  agresti  capitis  Sylvanus  lionore, 


ia 

11.  Nam  neque  ulla 
juga  Parnassi,  nam  ne- 
que ulla  juga  Pindi,  ne- 
que fons,  Aonia  Aga- 
nippe, fecere  ullam  mo- 
1 5  ram  vobis.  Etiam  lauri 
flecerunt  ilium 


21.  Unde  est  iste  amor 
tibi,  O  Galle 


NOTES. 


governor  of  Egypt  after  the  death  of  An- 
tony and  Cleopatria.  His  prince,  however, 
for  some  cause  or  other,  conceiving  a  violent 
enmity  against  him,  sent  him  into  banish- 
ment ;  which  sentence  was  ratified  by  the 
senate.  This  cruel  and  undeserved  treat- 
ment had  such  an  effect  upon  his  mind, 
that  he  killed  himself.  After  his  death, 
Augustus  lamented  his  own  severity  and 
that  of  the  senate  towards  so  worthy  a  man. 
Gallus  was  a  great  friend  of  Virgil,  and 
highly  esteemed  by  Pollio  and  Cicero.  He 
was  a  poet  as  well  as  statesman  and  soldier. 
It  is  said  he  wrote  four  book  of  elegies  to 
Cytheris,  whom  Virgil  calls  Lycoris.  He 
also  translated  some  part  of  the  works  of 
Euphorion,  a  poet  of  Chalets. 

7.  Simce:  flat-nosed. 

8.  Respondent;   will  answer — will  echo 
back  our  song. 

9.  Habuere  vos ;  in  the  sense  of  detinuerunt 
vos.    Nemora:  properly  signifies  a  grove  or 
wood  thinly  set  with  trees,  where  flocks  may 
feed  arid  graze;    derived  from  the  Greek. 
Saltus :  properly  a  thick  wood,  where  bushes 
and  fallen  trees  do  not-  permit  animals  to 
pass  without  leaping ;  from  salio.    Habuere 
vos :  detained  you  from  coming  to  console 
Gallus  in  Ms  grief.     Puellce:  in  the  sense 
of  nymphcE. 

11.  Juga:  in  the  sense  of  cacumina. 
Parnassi.  Parnassus  was  a  mountain,  or 
rather  range  of  mountains  in  Phocis,  sacred 
to  the  Muses.  Pindi.  Pindus  was  a  range 
of  mountains  in  the  confines  of  Epirus  and 
Macedonia,  also  sacred  to  the  Muses.  Aga- 
nippe was  the  name  of  a  fountain  issuing 
from  mount  HeHcon  in  Beotia,  and  flowing 
into  the  river  Permessus.  It  is  called  Aonian, 
from  Aon,  the  son  of  Neptune,  who  reigned 
in  Beotia. 


15.  McEnalus.     A  mountain  in  Arcadia, 
celebrated  for  its  pines.     Lycai.    Lycaeus, 
a  mountain  of  the  same  country,  noted  for 
its  rocks  and  snows ;  hence  the  epithet  ge- 
lidi.     The  whole  of  this  passage  is  very 
fine.    It  contains  a  reproof  to  the  nymphs  for 
not  assisting  in  alleviating  the  grief  of  Gallus. 

16.  Stant  et  oves,&Lc.  His  flocks  too  stand 
around  him — nor  are  they  ashamed  of  him 
— nor  do  they  disregard  his  grief.     Gallus 
is  represented  under  the  character  of  a  swain, 
feeding  his  sheep  on  the  mountains  of  Ar- 
cadia.    Nostri :  our  friend — Gallus. 

18.  Adonis.     He  was  the  son  of  Cinyras, 
king  of  the  island  of  Cyprus,  by  his  daugh- 
ter Myrrha.      He   was  so   beautiful,   that 
Venus  ranked  him  among  her  favorites,  and 
honored  him  with  her  bed.     When  hunting, 
he  received  a  wound  from  a  boar,  of  which 
he  died,  and  was  greatly  lamented  by  her. 

19.  Venit  et  upilio :  the  shepherd  too  came, 
and  the  slow  moving  herdsmen  came.  Upilio, 
for  opilio,  by  metaphasmus.     Opilio,  proba- 
bly from  oves,  by  changing  the  r  into  p. 
The  word  et  is  often  used  to  express  empha- 
sis, and  has  the  force  of  etiam  or  quoque,  as 
in  the  present  case.     When  it  has  its  cor- 
respondent et  in  the  following  member  of 
the  sentence,  it  is  usually  translated  by  the 
word  both,  and  the  following  et  by  and.  The 
conj.  que,  when  it  has  its    correspondent 
que,  is  rendered  in  the  same  way. 

'20.  Uvidus  de :  wet  from  gathering  the 
winter  mast. 

21.  Apollo.      He  came,  the  first  of  the 
gods;  because  he  was  the  god  of  poetry. 

22.  Tua  cura :  "for  tua  arnica. 

24.  Sylvanus.  He  was  the  god  of  the 
woods,  and  said  to  be  the  son  of  Mars.  He 
always  bore  on  his  head  a  branch  of  cypress. 
Like  Pan.  HP  was  represented  ap  half  man. 


P.  VIKGILH  MARONIS 


Florentes  ferulas  et  grandia  lilia  quassans.  Si5 

26.  Quern  nos  ipsi  vi-  pan  Deus  Arcadiae  venit,  quern  vidimus  ipsi 
Sanguineis  ebuli  baccis  minioque^rubentem. 
Ecquis  erit  modus  ?  inquit :  amor  non  talia  curat. 
29.  Crudelis  amor  nee  Nee  lacrymis  crudelis  amor,  nee  gramina  rivis, 
saturatur  lacrymis         Nec  cytiso  saturantur  apes,  nee  fronde  capelte.         30 

31.  At  ille  tristis  in-  Tristis  at  ille :  Tamen  cantabitis,  Arcades,  inquit, 
quit  :tamen,0  Arcades,  Montibug  hjec  vestris  .   8oli  cantare  periti 

Arcades.     O.mibi  turn  quam  molliter  ossa  quiescant, 
Vestra  meos  olim  si  fistula  dicat  amores ! 

35.   Utinam  fuissem  Atque  utinam  ex  vobis  unus,  vestrique  fuissem  35 

mius  ex  vobis  Aut  custos  gregis,  aut  maturae  vinitor  uvse  ! 

37.  Certe  sive  Phillis,  Certe  sive  mihi  Phyllis,  sive  esset  Amyntas, 
sive  Amyntas,  seu  qui-geu  quicumque  furor  (quid  turn,  si  fuscus  Amyntas  ? 

ro7lUceereTet  Et  nigrse  violae  sunt'  et  vaccinia  nigra.) 

Mecum  inter  salices  lentS.  sub  vite  jaceret.  40 

42.    Hie,  O  Lycori,  gerta  mihi  Phyllis  legeret,  cantaret  Amyntas. 

44.  Insanus  amor  de-  ¥T 

tinet  me  in*  armis  duri  "1C  nemus  :  hie  ipso  tecum  consumerer  OBVO. 
Martis  inter  Nunc  insanus  amor  duri  me  Martis  in  armis 


NOTES. 


and  half  goat.  He  fell  in  love  with  Cypa- 
•r  ins-its,  the  favorite  of  Apollo,  who  was 
changed  into  a  tree  of  that  name.  Agres- 
ti  konore  capitis :  with  the  rustic  honor  of 
his  head — with  a  garland  of  leaves  upon 
his  head.  Honore :  in  the  sense  of  corona. 
25.  Florentes  ferulas:  blooming  fennel. 
There  are  two  kinds  of  ferula,  or  fennel, 
the  small,  or  common,  and  the  large,  or 
giant  fennel.  This  last  grows  to  the  height 
of  six  or  seven  feet.  The  stalks  are  thick, 
and  filled  with  a  fungous  pith,  which  is  used 
in  Sicily  for  the  same  purpose  as  tinder  is 
with  us,  to  kindle  fire.  From  this  circum- 
stance, the  poets  feigned  that  Prometheus 
stole  the  heavenly  fire  and  brought  it  to  earth 
in  a  stalk  of  ferula.  Some  derive  the  name 
from  ferendo,  because  its  stalk  was  used  as  a 
walking-stick ;  others  derive  it  fromymewrfo, 
because  it  was  used  by  school-masters  to 
strike  their  pupils  with  on  the  hand.  Hence 
the  modern  instrument,  or  ferula,  which  is 
used  for  the  same  puipose,  though  very  dif- 
ferent from  the  ancient  one,  and  capable  of 
giving  much  greater  pain. 

27.  Rubenlem :  stained  with  the  red  ber- 
fies  of  alder,  and  with  vermilion.      Ebuli. 
Ebalum  is  the  plant  called  dwarf  elder.     It 
grows  about  three  feet  high,  and  bears  red 
berries.     In   England  it  has  obtained  the 
name  of  dane-wort ;  because  it  was  fabled 
to  have  sprung  from  the  blood  of  the  Danes, 
at  the  time  of  their  massacre.     It  is  chiefly 
found  in  church-yards.     Minio.     Minium  is 
the  native  cinnabar.    It  was  the  vermilion 
of  the  ancients ;  it  is  our  present  red-lead. 

28.  Modus :  in  the  sense  of  finis. 

29.  Rivis :  with  streams,  or  rills  of  water. 
3fK  'Saturan-lm- :  are  satisfied. 


31.  Arcades.     This  address  of  Gallus  to 
the  Arcadians  is  tender  and  pathetic,  espe- 
cially that  part  of  it  where  he  wishes  he 
had    been  only    a  humble     shepherd  like 
them. 

32.  Hoc :  these  my  misfortunes. 

33.  O  tjuam  molliter :  O  how  softly  then 
my  bones,  &c.;  alluding  to  a  superstitious 
notion  of  the  ancients  that  the  bodies  of 
the  dead  might  be  oppressed  by  the  weight 
of  the  earth  cast  upon  them.     Accordingly 
they  crumbled  it  fine,  and  cast  it  lightly  into 
the  grave,  using  the  words,  sil  tibi  terra  levis  : 
may  the  earth  be  light  upon  thee. 

34.  Olim:   hereafter.     This  word   refers 
to  future  as  well  as  to  past  time.     Mihi :  in 
the  sense  of  mea,  agreeing  with  ossa. 

36.  Vinitor :  a  vine-dresser.     It  seems  to 
be  used  here  in  the  sense  of  rindemiator,  a  ' 
gatherer  of  grapes — a  vintager. 

38.  Furor.     This  word  properly  signifies 
any  inordinate  passion,  such  as  love,  angor. 
rage,  fury,  and  the  like;  by  meton.  the  ob- 
ject of  such  passion — the  person  loved. — 
Fuscus :  black.     The  verb  s-it  is  to  be  sup- 
plied. 

39.  Vaccinia  ;  whortle-berries,  or  bil-ber- 
ries.     Mr.  Martyn  takes  the  word  for  the 
flower  of  the  hyacinth. 

41.  Serta:  garlands  of  flowers. 

43.  Consumerer,  &c.    I  could  spend  my 
very  life  here  with  you  in  this  pleasant  re- 
treat, gazing  upon  the  beauty  of  your  per- 
son, llueeus  says  :  tradncerem  omucm  (rtatein 
tecum.     But  consumerer  may  be  used  in  the 
sense   of  the  Greek  middle  voice.     Virgil 
was  fond  of  the  Greek  idiom. 

44.  JVuwc  insanus  amor,  &c.     The  mean- 
ing of  this  passage  appears  to  hr> :  in  thfc 


BUCOLICA.    ECL.  X. 


Tela  inter  media  atque  adversos  detinet  hostes. 
Tu  procul  a  patr&  (nee  sit  mini  credere)  tanturn 
Alpinas,  ah  dura,  nives,  et  frigora  Rheni 
Me  sine  sola  vides.     Ah  te  ne  frigora  Isedant ! 
Ah  tibi  ne  teneras  glacies  secet  aspera  plantas  ! 
Ibo,  et  Chalcidico  quae  sunt  mihi  condita  versu 
Carmina  pastoris  Siculi  modulabor  avena. 
Certum  est  in  sylvis,  inter  spelaea  ferarum, 
Malle  pati,  tenerisque  meos  incidere  amores 
Arboribus  :  crescent  illae,  crescetis  amores. 
Interea  mixtis  lustrabo  Maenala  Nymphis, 
Aut  acres  venabor  apros  :  non  me  ulla  vetabunt 
Frigora  Parthenios  canibus  circumdare  saltus. 


45 

46.  Tu,  ah  dura /emi- 
na !  procul  a  patria  (uti- 
nam  sit  mihi  nee  credere 
id)  vides  tantum  Alpi- 
nas nives,  et  frigora 
50  Rheni,  sola  sine  me. 

50.  Et  modulabor 
avena  Siculi  pastoris 
Theocriti,  carmina,  quee 

54.  Illae  arbores  cres- 
-  r  cent :  MM,  O  mi  araores 


NOTES. 


pleasant  place,  if  you  had  consented,  we 
might  have  both  lived  happy  and  secure. 
But  now,  on  account  of  your  cruelty,  we 
are  both  unhappy  and  miserable.  Through 
despair,  I  expose  myself  to  the  dangers  and 
hazards  of  war ;  and  in  the  mean  time  your 
love  of  a  soldier  hurries  you  to  distant 
countries,  over  the  snows  of  the  Alps,  &c. 
Gallus  here  supposes  Cytheris  to  accompany 
her  lover,  and  to  undergo  the  fatigues  and 
hardships  incident  to  a  military  life.  Me. 
This  passage  would  be  much  easier,  if  we 
could  read  te  in  the  room  of  me.  The  sense 
naturally  leads  to  such  reading ;  but  we 
have  no  authority  for  making  the  substitu- 
tion. Martis.  Mars  was  esteemed  the  god 
of  war.  He  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Juno,  as  some  say;  others  say,  of  Juno 
alone.  His  education  was  intrusted  to  Pri- 
apus,  who  taught  him  all  the  manly  exerci- 
ses. In  the  Trojan  war,  he  took  a  very 
active  part,  and  was  always  at  hand  to  as- 
sist the  favorites  of  Venus.  His  amours 
with  that  goddess  have  been  much  celebra- 
ted by  the  poets.  Vulcan,  her  husband, 
being  informed  of  their  intrigue,  made  a  net 
of  such  exquisite  workmanship,  that  it  could 
not  be  perceived.  In  this  net  he  caught  the 
two  lovers,  and  exposed  them  to  the  ridicule 
of  the  gods.  He  kept  them  in  this  situation 
for  a  considerable  time,  till  Neptune  pre- 
vailed upon  him  to  set  them  at  liberty. 
The  worship  of  Mars  was  not  very  general 
among  the  Greeks,  but  among  the  Romans 
he  received  the  most  unbounded  honors. 
His  most  famous  temple  was  built  by  Au- 
gustus, after  the  battle  of  Phillippi,  and  de- 
dicated to  Mars  UUor.  His  priests  were 
called  Salii,  and  were  first  instituted  by 
Numa.  Their  chief  office  was  to  keep  the 
sacred  ancyle,  or  shield,  which  was  supposed 
.  to  have  fallen  from  heaven.  Mars  was 
sometimes  called  Gradivus,  Mavors,  and 
Quirmus ;  by  meton.  put  for  war  in  general 
—a  battle— a  fight,  &c. 

45.  Adversos :  in  the  sense  of  infestos. 

46,  Tantum :  only — nothing  beside. 


57.  Alpinas :  an  adj.  from  Alpes,  a  very 
high  range  of  mountains  separating  Italy 
from  France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany, 
and  covered  with  almost  perpetual  snow. 
Rheni:  the  river  Rhine.  It  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Switzerland,  and  runs  a  north- 
erly course,  forming  the  boundary  between 
France  and  Germany,  and  falls  into  the 
German  sea  near  the  Hague.  Its  length  is 
near  six  hundred  miles.  Dura :  in  the  s^nse 
of  crudelis.  Sola :  Lycoris  was  alone,  as 
respected  Gallus. 

49.  Plantas :  in  the  sense  of  pedes.    As- 
pera :  sharp.     The  whole  of  this  address  to 
his  mistress  is  extremely  tender  and  pathe- 
tic. 

50.  Quce  condita  sunt,  &c.    Which  were 
composed  by  me  in  elegiac  verse.     Ckalci- 
dico :  an  adj.  from  Ckalcis,  a  city  of  Eubcea, 
(hodie,  Negraponfy  the  birth-place  of  Eu- 
phorion,  an   elegiac  poet ;  some  of  whose 
verses,  it  is  said,  Gallus  turned  into  Latin 
verse.     To  this,  Ruaeus  thinks,  the  poet  re- 
fers.     However  this   may   be,    it   cannot 
be  made   from  the  words  without  strfin- 
ing  them.     They  simply  imply  that  Gallus 
wrote  some  verses  or  poems  in  the  same 
kind  of  verse,  or  measure,  in  which  Eupho- 
rion  wrote. 

51.  Modulabor :  in  the  sense  of  canam. 

52.  Certum  est,  £c.    It  is  certain — I  am 
resolved,  that  I   had  rather  suffer  in   tho 
woods  any  dangers  and  hardships  than  fol- 
low after  Lycoris.     These,  or  words  of  the 
like  import,  seem  to  be  necessary  to  make 
the   sense   complete.        Spel&a:    dens,   or 
haunts  of  wild  beasts ;  from  the  Greek. 

53.  Incidere :  to  cut,  or  inscribe. 

55.  Mcenala:   neu.  plu.   a  mountain  in 
Arcadia.    In  the  sing.  Mcenalus.     Lustrabo : 
in  the  .sense  of  circumibo.    Mixtis  nymphis. 
The  meaning  is,  that  he  was  in  company 
with  the  nymphs ;,  or  that  they,  in  confused 
and  irregular  order,  pursued  their  course. 

56.  Acres:  fierce — dangerous.  Vetabunt: 
in  the  sense  of  prohibebunt. 

57.  Parthemn*.    Parthenius  was  a  moun*- 


P.  V1RGILII  MARONIS 


Jam  mihi  per  rupes  videor  lucosque  sonantes 
Ire  :  libet  Partho  torquere  Cydonia  cornu 
60.    Tanquam    heec  Spicula  :  tanquam  haec  sint  nostri  medicina  furoris,   60 

nn\a  Ant  in  -if* -^Ut  D'eus  i^e  mans  hominum  mitescere  discat. 

I.  Aut  tanquam  me  r  TT          ,         ,  ... 

scupido  Jam  neclue  Hamadryades  rursum,  nee  carmina  nobis 

64.  Ilium  Deum  ewpi-Ipsa  placent :  ipsae  rursum  concedite  sylvae. 
dinem ;  nee  equidem,  si  Non  illuni  nostri  possunt  mutare  labores  ; 

Nee  si  frigoribus  mediis  Hebrumque  bibamus,  fif> 

Sithoniasque  uives  hyemis  subeamus  aquosae  : 

ver7emuteover^thioBiNeC  si>  C"m  moriens  alt^  liber  aret  in  ulmo» 

u^sub8  sidere  cancn", ^tm<>Pum  versemus  oves  sub  sidere  Caneri. 

cum  '  Omnia  vincit  amor ;  et  nos  cedamus  amori. 

70.  O  Dive  Pierides,  Haec  sat  erit,  Divae,  vestrum  cecinisse  poetam,  70 

sat  erit  vestrum  poetam  Dum  sedet,  et  gracili  fiscellam  texit  hibisco, 
~ ierides  :  vos  haec  facietis  maxima  Gallo  : 
Gallo,  cujus  amor  tantum  mihi  crescit  in  horas, 
Quantum  vere  novo  viridis  se  subjicit  alnus. 
Surgamus  :  solet  esse  gravis  cantantibus  umbra :       75 


NOTES. 


tain  in  Arcadia,  where  virgins  used  to  hunt ; 
from  a  Greek  word  signifying  a  virgin.  It 
is  here  used  as  an  adj.  Circumdare :  in  the 
sens%  of  cingere. 

'58.  Sonantes:  echoing — resounding. 

59.  Cydonia:  an  adj.  from  Cyrfon,  a  city 
of  Crete,  the  arrows  of  which  were  held  in 
great  estimation.  Partho  cornu :  a  Parthian 
bow.     The  Parthians  were  a  people  famed 
for  their  skill  in  handling  the  bow,  which 
they  made  of  honi.     Hence  cornu :  a  bow. 
Libet:  in  the  sense  of  jurat. 

60.  Medicina  furoris:  a  remedy  for  our 
love.     Tanquam :  as  if.    . 

61.  Malis :  in  the  sense  of  miser  Us. 

62.  Hamadryades :  nymphs  of  the  woods 
and  trees.     Their  fate  was  supposed  to  be 
connected   with   that   of   particular   trees, 
with  which  they  lived  and  died.     It  is  de- 
rived from  the  Greek.     See  Eel.  ii.  46. 

63.  Rursum  concedite :  again,  ye  woods, 
farewell.     Concedite^  is  here  elegantly  put 
for  valete.  I  wish  you  may  grow  and  flourish, 
though  /  languish  and  die. 

65.  Hebrum.     The  Hebrus  is  the  largest 
river  of  Thrace,  rising  out  of  mount  Rho- 
dope,  near  its  junction  with  mount  Hcemus, 
and  taking  a  southerly  course,  falls  into  the 
jEgean  sea:  Hodie,  Marisa.     The  ancient 
Thrace   forms  a  province  of  the  Turkish 
empire,  by  the  name  of  Romania.    Frigori- 
bus :  in  the  sense  of  hyeme. 

66.  Sithonias:   an  adj.  from  Sithonia,  a 
part  of  Thrace,  bordering  upon  the  Euxine 
sea.     Subeamus:  endure — undergo. 

67.  Morien?  lib.tr :  the  withering  bark,  or 
rind. 


68.  Versemus :  feed,  or  tend  upon ;  in  the 
sense  of  pasceremus.    JEthiopum :  gen.  plu. 
of  JEthwps,  an  inhabitant  of  ./Ethiopia,  an 
extensive  country  in  Africa,  lying  principal- 
ly within  the  torrid  zone.     Here  it  is  put  for 
the  inhabitants  of  any  country  lying  in  a 
hot  climate.     Caneri.   Cancer  is  one  of  the 
twelve  signs  of  the  Zodaic.     The  sun  en- 
ters it  about  the  twenty-first  day  of  June, 
causing  our  longest  day. 

69.  jJmor  vincit,  &c.     The  poet  here  hath 
finely   represented  the   various  resolutions 
and  passions   of  a   lover.     Gallus  having 
tried  various  expedients  to  divert  his  affec- 
tions,and  finding  nothing  sufficiently  enticing 
to  him,  to  accomplish  that  end,  finally  aban- 
dons the  vain  pursuit  with  this  reflection : 
Love  conquers  all  things — let  us  yield  to  love. 

71.  Texit:  formed — made.    Hibisco:    in 
the  sense  of  vimine. 

72.  Maxima:     most    acceptable — most 
precious. 

73.  In  horas:  hourly — every  hour. 

74.  Subjicit  se :  shoots  itself  up — springs 
up. 

75.  Umbra  sokl,  &c.    The  shade  of  the 
evening  is  wont  to  be  injurious  to  singers. 
Umbra  here  must  mean  the  shade  or  dusk  of 
the  evening,  which,  on  account  of  the  falling 
dew,  is  reckoned  an  unhealthy  part  of  the 
day.     That  the  word  is  to  be  taken  in  this 
sense,  appears  from  the  circumstance  men- 
tioned in'the  following  line.  Hesperus  venit  : 
the  evening  star  is  approaching.     Cantanti' 
bus ;  some  read  cunctantibus :  to  those  de- 
laying, or  loiterinjr. 


BUCOLICA.    ECL.  X, 


55 


Juniperi  gravis  umbra :  nocent  et  frugibus  umbrae. 
lie  domum  saturae,  venit  Hesperus,  ite  capellae. 


77.  T(w,  O  mm  satu- 
roe  capellae,  ite,  ite  do  - 
mum. 


NOTES. 


76.  Umbra  juniperi:  the  shade  of  the 
juniper  tree  is  injurious :  not  so  in  fact ; 
it  is  both  pleasant  and  healthy.  It  is 
odoriferous  in  itself,  and  is  often  burned, 
to  absorb  the  noxious  part  of  the  atmos- 
phere, and  to  prevent  infection.  Poets  often 
take  liberties  that  are  not  allowable  in  prose 
writers.  They  may  follow  the  common  re- 
ceived opinions  of  things,  however  incor- 
rect, without  justly  incurring  censure.  This 


we  may  be  sure  Virgil  did  in  the  present 
instance.  It  might  have  been  the  current 
opinion  that  the  juniper  tree  changed  its 
qualities  as  the  evening  came  on ;  or,  we 
may  understand  it  thus :  so  noxious  is  the 
evening  air,  that  even  the  jumper  tree  will 
not  secure  from  its  effects. 

77.  Saturn:  full-fed—sufficiently  fed; 
implying  that  time  enough  had  been  spent 
in  pastoral  writing. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  pastoral? 

Who  was  Gallus? 

Where  is  the  scene  of  the  pastoral  laid  ? 

What  took  place  after  his  arrival  in  Ar- 
cadia ? 

What  is  the  character  of  this  pastoral?  . 

Whom  does  Virgil  imitate  ? 

Who  was  Lycoris  ? 

Who  was  Arethusa  ? 

Was  there  any  fountain  of  that  name? 

Where  was  it  situated  ? 

For  what  was  Syracuse  famous  ? 

Why  did  the  poet  invoke  the  nymph  Are- 
thusa ? 

What  is  said  of  the  river  Alpheus? 

Where  was  the  mountain  Parnassus? 


Where  was  Pindus? 

Where  were  the  mountains  Meenalus  and 
Lycaeus  ? 

What  is  said  of  them? 

Who  was  Mars? 

What  is  said  of  him? 

By  whom  was  the  most  celebrated  temple 
of  Mars  built? 

What  were  his  priests  called  ? 

What  was  their  chief  office  ? 

What  were  the  names  of  Mars  ? 

For  what  is  the  word  Mars  put  for  by 
meton.  ? 
'  Where  is  the  river  Hebrus  ? 

Where  does  it  rise  and  empty  its  waters  ? 

Where  is  .Ethiopia  situated? 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  OEORGICS. 


THE  civil  wars,  that  had  distracted  the  Roman  empire,  had  nearly  deso* 
lated  Italy.  The  land  lay  neglected,  and  the  inhabitants  were  reduced  t6 
great  distress  for  want  of  the  necessaries  of  life.  In  this  state  of  things, 
they  cast  the  blame  upon  Augustus,  and  murmured  against  his  administra- 
tion. To  remedy  the  existing  evils,  and  to  avert  heavier  calamities,  it 
became  necessary  to  revive  agriculture ;  which  for  many  years  had  been 
almost  wholly  neglected,  the  people  being  taken  from  their  lands  to  supply 
the  armies.  It  occurred  to  Mfficenas  that  a  treatise  upon  that  subject  would 
be  highljr  useful  to  the  inhabitants  of  Italy ;  he  therefore  engaged  Virgil, 
who  had  just  finished  his  Eclogues,  to  undertake  the  work.  It  had  the 
desired  effect.  For,  after  the  publication  of  the  Georgics,  Italy  began  to 
assume  a  new  and  flourishing  appearance,  and  the  people  found  themselves 
in  plenty,  and  in  the  enjoyment  of  peace  and  content. 

Virgil  spent  about  seven  years  in  this  part  of  his  works.  His  correct 
taste,  his  chaste  style,  and  above  all,  his  extensive  knowledge,  duly  quali- 
fied him  for  a  work  of  this  kind.  The  Georgics,  like  the  Eclogues,  were 
every  where  well  received. 

The  rules  for  the  improvement  of  husbandry,  and  the  advice  given  to 
the  farmer  upon  the  several  subjects  connected  with  it,  were  not  only  suited 
to  the  climate  of  Italy,  but  have  been  esteemed  valuable  in  every  country 
where  "  due  honor  has  been  paid  to  the  plough,"  down  to  the  present  time. 

The  word  Georgica  is  from  the  Greek.  Its  original  word  properly  sig- 
nifies the  cultivation  or  tillage  of  the  earth.  In  the  Georgics,  Virgil  imitated 
Hesiod,  who  wrote  a  treatise  upon  this  subject,  entitled,  Opera  et  Dies,  but 
he  far  excelled  him  in  every  respect.  He  began  this  part  of  his  works  in 
the  year  of  Rome  717,  being  then  about  thirty-two  years  of  age,  and  dedi- 
cated it  to  Maecenas,  his  friend  and  patron,  at  whose  request  he  wrote  it. 

The  Georgics  are  divided  into  four  books.  The  first  treats  of  the  various 
soils,  and  the  proper  method  of  managing  each.  The  second  treats  of  the 
various  ways  of  propagating  fruit  trees,  and  particularly  the  vine.  The  third 
treats  of  the  several  kinds  of  grass,  and  the  proper  method  of  raising  horses, 
cattle,  sheep  and  goats.  The  fourth  treats  of  the  proper  management  of 
bees. 

With  the  main  subject,  the  poet  hath  interwoven  several  very  interesting 
fables  and  episodes,  which  contribute  to  our  pleasure,  and  relieve  the  mind 
under  the  dryness  of  precept. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  was  the  state  of  Italy,  when  Virgil  Were  they  well  received  by  his  countrymen* 

began  his  Georgics  ?  Was  Virgil  well  qualified  to  write  upon 

At  whose  request  did  he  write  them  ?  the  subject  of  agriculture  ? 

To  whom  did  he  dedicate  them  ?  Whom  did  he  imitate  ? 

What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  Geor-  What  is  the  comparative  merit  of  each 

gica,  or  Georgics  ?  work  ? 

From  what  language  is  the  word  derived  ?  Do  the  Georgics  contain  valuable  rules 

What  effect  had  the  Georgics  upon  the  and  directions  to  the  agriculturalist  in  all 

state  of  Italy  ?  countries  ? 

How  long  was  Virgil  in  writing  them  ?  Into  how  many  books  are  they  divided? 

In  what  year  of  Rome  did  he  begin  them?  What  is  the  subject,  of  each  book  ?  &e. 

8 


P.  VIRGILII    MAROMS 


GEORGICA. 


L.IBER    PRIMUS. 


Tins  BOOK  opens  with  the  plan  of  the  whole  work :  and  in  the  four  first  lines  informs  us 
of  the  subject  of  each  book.  The  poet  then  proceeds  to  invok%  the  Gods,  that  were 
thought  to  have  any  concern  in  the  affairs  of  tillage  or  husbandry  and  particularly,  he 
compliments  Augustus  with  divinity.  After  which,  he  goes  on  to  show  the  different 
kinds  of  tillage  proper  for  the  different  soils.  He  traces  out  the  origin  of  agriculture. 
He  describes  the  various  implements  proper  for  that  use.  He  notices  the  prognostics 
of  the  weather.  And  concludes,  by  relating  the  prodigies  which  happened  about  the 
time  of  Julius  Caesar's  death ;  and  by  invoking  the  Gods  for  the  safety  of  Augustus, 
his  prince. 

The  whole  is  embellished  with  a  variety  of  other  matter,  so  judiciously  blended  with  the 
subject,  that,  besides  preventing  languor  and  fatigue  under  the  dryness  of  precept,  it  con- 
tributes to  our  pleasure  and  delight. 


QUID  faciat  laetas  segetes ;  quo  sidere  terram 
Vertere,  Maecenas,  ulmisque  adjungere  vites, 
Conveniat :  quae  cura  bourn  ;  qui  cultus  habendo 
Sit  pecori ;  atque  apibus  quanta  experientia  parcis ; 
Hinc  canere  incipiam.     Vos,  6  clarissima  mundi 
Lumina,  labentem^oBlo  quae  ducitis  annum  : 
Liber  et  alma  CeTe%,  vestro  si  munere  tellus 
Chaoniam  pingui  glandem  mutavit  arista, 
Poculaque  inventis  Acheloia  miscuit  uvis : 


2.  O  Maecenas,  inei- 

piam  canere  hinc,  quid 

faciat  Isetas  segetes,  qua 

sidere  conveniat  vertere 

«  terram 

3.  Quae  sit  cura  bourn ; 
qui 

7.  O  Liber,  et  alma 
Ceres,  si 


NOTES. 


1.  Ltttas :  in  the  sense  ofcopiosasvelfer* 
tiles. 

3.  Qui  cultus,  &c.  What  management  is 
necessary  for  raising  cattle.     It  is  plain  that 
necessarius,  aptus,  or  some  word  of  the  like 
import,  is  to  be  supplied,  agreeing  with  cul- 
tus.   Habendo  may  be  a  fiiture  past  pass, 
or  a  gerund  in  do,  of  the  dat.  case. 

4.  Quanta  experientia,  &c.     How  great 
care,  or  attention,  is  necessary  to  rear  the 
frugal  bees.     Or  it  may  mean ;  how  great 
experience,  foresight,  and  regular  manage- 
ment, in  their  affairs,  there  may  be  to  the 
frugal  bees.      When  sentences  are  very  el- 
liptical, it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  fall  upon 
the  meaning  of  the  author. 

6»  Lumina.    We  are  here  to  understand, 
I  apprehend,  the  sun  and  moon,  as  they  go- 


vern the  seasons;  rather  than  Ceres  and 
Bacchus,  as  some  imagine. 

7.  Liber  et  alma  Ceres.  Ruseus  considers 
these  as  the  Clarissima  Lumina  mundi  in 
the  preceding  line.  But  the  reason  which 
he  gives  for  so  doing  appears  insufficient. 
Alma:  an  adj.  cherishing — nourishing.  In 
this  sense  it  is  a  very  appropriate  epithet  of 
Ceres,  as  being  the  goddess  of  husbandry, 
It  also  signifies,  pure — holy,  &c. 

8  Chaoniam  glandem :  Chaonian  acorns, 
or  mast :  here  put  for  mast  in  general ;  the 
species  for  the  genus.  Chaoniam:  an  adj. 
from  Chaonia,  a  part  of  Epirus,  in  which 
was  the  famous  grove  Dodona,  that  abound-* 
ed  in  mast-trees. 

9.  Achelo'ia  pocula :  draughts  of  pure  wa- 
ter. Pocula,  properly  the  cups,  here  put  by 


CO 


10,  Et  vos,  O  Fauni, 
prsesentia  numina  agres- 
tum ;  O  Faunique  Dry- 
adesque puellse,  ferte 
pedem  simul : 

14.  Et,  tu  O  Aristae, 
cultor  nemorum,  cui  ter 
centum  nivei  juvenci 

IG.Twipse^Tegenee 
Pan,  custos  ovium,  lin- 
quens patrium  nemus, 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Et  vos,  agrestum  praesentia  numina,  Fauni,  10 

Ferte  simul  Faunique  pedem  Dryadesque  puellse ; 
Munera  vestra  caiio.     Tuque  6,  cui  prima  frementera 
Fudit  equum  magno  tellus  percussa  tridenti, 
Neptune  :  et  cultor  nemorum,  cui  pinguia  CSBSG 
Ter  centum  nivei  tondent  duineta  juvenci :  li> 

Ipse  nemus  linquens  patrium,  saltusque  Lycaei, 
Pan  ovium  custos,  tua  si  tibi  Maenala  curae, 
Adsis,  6  Tegeaee,  favens :  oleaeque  Minerva 


NOTES. 


meton.  for  the  water  itself.  Acheloia :  an 
adj.  from  Achelous,  a  river  of  ^tolia,  sup- 
posed by  the  ancients  to  have  been  the  first 
that  arose  out  of  the  earth :  hence  put,  fre- 
quently, for  water  in  general.  Ceres,  it  is 
said,  taught  men  husbandry,  and  Bacchus, 
the  cultivation  of  the  vine :  to  which  the 
words  Vestro  munere  allude.  At  the  first, 
men  lived  upon  the  spontaneous  productions 
of  the  earth. 

10.  Prasentia  :  in  the  sense  ofpropitia. 

11.  Dryades.  Nymphs  or  goddesses  of  the 
woods,  from  a  Greek  word  signifying  an 
oak.     Sec  Eel.  ii.  46. 

14.  Neptune.  Neptune,  god  of  the  sea, 
and  father  of  fountains  and  rivers.  He  was 
the  son  of  Saturn  and  Aps,  and  brother  of 
Jupiter  and  Pluto.  In  the  division  of  the 
world  with  his  brothers,  he  obtained  the  em- 
pire of  the  sea.  He  is  said  to  have  married 
Amphitrite,  the  daughter  of  Nereus  or  Oce- 
anus.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  who 
tamed  the  horse.  Hence  the  poets  feign, 
that  when  a  dispute  arose  between  him  and 
Minerva,  respecting  the  name  to  be  given 
to  the  city  Athens,  it  was  referred" to  the 
gods  for  their  decision ;  who  declared  it 
should  be-  called  by  the  name  of  the  party 
that  should  confer  on  mankind  the  greatest 
benefit ;  wherupon  Neptune  struck  the  earth 
with  his  trident  and  produced  the  horse,  a 
warlike  animal;  and  Minerva  with  her 
spear  produced  the  olive,  the  emblem  of 
peace:  upon  which  the  case  was  given  in 
her  favour.  Neptunus,  by  meton.  is  often 
put  for  the  sea.  Cultor  nemorum.  The  per- 
son here  meant  is  Aristceus,  the  reputed  son 
of  Apollo  and  the  nymph  (Gyrene,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Peneus,  the  god  of  the  river  Peneus 
in  Thessaly.  After  his  son  Actceon  was  torn 
to  pieces  by  dogs  for  looking  upon  Diana, 
as  she  was  bathing,  Arist&us  left  Thebes, 
and  took  up  his  residence  in  the  island  Ccea, 
one  of  the  Cyclades.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first,  who  taught  mankind  the  cul- 
tivation of  bees.  See  Geor.  iv.  317. 

17.  Si  tua  Mcenala,  &c.  The  meaning  is : 
if  you  have  a  regard  for  Mamalus,  Lycaeus, 
ynd  the  rest  of  your  mountains  in  Arcadia, 
come  and  be  propitious  to  my  undertaking. 
These  mountains  were  sacred  to  Pan. 

18.  Tegeaee :  an  adj.  from  Tegea,  a  city  of 
Arcadia,  sacred  to  Pan.    Minerva.  Goddess 


of  wisdom  and  the  liberal  arts.    She  is  said 
to  have  been  produced  from  the  brain  of  Ju- 
piter full  grown,  and  immediately  admitted 
into  the  assembly  of  the  Gods ;  where  she 
distinguished  herself  by  her  wise  counsel. 
Her  power  was  very  great.    She  could  hurl 
the  thunderbolts  of  Jupiter,  prolong  the  lives 
of  men,  and  bestow  the  gift  of  prophecy, 
Arachne,  the  daughter  of  Idmon,  a  LydianT 
challenged  the  goddess  to  a  trial  of  skill  in 
embroidery.     She  represented  on  her  piece 
the  amours  of  Jupiter  in  a  masterly  man- 
ner.    She  was,  however,  outdone,  and  ha- 
ving  hung   herself  through   chagrin,   was 
changed  into  a  spider  by  the  victorious  god- 
dess.    Minerva  took  a  very  active  part  in 
support  of  the  Greeks  at  the  siege  of  Troy, 
and  protected  her  favorite  Ulysses  in  all  his 
dangers.     Her  worship  was  universally  es- 
tablished.     She  had  magnificent  temples 
dedicated  to  her  in  most  countries.    Sais, 
RJiodes,  and  Athens,  were  her  favorite  pla- 
ces.     She   was  variously  represented   ac- 
cording to  the  characters  in  which  she  ap- 
peared ;  but  most  generally  with  a  helmet 
on  her  head,  and  a  large  plume  waving  in 
the  air ;  with  one  hand  holding  a  spear ; 
with  the  other  a  shield,  having  the  head 
of  Medusa  upon  it.     This  shield  was  called 
the  JEgis.    When  she  is  represented  as  the 
goddess  of  the  liberal  arts,  she  is  covered 
with  a  veil  called  the  Peplum.     She  had  a ' 
very  celebrated  statue  called  the  Palladium. 
said   to   have  been  about  three   cubits  in 
height,  and  represented  her  sitting,  and  hold- 
ing in  her  right  hand  a  pipe,  and  in  her  left 
a  distaff  and  a  spindle.      It  is  said  to  have 
fallen  from  heaven  near  the  tent  of  lulus. 
as  he  was  building  the  citadel  of  Troy,  on 
the  preservation  of  which,  the  safety  of  thai 
city  depended.     It  was  carried  off  by  Ulys-l 
ses  and  Diomede,  who  privately  found  a  wa> 
into  the  temple.     It  is  said,  however,  thau 
the  true  palladium  was  not  taken    away 
but  only  a  statue   of  similar  shape;   ant 
that  ./Eneas  carried  the  true  one  with  him  t( 
Italy.     The  olive  tree,  the  cock,  the  owl 
and  the  dragon,  were  sacred  to  her.     Sin 
had  various  names,  and  as  various  office: 
and  functions  attributed  to  her.     She  wa 
called  Athena,  from  the  city  of  Athens,  o 
which  she  was  the  tutelar  goddess:  Palla.-  , 
from  a  giant  of  that  name  whom  she  sieve  j 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  I. 


61 


Jnventrix,  uncique  puer  monstrator  aratri : 
Et  teneram  ab  radice  ferens,  Sylvane,  cupressum  : 
Dique,  Deseque  omnes,  studium  quibus  arva  tueri, 
Quique  novas  alitis  non  ullo  semine  fruges, 
Quique  satis  largum  ccelo  demittitis  imbrem. 
Tuque  adeo,  quern  mox  quse  sint  habitura  Deorum 
Concilia,  incertum  est,  urbesne  invisere,  Caesar, 
Terrarumque  velis  curam  :  et  te  maximus  orbis 
Auctorem  frugum,  tempestatumque  potentem 
Accipiat,  cingens  materna  tempora  myrto  : 
An  deus  immensi  venias  maris,  ac  tua  nautee 
Numina  sola  colant :  tibi  serviat  ultima  Thule, 
Teque  sibi  generum  Tethys  emat  omnibus  undis. 
Anne  novum  tardis  sidus  te  mensibus  addas, 
Qua  locus  Erigoneri  inter  Chelasque  sequentes 
Panditur :  ipse  tibi  jam  brachia  contrahit  ardens 


saltusque  Lycaei,  si  tua 
20  Maenala  sint  tibi  curse, 
adsis  favens :  Tu  que  O 
Minerva,  inventrix 

21.  O  omnes  Dique 
Deseque,  quibus  est  stu- 
dium 

25 

24.  Tuque  adeo  O 
Caesar,  quern,  incertum 
est,  quBB  concilia  Deo- 
rum habitura  sint  mox : 
ne  velis  invisere  urbes, 
**"  et  suscipere  curam  ter- 
rarum : 


NOTES. 


or  rather,  from  a  Greek  word  signifying  to 
vibrate,  because  as  goddess  of  war,  she 
brandished  a  spear  in  her  right  hand  :  Par- 
thenos,  because  she  preserved  her  chastity  : 
Tritona,  because  she  was  worshipped  near  a 
lake  of  that  name  in  Africa :  Glaucopia,  be- 
cause she  had  blue  eyes :  Agorea,  because 
she  presided  over  markets :  Hippia,  because 
she  taught  mankind  to  manage  the  horse  : 
Stratia,  and  Area,  because  of  her  martial 
character. 

19.  Puer.  Triptolemus  the  son  of  Celeus, 
king  of  Elusina,  a  city  of  Attica.     He  is 
said  to  have  taught  the  Greeks  agriculture, 
having  himself  been  previously  instructed 
by  Ceres.     See  Eel.  v.  79. 

20.  Sylvane.  One  of  those  demi-gods  that 
go  under  the  general  name  of  satyrs.     He  is 
said  to  have  been  passionately  fond  of  the  boy 
Cyparissus,  who  having,  through  mistake, 
killed  a  deer,  of  which  he  was  very  fond, 
pined  away  and  died.   He  was  changed  into 
the  Cypress  tree.     See.  Eel.  5.  73. 

21.  Studium  :  in  the  sense  of  cura. 

22.  JVbw  ullo  semine.  Some  read  nonnullo 
semine.     But  the  former  appears  to  be  the 
better ;  and  it  is  supported  by  several  an- 
cient  manuscripts,   as   Pierus   informs  us. 
Nonullo  semine :  from  no  seed,  that  is,  such 
as  spring  up  spontaneously.      Heyne,  after 
Heinsius,  reads  non  ullo  semine. 

24.  Adeo :  in  the  sense  of  pracipue. 

25.  Urbes.    The  commoii  reading  is  urbis ; 
but  as  all  interpreters  agree  that  it  is  for 
urbes,  the  ace.  plu.  I  have  ventured  so  to 
write  it.     The  nom.  and  ace.  plu.  of  the 
third  declensions  sometimes  ended  in   eis, 
which  was  contracted  into  is ;  as,  omneis, 
contracted  omnis — urbeis,  contracted  urbis. 
But  there  is  no  reason  thai  it  should  be  re- 
tained in  preference  to  the  regular  termina- 
tion.    Valpy  reads  urbes. 

26.  Maximus:  the  sup.  in  the  sense  of 
Ihcpos. :  the  great  world. 


27.  Potentem:  the  ruler — one  who  has 
power  over :  rectorem,  says  Ruseus.     It  has 
here  the  force  and  efficacy  of  a  substantive. 
Tempestatum :  in  the  sense  of  temporum. 

28.  Materna  myrto.     The  myrtle  tree  was 
sacred  to  Venus,  the  mother  of  ./Eneas,  from 
whom,  according  to  Virgil,  Caesar  descended. 

30.  Thule.     One  of  the  Shetland  islands 
on  the  north  of  Scotland,  the  farthest  land 
westward  known  to  the  ancients.  The  poet, 
therefore,  calls  it  ultima.     Colant :  in  the 
sense  of  adorent,  vel  precentur. 

31.  Tethys.  The  daughter  of  Calus  and 
Terra,  and  wife  of  Oceanus.     She  was  mo- 
ther of  the  nymphs  Oceanides;   elegantly 
put,  by  meton.  for  the  sea  itself. 

32.  Anne  addas,  &c.    Or  whether  you 
would  add  yourself  a  new  constellation  to  the 
slow  summer  months.  The  monflis  are  called 
slow,  because  the  days  in  the  summer  are 
the  longest,  and  so  their  motion  appears  the 
slower ;  or  rather,  to  speak  philosophically, 
because  the  earth  moves  slower  in  her  orbit, 
during  the  summer  months. 

33.  Erigonen.    Erigone,  the  daughter  of 
Icarus,  who,  on  account  of  the  murder  of  her 
father,  hung   herself   for   grief;    but    was 
translated  to  heaven,  and  made  the  constel- 
lation Virgo.     Sequentes  Chelas :  the  follow- 
ing claws — the   claws   following  the   sign 
Virgo.    The  Chelae  were  the  claws  or  arms 
of  Scorpio,  extending  over,  and  occupying 
the  sign  of  Libra.     The  ancients   at  first 
divided  the  Ecliptic  into  eleven  parts,  leaving 
out  the  sign  Libra,  and  giving  to  Scorpio  a 
space  of  the  Zodiac  equal  to  60°.     By  re- 
ducing it  to  an  equality  with  the  rest  of  the 
signs,  a  space  of  30°  remained  for  Ccssar-,  if 
he  chose  to  occupy  it. 

34.  Ardens:  impatient — greatly  desirous 
of  thy  coming ;  rather  than  ardent,  burn- 
ing. &c.  as  it  is  sometimes  rendered. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIfe 


Scorpius,  et  coeli  justa  plus  parte  reliquit.  85 

36.  Quicquid  Numen  Quicquid  eris  (nam  te  nee  sperent  Tartara  regem, 

eris'  da  Nee  tibi  regnandi  veniat  tarn  dira  cupido  : 

Quamvis  Elysios  miretur  Grsecia  campos, 
Nee  repetita  sequi  curet  Proserpina  matrem) 
Da  facilem  cursum,  atque  audacibus  annue  cceptis  :     40 
41.  Tuque  miseratus  Ignarosque  vise  mecum  miseratus  agrestes 

agrestes    ignaros   vise,  Tngredere,  et  votis  jam  nunc  assuesce  vocari. 

mecum  ingredere  Vere  novo,  gelidus  canis  cum  montibus  humor 

Liquitur,  et  Zephyro  putris  se  gfeba  resolvit ; 
Depresso  incipiat  jam  turn  mihi  taurus  aratro  45 

Ingemere,  et  sulco  attritus  splendescere  vomer. 
Ilia  seges  demum  votis  respondet  avari 
Agricolae,  bis  quse  solem,  bis  frigora  sensit : 
Illius  immensae  ruperunt  horrea  messes. 
At  prius  ignotum  ferro  quam  scindimus  aequor,  50 

Ventos  et  varium  coeli  prsediscere  morem 
52.Curasitwo6wpr8B-Cura  sit,  ac  patrios  cultusque  habitusque  locorum: 

discere  Et  quid  quaeque  ferat  regio,  et  quid  quaeque  recuset. 

Hie  segetes,  illic  veniunt  felicius  uvae : 
Arborei  foetus  alibi,  atque  injussa  virescunt  55 

Gramina.     Nonne  vides,  croceos  ut  Tmolus  odores, 
58  At  nudi  Chalybes  India  mittit  ebur,  molles  sua  thura  Sabaei  ? 

mittunt  ad  nos  femira     At  Chalybes  nudi  ferrum,  virosaque  Pontus 


NOTES. 


39.  Proserpina.     See  Eel.  v.  79. 

42.  Ingredere :  enter  upon  your  office  of  a 
god,  and  even  now  accustom  yourself  to  be 
invoked  by  vows. 

43.  Gelidus  humor:    here,   ice  or  snow. 
Humor  is  properly  any  kind  of  moisture  or 
liquor.     Novo  vere.     The  poet  advises  the 
husbandman  to  begin  his  ploughing  in  the 
early  part  of  the  spring,  as  soon  as  the  snow 
melts  from  the  mountains,  and  the  earth  be 
sufficiently  softened,  that  he  may  be  in  due 
season  with  the  work  of  the  year. 

45.  Depresso  aratro:  in  the  plough  put, 
or  laid,  deep  in  the  earth.  Or  the  words 
may  be  put  absolutely :  the  plough  being 
put  deep  in  the  earth. 

48.  Qua  bis  sensit,  &c.  Which  feels  twice 
the  summer,  and  twice  the  winter ;  that  is, 
lies  fallow  for  two  years  together,  or  with- 
out tillage.     Seges :   in  the  sense  of  terra, 
vel  ager-,  says  Heyne. 

49.  Ruperunt.     The  sense  seems  to  re- 
quire the  present;  accordingly  Ruseushath 
interpreted  it  by   rumpunt:    his  immense 
harvests  burst  his  barns — his  barns  are  not 
capable  of  containing  his  crops. 

50.  JEiquor :  properly  any  plain  or  level 
surface,  whether  land  or  water.     Here  used 
in  the  sense  of  ager  or  campus.     Ignotum  : 
cujus  natura  ignota  est  nobis. 

51.  Prced"scereventos,8zc.  To  learn  before 
hand  the  winds  and  the  various  qualities 
of  the  weather ;  to  observe,  to  what  winds 


the  fields  are  most  exposed,  and  whether 
the  climate  be  moist  or  dry,  cold  or  hot. 
Morem  cadi:  naturam  vel  temperiem  a  em, 
says  Heyne. 

52.  Patrios  cullus :  the  culture  of  our 
fathers.  This  is  the  sense  of  Davidson  and 
Heyne.  Colendi  rationem  probatam  iwu 
majorum,  says  the  latter.  Ruieus  says : 
Proprtam  culturam.  Habitus  locorum :  the 
habits  of  the  places — the  habit  or  peculiar 
nature  of  the  various  soils.  Land,  by  being 
tilled  in  a  certain  way,  acquires  an  aptitude 
to  produce  some  kinds  of  grain  better  than 
others.  This  is  what  is  meant  here. 

54.  Felicius:  more  luxuriantly. 

55.  JJrborei  foetus:  nurseries,   or  young 
trees.     Fcetus  signifies  the  young   of  any 
kind,  animate  or  inanimate.     Injussa :  not 
sown — spontaneously. 

56.  Tmolus.     A  mountain  in  Phrygia,  in 
the  confines  of  Lydia,  famous  for  its  saffron  : 
hence  the  epithet  croceos. 

57.  Molles  SabiBi:  the  effeminate  Sabe- 
ans.     These  were  a  people  inhabiting  Ara- 
bia Felix,  which  abounded  in  frankincense. 

58.  Chalybes  nudi:  the  naked  Chalybes 
send  us  iron,  and  Pontus,  &c.     The  Chaly- 
bes were  a  people  of  Spain,  according  to 
Justin ;  but  of  Pontus,  according  to  Strabo, 
said  to  have  wrought  naked,  on  account  oi' 
the  heat  of  their  furnaces,  or  forges.  Hence 
Clialybs  came  to  signify  the  best  kind  of 
iron  and  steel.     Pontvs.     See  Eel.  viii.  O."i. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  1. 


Castorea,  Eliadum  palmas  Epirus  equarum  ? 
Continue  has  leges  seternaque  foedera  certis 
Imposuit  natura  locis,  quo  tempore  primum 
Deucalion  vacuum  lapides  jactavit  in  orbem  : 
Unde  homines  nati,  durum  genus.     Ergo  age,  terrae 
Pingue  solum  primis  extemplo  a  mensibus  anni 
Fortes  invertant  tauri :  glebasque  jacentes 
Pulverulenta  coquat  maturis  solibus  aestas. 
At  si  non  fuerit  tellus  foecunda»  sub  ipsum 
Arcturum  tenui  sat  erit  suspendere  sulco : 
11] ic  officiant  loetis  ne  frugibus  herbae  ; 
Hie,  sterilem  exiguus  ne  deserat  humor  arenam. 
Alternis  idem  tonsas  cessare  novales, 
Et  segnem  patiere  situ  durescere  campum. 
Aut  ibi  flava  seres  mutato  sidere  farra ; 
Unde  prius  laetum  siliqua  quassante  legumen, 
Aut  tenues  foetus  viciae;  tristisque  lupini 
Sustuleris  fragiles  calamos,  sylvamque  so'nantem 
Urit  enim  lini  campum  seges,  urit  avense  : 
TTrunt  Lethceo  perfusa  papavera  somno. 


60 


64.  Extemplo  a  primis 
65  mensibus    anni     fortes 
tauri 


70 


71.  fu  idem  patiere 
tonsas  novales  cessare 
alternis  annis,  et 

74.  Unde  prius  sustu- 
leris  leetum  legumen 
75  quassante  siliqua,  aut 
tenues  foetus  vicice,  fra- 
gilesque 

77.  Seges  avenee  urit 
cum. 


NOTES. 


59.  Virosa  castorea :  strong-scented  castor. 
According  to  Pliny,  the  castor  was  contain- 
ed in  the  testicles  of  the  beaver.     But  the 
moderns  have  found  that  the  castor  is  con- 
tained in  certain  odoriferous  glands  about 
the  groin,  and  in  both  sexes.     Epirus  pal- 
mas, &c.  Epirus  (produces)  the  victors  of 
the  Olympic  mares — produces  those  mares 
that   obtain   the   palm   of  victory   in   the 
Olympic  races.     Palmas  equarum;  Ruasus 
says  equas  victrices  in  Olympico  cursu.  Epi- 
rus, once  a  powerful  kingdom,  is  bounded 
by  the   Ionian  sea  on  the  south  and  west, 
and  by  Thessalia,  Macedonia  and  Achaia 
on  the  north  and  east,  famous  for  its  excel- 
lent horses.    Elidum:   an  adj.  gen.   plu. 
from  Elis,  or  Elea,  a  maritime  country  of 
the  Peloponnesus,  the  chief  cities  of  which 
were  Elis,  on  the  river  Peneus,  and  Olympia, 
on  the  river  Jllpheus,  famous  for  the  games 
there  celebrated  in  honor  of  Jupiter.   They 
were  instituted  1458  years  before   Christ, 
and  celebrated  every  fifth  year. 

60.  Fczdera :  in  the  sense  of  conditiones. 

62.  Deucalion.     See  Eel.  vi.  41. 

63.  Nati:  in  the  sense  of  orti  sunt. 

66.  Solibus:  Sol,  properly  the  sun,  by  me- 
ton.  heat.  Maturis :  in  the  sense  of  vehe- 
mentibus,  vel  ardentibus.  Coquat:  emoliat 
et  rarefaciat,  says  Heyne. 

68.  Sub  ipsum  Arcturum :  about  the  rising 
of  Arcturus.  This  is  a  star  of  the  first 
magnitude  in  the  constellation  Bootes,  near 
the  tail  of  the  groat  Bear.  The  poet  recom- 
mends, if  the  soil  be  rich,  to  turn  it  up 
with  a  deep  furrow  early,  that  it  may  lie 
and  bake  through  the  heat  of  the  pummer ; 
but  if  the  land  be  of  a  thin  soil,  and  light, 
ft  will  be  sufficient  to  turn  it  UT>  with  a  thin 


furrow,  and  some  time  in  the  fall,  about  the 
rising  of  Arcturus.  In  the  former  case, 
(illic)  that  the  grass  and  weeds  may  not 
injure  the  springing  crop ;  in  the  latter  case 
(/tie)  that  the  scanty  moisture  may  not 
leave  the  barren  land. 

71.  Tonsas  novales,  £c.  You  should  suffer 
your  reaped  fallow  grounds  to  rest  every 
other  year.     Novalis  terra,  is  properly  new 
ground,  or  ground  newly  broken  up.  Hence 
it  came  to  signify  fallow  ground,  because 
by  resting  it  is  recruited,  and  as  it  were, 
renewed. 

72.  Situ :    with  a  sword.      Situs  here 
means  the  grass,  weeds,  £c.  which  over- 
spread the  ground,  and  bind  it  down  into 
what  is  commonly  called  a  sword.    Campum 
segnem :  your  field  lying  idle. 

.  73.  Sidere  mutato :  the  year  being  changed. 
Some  copies  read  semine  mutato.  Sidus,  in 
the  sense  of  annus,  is  frequently  used  by 
Virgil. 

74.  Lczlum :  hi  the  sense  of  fertile  vel 
copiosum.    Siliqua :  in  the  rattling  pod,  or 
shell. 

75.  Tristis :  bitter.    Tenues  foetus,  Ruseus 
interprets  by  parva  grana. 

76.  Sylvam.    This  word  is  frequently  used 
for  a  thick  luxurious  crop  or  growth  of  any 
thing. 

78.  Papavera  perfusa :  poppies  impreg- 
nated with  obli vious  sleep,  or  possessing  the 
quality  of  causing  sleep.  Lethceo :  an  adj. 
from  Lethe,  a  word  of  Greek  origin,  im- 
plying forgetfulness  or  oblivion.  The 
poets  feigned  it  to  be  one  of  the  rivers  of 
hell,  the  water  of  which  the  dead  were  said 
to  drink  after  they  had  been  in  the  regions 
below  some  time.  It  was  represented  as 


P.  VIRGILH  MARONIS 


Sed  tamen  alternis  facilis  labor :  arida  tantum 
Ne  saturare  fimo  pingui  pudeat  sola  ;  neve 
\  ^SEffoetos  cinerem  immundum  jactare  per  agros. 
'Sic  quoque  mutatis  requiescunt  foetibus  arva  : 
Nee  riulia  interea  est  inaratae  gratia  terrse. 
Saepe  etiam  steriles  incendere  profuit  agros, 
Atque  levem  stipulam  crepitantibus  urere  flammis. 
Sive  inde  occultas  vires  et  pabula  terrae 
Pinguia  concipiunt ;  sive  illis  omne  per  ignem 
Excoquitur  vitium,  atque  exudat  inutilis  humor  : 
Seu  plures  calor  ille  vias,  et  caeca  relaxat 
Spiramenta,  novas  veniat  qua  succus  in  herbas  : 
Seu  durat  magis,  et  venas  astringit  h'iantes  : 
Ne  tenues  pluviae,  rapidive  potentia  solis 
Acrior,  aut  Boreae  penetrabile  frigus  adurat. 
Multiim  adeo,  rastris  glebas  qui  frangit  inertes, 
Vimineasque  trahit  crates,  juvat  arva ;  neque  ilium 
Flava  Ceres  alto  nequicquam  spectat  Olympo  : 
Et  qui,  procisso  quae  suscitat  aequore,  terga 
Rursus  in  obliquum  verso  perrumpit  aratro  : 
Exercetque  frequens  tellurem,  atque  imperat  arvis. 
Humida  solstitia  atque  hyemes  orate  serenas, 


79.  Labor  erit  facilie 
alternis  annis : 

80.  Tantum  ne  pu- 
deat it  saturare  sola. 


85 


91.  Seu  ille  calor  ma- 
gis durat  terrain,  et 

92.  Ne  tenues  pluviae 
penetrent  altius ;  acriorve 
potentia 

95.   Adeo  Hie   juvat 
"«*  arva  multum,  qui  frangit 
97.  Et  ille  multum  ju- 
vat arm,  qui  perrumpit 
terga,  quae   suscitat  in 
primo  procisso  eequore, 
aratro  verso   rursus  in 
100  obliquum: 


<7 

having  the  power  of  causing  them  to  for- 
get whatever  they  had  done,  seen,  or  heard 
before.  A  river  in  Africa  of  that  name, 
which  flowed  under  ground  for  some  dis- 
tance, and  then  rose  to  its  surface,  is  sup- 
posed to  have  given  rise  to  this  extravagant 
fable. 

79.  Labor  facilis.    The  meaning  appears 
to  be  this :  that  the  above  mentioned  crops 
may  be  sown  every  other  year,  notwith- 
standing their  injurious  qualities,  provided 
the  land  be  well  manured^ 

80.  Arida  sola :  dry  or  thirsty  soils. 

81.  Eff&tos:  worn  out — exhausted. 

82.  Fwtibus :  in  the  sense  of  segetibus. 

83.  Nee  nulla  gratia  est  inaratoz   terra: 
nor,  in  the  mean  time  is  there  no  gratitude 
in  the  land  untilled — left  fallow  every  other 
year. 

The  whole  of  this  section  contains  a  num- 
ber of  excellent  precepts  and  instructions  for 
the  husbandman.  In  the  first  place,  he  ad- 
vises the  farmer  to  let  his  land  rest  every 
other  year ;  or,  if  he  cannot  do  that  with 
convenience,  then  to  change  the  crops,  and 
to  sow  wheat  after  the  several  kinds  which  he 
mentions,  but  not  to  sow  flax,  oats,  or  pop- 
pies: for  these  burn  and  impoverish  the 
land.  He  says,  notwithstanding  this,  they 
may  be  sown  in  turn,  provided  care  be  taken 
to  recruit  and  enrich  the  land  by  manure. 
The  poet  concludes  by  observing,  that  if  the 
ground  be  left  fallow,  as  he  at  first  advised, 
instead  of  being  sown  with  any  of  those 
grains,  it  would  not  be  ungrateful— it  would 


NOTES. 


abundantly  repay  the  farmer  for  this  indul- 
gence. 

86.  Sive  inde.  £c.  The  poet  here  gives 
four  reasons  for  the  farmer's  firing  his  lands. 
1.  That  they  might  hence  receive  an  in- 
crease of  nutriment.  2.  That  the  noxious 
moisture  might  be  dried  up  to  them.  3. 
That  the  close  and  dense  soil  might  be  loosen- 
ed. And  4.  That  the  loose  soil  might  be 
rendered  closer.  This  he  founds  upon  the 
principle  of  those  philosophers  who  taught 
that  fire  was  the  universal  element. 

88.  Viiium :  the  bad  quality. 

90.  Spiramenta  c&ca :  secret  avenues,  or 
passages,  by  which  moisture  is  drawn  into 
the  new  plants. 

93.  Penetrabile :  in  the  sense  ofpenetrans. 
penetrating — searching.  Rapidi:  in  the 
sense  of  ardentis. 

97.  Et  qui,  &c.  The  poet  recommends 
to  the  farmer  tcv*harrow  his  ground  well, 
before  he  commit  the  seed  to  it ;  but  if  it  be 
hard  and  obstinate,  and  lie  up  in  ridges. 
(terga)  so  that  it  will  not  yield  to  the  har- 
row, then  it  will  be  profitable  to  plough  it 
again  crosswise.  Proscisso  cequorc :  in  break- 
ing up  his  field.  Suscitat:  raises  up — 
makes. 

99.  Exercet,  &c.  He  exercises  his   land 
frequently,  and  commands  his  fields.     This 
is  a  metaphor  taken  from  a  general  training 
or  exercising  his  troops,  giving  them  com- 
mands,  and    dispensing   discipline   amon<r 
them. 

100.  Sr.htjf.ia  :  summers. 


GE0RGICA.    LIB.  1. 


Agricoiae :  hyberno  laetissima  pulvere  farra, 

Laetus  ager :  nullo  tantum  se  Mysia  cultu 

Jactat,  et  ipsa  suas  mirantur  Gargara  messes. 

Quid  dicam,  jacto  qui  semine  cominus  arva 

Insequitur,  cumulosque  ruit  male  pinguis  arenas  ?       05  eo, 

Deinde  satis  fluvium  inducit,  rivosque  sequentes  ? 

Et  cum  exustus  ager  morientibus  aestuat  herbis, 

Ecce,  supercilio  clivosi  tramitis  undam 

Elicit :  ilia  cadens  raucum  per  levia  murmur 

Saxa  ciet,  scatebrisque  arentia  temperat  arva. 

Quid,  qui,  ne  gravidis  procumbat  culmus  aristis, 

Luxuriem  segetum  tenera  depascit  in  herba, 

Cum  primum  sulcos  aequant  sata  ?  quique  paludis 

Collectum  humorem  bibula  deducit  arena  ? 

Praesertim  incertis  si  mensibus  amnis  abundans 

Exit,  et  obducto  late  tenet  omnia  limo, 

Unde  cavae  tepido  sudant  humore  lacunae. 

Nee  tamen  (haec  cum  sint  hominumque,  boumque  labores 

Versando  terram  experti)  nihil  improbus  anser, 

Strymoniaeque  grues,  et  amaris  intuba  fibris,  120 

Officiunt,  aut  umbra  nocet.     Pater  ipse  colendi 


101. 

sima  hyberno  pulvere  ; 
ager  est  leetus 


104.  Quid  dicam  de 


110 

111.  Quid  dicam  de 
illo,  qui,  ne  culmus  pro- 
cumbat gravidis  aristis, 
depascit 

113.  Quique  deducit 
1.15  humorem  collectum  m- 
star  paludis  bibula  aiena 


121.  Colendi  terram 


NOTES. 


1.01.  Farra:  in  the  sense  of  scgctes.' 

102.  Mysia.     There  were  two  countries 
6f  this  name  :  the  one  in  Europe,  and  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  the  Danube ;  the  other 
in  Asia  Minor,  near  the  Propontis  and  Hel- 
lespont.    The  latter  is  here  meant.     Mysia 
delights  herself  so  much  in  no  cultivation, 
as  in  moist  summers  and  dry  winters — no 
culture  renders  her  so  fruitful,  as  to  have 
moist,  &c. 

103.  Gargara :  neu.  plu.  A  part  of  mount 
Ida,  the  country  near  which  was  much  famed 
for  its  fertility. 

104.  Quid  dicam,  £c.  What  shall  I  say  of 
him,  who,  the  seed  being  sown,  closely  plies 
his  fields,  and  breaks  down  the   clods  or 
ridges  (cumulos)  of  his  barren  soil  ?  For  male 
pinguis ;  Ruaeus  says,  male  compacts ;  and 

v  alpy,  too  rich  and  adhesive.  Ruit :  in  the 
sense  offrangit. 

106.  Sequentes  rivos :  in  the  sense  of  flu- 
cntes  rivulos. 

108.  Ecce,  elicit  aqytom,  &c.  Lo  !  he  leads 
down  a  stream  of  water  from  the  brow  of 
a  hilly  tract.  Mstuat :  is  parched,  or  burn- 
ed. 

110.  Scatebris :  with  its  streams,  or  rills. 
Temperat :  Ruaeus  says,  hwnectat. 

114.  Quique  deducit.  The  probable  mean- 
ing of  this  passage  is :  that  the  husbandman, 
for  the  purpose  of  watering  his  fields  in  the 
dry  season,  should  form  reservoirs  or  ponds, 
by  collecting  into  them  the  water  that  fell 
in  the  rainy  season.  He  had  already  ad- 
%Tised  the  plan  of  bringing  water  from  the 
higher  grounds  upon  his  fields.  But  where 
that  could  not  be  done,  he  advises  to  substi- 
tute the  reservoir  or  pond,  as  the  only  alter- 


native. This  appears  to  be  the  opinion  of 
Heyne.  Humorem:  in  the  sense  ofaquam. 

115.  Incertis  mensibus:  in  the  variable 
months — those  months  when  the  weather  is 
most  changeable. 

118.  JVee  tamen,  &c.  Though  the  farmer 
be  never  so  careful  in  the  culture  of  his  land, 
the  poet  reminds  him  not  to  stop  there. 
After  the  crop  is  put  into  the  ground,  it  still 
requires  his  attention.  For  the  foul  or 
greedy  goose,  the  Thracian  cranes,  the  suc- 
cory, or  endive,  as  also  the  shade,  injure  it. 
The  two  negatives,  nee— nihil,  amount  to  an 
affirmative. 

120.  Strymonm:  an  adj.  from  Strymon,  a 
river   in  the   confines   of  Macedonia   and 
Thrace,  where  cranes  abounded. 

121.  Pater  ipse  voluit :  father  Jupiter  him- 
self willed  that  the  way  of  cultivating  the 
earth  should  not  be  easy.     He  was  fabled  to 
have  been  the  son  of  Saturn  and  Ops ;  and 
called  the  father  of  gods,  and  king  of  men. 
Saturn,  who  received  the  kingdom  of  the 
world  from  his  brother  Titan,  on  the  condi- 
tion of  his  raising  no  male  offspring,  devour- 
ed his  sons  as  soon  as  they  were  born ;  but 
his  mother,  regretting  that  so  fair  a  child 
should  be   destroyed,  concealed  him  from 
his  father,  as  she  also  did  Neptune  and  Pluto, 
and  intrusted  him  to  the  care  of  the  Cory- 
bantes,  or  Curetes,  who  educated  him  on 
mount  Ida,  in  Crete.     As  soon  as  he  came 
to  mature  years,  he~made  war  against  the 
Titans,  who  had  made  his  father  a  prisoner. 
He  was  victorious  and  set  him  at  liberty. 
But  growing  jealous  of  his  son's  power,  he 
conspired  against  him ;  whereupon  Jupiter 
expelled  him  from  'his  kingdom,  and  he  fled 


66  ?,  V1RG1L11  MARONk> 

I  laud  facilem  esse  viam  voluit,  prinmsque  per  arteia 
Movit  agros,  curis  acuens  mortalia  corda : 
Nee  torpere  gravi  passus  sua  regna  veterru*. 
Ante  Jovem  nulli  subigebant  arva  coloni :  125 

Nee  signare  quidem,  aut  partiri  limite  campurn 
Fas  erat :  in  medium  quserebant :  ipsaque  tellus 
Omnia  liberius,  nullo  poscente,  ferebat. 
Ille  malum  virus  serpentibus  addidit  atris, 
Pracdarique  lupos  jussit,  pontumque  moveri,  1»W 

Mellaque  decussit  foliis,  ignemque  removit, 
Et  passim  rivis  currentia  vina  repressit : 
Ut  varias  usus  meditando  extunderet,  artes 
Paulatim,  et  sulcis  frumenti  quasreret  herbam, 
Et  silicis  venis  abstrusum  excuderet  ignem.  135 

Tune  alnos  primum  fluvii  sensere  cavatas  : 
Navita  turn  stellis  numeros  et  nomina  fecit, 

138.    Appellant    eosPleiadas,  Hyadas,  claramque  Lycaonis  Arcton. ' 
Ple'iadas  Turn  laqueis  captare  feras,  et  fallere  visco. 

Inventum ;  et  magnos  canibus  circumdare  saltus.     140 
Atque  alius  latum  funda  jam  verberat  arnnem 


NOTES. 


for  safety  to  Italy,  where  Janus  was  king. 
After  this,  Jupiter  divided  the  empire  of  the 
world  with  his  two  brothers,  reserving  to  him- 
self the  empire  of  heaven  and  earth.  The 
Giants,  the  offspring  of  the  earth,  to  avenge 
the  death  of  the  Titans,  whom  Jupiter  slew, 
rebelled  against  him.  Piling  mountains,  one 
upon  another,  they  hoped  to  scale  heaven 
itself,  and  attack  Jupiter  in  person.  He, 
however,  completely  vanquished  them,  and 
inflicted  on  them  the  severest  punishment 
for  thsir  crimes.  He  married  his  sister  Juno, 
who  was  very  jealous  of  him,  and  sometimes 
very  troublesome.  His  power  was  the  most 
extensive  of  any  of  the  gods.  His  worship 
was  general,  and  surpassed  that  of  any  of 
the  gods  in  dignity  and  solemnity.  He  had 
several  celebrated  oracles,  but  that  at  Do- 
dona,  in  Epirus,  and  at  Ammon,*\n  Lybia,  per- 
haps took  the  lead.  He  had  several  names, 
chiefly  derived  from  the  places  where  he  was 
worshipped,  and  from  his  offices  and  func- 
tions. He  was  called  Itospitalis,  because 
he  was  the  protector  of  strangers ;  Optimus, 
because  he  was  the  best ;  Maximus,  because 
he  was  the  greatest ;  Olympius,  because  he 
was  worshipped  at  Olympia,  &e.  Jupiter, 
is  sometimes  put  for  the  air,  or  weather. 

123.  Mwit :  in  the  sense  of  coluit. 

124.  Gravi  veterno.  Veternus,QTveternum, 
is  a  disease  causing  a  stupor  both  of  mind 
and   body,   something    like    the   lethargy. 
Torpere  gravi  veterno,  is  highly  metaphorical. 
J'eterno :  in  the  sense  of  otto,  vel  desidia, 
says  Ruteus. 

131.  Removit  ignem :  he  removed  fire  from 
the  sight  of  men,  and  concealed  it  in  the 
veins  of  the  flint.  Prometheus  is  said  to 
have  stolen  it  from  heaven,  because  it  was 


found  necessary  to  man.  Decussit:  life 
shook  off'  the  honey  from  the  leaves,  i.  e.  he 
caused  the  honey  to  cease. 

133.  Ut  usus  extunderet :  that  experience, 
by  observation,  might  find  out  the  various 
arts  by  degrees. 

134.  Sulcis :  by  agriculture— by  the  plough . 

136.  Cavatas  alnos :  simply,  boats ;  be- 
cause, at  first,  they  were  made  of  the  alder 
tree. 

138.  Ple'iadas :  ace.  plu.  of  Greek  termi- 
nation. They  are  seven  stars  in  the  neck 
of  Taurus,  and  are  called  Pleiades,  from  a 
Greek  word  signifying,  to  sail ;  because  by 
their  rising,  they  indicated  the  proper  time 
to  put  to  sea.  They  were  sometimes  called 
Atlantides,  from  Atlas,  a  king  of  Maurita- 
nia, whose  daughters  they  were  fabled  to 
be,  by  the  nymph  Pleione.  The  Romans 
sometimes  called  them  Vergiliae,.  Their 
names  were,  Electra,  Akynoe,  Celce.no,  Ste- 
rope,  Taygeta,  Maia,  and  Merope.  Hyadas. 
These  are  seven  stars  in  the  front  of  Taurus, 
so  called  from  a  Greek  word  signifying,  to 
rain.  They  were  fabled  to  have  been  the 
daughters  of  Atlas  and  JE,lhra.  Refusing 
consolation  for  the  death  of  their  brother 
Jfyas,  who  was  slain  by  a  lion,  Jupiter,  tak- 
ing pity  on  them,  changed  them  into  as 
many  stars.  Their  names  are  Ambrosia, 
Eudoxa,  Pasithoe,  drone,  Plexauris,  Pylho, 
and  Syche.  Arcton.  A  constellation  near 
the  north  pole,  called  the  Ursa  Major.  Ly- 
caon  was  a  king  of  Arcadia,  whose  daugh- 
ter Calisto,  out  of  jealousy,  was  transform- 
ed by  Juno  into  a  bear ;  a-nd  Jupiter,  for  hi.s 
regard  to  her,  translated  her  in  that  form  to 
heaven,  and  made  her  the  constellation 
Arcton. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  1. 


In 


Alta  pelens,  pelagoque  alius  trahit  humida  Una. 

Turn  ferri  rigor,  atque  argutse  lamina  seme  ; 

(Nam  primi  cuneis  scindebant  fissile  lignum)  144.  Primi  homines 

Turn  variae  venere  artes.     Labor  omnia  vincit          145 

Improbus,  et  duris  urgens  in  rebus  egestas. 

Prima  Ceres  ferro  mortales  vertere  terram 
Instituit :  cum  jam  glandes  atque  arbuta  sacrse 
Deficerent  sylvae,  et  victum  Dodona  negaret. 
Mox  et  frumentis  labor  additus ;  ut  mala  culmos       150 
Esset  rubigo,  segnisque  horreret  in  arvis   ^*$" ''l+gLsf^JL 
Carduus  :  intereunt  segetes,  subit  aspera  sylva,' 

appaeque,  tribulique  :  interque  nitentia  culta 


Infelix  lolium  et  steriles  dominantur  avenae. 


Quod  nisi  et  assiduis  terram  insectabere  rastris, 
Et  sonitu  terrebis  aves,  et  ruris  opaci 
Falce  premes  umbras,  votisque  vocaveris  imbrem 
Heu,  magnum  alterius  frustra  spectabis  acervum, 
Concussaque  famem  in  sylvis  solabere  quercu. 

Dicendum,  et  qua3  sint  duris  agrestibus  arma : 
Queis  sine,  nee  potuere  seri,  nee  surgere  messes. 
Vomis,  et  inflexi  primum  grave  robur  aratri, 
Tardaque  Eleusinae  matris  volventia  plaustra, 
Tribulaque,  traheaeque,  et  iniquo  pondere  rastri : 
Virgea  praeterea  Celei  vilisque  supellex, 
Arbuteae  crates,  et  mystica  vannus  lacchi. 


155 


160 


160.    Dicendum 
et  quss 


est 


162.  Primum  vomis, 
et  grave 

165 


142.  Petens  alia :  seeking  the  deep  parts 
of  the  sea,  or  river.     Altum,  when  it  is  used 
for  the  sea,  properly  signifies  the  channel, 
or  the  deepest  part  of  it;  while  pelagus  pro- 
perly signifies  that  part  of  the  sea  near  the 
land. 

143.  Turn  rigor  ferri  :  then  the  hardening 
of  iron,  and  the  blade  of  the  grating  saw, 
were  invented. 

145.  Improbus  labor:  constant,  perseve- 
ring labour  overcomes  all  difficulties.  Du- 
ris rebus :  in  poverty.  Egestas :  in  the  sense 
of  necessiias.  Venere :  in  the  sense  of  m- 
ventcB  sunl. 

148.  Arbuta :  the  fruit  of  the  arbute  tree. 
Dodona:  a  famous  grove  in  Epirus,  abound- 
ing in  mast  trees.  See  Eel.  ix.  13. 

150.  Labor:  in  the  sense  of  morbus,  dis- 
ease. Mala  rubigo  esset :  that  the  noxious 
mildew  should  consume  the  stalks.  Esset, 
for  ederet. 

152.  Segnis  carduus:    the  useless  thistle 
wave,  or  look  rough.     Sylva.  See  76,  supra. 

153.  LappcB :    burrs,  a   species  of  herb. 
Tribuli :  the  brambles — land-caltrops.     In- 
felix :  noxious — injurious. 

154.  Dominantur:  bear   rule — have   the 
ascendency. 

157.  Premes  umbras :  you  should  trim  off 
the  limbs  (of  the  trees)  of  a  shaded  field, 
&c.  Umbras:  in  the  sense  of  ramos,  by 
meton. 


159.  Solabere  famem,  &c.     The  poet  as- 
sures the  farmer  that,  unless  he  follow  the 
directions  just   given,  he  will   behold  the 
abundant  crops  of  his   neighbor,  while  his 
will  fail  him,  and  he  be  under  the  necessity 
of  allaying  the  craving  of  nature  upon  no- 
thing better  than  acorns. 

160.  Arma:  implements, tools, &c.  neces- 
sary to  the  farmer.    Et:  in  the  sense  of 
quoque. 

163.  Tarda  volventia :    the  slow-moving 
wagons  of  mother  Ceres.  ElusincB :  an  adj. 
from  Eleusis,  a  city  of  Attica,  where  she 
was  worshipped.     Inflexi:  in  the  sense  of 
curvi. 

164.  Tribula.     This  was  a  kind  of  sledge 
or  carriage,used  among  the  ancients  to  thresh 
their  corn  with.     It  was  pointed  with  iron, 
and  drawn  over  the  grain  by  oxen.  Trahea. 
This  was  an  instrument  something  like  the 
tribulum,  and  made  use  of  for   the   same 
purpose ;  a  sledge. 

164.  Iniquo:  Ruseus  says, magno. 

165.  Vilis  virgeaque  supellex :   the  cheap 
or  common  wicker-baskets.     Celei :    Celeus 
was  the  father  of  Triptolemus,  whom  Ceres, 
it  is  said,  instructed  in  the  art  of  tillage  and 
husbandry.     See  Eel.  v.  79. 

166.  Arbutece  crates :  hurdles  of  the  ar- 
bute tree.     Vannus :  a  sieve,  or  winnowing 
machine.     It  is  called  mystica,  mystic,  be- 
cause used  in  the   mysteries  of  Bacchus. 
lacchi :  lacchus,  a  name  of  Bacchus. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Omnia  quae  multo  ante  memor  provisa  repoiK 

Si  te  digna  manet  divini  gloria  ruris. 

169.  Continue  in  syl-  Continuo  in  sylvis  magna  vi  flexa  domatur 
vis  flexaulmus  domatur  jn  burim    et  curvi  formam  accipif  ulmus  aratri. 
magna  vi  in  burim,  et  TI    .     x     '. 
accjpit  Huic  a  stirpe  pedes  temo  protentus  in  octo, 

171.  Huic  buri  temo  Binae  aures,  duplici  aptantur  dentalia  dorso. 
protentus  a  stirpe  in  octo  £aeditur  et  tilia  ante  jugo  levis,  altaque  fagus, 
pedes     aptatur  ;   binue  Stivaque,  quae  currus  a  tergo  torqueat  imos  ; 
dS^^tant^?*  susPensa  fccis  explorat  robora  fumus. 

f  Possum  multa  tibi  veterum  praecepta  referre, 

Ni  refugis,  tenuesque  piget  cognoscere  curas. 
178.  Cum  primis  rebus  Area  cum  primis  ingenti  aequanda  cylindro, 
area  est  sequanda  in-  gt  yertenda  manu,  et  creta  solidanda  tenaci : 
Ne  subeant  herbae,  neu  pulvere  victa  fatiscat : 
Turn  variae  illudunt  pestos.     Saepe  exiguus  mus 
Sub  terris  posuitque  domos,  atque  horrea  fecit : 
184.  :Bufo    inventus  Aut  oculis  capti  fodere  cubilia  talpae. 
est  cavis,    et   plurima  Inventusque  cavis  bufo,  et  quae  plurima  terrae 

Monstra  ferunt :  populatque  ingentem  farris  acervum 
Curculio,  atque  inopi  metuens  formica  senectae.        186 
Contemplator  item,  cum  se  nux  plurima  sylvis 


t 


170 


175 


180 


NOTES. 


167.  Omnia  qua;  memor:  all  which  things, 
being  provided  long  before  hand,  you  should 
be  mindful  to  lay  up. 

168.  Divini  ruris.    The  country  is  here 
called  divine,  either  on  account  of  its  inno- 
cence and  happiness,  or  because  it  was  ori- 
ginally the  habitation  of  the  gods.     Gloria : 
reward.    Ruoeus  says,  laus;  for  divini,  he 
says,  beati. 

171.  Stirpe:  from  the  back  part,  or  bot- 
tom. 

172.  Bines,  aures:  two  mould  or  earth 
boards,  one  on  each  side  of  the  temo,  or 
beam.     The  poet  here  mentions  the  several 
parts  of  the  plough.     The  buris,  or  bura, 
was  the  part  which  the  ploughman  held  in 
his  left  hand — the  plough  tail.   The  dentale, 
the  chip,  or  part  of  the  plough  to  which  the 
romer,  or  share,  is  fastened.   Duplici  dorso  : 
with  a  double  back.     Borne  understand  du- 
plex in  the  sense  of  latus ;  but  there  is  no 
need  of  this.     The  plough,  which  the  poet 
is   describing,  is  altogether   of  a  singular 
kind  to  us.     It  had  two  mould-boards  ;  two 
chips  or  share-beams  we  might  suppose  it 
to  have  had,  one  on  each  side  of  the  temo, 
or  main  beam,  which,  being  joined  together, 
might   not  improperly  be  said  to  form   a 
double  back.     Sliva :  the  handle,  which  the 
ploughman  holds  in  his  right  hand. 

173.  Et  levis  tilia.     Tilia,  the  linden,  or 
lime  tree.     It  is  a  light  wood,  and  therefore 
more  suitable  for  the  plough. 

174.  Quce  torqueat :  which  may  turn  the 
lowest  wheels  from  behind — may  turn  the 
extreme  or  hinder  part  of  the  plough.     The 
plough  here  described  we  may  suppose  run 


upon  wheels,  which  is  the  reason  of  the 
poet's  calling  it  currus,  a  carriage.  Ruscus 
says :  quibusdam  in  regionibus  aratrum  in- 
struitur  rotis ;  but  commentators  are  by  no 
moans  agreed  as  to  the  form  and  construc- 
tion of  this  plough  of  the  poet. 

175.  Fumus  explorat.  Wood  seasoned  in 
the  way  here  mentioned  will  be  less  liable 
to  crack  or  split,  than  if  seasoned  in  the 
usual  way,  in  the  sun  and  open  air. 

180.  Victa  pulvere :  overcome  with  dry- 
ness,  should  crack.     Pulvere.   Rueeus  says : 
sicr/fatc,  quce  creat pulverem. 

181.  Turn:  in  the  sense  of  prcEterea. 

183.  J'alpce  capti  oculis.     Talpa,  the  mole, 
a  small  animal,  supposed  to  have  no  eyes, 
and  living  chiefly  under  the  ground. 

184.  Bufo :    the   toad.     Monstrum,  pro- 
perly  signifies  any  thing  contrary  to  the 
ordinary  course  of  nature ;  also,  any  mis- 
chievous animal,  whether   man  or  brute; 
which  is  the  meaning  here. 

186.  Curculio:  theweavel;  a  mischievous 
animal  among  grain. 

187.  Contemplator  item,  &c.    Observe  in 
like  manner  when  the  nut  tree  hi  the  woods 
clothes  itself  abundantly  with  blooms.     Of 
the  nut-tree,  there  are  several  kinds.      The 
one  here  meant  is  supposed  to  be  the  Ar- 
mygdala,  or  almond  tree,  because  its  flow- 
ers or  blossoms  were  supposed  to  be  an  in- 
dication of  the  fertility  of  the  year.    Plu- 
rima :    art   adj.   sup.   agreeing   with  nux. 
This  construction  frequently  occurs,  and  is 
more  elegantly  translated  by  its  correspond- 
ing adverb. 


GEORGICA. 


Induct  in  florem,  et  ramos/curvabit  olerites  : 
Si  superant  foetus,  pariter  frumenta  sequentur, 
Magnaque  cum  magno  veniet  trituracalore. 
At  si  luxuriii  foliorum  exuberat  umbra, 
Nequicquam  pingues  palea  teret  area  culmos. 
Semina  vidi  equidem  multos  medicare  serentes, 
Et  nitro  prius  et  nigra  perfundere  amurca,  ,.., 
Grandior  ut  fetus  siliquis  fallacibus  esset. 
Et  quamvis  igni  exiguo  properata  maderent, 
Vidi  lecta  diu,  et  multo  spectata  labore, 
Degenerare  tamen  ;  ni  vis  humana  quotannis 
Maxima  quseque  manu  legeret :  sic  omnia  fatis 
In  pejus  ruere,  ac  retro  sublapsa  referri. 
Non  aliter  quam  qui  adverse  vix  flumine  lembum 
Remigiis  subigit :  si  brachia  forte  remisit, 
Atque  ilium  in  praeceps  prono  rapit  alveus  amni. 

Praeterea  tarn  sunt  Arcturi  sidera  nobis, 
Hcedorumque  dies  servandi,  et  lucidus  anguis  ; 
Quam  quibus  in  patriam  ventosa  per  aequora  vectis 
Pontus  et  ostriferi  fauces  tentantur  Abydi. 
Libra  die  somnique  pares  ubi  fecerit  horas, 


194.  Equidem  vidi 
multos  serentes  medi- 

190  care  semina,  et  prius 
quam  serent,  perfundere 
ea  nitro  et  nigra  amur- 
ca, ut 

196.  Quamvis  semina 
properata  exiguo  igni 

195  maderent ;  tamen  vidi 
ea  lecta  diu,  et  spectata 
multo  labore,  degene- 
rare ;  ni 

199.  Sic  vidi  omnia 
fatis  ruere  in  pejus,  ac 

200  sublapsa  referri  retro. 

202.  Si  forte  remisit 
brachia,  ruit  et  sublapsus 
refertur  retro,  atque  al- 
veus rapit  ilium  in  prae- 
ceps prono  amni. 

205  206-  Quam  Us  vectis 
per  ventosa  aequora  in 
suam  patriam,  quibus 
Pontus  et  ostriferi  fau- 
ces Abydi 


NOTES. 


189.  F&tus :  in  the  sense  offlores. 

190.  Magno  calore.   Calor  here  seems  to 
mean  the  sweat  and  heat  of  the  labourer  or 
thresher,  rather  than  the  heat  of  the  summer. 

191.  At  si  umbra:    but   if  the   boughs 
abound  in  a  luxuriancy  of  leaves,  in  vain, 
&c.     The  meaning  seems  to  be  this :  that 
if  the  blossoms  upon  the  tree  shall  exceed 
the  leaves,  then  you  may  expect  a  plentiful 
crop.     But  if,  on  the  contrary,  the  leaves  be 
the  most  numerous,  you  may  expect  a  scan- 
ty crop — a  crop   rich   only   in   husks  and 
chaff.     Umbra:  in  the  sense  of  rami. 

193.  Serentes :    part,   of  the   verb,   sero, 
taken  as  a  substantive  :  Sowers.     The  poet 
here  gives  the  husbandman  to  understand 
that  the  greatest  care  is  to  be  taken  in  se- 
lecting his  seeds ;  that  it  is  sometimes  use- 
ful to  impregnate  them  with  other  qualities 
to  prevent  them  from  degenerating ;    and 
sometimes  to  soak  and  steep  them  over  a 
slow  fire,  in  order  to  hasten  their  sprouting 
and  coming  forward.     And  although  care 
be  taken  in  the  selection,  they  will  be  found 
nevertheless  to  degenerate  :    and  all  that 
remains  for  him  to  do,  is,  to  select  every 
year  with  his  own  hand  the  fairest  arid  best 
seeds ;  and  in  this  way  only  he  may  keep 
his  crops  from  degenerating  to  any  great 
extent.     This  advice  is  worthy  the  atten- 
tion of  every  farmer. 

194.  Perfundere:  this  may  either  mean 
to  sprinkle  them  (semina)  over  with,  or  put 
them  into.     Ruseus  says,  spargere. 

195.  Fallacibus.    The   pods  or  ears  are 
called   fallacious,  because  they  are  some- 
times  large,  when  there   is  very   little  in 
them.     F(ftus :  the  grain  or  produce. 


198.  Humana  vis :  human  care.  In  the 
sense  of  homines.  Unless  men  should  se- 
lect with  the  hand,  &c.  RUEBUS  says,  hominum 
industria. 

201.  Adverse  Jlumine :  against  the  cur- 
rent. 

203.  Atque.  Ruaeus,  on  the  authority  of 
Gellius,  takes  atque  in  the  sense  of  statim. 
Davidson  and  Heyne  take  it  in  its  usual 
signification  as  a  conjunction,  supposing  an 
ellipsis  of  the  words:  ille  ruit  ac  sublapsus 
refertur  retro,  A,nd  carries  him  headlong 
down  the  stream.  Alveus:  properly  the 
channel  or  bed  of  a  river ;  here,  the  river  in 
general :  the  current,  or  impetus  of  the  wa- 
ter ;  by  meton. 

205.  Hffidi.  Two  stars  in  the  shoulder  of 
Auriga,  a  constellation  in  the  heavens. 
Lucidus  Anguis :  a  constellation  called  Dra- 
co. The  poet  here  intimates  that  it  is  the 
duty  of  the  farmer  to  observe  the  stars,  and 
the  various  signs  of  the  weather ;  and  that 
he  will  find  it  as  useful  to  him  hi  the  course 
of  his  business,  as  it  is  to  the  mariner. 

207.  Fauces  Abydi.    The  Hellespont  or 
straits,  which  separate  Europe  from  Asia : 
called  ostriferi,  because  abounding  in  Oys- 
ters.    Abydus :  a  city  on  the  Asiatic  shore, 
over  against  Sestus.       Tentantur:    in  the 
sense  of  navigantur. 

208.  Die :  for  Did.      The   gen.  of  the 
fifth  declension  was  sometimes  thus  written. 
Somni,  is  elegantly  put  for  noctis.     Ubi  Li- 
bra fecerit.     Libra  is  one  of  the  signs  of  the^ 
zodiac,   which   the   sun  enters  the  23d  of 
September  ;i  at  which  tune  he  is  on  the  equa- 
tor, and  makes  the  days  and  nights  equal. 


70 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Et  medium  luci  atque  umbris  jam  dividit  orbem : 
Exercete,  viri,  tauros,  serite  hordea  campis,  210 

Usque  sub  extremum  brumaB  intractabilis  imbrem. 
Necnon  et  lini  segetem  et  Cereale  papaver 
213.  Tempuses/tegereTempus  humo  tegere,  et  jamdudum  incumbere  rastris, 

et  segetem  lini  et  Ce-  Dum  sicca  tellure  licet,  dum  nubila  pendent. 

reale  papaver  humo       y        fabig  satjo  .  turn  te  quoque,  Medica,  putres 

214.  Dum   licet   tibi  ...  ,   . 

facere  id,  tellure  sicca,  Accipiunt  sulci ;  et  miho  vemt  annua  cura  : 
et  dum  '  '  Candidus  auratis  aperit  cum  cornibus  annum 

215.  Satio  fabis  est  in  Taurus,  et  averso  cedens  canis  occidit  astro, 
vere  :  turn  j^  gj  triticeam  in  messem  robustaque  farra 

Exercebis  humum,  solisque  instabis  aristis : 
Ante  tibi  Eoae  Atlantides  abscondantur, 
Gnossiaque  ardentis  decedat  stella  coronae  ; 
Debita  quam  sulcis  committas  semina,  quamque 
Invitae  properes  anni  spem  credere  terrae. 
225.  Multi  coDpere  se-  Multi  ante  occasum  Maiae  coepere  :  sed  illos 
rerc  ante  Expectata  seges  vanis  elusit  aristis. 

Si  vero  viciamque  seres,  vilemque  faselum, 

C 


215 


220 


225 


NOTES. 


211.  Bruma:  properly  the  shortest  day 
of  winter,   or  the  winter  solstice  :  this  is  its 
meaning  here.     By  synec.  it  is  sometimes 
put  for  the  whole  winter.     The  meaning  is, 
that  the  farmer  may  extend  his  sowing  as 
late  as  the  winter  solstice,  which  is  about 
the  21st  of  December.     Intractabilis:  in  the 
sense  of  dur<z,  vel  aspera. 

212.  Cereale:  an  adj.  from  Ceres.    The 
poppy  was  so  called,  most  probably,  because 
it   was   consecrated   to   her.     Her   statues 
were  generally  adorned  with  it.    JVecnon  : 
in  the  sense  of  quoque. 

213.  Incumbere  rastris:  To  ply  the  har- 
rows.    The  poet  is  speaking  of  sowing,  or 
committing  to  the  earth  the  several  crops : 
which  could  not  be  done  till  after  the  plough- 
ing.    Besides  it  requires  dry  weather  to  use 
the  harrow :  to  which  reference  is  made  in 
the  following  line.     But  the  plough  may  be 
used  in  wet  weather.     Heyne  reads  aratris. 
But  he  informs  us  that  Heinsius,  Pierius,  and 
others  read  rastris,  which  the  sense  seems  to 
require. 

214.  Pendent :   in  the   sense  of  suspensa 
sunt. 

215.  Medica.  A  species  of  grass,  or  plant, 
brought  into   Greece  by  the  Medes  in  the 
time  of  the  Persian  wars.      Hence  called 
ynedica,  now  lucerne.     It  made  the  best  pro- 
vender for  cattle,  and  when  sown,  it  is  said 
to  last  in  the  ground  thirty  years. 

216.  Milio.  The  milium  was  a  species  of 
grass,  or  plant,  which  required  to  be  sown 
every  year.     Hence  annua  cura.    Now  call- 
ed millet. 

218.  Cum  candidus  Taurus.  Taurus  is  a 
sign  of  the  ecliptic.  The  sunjenters  it  about 
the  21st  of  April.  The  year  was  commonly 
thought  to  be  opened  by  Aries*  or  the 


month  of  March  :  but  Virgil  dissents  from 
the  received  opinion,  and  assigns  it  to  Tau- 
rus, or  the  month  of  April ;  because,  as  the 
etymology  of  the  word  implies,  all  nature 
seems  to  be  released  from  the  fetters  of  win- 
ter, and  vegetation  opens  and  shoots  forth. 
Canis  cedens,  £c.  The  dog  giving  way  to 
the  retrograde  sign,  sets.  Sirius  (commonly 
called  the  dog  star)  is  a  star  in  the  mouth  of 
the  great  dog,  a  constellation  in  the  hea- 
vens. Averso  Astro.  Astrum  here  is  the 
constellation  or  sign  Argo,  which  immedi- 
ately follows  the  dog,  and  sets  after  him. 
It  rises  with  its  stern  foremost,  and  in  that 
manner  goes  through  the  heavens,  contra- 
ry to  the  ordinary  motion  of  a  ship.  The 
epithet  averso,  inverted,  or  turned  about,  is 
very  proper. 

221.  EOCE  Atlantides.  The  morning  Ple- 
'iades ;  that  is,  when  they  set  in  the  morn- 
ing, or  go  below  the  horizon  about  the  ri- 
sing of  the  sun.     This  is  called  their  cosmi- 
cal  setting.     See  138.  supra. 

222.  Corona.  The  Corona  is  a  constella- 
tion in  the  heavens  called  Ariadne's  Crown. 
Gnossia :  an  adj.  from  Gnossus,  a  town  in 
the  island  of  Crete,  where  Minos  reigned, 
whose  daughter  Ariadne  was  carried  off  by 
Theseus,  and  left  in  the  island  JVkrws,  where 
she  married  Bacchus.     At  the  time  of  their 
nuptials,  among  the  other  presents  she  re- 
ceived from  the   gods,   was    a   Corona  or 
crown  from  Venus ;  which  Bacchus  trans- 
lated  to  the  heavens.      Ardentis:   in   the 
sense  of  splendentis. 

225.  Mam.  the  name  of  one  of  the  Plei- 
ades, by  synec.  put  for  the  whole  of  them. 

227.  Viciam.  The  viria  is  a  species  of 
pulse  called  the  vetch.  Faselum :  the  fase- 
lus  was  a  kind  of  pulse,  common  and 


GEORG1CA.     LIB.  f. 


71 


Nee  Pelusiacse  curam  aspernabere  lentis  ; 
Haud  obscura  cadens  mittet  tibi  signa  Bootes  : 
Incipe,  et  ad  medias  sementem  extende  pruinas. 

Idcirco  certis  dimensum  partibus  orbem 
Per  duodena  regit  mundi  Sol  aureus  astra. 
Quirique  tenent  coelum  zonse  :  quarum  una  corusco 
Semper  Sole  rubens,  et  torrida  semper  ab  igni : 
Quam  circum  extremse  dextra  laevaque  trahuntur, 
Ccerulea  glacie  concretae  atque  imbribus  atris. 
Has  inter  mediamque,  duse  mortalibus  33gris 
Munere  concessse  Divum,  et  via  secta  per  ambas, 
Obliquus  qua  se  signorum  verteret  ordo. 
Mundus  ut  ad  Scythiam  Riphseasque  arduus  arces 
Consurgit ;  premitur  Libyae  devexus  in  Austros. 
Hie  vertex  nobis  semper  sublimis  ;  at  ilium 
Sub  pedibus  Styx  atra  videt,  Manesque  profundi. 
Maximus  hie  flexu  sinuoso  elabitur  anguis 
Circum,  perque  duas  in  morem  fluminis  Arctos  ; 
Arctos,  Oceani  metuentes  aequore  tingi. 


230  231-  Idcirco  aureus 
Sol  regit  orbem  dimen- 
sum certis  partibus  per 
duodena  astra  mundi. 

234.  Quarum  una 
zona  est  semper  rubens 

235  235.  Circum  quam 
dues  extremse  zonce  tra- 
huntur dextra  Isevaque, 
concrete 

237.  Inter  has  duas, 
mediamque  zonam,  duse 

ali(K  concesS8B  mnt  ffigris 
mortalibus  munere  Di- 
vum; et  via  secta  est 
per  ambas,  qua 

244.  Hie  (adtublimem 
polum)  Maximus  anguis 
elabitur  circum  polum 
sinuoso  flexu,  extendens 
que 


NOTES. 


cheap,   which  is  the  meaning  of  vilis,   in 
this  place. 

228.  Lentis.  The  lens  was  a  kind  of  pulse, 
which  abounded  in  Egypt,  and  particularly 
at  Pelusium,  a  town  situated  near  the  east- 
ern mouth  of  the  Nile.     Hence  the  adj.  Pe- 
lusiacce. 

229.  Bootes  cadens:   the  Bootes    setting 
will  give,  &c.  Bootes,  a  star  in  the  constel- 
lation of  the  same  name,  near  the  north 
pole.      It  sets  acronically,  or  with  the  sun, 
about  the  beginning  of  November ;  and  cos- 
mically,  or  at  the  time  of  his  rising,  about 
the  beginning  of  March.      The  former  is 
here  meant.     Mittet :  in  the  sense  of  dabit, 

232.  Duodena  astra.  Astronomers  divide 
the  ecliptic,  or  the  circle  in  which  the  sun 
appears  to  move,  into  12  equal  parts,  called 
signs,  and  each  of  these  signs  into  30  equal 
parts  called  degrees.    A  space  8  degrees  in 
breadth  on  each  side  of  this  circle  is  called 
the  zodiac,  because  it  contains  the  12  con- 
stellations, which  take  the  names  of  certain 
animals :  as  Aries,  Taurus,  &c.  It  also  con- 
tains the  orbits  of  the  planets. 

233.  Quinque  ZoncB.  Geographers  divide 
the  surface  of  the  earth  into  five  grand  por- 
tions called  zones :  one  of  which  they  de- 
nominate the  torrid  or  burning ;  two  the 
temperate;  and  two dMfcrozcn zones.     The 
torrid  is  that  portion  ^Ipe  earth's  surface 
included  between  the  tropics  of  Cancer  and 
Capricorn.     In  every  part  of  which  the  sun 
is  vertical  twice  in  every  year.    The  ancients 
supposed  it  to  be  uninhabitable  on  account 
of  its  great  heat.    Those  parts  of  the  earth's 
surface  that  lie  between  the  two  tropics  and 
polar  circles,  are  denominated  the  tempe- 
rate zones.     The  two  frozen  zones  embrace 
those  parts  between  the  polar  circles  and  the 
poles. 


235.  Trahuntur :  are  extended — stretched 
out. 

239.  Obliquus  ordo:   the  ecliptic.     It  is 
called  obliquus,  because  it  makes  an  angle 
with  the  equator.    The  quantity  of  the  an- 
gle is  23°  28'. 

240.  Scythiam :  a  vast  country  lying  to- 
ward the  arctic  circle.     See  Eel.  i.  66.     Ri- 
phceas  arces :  the  Riphsean  mountains.     An 
extensive  range  stretching  along  the  north 
of  Europe,    and    covered   with   perpetual 
snow.  t//:as.  Inaustros:  simply  to  the  south. 

242.  Hie  vertex.  The  poles  are  two  ima- 
ginary points  in  the  heavens  directly  in  a 
line  with  the  axis  of  the  earth.  On  the 
equator  these  points  are  in  the  horizon.  In 
all  places  on  the  north  of  the  equator,  the 
north  pole  is  visible ;  while  the  south  pole 
will  be  depressed  below  the  horizon.  Ilium : 
the  south  pole. 

244.  Maximus  anguis.  The  dragon, 
(Draco,)  the  keeper  of  the  garden  of  the 
Hesperides,  after  he  was  killed  by  Hercu- 
les, was  translated  to  heaven,  and  made  a 
constellation  near  the  north  pole.  With  his 
tail  he  touches  Ursa  major,  and  with  the 
flexure  of  his  body  embraces  Ursa  minor: 
the  greater  and  lesser  bears :  here  called 
Arctos.  This  will  be  seen  by  looking  upon 
a  celestial  globe. 

246.  Arctos  metuentes  :  fearing  to  be 
touched  in  the  waters  of  the  ocean.  The 
elevation  of  the  pole  at  any  given  place  is 
always  equal  to  the  latitude  of  that  place. 
Consequently  all  those  stars  that  are  near- 
er the  pole  than  the  distance  any  place  is 
from  the  equator  in  degrees,  will  not  set  be- 
low the  horizon  at  that  place,  but  continue 
to  revolve  about  the  pole.  This  is  the  case 
with  the  two  constellations  here  mentioned, 
in  the  latitude  of  Italy. 


P.  V1RGILII  MARQNI3 


247.  Illic,  (ad  australem  Illic,  ut  perhibent,  aut  intempesta  silet  nox 
polum)  ut  perhibent  ho-  semper,  et  obtenta  densantur  nocte  tenebrae  : 
Aut  redit  a  nobis  Aurora,  diemque  reducit ; 
Nosque  ubi  primus  equis  oriens  afflavit  anhelis,        250 
Illic  sera  rubens  accendit  lumina  Vesper. 
Hinc  tempestates  dubio  praedicere  coelo 
Possumus  ;  hinc  messisque  diem,  tempusque  serendi ; 
Et  quando  infidum  remis  impellere  marmor 
Conveniat ;  quando  armatas  deducere  classes,          255 
Aut  tempestivam  sylvis  evertere  pinum. 

Nee  frustra  signorum  obitus  speculamur  et  ortus, 
Temporibusque  parem  diversis  quatuor  annum. 
259.  Si  quando  frigi-  Frigidus  agricolam  si  quando  continet  imber : 
dus  imber  continet  agri-  Multa,  forent  quae  mox  coelo  properanda  sereno,       260 
colam  down,  tune  tempus  Maturare  datur  :  durum  procudit  arator 
datur  maturare  multa,  Vomeris  obtusi  dentem;  cavat  arbore  lintres  : 
nmd™  coelo  sereno7Pe~ Aut  pecori  signum,  aut  numeros  impressit  acervis. 
Exacuunt  alii  vallos,  furcasque  bicornes, 
Atque  Amerina  parant.  lentae  retinacula  viti.  265 

Nunc  facilis  rubea  texatur  fiscina  virga  : 
Nunc  torrete  igni  fruges,  nunc  frangite  saxo. 
Quippe  etiam  festis  qusodam  exercere  diebus 
Fas  et  jura  sinunt :  rivos  deducere  nulla 
Relligio  vetuit,  segeti  praetendere  sepem,  270 

Insidias  avibus  moliri,  incendere  vepres, 
Balantumque  gregem  fluvio  mersare  salubri. 


NOTES. 


248.  Densantur:  is  thickened — rendered 
still  more  dark,  night  being  extended,  or 
lengthened  out.     At  the  poles  there  are  six 
months  day,  and  six  months  night,  alter- 
nately. 

249.  Aurora:   Aurora  returns  to  them, 
from  us.     She  was  goddess  of  the  morning, 
the  daughter  of  Titan  and  Terra.     She  fell 
in  love  with  Tithonus,  the  son  of  Laome- 
don,  king  of  Troy,  by  whom  she  had  Mem- 
non,  who  came  to  assist  Priam  against  the 
Greeks,  and  was  slain  by  Achilles.     She 
obtained  for  her  lover  immortality ;  but  for- 
got, at  the  same  time,  to  ask  for  perpetual 
youth  and  beauty.     At  last  he  grew  old 
and  infirm;  and  requested  her  to  remove 
him  from  the  world  ;  but  as  that  could  not 
be  done,  she  is  said  to  have  changed  him 
into  a  grasshopper:  which,  as  often  as  it 
grows  old,  renews  its  age.     By  meton.  ele- 
gantly put  for  the  morning. 

250.  Oriens :  in  the  sense  of  Sol. 

255.  Deducere:    to    launch    the    armed 
fleets.    Marmor :  in  the  sense  of  mare. 

256.  Tempestivam:  seasonable — denoting 
the  time  proper  for  cutting  the  pine.     Ever- 
tere :  in  the  sense  of  ccedere. 

261.  Maturare:   to  do  hi  season — or,  at 
leisure. 

262.  Dentem:    the  edge  of  his  dull  or 
blunt  share.    Lintres.   These  were  vessels 


dug  out  of  the  solid  body  of  trees — troughs 
— bows,  &c. 

263.  Signum  :  in  the  sense  of  notas.  Acer- 
vis.  Acervus  is  a  heap  or  pile  of  any  thing 
— a  heap  of  grain.  Here,  probably,  it  is 
taken  for  the  sacks  or  bags  that  contained 
the  grain. 

265.  Amerina  retinacula:    osier  strings, 
to  fasten  the  limber  vine,     Amerina:  an 
adj.  from  Ameria,  a  town  in  Umbria,  a  spa- 
cious country  in  Italy,  where  osiers  abound- 
ed. 

266.  Rubea  virga:  with  the  osier  or  wick- 
er twig.      Rubea :   an  adj.  probably  from 
Rubi,  a  town  of  Campania,  near  which  the 
virga,  or  wicker  abounded.     Dr.  Trapp  un- 
derstands it  in  this  sense,  and  as  a  reason 
for  so  doing,  he  observes  that  rubeus,  from 
rubus,   the   bramble,  is  no    where  found. 
Heyne  is  of  the  samgtopinion. 

267.  Torrete :  di^^ruges :  grain — corn. 
269.  Fas    et  Jumrsinunt   exercere,    &c. 

There  is  a  difference  of  signification  between 
fas  and  jus.  The  former  implies  a  divine 
law,  or  what  may  be  done,  or  is  permitted 
to  be  done,  by  the  laws  of  God.  The  lat- 
ter a  natural  right — or  a  law  founded  in 
reason — common  law.  Deducere  rivos:  to 
drain  the  water  from  his  fields. 

272.  Balantum :  gen/plu.  of  the  pres.  part. 
,  here  used  as  a  substantive— sheep. 


GEORGICA.    OB.  I, 


Ssepe  oleo  tardi  costas  agitator  aselli, 

Vilibus  aut  onerat  pomis  :  lapidemque  revertens 

Incusum,  aut  atrae  massam  picis,  urbe  reportat., 

Ipsa  dies  alios  alio  dedit  ordine  Luna 
Felices  operum.     Quintain  fuge  :  pallidus  Orcus, 
Eumenidesque  satas  :  turn  partu  Terra  nefando 
Coeumque,  lapetumque  creat,  saevumque  Typhoea, 
Et  conjuratos  coelum  rescindere  fratres. 
Ter  sunt  conati  imponere  Pelio  Ossam 
Scilicet,  atque  Ossas  frondosum  involvere  Olympum 
Ter  Pater  extructos  disjecit  fulmine  montes. 
Septima  post  decimam  felix,  et  ponere  vitem, 
Et  prensos  domitare  boves,  et  licia  tolas 
Addere  :  nona  fugae  melior,  contraria  furtis. 

Multa  adeo  gelida  melius  se  nocte  dedere : 
Aut  cum  Sole  novo  terras  irrorat  Eoiis4l£~ 
Nocte  leves  stipulae  melius,  nocte  arida  prata 
Tondentur  :  noctes  lentus  non  deficit  humor. 
Et  quidam  seros  hyberni  ad  luminis  ignes 
Pervigilat,  ferroque  faces  inspicat  acuto. 
Interea  longum  cantu  solata  laborem 
Arguto  conjux  percurrit  pectine  telas :  'yv&# 
Aut  dulcis  musti  Vulcano  decoquit  humorem, 
Et  foliis  undam  tepidi  despumat  aheni. 


574.  Revertens  domum 
2^5  €x  urbe,  reportat 

277.  Pallidue  Orcus 
sains  est,  Eumenidesque 
satee  sunt,  illo  (ftc. 

280 


284.  Septima  dies  post 
285  decimam  est  felix,  et  pa- 
nere 

286.  Nona  dies  est  me- 
lior fugse,  sed 


290 


294.    Conjux    solala 
295  longum  laborem  cantu 
percurrit 


NOTES. 


274.  Lapidem  incusum:  a  furrowed  or 
indented  stone,  for  the  purpose  of  grinding 
corn ;  something  like  our  mill-stone. 

276.  Alios  dies :  other  days.  Alio  ordine : 
in  a  different  order  from  those  above  men- 
tioned. The  ancients  superstitiously  thought 
some  days  of  the  month  to  be  lucky,  and 
others  unlucky. 

278.  Eumenides :  the  furies.  They  were 
said  to  have  sprung  from  the  blood  of  a 
wound,  which  Crelus  received  from  his 
brother  Saturn.  Some  say  they  were  the 
daughters  of  Acheron  and  Nox,  or  of  Pluto 
and  Proserpine.  They  were  three  in  num- 
ber :  Tisiphone,  Megozra,  and  Alecto.  They 
were  supposed  to  be  the  ministers  of  ven- 
geance to  the  gods,  and  to  be  constantly 
employed  in  punishing  the  wicked  in  hell. 
They  were  sometimes  called  Furice  and 
Erinnyes.  They  were  worshipped ;  but  the 
people  dared  not  to  mention  their  names,  or 
even  to  fix  their  eyes  upon  their  temple. 
They  were  represented  holding  a  burning 
torch  in  one  hand,  and  a  whip  of  scorpions 
in  the  other  hand. 

278.  Great:    in  the  sense  of  edidit,  vel 
produxit. 

279.  C&umque,  &c.   These  are  the  names 
of  three  giants,  who  attempted  to  scale  hea- 
ven and  dethrone  the  gods.     They  were  the 
sons  of  Titan  and  Terra.  Those  here  named 
•were  the  principal  ones.    Conjuratos  fratres. 
These  included  the  whole  fraternity,  that 
were  engaged  in  the  enterprise. 


10 


281.  Pelio.  The  mountains  here  menr 
tioned  were  very  high  mountains  in  Thesv 
saly,  near  the  Sinus  Thennaicus.  The  lat*- 
ter  is  sometimes  taken  for  heaven. 

286.  FugcB :  in  the  sense  of  itineri ;  and, 
contraria,  iu  the  sense  of  adversa,  vel  si- 
nistra. 

288.  Eous  :  the  morning  star ;  by  meton. 
the  morning.     JVbro  sole :   in  the  sense  of 
die  incipiente,  vel  oriente. 

289.  Stipulcp. :  in  the  sense  of  arista,  says 
Ruseus.     Mowing  in  general  is  best  effected 
when  the  dew  is  upon  the  grass. 

292.  Inspicat :  he  forms  matches  with  a 
sharp  knife.  Any  instrument  made  of  iron 
may  be  called  ferrum. 

295.  Decoquit :  she  boils  away  the  liquor 
of  sweet  must,  and  skims,  &c.    Mustum  is 
sweet  or  new   made    wine.      The    juice 
of  the  grape,  when  boiled  down  one  third 
part,  formed   what  was  called  sapa,   and 
when    one   half,  it  formed   the  defrutum. 
Vulcanus:     was  the   son  of  Jupiter    and 
Juno.     On  account  of  his  deformity,  he  was 
cast  down  from  heaven  upon  the  island  of 
Lemnos,  where  he  taught  the  inhabitants 
the  smith  trade,  and  married  Venus.     The 
Cyclops  were  his  workmen  and  assistants. 
He  was  the  god  of  fire;  hence  Vulcanus,  by 
meton.  often  is  put  for  fire  itself,  as  in  the 
present  instance.     He  was  sometimes  called 
Muhiber,  Ignipotens,  and  Pandamator. 

296.  Undam.     By  this  we  are  to  under- 
stand the  liquor  in  the  boiling  kettle.  Tent  - 


•74  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

At  rubicunda  Ceres  medio  succiditur  icstu. 
Et  medio  tostas  aestu  terit  area  fruges. 
Nudus  ara,  sere  nudus  :  hyems  ignava  colono. 
Frigoribus  parto  agricolse  plerumque  fruuntur,  300 

Mutuaque  inter  se  laeti  convivia  curant  : 
Invitat  genialis  hyems,  curasque  resolvit. 
Ceu  presses  cum  jam  portum  tetigere  carinae, 
Puppibus  et  laeti  riautae  imposuere  coronas. 
Sed  tamen  et  quernas  glandes  turn  stringere  tempus, 

307.  Tune  tempus  e*/Et  lauri  baccas»  oleamque»  crucntaque  myrta  :  306 
quoque  ponere               Tune  gruibus  pedicas,  et  retia  ponere  cervis, 

308.  Turn  est  tempus  Auritosque  sequi  lepores  ;  turn  figere  damas 
venatorem  figere  damas  Stupea  torquentem  Balearis  verbera  fundae  ; 

wlUeBaTartUPfundeffi  Cum  nix  alta  JaCet'  glaciem  cum  flumina  trudunt.       310 

Quid  tempestates  autumni  et  sidera  dicam  ? 
Atque,  ubi  jam  breviorque  dies,  et  mollior  aestas, 
Quaa  vigilanda  viris?  vel  cum  ruit  imbriferum  ver: 
Spicea  jam  campis  cum  messis  inhorruit,  et  cum 
Frumenta  in  viridi  stipula  lactentia  turgent?  310 

Saepe  ego,  cum  flavis  messorem  induceret  arvis 
Agricola,  et  fragili  jam  stringeret  hordea  culmo, 
318.  Ego  saepe  vidi  Qmnia  ventorum  concurrere  praelia  vidi, 


Sublime  expulsam  eruerent  ;  ita  turbine  nigro 
Ferret  hyems  culmumque  levem,  stipulasque  volantes. 
Saepe  etiam  immensum  coelo  venit  agmen  aquarum, 

NOTES. 

threshes,  or  beats  out.  Fruges  tostas:  the  315.  Lactentia:  milky  —  filling  with  milk. 

dry,  or  ripe  grain.  318.  Omniaj>ra>lia  ventorum  :  all  the  pow- 

297.  Medio  cestu  :  in  the  middle  of  the  ers  of  the  winds  in  fierce  contest  engage. 

day.  Ceres  :  for  seges,  the  grain,  or  harvest.  Ruceus  says  :  pugnas  omnium  ventorum 

Rubicunda:  in  the  sense  offlava.  misceri.  This  comparison  of  the  wind  with 

209.  Nudus  ava,  &c.  The  poet's  meaning  the  wind,  and  of  growing  corn  with  chaff, 

here  is,  that  the  farmer  should  be  industrious,  has  been  censured  by  some  critics  ;  but  the 

and  turn  the  summer  to  the  best  account;  passage  is  probably  to  be  understood  as  re- 

for  the  winter  is  a  season  of  rest  and  festi-  presenting  the  growing  corn  uprooted  by 

vity,  when  he  may  enjoy  the  fruit  of  his  the  tempest,  and  whirled  aloft  (sublime)  as 

labours.  easily  as  light  straw  is  by  an  ordinary 

300.  Parto  :  what  he  had  gotten  during  whirlwind.     Martyn,  Heyne,   and  Vossius, 
the  summer.     Rebus  per  axlatem  comparatis,  concur,  says  Valpy,  in  this  interpretation. 
says  Ruceus.  320.  Expulsam  :  in  the  sense  of  ditripa- 

301.  Curant:  in  the  sense  of  parant.  tarn.    Nigro  turbine:  in  a  black  whirlwind; 

304.  Ceu  presses  carince  :  may  either  mean  a  whirlwind  bringing   with  it  clouds  and 
laden  ships,  or  weather-beaten  ships.     Ca-  darkness,  and  imbruing  a  storm.     Hyems  : 
rina  is   properly  the  keel  ;  by  synec.   the  in  the  sense  of  tempestas. 

whole  ship.  322.  Immensum  agmen,  &c.     Nothing  can 

305.  Stringere  :  in  the  sense  of  colligere.  surpass,  in  grandeur  and  sublimity,  the  de- 
309.  Balearis  fundae  :  the  Balerian  sling,  scription  which,  we  here  have  of  a  sudden 

The  islands  Majorca,  Minorca,  and  Uvica,  storm,  of  its  rise,  and  effect.     An  immense 

on  the  coast  of  Spain,  were  called  by  the  band  or  army  of  vapours  march  along  the 

ancients    Balearides  ;     the    inhabitants   of  heavens  ;    the  clouds,  impregnated   deeply 

which  were  famous  for  the  use  of  the  sling,  with  vapour,  collect  together  from  the  sea  ; 

Stupea  verbera:  the  hempen  strings.  and,    forming    themselves     into     globous 

312.  JEstas:  in  the  sense   of  color,  vel  wreaths,  brew  a  deep  and  threatening  storm. 
(Estus.     The  verb  est  is  to  be  supplied.     Vi-  They  then  burst,  and  discharge  such  a  de- 
gilanda  :     curanda,    vel    providenda,    says  luge  of  water,  that  the  whole  heaven  seems 
Heyne.     Viris  :  for  agricolis.  dissolved,  and  pouring  upon  the  fields.  The 

313.  Ruit:  hastens  to  a  close.    Rueeus  floods  sweep  away  the  fertile  (Iceta)  crops, 
says,  desinit,  and  Servius,  pracipitaiur.  the  labours  of  man  and  beest  ;  the  ditches 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  I. 


75 


Et  tceclam  glomerant  tempestatem  imbribus  atris 

Collectae  ex  alto  nubes  :  ruit  arduus  aether, 

Et  pluvia  ingenti  sata  laeta,  boumque  labores  325 

Diluit :  implentur  fossae,  et  cava  flumina  crescunt 

Cum  sonitu,  fervetque  fretis  spirantibus  aequor. 

Ipse  pater,  media  nimborum  in  nocte,  corusca 

Fulmina  molitur  dcxtra  :  quo  maxima  motu 

Terra  tremit :  fugere  ferae,  et  mortalia  corda  330 

Per  gentes  humilis  stravit  pavor :  ille  flagrant! 

Aut  Atho,  aut  Rhodopen,  aut  alta  Ceraunia  telo 

Dejicit :  ingeminant  Austri,  et  densissimus  hnber : 

Nunc  nemora  ingenti  vento,  nunc  litora  plangunt. 

Hoc  metuens,  cceli  menses  et  sidera  serva  :  335 

Frigida  Saturni  sese  quo  stella  receptet : 
Quos  ignis  coeli  Cyllenius  erret  in  orbes. 
Imprimis  venerare  Deos,  atque  annua  magnse 
Sacra  refer  Cereri,  laetis  operatus  in  herbis, 
Extremae  sub  casum  hyemis,  jam  vere  sereno.         340 
Tune  agni  pingues,  et  tune  mollissima  vina :  341.  Tune  agni  funt 

Tune  somni  dulces,  densaeque  in  montibus  umbrae. 
Cuncta  tibi  Cererem  pubes  agrestis  adoret : 
Cui  tu  lacte  favos,  et  miti  dilue  Baccho, 


NOTES. 


are  filled ;  the  winding  rivers  swell,  and  the 
sea  roars  in  its  foaming  friths. 

327.  Fretis.  Fretum  is  properly  a  strait, 
or  arm  of  the  sea.  Spirans,  as  here  used, 
is  beautiful  and  expressive.  The  figure  is 
taken  from  water  boiling,  which  seems  to 
breathe  (spirare)  by  emitting  a  steam  or 
vapour,  and  is  ail  in  commotion. 

329.  Molitur :  in  the  sense  of  vibrat,  vel 
jacit.     Qwo  motu.   By  this  we  are  to  under- 
stand probably  the  act  of  vibrating  or  hurl- 
ing  the    thunder-bolt — the   thunder   itself. 
What  the  ancients  supposed  to  be  the  bolt, 
was  nothing  more  than  the  lightning — the 
electric  matter,  passing  from  one  cloud,  or 
part  of  the  atmosphere,  to  another,  that  was 
diiferently  electrified,  and  thus  became  vi- 
sible. 

330.  FercB  fugere:  the  wild  beasts  have 
fled.     There  is  a  peculiar  force  in  the  use  of 
the  perfect  tense  here.     The  beasts  of  the 
forest  fear,  and  they  are  gone,  and  are  out 
of  sight  in  a  moment,  seeking  their  wonted 
retreats. 

332.  Alho:  a   Greek  ace.     A  mountain 
in  Macedonia,  which  overlooked  the  ^Egean 
sea.     Rfwdopen.     A   mountain,   or   rather 
range  of  mountains  in  Thrace,     Ceraunia : 
ace.  plu.  neu.  mountains  in  Epirus.     They 
were  so  called  from  a  Greek  word  signify- 
ing thunder,  because,  from  their  height,  they 
were  much  exposed  to  it. 

333.  Imber  densissimus.      RUSBUS  says: 
pluvia  est  copiocissima. 

336.  Quo  frigida  stella :  to  what  part  of 
heaven  the  cold  star  of  Saturn  betakes  it- 
self. Saturn  is  called  cold  most  probably 


from  the  circumstance  of  its  great  distance 
from  the  sun,  and  the  small  degree  of  heat 
it  receives  from  him.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  planet  Mercury  is  called  ignis,  on  ac- 
count of  its  nearness  to  the  sun,  and  the  de- 
gree of  heat  it  probably  receives  from  him. 
Cyllenius.  A  name  of  the  god  Mercury. 
He  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Maia,  the 
god  of  eloquence,  and  messenger  of  the 
gods.  He  had  a  winged  cap  called  Petasus, 
and  winged  feet  called  Talaria.  The  in- 
vention of  the  lyre,  and  its  seven  strings,  is 
attributed  to  him ;  which  he  gave  to  Apollo, 
and  received  in  return  the  celebrated  Ca- 
duceus,  which  was  a  rod  or  wand  encircled 
with  serpents,  and  said  to  possess  extraor- 
dinary virtues  and  qualities.  It  was  his 
business  to  conduct  the  manes  of  the  dead 
to  the  infernal  regions.  He  presided  over 
orators,  merchants,  and  thieves.  The  wor- 
ship of  Mercury  was  established  in  Greece, 
Egypt  and  Italy.  He  was  called  Cyllenius, 
from  a  mountain  in  Arcadia  of  that  name, 
where  he  is  said  to  have  been  born ;  Caducea- 
/or,  Triplex,  Delius,  &c.  According  to  Cicero, 
there  were  four  others  to  whom  the  name 
of  Mercury  was  given.  Of  these,  was  a 
famous  philosopher  of  Egypt,  whom  they 
called  Hermes  Trismigistus.  Cyllenius  ignis  : 
the  planet  Mercury. 

337.  Erret :  in  the  sense  of  moveat.  Or- 
bes :  planets. 

344.  Cui  tu  dilue  favos:  for  whom  do 
thou  mingle  honey  with  milk  and  sweet 
wine.  Favos:  the  comb;  by  meton.  the 
honey  contained  in  it. 


T6  P.  V1RGILII  MARON1S 

Terque  novas  circum  felix  eat  hostia  fruges,  345 

346.   Quarn   hostiam  Omnis  quam  chorus  et  socii  comitentur  ovantes ; 
omnis  chorus,  et/m  socii  Et  Cererem  clamore  vocent  in  tecta  :  neque  ante 
Falcem  maturis  quisquam  supponat  aristis, 
Quam  Cereri,  tortt  redimitus  tempora  quercu, 
Det  motus  incompositos,  et  carmina  dicat.  350 

Atque  haec  ut  certis  possimus  discere  signis, 
/Etusque,  pluviasque,  et  agentes  frigora  ventos ; 
Ipse  pater  statuit,  quid  menstrua  Luna  moneret, 
Quo  signo  caderent  Austri,  quid  saepe  videntes 
Agricolae  propius  stabulis  armenta  tenerent.  355 

Continue,  ventis  surgentibus,  aut  freta  ponti 
Incipiunt  agitata  tumescere,  et  aridus  altis 
Montibus  audiri  fragor ;  aut  resonantia  longe 
Litora  misceri,  et  nemorum  increbrescere  murmur. 
Jam  sibi  turn  curvis  male  temperat  unda  carinis  :      360 
Cum  medio  celeres  revolant  ex  a3quore  mergi, 

363.  Sicco  htore         Clamoremque  ferunt  ad  litora,  cumque  marina; 

In  sicco  ludunt  fulicoe  ;  notasque  paludes 

364.  Ardeaquc  descrit  Deserit,  atque  altam  supra  volat  ardea  nubem. 

notas  paludes, atquevo- gaepe  etiam  Stellas,  vento  impendente,  videbis  365 

Tat  aupra  altam  nubem.  praecipites  CCelo  labi  ;  noctisque  per  umbrani 

Flammarum  longos  a  tergo  albescere  tractus ; 

Ssepe  levem  paleam  et  frondes  volitare  caducas ; 

Aut  summa  nantcs  in  aqua  colludere  plumas. 

At  Boreae  de  parte  trucis  cum  fulminat,  et  cum  370 
\jfJL"''-  Enrique  Zephyrique  tonat  domus  ;  omnia  plenis 

Kura  natant  fossis  ;  atque  omnis  navita  ponto 

NOTES. 

345.  Felix  hoslia.     The  poet  here  alludes  360.  Jam  turn  unda  male  temperat:  then 
to  the  sacrificium  ambervale,  so  called,  be-  the  waves  scarcely  restrain  themselves  from 
cause  the  victim  was  led  three  times  around  (swallowing  up)  the  bending  ships.     Mali  : 
the  field ;  ab  ambire  arva.  in  the  sense  of  difficile. 

346.  Omnis  chorus  ct  socii:  the  same  as  361.  Mergi:   *a  species  of  sea-fowl,  ge- 
omnis  chorus  sociorum.  nerally  taken  to  be  the  cormorant :  from  the 

349.  Redimitus  tempora :  bound  as  to  his     verb  mergo. 

temples  with  a  wreath  of  oak.     The  poet  363.  Fuliccc:  a  species  of  sea-fowl  much 

enjoins  upon  the  farmer  to  make  two  oftcr-  like  the  common  duck ;  a  coot,  or  moor-hen. 

ings  tv Ceres:  the  first  of  honey  and  wine,  364.  Ardea:     a  bird,  swift  on  the  wing, 

nt  the  beginning  of  spring:  dibit  faros,  &c.  and   soaring   high.     From   which   circum- 

The  other  of  a  victim  at  the  beginning  of  stance  called  ardca,  quasi pro  ardua :  a  heron, 

harvest:  ter  feli. r  hoslia,  &c.  365.  Stupe  ridebis  sldlas:    you  will  also 

350.  Incompositos  motus :  the  irregular  or  often  see   stars,  &c.     The  poet  speaks  in 
immethodical  dance ;  such  as  is  performed  conformity  to  the  vulgar  notion.     No  star 
by  rustics.     Cereri :  nempo,  in  honorem  Ce-  moves  from  its  station.     Those  appearances 
reri.s.  to  which  the  poet  alludes  are  of  an  electric 

351.  J/fcc:  nempe,  cesf usque,  pluviasque.  nature — meteors.  They  are  sometimes  seen 

353.  Moneret:  in  the  sense  of  indicaret.        to  dart  across  the  heavens,  and  through  the 

354.  Signo :    in   the   sense    of   indicio.  darkness  of  the  night,  appear  to  draw  after 
Qwod  indicium  esset  venti  mox  cessuri,  says  them   a  train    (tractus')  of  light   or  flame. 
Heyne.     dustri  :  here  put  for  any  boister-  Impendente:    threatening — being   near   at. 
ous  wind :  the  species  for  the  genus.  hand. 

356.  Freta  ponli :  simply,  for  pontus,  vel  371.  Domus  Enrique,  &c.  That  part  of 

mare.  Fret um,  properly  a  strait,  or  narrow  the  heavens  from  which  these  winds  blow, 

part  of  the  sea.  the  poet  calls  their  house  or  habitation. 

358.  Jlridus  fragor:  a  dry  cracking  The  expression  is  highly  poetical.  Here 

sound,  such  as  is  made  among  dry  trees  the  poet  mentions  twelve  signs  or  prognostics 

they  break,,  of  rain. 


OEORGICA.     LIB.  1. 


Humida  vela  legit.     Nunquarn  imprudentibus  imber 

Obfuit.     Aut  ilium  surgentem  vallibus  imis 

Aeriae  fugere  grues ;  aut  bucula  coslum 

Suspiciens,  patulis  captavit  naribus  auras  : 

Aut  arguta  lacus  circumvolitavit  hirundo : 

Et  veterem  in  limo  ranae  cecinere  querelam. 

Saepius  et  tectis  penetralibus  extulit  ova 

Angustum  formica  terens  iter ;  et  bibit  ingens 

Arcus ;  et  e  pastu  decedens  agmine  magno 

Corvorum  increpuit  densis  exercitus  alis. 

Jam  varias  pelagi  volucres,  et  quas  Asia  circum 

Dulcibus  in  stagnis  rimantur  prata  Caystri, 

Certatim  largos  humeris  infundere  rores  ; 

Nunc  caput  objectare  fretis,  nunc  currere  in  undas, 

Et  studio  incassum  videas  gestire  lavandi. 

Turn  cornix  plena  pluviam  vocat  improba  voce, 

Et  sola  in  sicca  secum  spatiatur  arena. 

Nee  nocturna  quidem  carpentes  pensa  puelke 

Nescivere  hyemem  :  testa  cum  ardente  viderent 

Scintillare  oleum,  et  putres  concrescere  fungos. 

Nee  minus  ex  imbri  soles,  et  aperta  serena 
Prospicere,  et  certis  poteris  cognoscere  signis. 
Nam  neque  turn  stellis  acies  obtusa  videtur, 
Nee  fratris  radiis  obnoxia  surgere  Luna : 


375 


376.  Suspiciens  ad  coe- 
lum 


380 


383.  Jam  videas  va- 
rias volucres  pelagi,  et 


Asia  prata  in  dulcibus 
stagnis  Caystri,certatim 
infundere  largos  rores 
humeris 


390 


393.  Nee  minus  ex 
imbri  poteris  prospicere, 
et,  certis  signis,  cognos- 
cere  sudos  soles,  et  aperta 
et  serena  coda. 


NOTES. 


373.  Imprudentibus,  &c.    Never  hath   a 
shower  hurt  any  person  unforwarned  :  that 
is,  a  shower  always  gives  such  certain  signs 
of  its  approach,  that  any  who  will  attend 
to  them,  may  avoid  receiving  injury  from 
it.     Heyne  informs  us,  that  the  Medicean, 
and  some  other  copies,  read prudentibus ;  he, 
however,  prefers  the  usual  reading,  impru- 
dentibus.    Prudentibus  is  the  easier. 

374.  Ilium  surgentem,  &zc.    This  sentence 
is   capable    of  two   constructions:    1.  The 
cranes  may  flee  the  shower,  rising  out  of  the 
valleys ;  which  is  the  sense  Ruseus  gives.     2. 
Davidson  takes  it  to  mean  that  the  cranes 
tlce   into  the  valleys,   to   avoid  the   rising 
storm.     This  is  also  the  opinion  of  Valpy. 

378.  Et  ranee  cecinere,  &c.  This  alludes 
to  the  fable  of  the  transformation  of  the 
Lycians  into  frogs  for  reproaching  Latona, 
of  which  hard  treatment,  when  they  croak, 
they  are  said  to  complain.  See  Ovid.  Met. 
Lib.  6. 

380.  Ingens  arcus :  the  spacious  bow  hath 
drunk ;  alluding  to  a  vulgar  notion  that  the 
rainbow  drank  the  water  that  supplied  the 
clouds. 

383.  Asia:  an  adj.  from  dsius,  a  lake  and 
town  between  the  river  Caystrus  and  the 
mountain  Tmolus,  in  the  confines  of  Lydia 
and  Phrygia  Major.  Caystrus  falls  into  the 
uEgean  sea,  not  far  from  the  once  famous 
city  of  Ephesus.  On  its  banks  the  swan 
abounded.  Rinwnlur :  in  the  sense  offre- 
quentant. 


385.  Infundere  largos:  to  throw  eagerly 
much  water  upon  their  backs.  Rores:  in 
the  sense  of  aquam. 

387.  Studio  lavandi :  through  a  desire  of 
washing  themselves  in  vain.  Incassum  may 
be  understood  in  three  senses.  1.  Because 
nothing  can  add  to  the  whiteness  of  the 
swan,  the  fowl  here  spoken  of.  2.  Because 
they  need  take  no  pains  to  wash  themselves, 
for  the  impending  rain  will  do  it  without 
their  labor.  3.  Because,  according  to  Ser- 
vius,  water  will  not  wet  their  feathers. 

390.  Carpentes:  carding  their  nightly 
tasks  of  wool. 

392.  Fungos :  the  clots   or  spungy  sub- 
stance that  gathers  round  the  wick  of  the 
lamp  or  candle.     Scintillare:  to  sputter  or 
snap  in  the  burning  shell. 

393.  Nee  minus.     Having  mentioned  the 
signs  of  a  storm,  the  poet  now  enumerates 
those  of  fair  weather.     He  makes  them  in 
number  nine.     Ex  imbri :  after  a   shower. 
Soles:  days. 

395.  Acies  stellis :  Rureus  says,  lux  stella- 
rum.     Videtur :  in  the  sense  of  apparet. 

396.  Luna  surgere  obnoxia :  nor  will  the 
moon  seem  to  rise  beholden  (or  indebted)  to 
the  beams  of  her  brother.     The  moon  will 
rise  so  clear  and  bright,  that  she  will  seem 
to  shine  by  her  own  inherent  light,  and  not 
by  reflecting  the  rays  of  the  sun.     Sol  and 
Luna  in  heaven,  the  same  as  Apollo  and 
Diana  on  earth,  were  said  to  have  been  the 
children  of  Latona.     See  Eel.  iv.  10. 


78  P.^VIRGILII  MARON1S     fi 

/5    r  ft^ff  jfr^J 

Tenuia  nee  lanae  per  coelum  vellera  f'erri. 
Non  tepidum  ad  solem  pennas  in  litore  pandunt 
Dilectae  Thetidi  liulcyones  :  non  ore  solutos 
Immundi  rneminere  sues  jactare  mariiplos. 

401.  Ima  loca  At  nebulae  magis  ima  petunt,  campoque  recurnbunt ; 

Solis  et  occasum  servans  de  culmine  summo 
Nequicquam  seros  exercet  noctua  cantu.s. 
Apparet  liquido  sublimis  in  aere  Nisus, 
Et  pro  purpureo  pcenas  dat  Scylla  capillo. 
Quacunque  ilia  levem  fugiens  secat  rethera  pennis, 
Ecce  inimicus,  atrox,  magno  stridore  per  auras, 
Insequitur  Nisus  :  qua  se  fert  Nisus  ad  auras, 
Ilia  levem  fugiens  raptim  secat  aethera  pennis. 

410.  Turn  corvi  terTum  liquidas  corvi  presso  ter  gutture  voces  410 

aut  quater  ingeminant  ^ut  qUater  ingeminant :  et  saepe  cubilibus  altis, 
liquidas  Nescio  qu&  praeter  solitum  dulcedine  laeti, 

41*.  L*8Dti,  nescio  qua  *      .  *  .  .  ,     ., 

dulcedme,  prater  soli-  Inter  se  folns  strepitant :  juvat  imbribus  actis 
turn  morem  strepitant     Progeniem  parvam,  dulcesque  revisere  nidos. 

415.  Haud   equidem  Haud  equidem  credo,  quia  sit  divinitus  illis 
credo  hoc  fieri  ita,  quia   ingeniuni)  aut  rerum  fato  prudentia  major  : 
Verum,  ubi  tempestas  et  coali  mobilis  humor 

419.  Densat  ea,  quue  Mutavere  vias  :  et  Jupiter  humidus  Austris 
modo  erant  rara,  et  re-  Densat    erant  qu33  rara  mo(J6  ;  et,  quae  densa,  relaxat : 
laxat  ea,  qu®  prius  erant  _ ,  ,.  on 

densa  Vertuntur  species  ammorum,  et  pectora  motus 

421.  Concipiunt  nunc  Nunc  alios,  alios,  dum  nubila  ventus  agebat, 

NOTES. 

397.  Tenuia  vettera :    thin   white  clouds,  for  the  purple  lock.  Dare — reddere—pendere 

like  fleeces  of  wool.  — solrere  p&nas,  vel  supplicium,  to  be  punish- 

399.  Halcyones.     Ceyx,  king   of  Trachi-  ed.     These  are  phrases.     In  like  manner: 
nia,  going  to  consult  the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  affitcre  p&nd  vel  supplicio — caper  e — swin.tr  c, 
C/anw,was  shipwrecked  in  the  vEgean  sea.  — peterepcenas,ve\  s-ttpplicinm,  to  punish. 
His  wife  Halcyone,  seeing  his  dead   body  410.    Presso  gutture :  with    their  throats 
floating  near  the  shore,  flung  herself  upon  compressed.     This  would  render  the  sounds 
it  in  a   transport  of  her  passion.     Thetis,  more  clear  and  shrill. 

out  of  compassion  to  the  lovers,  transform-  416.  Ingenium:    discernment,  or  mental 

ed  them  into  the  birds  called  king-fishers:  capacity.      Major  prudentia  fato,   &c.     j} 

hence  dilecta  Thetidi.     It  is  said  the  sea  is  greater  knowledge  or  foresight  in  the  course 

calm  a  certain  number  of  days  about  the  and  order  of  things,  than  men  have.     This 

winter  solstice,  that  they  may  more  conve-  passage,   as   it   is  commonly   rendered,   is 

iiiently   bring  forth   their   young.      Hence  unintelligible.     To  take  fato  in  the  ablative, 

those  days  were  sometimes  called  Halcyon  governed  by  major,  Dr.  Trapp  observes,  is 

days.  complete  nonsense ;  and  yet  this  is  the  opi- 

400.  Maniplos:  bundles  of  straw — straw  nion  of  Heyne,  and  Valpy  who  follows  him  : 
in  general.  and  it  is  very  little  better  to  take  it  for  the 

403.  Noctua  servans:  the  owl  observing  agent   or   means   by   which    this    greater 

the  setting  of  the  sun,  &c.     The  meaning  knowledge   was   obtained.     It  is  perfectly 

of  the  expression  seems  to  be  this :    that  easy  as  rendered  above.     Rua?us  says  :  rr- 

as  the  hooting  of  the  owl  in  general  is  a  rum  prudentia,  qucp potent ior  est fato;  which 

sign  of  foul  weather,  yet  when  these  signs  is  with  difficulty  understood, 
of  fair  weather  occur,  she  hoots  in  vain;          417.  Mobilis  humor :  the  moving  vapour 

she  will  be  disregarded ;  or,  if  any  regard  of  heaven.     Vias  is  here  used  in  the  sense 

her   prognostics,  they  will  find  themselves  of    modus,   or   qualitates.      Tempwtas:    the 

disappointed.     The   owl   is  the    only  bird  weather — temperature  of  the  weather, 
that  sings  exclusively  in  the  night;  hence,          418.  Jupiter  humidus:  the  air  moistened 

seros  cantus  exercet.  by  the  south  winds.    Jupiter  is  here  put 

404.  Nisus:  the  falcon,  or  hawk.  Scylla:  poetically  for  the  air;   which  passing  over 
the  lark.     See  Eel.  vi.  74;  also  nom.  prop,  the  sea  that  lay  to  the  south  of  Italy,  bc- 
under  Nisus.  came  moist,  or  impregnated  with  vapour. 

405.  ticylla  dat  pcenas.     Scylla  is  punished         420.  Motus :  motions— affections. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  1. 


79 


Concipiunt :  hinc  ille  avium  concentus  in  agris, 
Et  laetse  pecudes,  et  ovantes  gutture  corvi. 

Si  vero  Solem  ad  rapidum  Lunasque  sequentes 
Ordine  respicies  ;  nunquam  te  crastina  fallet 
Hora,  neque  insidiis  noctis  capiere  serenae. 
Luna,  revertentes  cum  primiim  colligit  ignes, 
Si  nigrurn  obscuro  compreriderit  aera  cornu  ; 
Maximus  agricolis  pelagoque  parabitur  imber. 
At,  si  virgineum  suffuderit  ore  ruborem, 
Ventus  erit :  vento  semper  rubet  aurea  Phoebe. 
Sin  ortu  in  quarto  (namque  is  certissimus  auctor) 
Pura,  neque  obtusis  per  coelum  cornibus  ibit ; 
Totus  et  ille  dies,  et  qui  nascentur  ab  illo 
Exactum  ad  mensem,  pluvia  ventisque  carebunt : 
Votaque  servati  solvent  in  litore  nautae 
Glauco,  et  Panopeae,  et  Inoo  Melicertae. 
Sol  quoque,  et  exoriens,  et  cum  se  condtt  in  uhdas, 
Signa  dabit :  Solem  certissima  signa  sequuntur, 
Et  quae  mane  refert,  et  quse  surgentibus  astris. 
Ille  ubi  nascentem  maculis  variaverit  ortum 
Conditus  in  nubem  medioque  refugerit  Orbe  ; 
Suspecti  tibi  sint  imbres  :  namque  urget  ab  alto 


alios'motus,6/  nunc  alios, 


*££?*$*  t 
425  agris,  et  hinc  pecudes 
sunt 


430 


432.  Sin  illafuerit  pu- 
ra  in  quarto  ortu,  neque 
ibit  per  coelum 


435 


436.  Servati  a  tempes- 
tate 


440      440.    Et   quce   refert, 
mane,    et    quse    refert 

V  d&r*^ 


NOTES. 


425.  Crastina  hora  :  simply,  to-morrow. 

427.  Colligit  revertentes  ignes:  when  first 
the  moon  collects  the  reflected,  or  returning 
rays,  (ignes)  ;  if  she  embrace,  &c.  The  poet 
here  mentions  three  prognostics  of  the 
weather  from  the  rnoon.  1.  If  the  new 
moon  be  obscured  by  dusky  air,  (nigrum 
aera,}  look  for  rain.  2.  If  she  be  red,  look 
for  wind.  3.  If,  on  the  fourth  day,  she  be 
bright,  expect  the  remainder  of  the  month 
to  be  fair  weather;  whence  the  common 
saying  :  pallida  Luna  pluit  ;  rubicundajiat  ; 
alba  serenat. 

432.  Auctor:  sign  —  prognostic. 

437.  Glauco.  Glaucus  was  a  fisherman 
of  Anthedon,  in  Beotia,  by  some  said  to 
have  been  the  son  of  Neptune  and  the  nymph 
Na'is.  As  he  was  fishing,  he  observed  the 
fish  that  he  caught,  as  he  laid  them  on  the 
grass,  to  receive  fresh  vigor,  and  immedi- 
ately to  escape  from  him  by  leaping  into 
the  sea.  From  this  circumstance,  he  ima- 
gined there  must  be  some  extraordinary 
virtue  in  the  grass  ;  whereupon  he  tasted  it, 
and  found  himself  suddenly  moved  with  a 
desire  to  live  in  the  watry  element;  and 
leaping  into  the  sea,  he  was  made  a  sea-god 
by  Oceanus  and  Tetkys.  Panopew  :  a  nymph 
of  the  sea,  the  daughter  of  Nereus  and  Do- 
ris. Melicerta;.  Melicerta,  or  Melicertes, 
was  the  son  of  //to,  the  daughter  of  Cad- 
mus, and  wife  of  Athamas,  king  of  Thebes; 
who  fleeing  from  her  husband,  who  had 
slain  her  son  Learckus,  leaped  into  the  sea 
with  Melicerta  in  her  arms,  both  of  whom 
were  changed  into  sea-gods,  and  worship- 
ped. Inoo  :  an  adj,  from  Ino,  agreeing  with 


Melicertce.  Melicertes  Was  sometimes  called 
PalcKmon.  See  jEn.  v.  823. 

440.  Astris  surgentibus.  When  the  stars 
appear  in  the  evening  at  the  approach  of 
darkness,  in  the  language  of  poetry,  they 
are  said  to  rise  :  so  when  they  disappear  at 
the  approach  of  day,  they  are  said  to  set. 

442.  Medio  refugerit  orbe.  Most  commen- 
tators take  orbis  here  for  the  face  or  disc  of 
the  sun ;  and  understand  by  the  words  me- 
dia refugerit  orbe,  when  he  shall  disappear 
with  half  his  orb  or  disc,  the  other  half  re- 
maining visible.  Ruams  says  :  latuerit  me- 
dia sui  parte.  Valpy  says,  "  When  the  ri- 
sing sun  appears  bordered  by  clouds,  the 
centre  alone  remaining  visible."  Davidson 
translates  the  whole  passage  thus  :  u  When 
he  (the  sun)  shall  chequer  his  new-born  face 
with  spots,  hidden  in  a  cloud,  and  coyly 
shun  the  siglit  with  half  his  orb."  Servius 
seems  to  understand  the  words  to  imply  that 
the  centre  of  the  sun  retired,  as  it  were, 
from  view,  by  appearing  hollow  like  the  ca- 
vity of  the  hand,  while  the  edge  was  con- 
cealed in  a  cloud.  I  know  not  that  philo- 
sophers have  noticed  any  such  appearances 
of  the  sun;  I  am  sure  they  must  be  very 
rare.  Besides,  this  half  concealment  of  the 
sun  does  not  come  up  to  the  obvious  mean- 
ing of  eonditus  in  nubem,  which  certainly 
means  that  he  was  wholly  concealed  from 
sight.  By  taking  media  orbe,  for,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  his  course,  or  diurnal  revolution,  which 
may  very  well  be  done,  the  passage  will  be 
rendered  intelligible  and  easy.  Thus :  when 
the  sun,  in  his  ascent  above  the  horizon, 
shall  have  passed  behind  fleecy  clouds,  and 


Q 


P.  V1RG1LII  MARONIS 

^  Arboribusque  satisque  Notus,  pecorique  sinister.. 
^"*  ulji  sub  lucem  densa  inter  nubila  sese  445 

Diversi  erumpent  radii,  aut  ubi  pallida  surget 
Tithoni  croceum  linquens  Aurora  cubile  ; 
Heu,  male  turn  mites  defendet  pampinus  uvas, 
Tarn  multa  in  tectis  crepitans  salit  horrida  grando. 
450.  Magis  profucrit  Hoc,  etiam  emenso  cum  jam  decedet  Olympo,          450 

™™  sohrdeSrrofuerit  m?minissc  magis  :  nam  sa3pe  viaemus 

Olympo  emenso  :  Ipsius  in  vultu  vanos  errare  colores. 

453.  Cceruleus  sol       Cceruleus  pluviam  denunciat,  igneus  Euros. 

Sin  maculae  incipient  rutilo  immiscerier  igni  ; 
Omnia  tune  pariter  vento  nimbisque  videbis  455 

^Fervere.     Non  ilia  quisquam  me  nocte  per  altum 
Ire,  neque  a  terra  moneat  convellere  funem. 
At  si,  cum  referetque  diem,  condetque  relatum, 
S°'"L«cidus  orbis  erit,  frustri  terrebere  nimbis  ; 

Et  claro  sylvas  cernes  Aquilone  moveri.  460 

Denique,  quid  Vesper  serus  vehat,  unde  serenas 
461.  Denique  Sol  da-  Ventus  agat  nubes,  quid  cogitet  humidus  Auster, 
quid  serus  go,  tibi  si?na  d?Wt  .   golcm  quig  dicere  falgum 

Audeat  ?  ille  etiam  caecos  instare  tumultus 

Sa?pe  monet,  fraudemque,  et  operta  tumescere  bella. 

Ille  etiam  extincto  miseratus  Caesare  Romam  ;  46H 


y 


Cum  caput  obscura  nitidum  ferrugine  texit, 
Impiaque  aeternam  timuerunt  saecula  noctem. 
Tempore  quanquam  illo  tellus  quoque,  etaequora  ponti, 
Obsccenique  canes,  importunseque  volucres,  470 

Signa  dabant.     Quoties  Cyclopum  effervere  in  agros 
Vidimus  undantem  ruptis  fornacibus  ^Etnam, 
Flammarumque  globos,  liquefactaque  volvere  saxa? 
Armorum  sonitum  toto  Germania  coelo 
Audiit  ;  insolitis  tremuerunt  motibus  Alpes.  475 

NOTES. 

be  sometimes  concealed  by  them  from  sight;  470.  Obscoeni  canes:  foul  dogs  —  dogs  of 

and  when  he  shall  have  approached  the  me-  -bad   omen  —  howling  frightfully.     The  an- 

ridian,  and  finished  half  his  course,  he  shall  cients  considered  any  thing  of  this  kind  in- 

be  wholly  concealed  from  sight  by  the  in-  auspicious.  Importunes:  inauspicious.  Cujus 

creased  and  condensed  vapour  in  the  atmos-  cantus  erat  mali  ominis. 

phere,   then  rain   is  be  expected.     Imbres:  471.  Quoties  vidimus:  how  often  have  we 

in  the  sense  of  pluvia.  seen  ./Etna  rising  in  waves,  its  furnaces  being 

444.  Sinister:  injurious  —  hurtful.  burst,  &c.   Undantem,  expresses  very  forcibly 

452.  In  vultu:  in  the  sense  of  per  vultnm.  the   violence   and   agitation  of  the.  flames 

454.  Immiscerier:  by  Paragoge,  for  im-  pent  up  in  the  mountain,  rising  by  turns 

misceri,  to  be  mingled  with  sparkling  light,  against  its  sides,  which,  no  longer  able  to 

Igni  :  lumine,  says  Ruaeus.  resist  the  shock,  open  a  passage  ;  when,  in 

456.  Fervere.     This  verb  forcibly  expres-  an  instant,  it  covers  the  adjacent  country 

ses  the  violence  of  the  storm.     All  things  with  lava.     The  Cyclops  were  the  servants 

are  confusion  and  wild  disorder.     Turbari,  of  Vulcan,  and  said  to  be  the  sons  of  Ccelus 

says  RUSBUS.  and  Terra.     They  were  so  called  from  their 

462.  Cogitet  :    in  the  sense  of  pmparet.  having  but  one  eye,  which  was  in  the  mid- 

Serenas:  in  the  sense  of  siccas.  die  of  their  forehead.     Their  business  was 

467.  Obscura  ferrugine  :  with  a  dark  red  to  assist  Vulcan  in  forming  the  thunder-bolt? 
colour  —  a  colour  resembling  blood.  of  Jupiter,  and  the  arms  of  the  gods,  and 

468.  Sopcula.     Sseculum   is   properly   an  celebrated  heroes.     Their  forges  were  under 
age  ;  by  meton.  the  inhabitants  or  men  of  jEtna.      The   most  noted    of  them   were 
that  age.     Impia  saicula  :  the  same  as  im~  Brontes,   Steropes,  and  Pyracmon.     When 
pii  homines.  Ulysses  visited  Sicily,  Polyphemus,  say  the 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  L 


81 


Vox  quoque  per  lucos  vulgo  exaudita  silentes 

Ingens  ;  et  simulacra  modis  pallentia  miris 

Visa  sub  obscurum  noctis  :  pecudesque  locutae, 

Infandum  !  sistunt  amnes,  terrseque  dehiscunt : 

Et  mcestum  illacryrnat  templis  ebur,  aeraque  sudant. 

Proluit  insano  contorquens  vortice  sylvas  481 

Fluviorum  rex  Eridanus,  camposque  per  omnes 

Cum  stabulis  armenta  tulit :  nee  tempore  eodem 

Tristibus  aut  extis  fibrae  apparere  minaces, 

Aut  puteis  manare  cruor  cessavit ;  et  alte 

Per  noctem  resonare,  lupis  ululantibus,  urbes. 

Non  alias  ccelo  ceciderunt  plura  sereno 

Fulgura,  nee  diri  toties  arsere  cometae. 

Ergo  inter  sese  paribus  concurrere  telis 

Romanas  acies  iterum  videre  Philippi ; 

Nee  fuit  indignum  Superis,  bis  sanguine  nostro 

Emathiam  et  latos  HaBmi  pinguescere  campos. 


485 


490 


481.  Eridanus  proluit 
sylvas,  contorquens  ecu 
insano. 

484.  Fibrse  nee  ce-ssa- 
verunt  aut  apparere  mi- 
naces in  tristibus  extis ; 
aut  cruor  cessavit  ma- 
nare e  puteis ;  et  urbes 
non  cessaverunt  resonare 
alte  per  noctem,  lupis 
ululantibus. 

491.  Nee  visum  fait 


NOTES. 


poets,  was  their  king.  Diodorus  informs  us 
that  the  Cyclops  were  the  first  inhabitants 
of  Sicily,  of  a  gigantic  stature,  and  of  a 
fierce  and  savage  nature.  They  dwelt 
chiefly  about  mount  j£tna. 

477.  Simulacra :  spectres,  or  ghosts,  pale 
in  a  wonderful  manner,  were  seen,  &c. 

478.  Obscurum:  an  adj.  of  the  neu.  taken 
as  a  sub.  in  the  sense  of  obscuritatem.     Ru- 
aeus  interprets  it  by  crepusculum. 

480.  MtKslum  ebur:   the  mournful   ivory 
(ivory  statues)  wept.   JEra :  brass — statues 
made  of  brass. 

481 .  Insano  vortice :  with  its  rapid  current 
— eddies. 

482.  Eridanus :  the  river  Po.     It  is  here 
called  the  king  of  rivers,  because  the  largest 
in  Italy.     It  rises  in  Piedmont,  and  running 
an  easterly  course,  after  receiving  a  number 
of  tributary  streams,   falls    into  the  Gulf 
of  Venice  by  several  mouths. 

483.  Tristibus  extis.     One  mode  of  con- 
sulting the  omens,  was  an  examination  of 
the  entrails  of  the  victim.     If  any  defect  or 
singularity  appeared,  it  was  thought  to  be 
portentous.     Tristibus  :  ominous — baleful. 

485.    Alte.    Heyne  reads  altce,  agreeing 
with  urbes. 

488.  CometcR.     Plutarch  informs  us  that  a 
very  bright  comet  appeared  at  Rome  for 
several   days   about   the   time   of  Caesar's 
death.     To  this  the  poet  refers  in  Eel.  ix.  47. 
Suetonius  says :  Ludis,  quos  primo  consecra- 
tos  ei  htEres  Augustus  edebat,  stella  crinita per 
septem  dies  continuos  fulsit,  exoriens  circa  un- 
decimam  horam :  creditumque  est  animum  esse 
Ccesaris  in  ccelum  recepti. 

489.  Ergo :  therefore — on  account  of  the 
death  of  Caesar,  which  was  the  cause  of  the 
civil  war. 

490.  Philippi  iterum :  Philippi  hath  seen 
the  Roman  armies  again,  &c.     It  is  agreed 
that  Virgil  here  alludes  to  the  two  famous 


battles,  one  fought  between  Casar  and  Pom- 
pey ;  the  other,  between  Brutus  and  Cas- 
sius  on  one  side,  and  Augustus  and  Antho- 
ny on  the  other.  But  history  informs  us 
that  the  former  was  fought  on  the  plains  of 
Pharsalia,  in  Thessaly,  the  latter  at  Philip- 
pi,  in  the  confines  of  Thrace,  more  than  two 
hundred  miles  distant.  To  explain  this  ap- 
parent inconsistency,  there  have  been  many 
attempts.  The  most  probable  solution  is, 
that  the  poet  does  not  mean  that  both  these 
battles  were  fought  on  the  same  spot.  This 
would  contradict  history.  He  would  not 
commit  such  a  blunder.  We  are  told  that 
the  city  Thebce  Thessaliae,  or  Phthoticce, 
which  was  in  sight  of  Pharsalia,  was  called 
also  Philippi.  And  though  historians,  for 
sake  of  distinction,  called  the  one  Philippi, 
and  the  other  Pharsalia,  the  poet  might, 
without  any  impropriety,  call  them  both  by 
the  common  name  of  Philippi.  Ruaeus 
has  one  conjecture  which  may  be  deserving 
of  notice :  that  the  adverb  iterum  may  re- 
fer, not  to  Philippi,  but  to  the  Roman  ar- 
mies: Philippi  saw  the  Roman  armies 
again  engage  for  the  empire  of  the  world, 
though  not  for  the  first  time.  They  had 
engaged  for  a  similar  purpose  before  on  the 
plains  of  Pharsalia.  This  appears  to  solve 
the  difficulty. 

492.  Emathiam — Latos  campos  H&mi. 
Here  is  an  apparent  difficulty.  Hsemus  is 
a  mountain  in  Thrace  ;  and  neither  of  the 
battles  was  fought  in  Emathia  or  Macedo- 
nia, properly  so  called.  But  the  language 
of  poetry  does  not  always  conform  to  his- 
torical or  geographical  exactness.  We  are 
told  that  the  ancient  Emathia  was  consi- 
dered by  the  poets  to  extend  as  far  east  as 
the  river  Nessus,  including  a  considerable 
part  of  Thrace  beyond  Philippi;  and  to 
the  south  comprehending  all  Thessaly,  and 
consequently  Ph<irsalia3  or  the  Pharsaiiau 
11 


82' 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


Scilicet  ct  tempus  veniet,  cum  finibus  illis 
Agricola,  incurvo  terram  molitus  aratro, 
Exesa  inveniet  scabra  rubigine  pila :  495 

Aut  gravibus  rastris  galeas  pnlsabit  inanes, 
Grandiaque  effossis  mirabitur  ossa  sepulchris. 

Dii  patrii  Indigetes,  et  Romule,  Vestaque  mater, 
Quae  Tuscum  Tiberim  et  Romana  palatia  servas, 
Hunc  saltern  everso  juvenem  succurrere  saeclo         500 
Ne  prohibete  :  satis  jampridem  sanguine  nostro 
Laomedonteae  luimus  perjuria  Trojae. 
Jampridem  nobis  coeli  te  regia,  Caesar, 
Invidet,  atque  hominum  queritur  curare  triumphos. 
Quippe  ubi  fas  versum  atque  nefas,  tot  bella  per  orbem, 
Tarn  multae  scelerum  facies  :  non  ullus  aratro  506 

Dignus  honos  ;  squalent  abductis  arva  colonis,  507  Colonis  abductis 

Et  curvae  rigidum  falces  conflantur  in  ensem.  admalitiam 


505.  Sunt  tot  bella 


NOTES. 


Philippi.  Taken  in  this  extent,  the  poet 
would  be  consistent.  Emathia  could  be 
wet  twice  with  Roman  blood.  Again  Hse- 
mua  is  not  so  much  a  single  mountain  as  a 
range  of  mountains,  branching  out  in  va- 
rious directions,  add  in  various  parts  assu- 
ming different  names.  Casting  our  eye  on 
a  map  of  that  country,  we  find  the  range 
commencing  at  the  Euxine  sea,  and  taking 
a  south-westerly  direction  till  it  enters  Ma- 
cedonia, then  turning  northerly  till  it  reaches 
the  43°  of  N.  lat.  when  it  takes  a  southern 
direction,  passing  into  Thessaly ;  and  con- 
sequently its  extensive  plains  might  be  fat- 
tened by  the  blood,  shed  in  both  those  bat- 
tles. 

494.  Molitus:  in  the  sense  of  vertens.  Sca- 
bra: in  the  sense  of  corrosa. 

498.  Dii  patrii,  Indigetes.  The  Romans 
divided  their  deities  into  three  classes.  The 
first  embraced  the  supreme  or  select  gods, 
who  were  honoured  with  the  highest  ado- 
ration, and  considered  eminent  above  the 
rest.  Of  these,  twelve  were  called  Consentes, 
because  on  particular  occasions  they  were 
admitted  to  the  council  of  Jupiter.  Six  of 
these  were  male  and  six  female:  Jupiter, 
dpollo,  Mercury,  Mars,  Neptune,  and  Vul- 
can :  Juno,  Diana,  Minerva,  Venus,  Vesta, 
and  Ceres.  These  were  sometimes  called 
Dii  majores.  The  second  class  compre- 
hended those  of  inferior  power,  and  was 
very  numerous.  It  embraced  all  the  deified 
heroes,  such  as  Romulus,  Hercules,  Perseus, 
&c.  and  all  that  in  any  manner  had  ob- 
tained divine  honors.  These  were  some- 
times called  the  Dii  Minor es.  The  third  class 
was  without  number.  It  embraced  all  the 
sylvan  deities  :  all  the  nymphs ;  the  penates ; 
the  genii ;  the  virtutes,  &c.  Indigetes :  pro- 
perly deified  heroes.  Some  derive  the  word 
from  Indigetare,  to  call  by  name  ;  because 
it  was  customary  to  address  them  by  their 
name.  Others  derive  it  from  degere,  be* 


cause  they  had  been  men,  and  dwelt  on  the 
earth :  or  because  they  were  now  dwelling 
among  the  gods.  Others  again,  and  perhaps 
with  more  propriety,  derive  it  from  Indegere ; 
because  being  translated  to  heaven,they  stood 
in  need  of  nothing.  Mater  Vesta.  There 
were  two  by  the  name  of  Vesta,  one  the 
mother  of  Saturn,  the  other  his  daughter ; 
but  commonly  confounded  together.  The 
latter  presided  over  the  perpetual  fire.  It 
is  said  that  jEneas  brought  her  along  with 
his  household  gods  into  Italy,  and  introdu- 
ced her  worsliip.  Her  mysteries  were  trans- 
mitted to  the  Albans,  and  from  them  intro- 
duced among  the  Romans  by  Numa.  He 
instituted  a  college  of  virgins,  who  kept 
alive  the  perpetual  fire  as  the  safety,  or  pal- 
ladium of  the  state. 

600.  Hunc  Juvenem :  meaning  Octavius, 
afterwards  called  Augustus  Csesar.  Everso 
sceclo :  the  ruined  or  falling  age. 

502.  Satis  luimus  jampridem :  we  have 
long  ago  atoned  sufficiently  for  the  perjury 
of  Trojan  Laomedon,  with  our  blood.  La- 
omedon  was  the  father  of  Priam,  arid  king 
of  Troy.  During  his  reign,  the  poets  tell 
us,  the  walls  of  Troy  were  built  by  Neptune 
and  Apollo,  for  a  certain  price ;  but  when 
the  work  was  done,  he  refused  to  pay  them. 
On  which  account,  they  became  hostile  to 
the  Trojans,  and  exerted  all  their  power 
against  them  in  the  war  with  the  Greeks. 
The  Romans,  pretending  to  descend  from 
them,  the  poet  supposes  were  punished 
for  this  injustice  of  their  ancestor.  The 
story,  perhaps,  may  be  explained  by  suppo- 
sing Laomedon  to  have  employed  the  mo- 
ney, which  had  been  designed  for  religious 
purposes,  to  this  use. 

505.  Ubi :  where — (that  is,)  here  among 
men.  Fas  atque  nefas  versum:  right  and 
wrong  are  confounded. 

507.  Squalent:  lie  neglected— are  over- 
grown with  weedsv 


GEOHGICA.    LIB.  I. 

Hinc  moVet  Euphrates,  illinc  Germania  bellum  : 
Vicinae  ruptis  inter  se  legibus  urbes 
Arma  ferunt:  saevit  toto  Mars  impius  orbe. 
Ut,  cum  carceribus  sese  effudere  quadrigae, 
Addunt  se  in  spatia  :  et  frustra  retinacula  tendens, 
Fertur  equis  auriga,  rieque  audit  currus  habenas. 


83 


518 


NOTES. 


509.  Euphrates.    A  noble  river  of  Asia, 
rising  in  the  mountains  of  Armenia,  fertili- 
zing Mesopotamia,  as  the  Nile  does  Egypt, 
and  uniting  with  the  Tigris  in  its  course, 
falls  into  the  Persian  gulf.      It  is  here  put, 
by  a  figure  of  speech,  for  the  nations  of  the 
east,  particularly  the  Parthians,  who  were 
very  troublesome  to  the  Romans. 

510.  Legibus :  in  the  sense  of  foederibus. 

511.  Impius:  cruel — merciless;  a  suitable 
epithet  of  Mars. 

512.  Ut,  cum  quadrigae.  This  Hs  a  noble 
simile.     The  uncontrolled  licentiousness  of 
the  age  is  likened  to  the  rapidity  and  vio- 
lence of  ungovernable  horses  in  the  chariot 
race,  when  they  mock  both  the  driver  and 
the  reins.     Quadrigce :  four  horses  harness- 


ed together ;  also,  a  chariot  drawn  by  four 
horses',  by  melon.  Of  Quatuor  and  ago,  be- 
cause four  were  driven  together :  or  con- 
tracted of  Quadrijugus,  four  yoked  together. 
Carceribus.  Career  was  the  mark,  or  starting 
place,  in  races.  Spatia :  the  race  ground, 
or  course.  Effudere.  Ruseus  says,  erupe- 
runt. 

513.  Addunt :  in  the  sense  of  immittunt, 
says  Heyne.     Some  copies  leave  out  the  se. 
Others  read  in  spatio.     Ruseus,  in  his  inter- 
pretation, omits  the  words  addunt  se,  and 
connects  in  spatia   with  the  preceding  verb. 
They  are  not  necessary  to  make  the  sense 
complete. 

514.  Currus:   a  chariot:  by  meton.  the 
horses  in  the  chariot.     Neque  audit  habe- 
nas :  nor  do  they  regard,  or  obey  the  reins. 


QUESTIONS. 


How  does  this  book  open  ? 

What  does  the  poet  proceed  to  do  ? 

What  does  he  do  in  the  next  place  ? 

To  whom  does  he  ascribe  the  origin  of 
agriculture  ? 

What  signs  or  prognostics  of  the  weather 
does  he  mention  ? 

How  does  he  conclude  the  book  ? 

Are  there  any  fables  introduced  by  way  of 
episode?  What  are  they? 

Why  are  Bacchus  and  Ceres  invoked  next 
after  the  heavenly  bodies? 

Who  was  Neptune  ?  and  what  is  said  of 
him  ? 

Who  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  who 
taught  mankind  the  propagation  of  bees  ? 

Who  was  Aristaeus? 

Who  was  Minerva?  and  what  is  said  of 
her? 

What  power  did  she  possess  ? 

How  is  she  represented  under  her  different 
characters  ? 

What  celebrated  statue  had  she? 

What  are  some  of  her  names? 

Who  is  said  to  have  first  taught  the 
Greeks  agriculture? 

What  is  probably  meant  by  Ultima  Thule? 

Was  the  Ecliptic  at  first  divided  into  12 
signs  ?  How  was  it  divided  ? 

Where  were  the  Olympic  games  celebra- 
ted? In  what  year  before  Christ  were  they 
instituted? 

How  often  were  they  celebrated?  and  in 
ftonor  of  what  god  ? 


What  precepts  does  the  poet  give  about 
ploughing  land  ? 

What  does  he  give  about  planting,  and 
changing  crops? 

Who  was  Jupiter? 

To  whom  was  his  education  intrusted  ? 

Where  was  he  educated? 

What  are  some  of  his  names  ? 

Who  were  the  Giants?  and  what  is  said 
of  them? 

What  are  the  Pleiades? 

What  other  names  have  they? 

What  are  the  Hyades? 

What  are  their  names? 

Who  was  Aurora  ? 

What  is  said  of  her? 

What  were  the  Furies? 

What  were  their  names  ? 

What  was  their  office  ? 

Who  was  Vulcan?    What  is  said  of  him? 

What  were  some  of  his  names  ? 

What  is  the  word  Fulcanus  often  used  for  ? 

By  what  figure  is  it  so  used? 

Who  were  the  Cyclops  ? 

Where  does  the  poet  represent  them  as 
residing  ? 

Why  are  they  called  Cyclops? 

Who  was  Mercury? 

What  is  said  of  him? 

What  was  his  office  ? 

How  is  he  represented? 

Of  what  was  he  the  inventor  ? 

What  were  some  of  his  names? 

Who  was  Glaucus?  What  is  said  of  him : 


84 


P.  VJRGIL1I  MAROMS 


Into  how  many  classes  were  the  Roman 
deities  divided  ?  Of  these,  how  many  were 
ealled  Consentes? 

Why  were  they  so  called  ? 

What  were  their  names  ? 

What  were  these  sometimes  called  ? 

What  did  the  second  class  contain  ? 

What  were  these  sometimes  called  ? 

What  did  the  third  class  contain ? 


Were  they  very  numerous : 
Who  were  the  Indigeics  ? 
From  what  is  the  word  probably  derived  f 
Who  was  Vesta  ? 

How  many  were  there  of  that  name? 
What  was  her  office  ? 
Who  introduced  her  worship  into  Italy  ? 
By  whom  were  her  mysteries  introduced 
among  the  Romans? 


LIBER    SECUNDUS. 


THE  subject  of  this  book  is  the  cultivation  of  the  several  kinds  of  trees.  The  poet  de- 
scribes with  much  judgment  the  soils  proper  for  each :  and  after  giving  a  variety  of  ex- 
cellent precepts  for  the  management  of  the  vine,  the  olive,  &c.  he  digresses  into  the 
praises  of  Italy ;  and  concludes  with  a  panegyric  upon  a  country  life. 


Hactenus   cecini     HACTENUS  arvorum  cultus,  et  sidera  cceli : 
Nunc  te,  Bacche,  canam,  necnon  sylvestria  tccuin 
Virgulta,  et  prolem  tarde  crescentis  olivae. 
Hue,  pater  6  Lenaee  :  tuis  hie  omnia  plena 
Muneribus ;  tibi  pampineo  gravidus  autumno 
Floret  ager,  spumat  plenis  vindemia  labris. 
Hue,  pater  6  Lenaee,  veni :  nudataque  musto 
8.  Tingeque  mecum  Tinge  novo  mecum  direptis  crura  cothurnis. 

Principio  arboribus  varia  est  natura  creandis. 
Namque  alias,  nullis  hominum  cogentibus,  ipsee 
Sponte  sua  veniunt,  camposque  et  flumina  late 
Curva  tenent :  ut  molle  siler,  lentaeque  genistaB, 
Populus,  et  glauca,  canentia  fronde  salicta. 
Pars  autem  posito  surgunt  de  semine  :  ut  altae 
dTuoviTa^quTquercus,  Castaneae,  nemorumque  Jovi  quae  maxima  frondet 
guce  habit®  swn/  ^Esculus,  atque  habitae  Graiis  oracula  quercus. 


nudatacruranpvomus- 
o,  co    um      irep  is. 


10 


NOTES. 


2.  Necnon:   also.    Two  negatives  have 
the  force  of  an  affirmative  in  Latin  and 
English. 

3.  Virgulta ;    shrubs,   or    underbrush  ; 
here  put  for  trees  in  general.     Tarde  cre- 
scentis  olivce.     The  olive  is  of  a  very  slow 
growth.     Some  say  it  is  a  hundred  years  in 
growing. 

4.  Lentze :  Lenseus,  a  name  of  Bacchus, 
from  a  Greek  word  signifying  a  vine-press. 
Adsis,  is  to  be  supplied,  or  some  word  of  the 
same  import. 

5.  Ager  gravidus:  the  field  heavy  with 
the  produce  of  the  vine.     Autumno :    the 
season  for  gathering  grapes  and  other  pro- 
ductions of  the  earth,  put,  by  meton.  for 
the  grapes  themselves.  Floret :  in  the  sense 
of  maturescit.     The  fields  do  not  bloom  in 
autumn,  but  with  propriety  they  may  be 


said  to  ripen.  Pampineo  autumno :  the  pro- 
duce of  the  vine— grapes. 

9.  Cothurnis.  The  cothurnus  was  a  kind 
of  high-heeled  shoe,  worn  by  Bacchus.  Re- 
ference is  here  made  to  the  custom  of  tread- 
ing out  the  grapes  with  their  feet.  The  co- 
thurnus was  used  by  tragedians  to  make 
them  appear  taller ;  hence  put  for  tragedy 
itself — also  for  the  tragic  style.  Natura: 
in  the  sense  of  ra/io,vel  modus. 

12.  Siler :  an  osier,  or  small  withy.     Ge- 
nista:  the   broom.     Populus:    the  poplar 
tree,  of  which  there  are  three  kinds. 

13.  Salicta:  willow-grounds;  by  meton. 
the  willows. 

16.  JEsculus :  a  species  of  oak,,  sacred  to 
Jupiter.  The  JEsculus  was  a  mast-tree,  and 
abounded  in  Dodona,  in  Epirus,  where  there 
were  oaks  said  to  have  given  out  oracles  < 
to  which  here  is  an  allusion-. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  II. 


Vullulat  ab  radice  aliis  densissima  sylva : 
tTTcerasis,  ulmisque  :  etiam  Parnassia  laurus 
Parva  sub  ingenti  matris  se  subjicit  umbra. 
Hos  natura  modos  primum  dedit :  his  genus  omne      20 
Sylvarum,  fruticumque  viret,  nernorumque  sacrorum. 

Sunt  alii,  quos  ipse  via  si\)i  repperit  usus. 
Hie  plantas  tenero  abscindens  de  corpore  matrum 
'     Deposuit  sulcis  :  hie  stirpes  obruit  arvo,  r     / 

Quadrifidasque  Imdes,  et  acuto  robore  vallos  :  <&*^%5 
Sylvarumque  aliae  presses  propaginis  arcus 
Expectant,  et  viva  sua  plantaria  terra. 

Nil  radicis  egent  alias  :  summumque  putator 
Haud  dubitat  terraB  referens  mandare  cacumen. 
Quin  et  caudicibus  sectis,  mirabjle  dictu, 
Truclitur  e  sicco  radix  oleagina'  ligno. 
Et  saepe  alterius  ramos  impune  videmusk 
Vertere  in  alterius,  mutatainque  insita  mala 
Ferre  pyrurn,  et  prunls  lapidosa  rubescere  corna.  ^A, 
Quare  agite,  6,  proprios  generatim  discite  cultus,       35 
AgricolaB,  fructusque  feros  mollite  colendo. 
Neu  segnes  jaceant  terrae  :  juvat  Ismara  Baccho 
Conserere,  atque  ole£  magnum  vestire  Taburnum. 


20.    Natura  primum 
hos    Ires    modos 
producendi  arbor  es:  «n. 
his  viis. 


NOTES. 


17.  Sylva :  here  means  the  suckers,  that 
shoot  up  under,  and  near  the  trunk  of  the 
parent  tree. 

18.  Cerasis :  to  the  cherry-trees.  Laurus. 
This  tree  is  called  Parnassean,  because  it 
abounded  on  mount  Parnassus.     It  was  sa- 
ered  to  Apollo. 

19.  Subjicit  se :  shoots  itself  up. 

21.  Sylvarum  fruticumque:     trees   and 
shrubs. 

22.  Via:    by    practice,   or    experience. 
Sunt  alii :  there  are  other  methods  of  pro- 
ducing trees,  which,  &c.  The  poet  proceeds 
to  enumerate  the  methods  of  raising  the  se- 
veral kinds  of  trees,  which  he  reduces  to 
seven.     1.  By  planting  the  shoot  or  scion. 
2.  By  burying  the  stump  or  stock  in  the 
earth.     3.  By  burying  the  stake  or  trunk 
split  at  the  bottom.    4.  By  the  layer.     5. 
By  planting  in  the  earth  a  bough  or  twig 
taken   from   the   top    of  the   tree.     6.    By 
planting  the  trunk  or  stalk  of  the  tree,  de- 
prived of  its  root  and  branches.     This  suc- 
ceeds very  well  with  the  olive  tree.     7.  By 
grafting  or  transferring  a  branch  or  scion 
of  qne  tree  into  another. 

23.  Plantas:   the  shoots  or  scions  from 
the  body  of  the  mother  tree. 

24.  Obruit  stirpes:    another  buries   the 
stocks  in  the  ground,  and  stakes  split  in  four 
parts  at  the  lower  end,  and  poles,  the  wood 
being  sharpened  into  a  point. 

26.  Alice,  sylvarum :  other  trees  of  the 
W0od — simply,  other  trees.  Ruaeus  says, 
alia  arbores.  Propaginis.  The  propago 
was  the  layer,  or  branch  of  the  parent  tree, 
bent  down  and  fastened  in  the  ground,  until 


it  took  root,  firm  enough  to  support  itself; 
and  was  then  severed  from  it.  This  was 
about  the  third  year.  Arcus:  the  arches, 
or  curved  figures  of  the  layers,  or  branches 
so  bent  down. 

27.  Viva  plantaria:  living  shoots  to  be 
put  in  their  own  earth — not  cut  off  as  in 
other  cases,  but  suffered  to  grow  to  the  pa- 
rent tree  for  a  time.  Defodi,  or  a  word  of 
the  like  import,  is  understood. 

29.  Referens  mandare :  to  commit  the  top- 
most shoot  to  the  earth  whence  it  sprang. 
Summum  cacumen :  the  highest  shoot,   or 
branch.     Referens  mandare,  simply  for  man- 
dare,  says  Heyne. 

30.  Caudicibus :  Caudex,  is  properly  the 
body  of  the  tree  distinguished  from  the  root, 
as  truncus  is  the  body  distinguished  from 
the  top  or  head. 

32.  Impune:    without  injury.    Alterius: 
in  the  sense  *>f  unius.    Arboris  is  under- 
stood. 

33.  Vertere :  for  verti,  the  active  for  the 
passive,  by  enallage  :  or,  vertere  se  in  ramos 
alterius  arboris. 

34.  Corna  lapidosa:   the   corneil  trees, 
which  naturally  produce  a  stony  hard  fruit, 
by  being  grafted,  will  produce  the  plum — 
will  redden  with  plums. 

37.  JVew  segnes  terra  jaceant.  Dr.  Trapp 
renders  these  words :  let  not  your  lands  lie 
idle.  Ne  terra  sint  inutiles,  says  Ruseus, 
But  the  connexion  is  better  preserved  by 
rendering  it :  let  not  your  barren  lands  lie 
neglected  or  unimproved.  Ismara:  neu-. 
plu.  a  mountain  in  Thrace.  Tuburnus:  a 
mountain  in  Campania,  fertile  in  otiref? 


W  P.  VIRGILII 

Tuque  ades,  inceptumque  una  decurre  laborers ; 

39.  Tuqne,  Maecenas,  Q  decus,  6  famae  merito  pars  maxima  nostrae,  4ff 

ades,  decurreque  incep-  Maecenas,  pelagoque  volans  da  vela  patenti. 
turn    laborera  nna   me-AT  ,.  ./ 

cum  -   tu,  O  decus,  o^on  eo°  cuncta  meis  ampiecti  versibus  opto  : 
merito    maxima    pars  N  on,  mihi  si  linguae  centum  sint,  oraque  centum, 
nostrse  famae  Ferrea  vox  :  ades,  et  primi  lege  litoris  oram. 

43.  JVbn  possem  am-  \n  nmnibus  terras  :  non  hie  te  carmine  ficto,  45 

plecti  ea,  si  Atque  pef  ambages  et  longa  exorsa  tenebo.  ,        ~' 

Sponte  su£  quae  se  tollunt  in  luminis  auras,  ^,\&P/2fc 
47.  Mores  quse  tol-  Infoecunda  quidem,  sed  laeta  et  fortia  surgunt. l 
lunt  se  su£  sponte          Quippe  solo  natura  subest.   Tamen  haec  quoque  si  quis 
Inserat,  aut  scrobibus  mandet  mutata  subactis,  50 

Exuerint  sylvestrem  animum  :  cultuque  frequenti, 
In  quascunque  voces  artes ;  baud  tarda  sequentur. 
Necnon  et  sterilis  qua?  stirpibus  exit  ab  imis, 
53.  Et  itta  arbor  qu®  Hoc  faciet,  vacuos  si  sit  digesta  per  agros  : 
ftxit  sterilis  Nunc  altae  fronaes  et  rami  matris  opacant,  55 

Crescentique  adimunt  foetus,  uruntque  ferentem. 

-Jam,  qua?  seminibus  jactis  se  sustulit,  arbos 
vxt**^  Tarda  venit,  seris  factura  nepotibus  umbram  : 

Pomaque  degenerant,  succos  oblita  priores  : 
Et  turpes  avibus  prasdam  fert  uva  racemos.  60 

Scilicet  omnibus  est  labor  impendendus,  et  omnes 
Cogendaa  in  sulcum,  ac  multi  mercede  domandig. 
63.  Sed  oleae  respon- ged  truncis  ole?B  meliUS)  propagine  vites 
dent  melms  de  truncis ;  ~  .  /•       i         , 

vites  de  propagine,   et  Despondent,  sohdo  Paphiae  de  robore  myrtus, 
myrtus  Plantis  et  durae  coryli  nascuntur,  et  ingens  65 

NOTES. 

The  object  of  the  poet  is  to  persuade  the  56.  Adimunt  fatus :  and  take  away  the 
farmer  not  to  neglect  his  rugged  and  barren  fruit  from  it  growing  up,  and  starve  it  while 
lands,  and  suffer  them  to  lie  useless ;  for,  by  bearing.  The  poet's  meaning  appears  to  be 
culture,  he  may  render  them  profitable  to  this :  that  the  sucker,  which  springs  up  from 
him.  He  adduces  the  case  of  Ismarus  and  the  root  of  the  parent  tree,  will  be  fruitful 
Taburnus,  which,  though  naturally  rugged  and  productive,  if  transplanted  into  open 
and  barren,  had  become,  by  cultivation  and  ground,  and  arranged  in  proper  rows.  For 
proper  attention,  very  productive.  Baccho  while  it  remains,  the  leaves  and  boughs  of 
is  here  put  for  the  vine.  the  parent  tree  will  overshadow  it,  and  pre- 
39.  Decurre.  Here  we  have  a  beautiful  vent  it  from  bearing  fruit  as  it  grows  up ; 
allegory,  drawn  from  the  sailing  of  a  ship,  or,  if  it  should  bear  fruit,  it  will  be  pinched 
The  verb  decurro  signifies  to  sail  before  the  and  small,  by  being  deprived  of  the  rays  of 
wind — to  sail  with  a  prosperous  gale.  La-  the  sun  and  proper  nourishment. 
borem :  the  work  or  task,  viz.  the  Georgics,  57.  Jam :  here  is  used  in  the  sense  of 
which  he  begun  at  the  request  of  Maecenas,  porrb,  or  praterea. 

41.  Da  volans,  &c.  And  flying,  spread  the  60.  Uva:  the  grape;  by  meton.  for  the 

sails  to  the  opening  sea — accompany  me  vine.     Prcedam :  as  a  prey  for  birds — only 

through  this  great  work,  which  spreads  be-  fit  for  birds. 

fore   me  like  an  open  sea,  expanding  on  62.  Multa  mercede :  with  much  labor,  or 

every  side.     Some  copies  have  volens.  expense. 

45.  Ficto  carmine :  in  the  sense  offabu-  63.  Olece  respondent,  &c.     The   olive  is 
IQSO  potmate.  raised  or  propagated  better  from  the  stump ; 

46.  Ambages  et  longa  exorsa :  preambles,  the  vine  from  the  layer ;  the  myrtle  from 
and  tedious  introductions.  the  solid  wood ;  the  hazle,  the  ash,  the  pop- 

50.  Scrobibus  subactis :  in  trenches  pre-  lar,  and  the  oak,  from  the  scion,  or  young 

pared  for  the  purpose.  Mutata:  transplant-  shoot, 
ed — removed  from  their  native  soil.  64.  Paphia :  Venus,  so  called  from  Pa- 

52.  In  quascunque  artes,  Szc.:  in  the  sense  phos,  a  city  of  Cyprus,  where    she   was 

of  in  quocunque  modo,  vel  via  tractes.    In  particularly  worshipped.    The  myrtle  was 

whatever   mode  you   may  require,  says  sacred  to  her.    Respondent :  in  the  sense  of 

Valpy.  proveniunti  ve.1  oriuntur. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  II. 


87 


70 


Fraxinus,  Herculeseque  arbos  umbrosa  coronae, 

Chaoniique  patris  glandes  ;  etiam  ardua  palma 

Nascitur,  et  casus  abies  visura  marinos. 

Inseritur  vero  ex  fcetu  nucis  arbutus  horrida, 

Et  steriles  platani  malos  gessere  valentes : 

Castaneae  fagus,  ornusque  incanuit  albo 

Flore  pyri ;  glaridemque  sues  fregere  sub  ulmis. 

Nee  modus  inserere  atque  oculos  imporiere  simplex.    ******  albc      re  Pyri 

Nam  qua  se  medio  trudunt  de  cortice  gemmae, 

Et  tenues  rumpunt  tunicas,  angustus  in  ipso 

Fit  nodo  sinus  :  hue  aliena  ex  arbore  germen 

Includunt,  u^pque  docent  inolescere  libro.-" 

Aut  rursurn  enodes  trurici  resecantur,  et  alte 

Finditur  in  solidum  cuneis  via :  deinde  feraces 

Plantae  immittuntur.     Nee  longum  tempus,  et  ingens 

Exiit  ad  crelum  ramis  felicibus  arbos,  81 

Miraturque  novas  frondes,  et  non  sua  poma. 
Praeterea  genus  haud  unum,  nee  fortibus  ulmis, 

Nee  salici,  lotoque,  nee  Idaeis  cyparissis  : 

Nee  pingues.unam  in  faciem  nascuntur  olivae,    i      r  85 
•,t<    Orchades,%  radii,  et  amara  paiisia  bacca  : 
J    Pomaque,  et  Alcinoi  sylvas  :  nee  surculus  idem 

Crustumiis,  Syriisque  pyris,  gravibusque  volemis.  f*r® 


71.   Fagus  incanuit 
Jlore  castaneffi,  ornusque 


75 

-T  Iff. 

79.  In  solidum  lignum 


NOTES. 


66.  Umbrosa  arbos:    the  poplar  tree.     It 
was  sacred  to  Hercules.     He  wore  a  crown 
made  of  the  leaves  of  this  tree,  to  the  infer- 
nal regions. 

67.  Glandes :  properly  acorns ;  by  meton. 
the  oaks  that  bore  them.     Chaonii  patris : 
Jupiter ;  so  called  because  he  had  a  temple, 
and  was  splendidly  worshipped  at  Dodona, 
a  town  of  Chaonia  in  Epirus.     The  oak 
was  sacred  to  him. 

68.  Visura.     This  is  said  of  the  fir-tree, 
because  ships  were  built  of  its  timber.  Ma- 
rinos  casus  :  in  the  sense  of  pericula  maris. 

69.  Arbutus  inseritur :  the  arbute  or  straw- 
berry tree  is  grafted  with  the  shoot  or  scion 
of  the  nut  tree. 

70.  Platani.     The   plane  tree  affords   a 
large  and  pleasant  shade,  but  bears  no  fruit. 
It  is  therefore  called  sterilis.     However,  says 
the  poet,  even  this  has  been  made  to  bear 
apples  by  being  grafted. 

73.  bnponere  oculos :  to  inoculate.  Ocu- 
lus  is  the  bud  which  is  enclosed  or  put  in 
the  bark  of  the  tree  to  be  inoculated.  In- 
serere :  to  ingraft.  JVec  modus,  &c.  Neither 
is  the  method  of  ingrafting  and  inoculating 
one  and  the  same — they  are  different  pro- 
cesses. 

76.  Sinus  anguslus :  a  small  slit  or  gash, 
made  in  the  bark  of  the  tree,  (where  the 
bud  was  putting  forth,)  for  the  purpose  of 
receiving  the  graft. 

77.  Docent :  they  teach  it  to  grow  up,  or 
incorporate  itself  with  the  moist  bark.  Liber 
is  the  inward  part  of  the  bark  of  the  tree ; 

,  the  whole  bark,  or  rind. 


78.  Aut  rursum.  Having  described  the 
process  of  inoculation,  the  poet  gives  us  that 
of  ingrafting.  Truncus:  the  body  of  the 
tree,  properly  after  the  top  and  branches 
are  cut  off.  This  is  split,  and  the  graft  put 
into  the  fissure.  He  seems  to  prefer  this 
mode  of  cultivating  trees,  inasmuch  as  they 
soon  come  to  maturity.  JVee  longum  tem- 
pus (says  he,)  et  ingens  arbos:  it  is  not  a 
long  time,  and  the  mighty  tree,  exiit,  hath 
shot  up  to  the  skies.  There  is  a  peculiar  ele- 
gancy in  the  use  of  the  perfect  tense  here. 

80.  Plantce:  grafts,  or  scions  of  fruit- 
bearing  trees. 

82.  Poma  non  sua :  that  is,  poma  non  sui 
generis. 

84.  IdcRis  Cyparissis:  to  the  Ideean  cy- 
presses. There  were  two  mountains  by  the 
name  of  Ida,  the  one  in  Phrygia,  the  other 
in  Crete ;  the  latter  is  here  meant. 

86.  Orchades.    The   poet  here  mentions 
three  species  of  olives :  the  orchades,  a  round 
olive,  a  word  derived  from  the  Greek ;  the 
radii,  an  oblong  olive ;  the  pausia,  an  olive 
of  a  bitter  taste,  so  called  from  pavio,  says 
Columella,  because  its  chief  use  was  for  oil ; 
to  obtain  which,  it  was  brayed  or  beaten. 

87.  SylvcE  Akino'i :  the  orchards  of  Alci- 
noiis,  king  of  the  Phaeaceans.     They  were 
celebrated  by  the  poets. 

88.  Crustumiis :  to  the  Crustumean  pears, 
so  called  from  Crustumium,  a  town  in  Tus- 
cany,  whose   pears  were  much  esteemed; 
they  were  of  a  reddish  cast.     Syriis  pyris. 
These  were  so  called,  because  they   were 
brought  from  Syria,    They  were  also  calted 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Non  eadem  arboribus  peridet  vindemia  nostris, 
Quam  Methymnaeo  capit  de  palmite  Lesbos.  HO 

Sunt  Thasise  vites,  sunt  et  Mareotides  albae  : 
Pinguibus  hae  terris  habiles,  levioribus  ilia;.  >^jjM 
~l3t  passo  Psythia  utilior,  tenuis^ifue  lageos 
Tentatura  nodes  olim,  vineluruque  linguam. 

95.    Sunt    purpurese,  Purpureae,  precicoque  :   et(juo  te  carmine  dicam          95 
preciaeque  uva  Rhaetica  ?  nee  cellis  ideo  contende  Falernis.  ffc 

99.  Est  Argitis  minor  Sunt  et  Ammiueae  vites,  firmissima  vina  : 
wa,  cui  Tmolus  et  assurgit  quibus,  et  rex  ipse  Phanaeus  ; 

Argitisque  minor,  cui  non  certaverit  ujlaj.^^y*' 
"  Aut  tantum  fiuere,  aut  totidem  durare  per  annos. 
meru8,~quam  multee  spe-  Non  ego  te,  Dis  et  mensis  accepta  secundis, 
cies sunt, nee qu»  Transierim,  Rhodia;  et  tumidis,  bumaste,  racemis. 

105.  Quern  numerum  ge(i  neque,  quam  multae  species,  nee  nomina  quae  sint, 
Ht^Iscwe^^uim^ultue  ^st  numerus  :  neque  enim  numero  comprendere  refert. 
a'renffiTibyci5*  sequori^  Quern  qui  scire  velit,  Libyci  velit  aequoris  idem          105 
turbentur  Discere,  quam  multae  Zephyro  turbentur  arenae  ; 


100 


NOTES. 


Tarentina,  and  were  of  a  blackish  cast. 
Some  think  them  to  be  the  Bergamot  pear. 
Volemis:  to  the  Volemian  pears.  These  were 
so  called  from  the  circumstance  of  their  fill- 
ing the  palm  of  the  hand ;  from  wo/a.  The 
surculus,  or  shoot,  of  all  these  was  diiferent. 

89.  Arboribus :  in  the  sense  of  vitibus. 

90.  MethymruRO :  an  adj.  from  Methymna, 
a  city  of  Lesbos,  an  island  in  the  Aegean 
sea,  famous  for  its  vines. 

91.  Thasia:   an   adj.   from   TVumw,  an 
island  in  the  ^Egean  sea.     Mareotides :  an 
adj.  probably  from  Mareotis,  a  lake  near 
Alexandria,  in  Egypt.     Some  take  it  from 
a  place  of  the  same  name  in  Lybia,  in  the 
confines  of  Egypt.     These  latter  (Ace)  re- 
quired a  rich  soil;  the  former  (illce)  a  light  soil. 

93.  Psythia :  an  adj.  agreeing  with  vitis, 
underatood.  Its  derivation  is  uncertain.  It 
is  probably  from  the  name  of  some  town  in 
Greece,  where  that  species  of  vine  flourish- 
ed. Utilior  passo:  better  for  passum,  or 
sweet  wine.  This  was  made  of  raisins  or 
dried  grapes ;  from  the  word  patior :  quod 
solem  aut  ignem  patitur.  Lageos.  This  was 
a  species  of  grape,  deriving  its  name  from 
a  Greek  word  signifying  a  hare,  because  it 
resembled  the  colour  of  that  animal.  Te- 
nuis:  subtle  or  penetrating.  Quod  facile 
ebrietatem  inducit,  says  Servius. 

95.  Purpurea,    precmque.     These     are 
both  adjectives,  and  agree  with  vites,  or  more 
probably   with  tmc,  understood.     Preciw: 
early  ripened — ripened  before  other  grapes. 

96.  Rhadica:    a   grape,  so   called   from 
Rhetia,  a  country  bordering  upon  Italy  on 
the  west.     Cellis  Falernis:  with  the  Faler- 
»ian  wine.     Cellis :  the  cellars ;  by  melon, 
for  the  wine  in  them.     Falernis:  an  adj. 
from  Falernus,  a  mountain  in  Campania, 
celebrated  for  its  good  wines* 


97.  Amminea  vites.     There  are  various 
conjectures  concerning  this  vine,  but  nothing 
certainly   known.      It   produced    excellent 
•wine— firmissima  vina,  strong,  and  of  good 
body. 

98.  Quibus   et    Tmolus:   to   which   both 
Tmolus,  and  Phanseus  himself,  the  king  of 
vine-bearing  mountains,  rise  up  in  sign  of 
respect — they  yield  the  pre-eminence  to  the 
Amminean  vine.     Assurgit,  as  here  used,  is 
highly  metaphorical.      It  conveys   to   our 
minds  the  idea  of  one  mountain  riding  up  to 
another  in  token  of  respect,  and  yielding  to 
it   precedency.      T^nolus:    a   mountain  in 
Lydia,  famous  for  its  wines.      Pkanozus: 
another  mountain  in  the  island  Chios,  in 
the  ./Egean  sea,  celebrated  for  its  wines. 

99.  Argitis:  a  species  of  the  grape,  pro- 
bably derived  from  a  Greek  word  signify- 
ing white,  or  from  Argos,  a  city  of  the  Pe- 
loponnesus. 

100.  Tantum  Jluere :    to  yield   so   much 
juice. 

101.  Mensis  et  Diis  secundis.  The  first  ta- 
ble or  course  was  composed  of  meats.     The 
second  of  fruits,  and  what  we  generally  call 
desserts.      At   this  second  'table  or  course 
there  were  libations  made  to  certain  gods. 
Secundis  is  generally  connected  with  Dis. 
It  is,  however,  better  to  connect  it  with  men- 
sis  :  it  will  then  be  :  the  Khodian  wine  is 
acceptable  to  the   second  table  or  course, 
and  to  the  gods  that  were  then  invoked — 
acceptable,  or  fit  for  libations. 

102.  Rhodia  :  an  adj.  from  Rhodus,&  fa- 
mous   island    in    the    Mediterranean   sea. 
Bumaste:   the  bumastus  was  a  species  of 
grape,  whose  clusters  were  swollen  out,  like 
the  udder  of  a  cow.     It  is  derived  from  tlio 
Greek. 

103.  Quam:  in  the  sense  of  tarn. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  II. 


Aut,  ubi  navigiis  violentior  incidit  Eurus, 
N6sse,  quot  lonii  veniant  ad  litora  fluctus. 

Nee  vero  terrae  ferre  omnes  oinnia  possunt. 
Fluminibus  salices,  crassisque  paludibus  alni 
Nascuntur,  steriles  saxosis  montibus  orni, 
Litora  myrtetis  laBtissima  :  denique  apertos 
Bacchus  amat  colles,  Aquilonem  et  frigora  taxi. 
Aspice  et  extremis  domitum  cultoribus  orbem, 
Eoasque  domos  Arabum,  pictosque  Gelonos. 
Divisae  arboribus  patriae.     Sola  India  nigrum 
Fert  ebenum,  solis  est  thurea  virga  Sabasis. 
Quid  tibi  odorato  referam  sudantia  ligno 
Balsamaque,  et  baccas  semper  frondentis  acantlii  ? 
Quid  nemora  J2thiopum  molli  caneiitia  lana  ? 
Velleraque  ut  foliis  depectant  tenuia  Seres  ? 
Aut  quos  Oceano  propior  gerit  India  lucos, 
Extremi  sinus  orbis  ?  ubi  aera  yincere  summum 
Arboris  baud  ullae  jactu  potuere  sagittae  : 


110 


115 


120.  Quid  referam  tibi 
nemora 


NOTES. 


110.  Salices  nascuntur:  the  willows  by 
the  side  of  rivers — the  alders  by  stagnant 
pools — the  barren  wild  ashes  on  the  stony 
mountains,  spring  up,  and  flourish. 

112.  Myrtetis:  in  groves  of  myrtle.     Lce- 
tissima :  in  the  sense  offeracissima. 

113.  Bacchus:  here  put  for  Vites,  by  me- 
ton.    Taxi :  the  yew  trees.   The  verb  amant 
is  to  be  supplied. 

114.  Aspice  orbem.  The  meaning  is,  that 
the  remotest  parts  of  the  world  were  redu- 
ced to  a  state  of  cultivation  by  their  re- 
spective inhabitants,  both  the  east  (Eoas  do- 
mos Arabum)  and  the  north,  the  country 
of  the  Geloni.     The  inhabitants,  by  meton. 
put  for  the  country.  Theypainted  themselves 
that  they  might  be  more  terrible  to  their 
enemies.     This  explains  the  word  pictos. 

115.  Gelonos :  the  Geloni  were  a  people 
inhabiting   the  northern  parts  of  Europe. 

116.  Patrice  divisaz :   countries  are  distin- 
guished by  their  trees.     Patria,  one's  native 
country — Regio,  any  country. 

117.  Thurea  virga  :  the  frankincense  tree. 

118.  Referam :    in   the  sense   of  dicam, 
vel  describam. 

119.  Bahama:  plu.  of  balsamum,  a  plant 
of  a  very  delicious  fragrance.     Its  juice  is 
obtained  by  cutting  the  branches  in  the  sum- 
mer months,  from  which  incisions  the  juice 
flows.     Acanthi.  There  were  two  kinds  of 
Acanthus ;  one  the  herb  commonly  called 
brank-ursin,  or  bear's-foot;    the  other   an 
Egyptian  tree,  always  green,  and  abounding 
in  berries. 

120.  Molli  land :  with'soft  cotton.  JEthir 
opum;  gen.  plu.  ofJEthiops:  an  inhabitant 
of  ^Ethiopia,  an  extensive  country  in  Africa, 
abounding  in  the  cotton  tree.     Ut :  in  the 
s\»nse  of  quomodo. 


121.  Seres:  a  people  of  India,  who  fur- 
nished the  rest  of  the  world  with  silk.  It 
was  a  common  received  opinion  that  they 
collected  it  from  the  leaves  of  trees.  To 
this  the  poet  refers  in  the  words,  depectant, 
&c.  they  comb  off  the  fine  fleeces  from  the 
leaves. 

123.  Extremi  sinus  orbis.  It  is  somewhat 
difficult  to  fix  the  meaning  of  smus  in  this 
place.  If  it  could  be  read  sinui,  in  the  dat. 
to  agree  with  *oceano,  it  would  be  easy. 
But  it  is  usually  read  in  the  nom.  It  must 
therefore  mean  the  same  as  India,  in  the 
preceding  line.  But  how  it  can  be  applied 
with  any  propriety,  to  express  a  tract  of 
country,  doth  not  appear.  If  we  take  sinus 
for  the  gen.  connected  with  extremi,  the  dif- 
ficulty will  be  removed,  in  a  good  degree, 
and  orbis  for  the  nom.  Now  orbis  some- 
times means  no  more  than  a  single  country, 
or  any  division  or  part  of  the  earth.  If  we 
take  it.  thus,  the  passage  may  be  rendered  : 
Or,  why  need  I  mention  the  groves  which 
India,  nearer  the  ocean,  the  country  of 
(bordering  upon)  the  farthest  bay,  produ- 
ces f  Valpy  says  :  the  extreme  convexity 
of  the  globe.  Heyne :  interior  remotiorque 
terra  extremes  orbis  partis.  Rueeus :  reces- 
sus  ultinii  mundi.  The  sinus  I  take  for  the 
bay  of  Bengal,  called  by  the  ancients  the 
Sinus  Gangeticus.  The  parts  of  India  be- 
3'ond  the  Ganges  were  very  little  known  to 
them  ;  exiremi,  therefore,  may  be  very  well 
applied  to  them.  Summum  aera :  the  high- 
est air — the  air  surrounding  the  topmost 
branches.  This  is  evidently  an  extravagant 
hyperbole,  notwithstanding  the  declaration 
of  Pliny,  as  to  the  height  of  the  trees.  Fin- 
cere:  in  the  sense  of  superare. 

126.  Media.  A  country  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Caspian  sea,  on  the 

12 


I*.  V  IRaiLll  MARUM& 


Et  gens  ilia  quidem  sumptis  non  tarda  pharetris.      125 

Media  fert  tristes  succos,  tardumque  saporem 

Felicis^mali :  quo  non  prsesentius  ullum 

(Pocula  si  quando  ssevao  infecere  noverca*, 

Miscueruntque  herbas,  et  non  innoxia  verba) 

Auxilium  venit,  ac  membris  agit  atra  venena.  130 

Ipsa  ingens  arbos,  faciemque  simillima  lauro ; 

Et,  si  non  alium  late  jactaret  odorem, 

Laurus  erat :  folia  baud  ullis  labentia  ventis  : 

Flos  apprima  tenax  :  animas  et  olentia  Medi 

Ora  fovent  illo,  et  senibus  medicantur  arihelis.          135 

Sed  neque  Medorum  sylvae,  ditissima  terra, 
Nee  pulcher  Ganges,  atque  auro  turbidus  Hermus, 
Laudibus  Italiae  certent  :  non  Bactra,  neque  Indi, 
Totaque  thuriferis  Panchaia  pinguis  arenis. 
Haec  loca  non  tauri  spirantes  naribus  ignem  14O 

Invertere,  satis  immanis  dentibus  hydri  : 
Nee  galeis  densisque  virum  seges  horruit  hast  is  : 
Sed  gravidae  fruges,  et  Bacchi  Massicus  humor 
Implevere  :  tenent  oleaeque,  armentaque  laeta. 
Hinc  bellator  equus  campo  sese  arduus  infert :          145 
Hinc  albi,  Clitumne,  greges,  et  maxima  taurus 


131.  Tpsa  arbor  est'm- 
gens,  simillimaque  lauro 
quoad  faciem 


NOTES. 


west  by  Armenia,  on  the  east  by  Hyrcania 
and  Parthja,  and  on  the  south  by  Persia 
proper.  Under  Cyrus  tho  great,  it  became 
a  constituent  part  of  the  Persian  monar- 
chy. 

127.  Mali  :  the  citron,    rfts  rind  is  bitter, 
and  its  seeds  are  covered  with  a  bitter  skin : 
hence  tristes  succos,  bitter  juices;    and  tar- 
dum  saporem,  a  taste  remaining  long  on  the 
palate.   It  is  called  Felix,  happy,  on  account 
of  its  many  virtues,  and  qualities ;  some  of 
which  are  mentioned.    JV<w  tarda :  in  the 
sense  of  strenua  velfortis. 

128.  Infecere :  have  poisoned.      Pocula  : 
by  meton.  the  wine.       Pr&sentius  :    more 
certain — more   efficacious.      Some   copies 
have  prozstantius. 

129.  Non  innoxia  verba :  in  the  sense  of 
noxias  incantationes. 

134.  Apprima:  an  adj.  neu.  plu.  taken 
as  an  adverb,  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks. 
The  same  as  apprime.  Animas  et  olentia 
ora,  &c.  With  this  (fruit,  maid)  the  Medes 
correct  their  breath,  and  (cleanse)  their 
stinking  mouths.  See  jEn.  viii.  410.  Ru- 
seus  says ;  Corrigunt  halilum  suum  el  grave- 
olentia  ora. 

137.  Ganges.  One  of  the  finest  rivers  in 
the  world.  It  rises  in  the  kingdom  of  Thi- 
bet, and  taking  a  south-easterly  direction, 
after  a  course  of  about  2000  miles,  falls  into 
the  gulf  or  bay  of  Bengal ;  having  in  its 
course  received  a  number  of  tributary 
streams,  eleven  of  which,  it  is  said,  are  as 
large  as  the  Rhine.  It  is  considered  by  the 
inhabitants  upon  its  banks,  as  a  God.  Her- 
mus :  a  river  of  Lydia,  famous  for  its  golden 


sands.  It  received  in  its  course  the  ccie^ 
bnitrd  Pactolus;  and  with  it,  fell  into  the 
Simix  Phocaicus. 

133.  Bactra :  neu.  plu.  the  principal  city 
of  tlie  Baclrii.  By  synec.  put  for  their 
whole  country,  which  was  called  Bactri.nii,i. 
and  was  bounded  by  Parthia  on  the  west, 
India  on  the  east,  and  by  the  river  Oxus  on 
the  north. 

139.  Panchaia:  a  country  of  Arabia  Fe- 
lix.     Pinguis :   rich,  in  frankincense-bear- 
ing soil. 

140.  Hcec  loca:  these  places  bulls  breath- 
ing fire  have  not  turned,  &c.     This  alludes 
to  the  fable  of  Jason,  who,  with  a  company 
of  men,  went  to  Colchis  to  get.  the  golden 
fleece.    Here  were  bulls  breathing  fire  bound 
to  a  plough.     Upon  their  turning  the  earth, 
it  was  sown  with  dragon's  teeth,  which  im- 
mediately sprang  up,  seges  virum,  into   men 
armed  and  prepared  for  combat,  to  supply 
the  place  of  those  that  had  been  slain.     The 
dragon  that  guarded  the  fleece  being  slain. 
Jason  obtained  the  prize.     This  was  the  fa- 
mous Argonautic   expedition.      See  Ovid, 
Met.  vii.    It  is  supposed  that  this  was  only 
a  commercial  expedition,  which  proved  very 
lucrative. 

143.  Mamcus :  a  mountain  in  Campania , 
fertile  in  the  vine  ;  here  usod  as  an  adj. 
Massicus  humor  'Bacchi:  Massic  wine. 
Humor  Bacchi :  the  liquor  of  Bacchus,  i.  e. 
wine. 

146.  Clitumne :  Clitumnus  a  river  of  Um- 
bria,  in  Italy,  famous  for  the  flocks  of  white 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  U. 


Victima,  suepe  tuo  perfusi  flurnine  sacro, 

Romanes  ad  templa  Deurn  duxere  triumphos. 

ITic  ver  assiduum,  atque  alienis  mensibns  aistas. 

Bis  gravidae  pecudes,  bis  pomis  utilis  arbos.  150      153.  Nee  squameus 

At  rabidae  tigres  absunt,  et  sa?va  leonum  anguis  rapit  immensos 

Semina  :  nee  miseros  fallunt  aconita  legentes  :  orbes  per  humum,  neque 

Nee  rapit  immensos  orbes  per  humum,  neque  tanto         ^{ftLtlt^ 

Squameus  in  spiram  tractn  se  colligit  anguis.  guibusdam  aliis  region- 

Adde  tot  egregias  urbes,  operumque  laborem  ;  155  ibus. 

Tot  congesta  manu  praeruptis  oppida  saxis  ;  *58-    An    mei»orem 

Fluminaque  antique,  subter  labentia  muros  &^qfit  £ 

An  mare,  quod  supra,  memorem ;  qubdque  alluit  inira  f     /w#  eam   jnfra  ?    Anne 

Anne  lacus  tantos  ?  te,  Lari  maxime  ;  teque  memorem  tantos  lacus, 

Fluctibus  et  fremitu  assurgens,  Benace,  marine  ?  160  tei  °  maxime  Lari,  te- 

An  memorem  portus,  Lucrinoque  addita  claustra.  qu?X<?' ?f nace'.   , 

.,           .    ,.                                   ,   .  |     .,  162.  /Equor  mdigna- 

Atque  mdignaturn  magms  stndonbus  a-quor ;  tum  circa  u 

Julia  qua  ponto  longe  sonat  unda  refuso,  magnis 


NOTES. 


sheep  that  fed  on  its  banks.  The  victims 
were  washed  in  it,  to  make  them  the  whi- 
ter. White  victims  alone  were  offered  to 
Jove  on  triumphal  days.  To  this  the  poet 
alludes. 

149.  JEstas  alienis  mensibus :   summe^in 
other  months — in  months  not  its  own.     As- 
siduum :  in  the  sense  of  perpetuum. 

150.  Bis  pecudes,  &c.    The  meaning  is, 
that    the    flocks   bring    forth    twice    in  a 
year,  and  the  trees  produce  two  crops  of 
fruit.     Pecudes ;  here  must  mean  sheep  and 
other  minor  animals.      It  could  not  be  said 
of  cattle  or  horses.     The  poet,  in  many  in- 
stances, in  praising  his  country,  exceeds  the 
bounds  of  credibility.     Utilis :  in  the  sense 
of  fertility  sa}rs  Heyne. 

152.  Aconita  :  wolf's  bane.  It  is  taken 
here  for  any  noxious  or  poisonous  plant,  or 
herb.  According  to  Solinus,  it  takes  its 
name  from  Aeon,  a  port  in  Pontus,  a  coun- 
try notorious  for  poisonous  plants.  Others 
take  it  from  a  Greek  word  signifying  a 
stone,  because  it  grew  principally  on  stony 
grounds.  Semina  :  in  the  sense  of  proles. 

155.  Laborem  operum:  the  labor,  or  work 
of  artificers.      Operum  appears  to  be  used 
in  the  sense  of  Opificum,  or  Operariorum. 
Heyne  takes  laborem  operum,  sin) ply  for  ope- 
ra, vel  cp.di/icia. 

156.  Tot  oppida.     Many  of  the  cities  of 
Italy  were  built  upon  high    and  elevated 
grounds.     To  this  the  words  prwruptis  sax- 
is  allude.    Congest  a  in  the  sense  of  extrucla. 

157.  Subter:    Heyne    takes   this   in    the 
sense  of  prceler :   making  the  sense  to  be, 
that  the  rivers  flowed  or  passed  by  the  walls 
of  cities.      He  observes  that  many  of  the 
cities  of  Italy  were  built  upon  the  margin  of 
rivers  :  which  seems  to  warrant  that  sense 
of  the  word. 

158.  An  Mare.,  &c,    Italy  is  washed  by 


the  Adriatic  sea,  on  the  north-east,  and  by 
the  Tuscan  sea  on  the  south.  The  former 
was  sometimes  called  Mare  sufierum,  and 
the  latter  Mare  inferum ;  hence  the  supra 
applied  to  the  one,  and  infra,  to  the  other. 

159.  Maxime  Lari:  Larius,  a  large  lake 
at  the  foot  of  the  Alps.     It  communicates 
with  the  Po,  by  the  river  Addua.     Hodie, 
Lago  di  Coma.        * 

160.  Benace :  Benacus,  a  large  lake,  com- 
municating with  the  Po,  by  the  river  Min- 
cius.     Its  present  name  is  Lago  di  Garda. 
Assurgens :   swelling  with  the  waves,  and 
roaring  of  a  sea. 

161.  Lucrino — Avernis.     Lucrinus    and 
Avernus  were  two  lakes  in  Campania.  Here 
Augustus  made  a  haven,  which  he  called 
the  Julian  port.     This  was  done  by  uniting 
them  by  a  canal,  and  connecting  them  with 
the  sea.     Portum  Julium  apud  Baias,  im- 
misso  in  Lucrinum  et  Avernum  Lacum  mari, 
efficit,  says  Suetonius.     Addita  claustra.     It 
would  seem  from  this,  that  Lucrinus  was 
originally  a   bay,  and  probably  connected 
with  the  sea,  by  a  narrow  strait,  but  after- 
ward, either  by  some  operation  of  the  wa- 
ter, or  artificially,  was  separated  from  it, 
forming  a  lake.      This  was  the  opinion  of 
Strabo,  who  informs  us  that  Lucrinus  was 
originally  a  bay ;    but  had  been  separated 
from  the  sea,  ever  since  the  days  of  Hercu- 
les, by  a  mound  or  bank  of  sand ;  that  this 
was  occasionally  broken  over  by  the  waves 
of  the  sea,  but  was -repaired  and  made  se- 
cure against  all  encroachments  of  that  ele- 
ment, by  Agrippa,  for  the  purpose  of  ma- 
king it  a  safe  and  convenient  station  for  the 
Roman  fleet. 

162.  Indignation:    the  same   as  indig- 
nans  :  roaring — raging. 

163.  Julia  aqua.  Heyne  seems  to  under- 
stand this  in  the  sense  of  Julius  portus.  the 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


165.  Haec  cadeni  Ita- 
lia ostendit  in  venis 
rivos 

167.  Hsec  Italia  extu- 
lit  acre  genus  virum, 
nempe. 

169.  Hocc  Italia  extu- 
lit 


177.  Locus  cst  dicendi 
de  ingeniis 


180.  Ul)i  sunt  tenuis 
argilla,  et  calculus 


Tyrrhenusque  fretis  immittitur  aestus  Avernis  ? 
Haec  eadem  argenti  rivos,  serisque  metalla          «       165 
Ostendit  venis,  atque  auro  plurima  fluxit. 
Haec  genus  acre  viruin,  Marsos,  pubemque  Sabellam, 
Assuctumque  malo  Ligurem,  Volscosque  verutf 
Extulit :  hsec  Decios,  Marios,  magnosque  Camillos,  ^ 
Scipiadas  duros  belio ;  et  te,  maxime  Caesar,  170 

Qui  nunc  extremis  Asiae  jam  victor  in  oris 
Imbellem  avertis  Romanis  arcibus  Indum. 
Salve,  magna  parens  fmgum,  Saturnia  tellus, 
Msigna  virfan  :  tibi  res  antiqiue  laudis  et  artis 
Ingredior,  sanctos  enisns  recludere  fontes  :  175 

Ascrammqtie  cano  Romana  per  oppida  carmen. 

Nunc  locus  arvorutn  ingeniis  :  qure  robora  cuique, 
Qui.s  color,  et  qua?  sit  rebus  natura  ferendis. 
Difficiles  priiuum  terra,  collesque  maligni,  ^ 
Tenuis  ubi  arpilu,  et  dmnosis  calculus  arvis,  180 

Palladia  gaudent  sylva  vivacis  olivae. 
Indicio  est,  tractu  surgens  oleaster  eodem 


NOTES. 


harbor  that  had  been  made  by  excluding 
the  8ea — the  water  in  the  harbor.  Lucri- 
iius  was  not  entirely  separated  from  the 
sea.  It  was  connected  with  it  by  a  strait, 
or  narrow  channel,  for  the  ingress  and  eo-n-ss 
of  the  fleet,  and  for  the  admission  of  the 
water  of  the  sea. 

164.  Fretis  Avernis:  the  canal  which  con- 
nected dvernus  with  Lucrimis,  is  here  call- 
vd /return,  a  strait.     JEstus  :  in  the  sense  of 
mare. 

165.  Metalla  ceris :  simply,  brass.     Flux- 
it:  in  the  sense  of  abundavit. 

167.  Marsos.  The  Marsi  were  a  people  of 
Italy  lying  to  the  south  of  the  Appenincs, 
and  to  the  east  and  north  of  the  JEqui  and 
Vtittci.        They    originated,   according    to 
some,  from  a  son  of  the  sorceress   Circe : 
others  say,  from  Marsia,  a  king  of  Lydia. 
Their   principal   city   was   Marrubium*   or 
Marruvium,  not  far  from  the  Lacus  Fuci- 
nus.      Pubem  Sabellam :  the  Sabrlli  were  a 
very  ancient  people  of  Italy,  originally  in- 
cluding the  Sammies,  the  Sabincs,  and  the 
A  usoneans. 

168.  Ligurem :  the  Ligurean  accustomed 
to  fatigue   or  toil.       The  Ligures   were  a 
people  inhabiting  that  part  of  Italy,  which 
lies  at  the  head  of  the  Mare  Ligusticum,  or 
sea  of  Genoa.    The  Volsci  were  a  very  war- 
like people.  They  inhabited  that  part  of  Ita- 
ly, through  which  the  river  Liris  passes,  and 
were  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Rutuli 
and  Latini,  on  the  east  by  Aurunci  and 
Campani,  and  on  the  north  by  the  JEqui 
and  Hernici.      Verutos,  armed  with  darts : 
from  veru  a  kind  of  dart. 

169.  Decios:    these  were  three  Romans, 
who  sacrificed  their  lives  for  their  country. 
Marios :  the  Marti,  of  whom  Caius  Marius 


was  the  most  celebrated.  Though  of  hum- 
ble birth,  he  rose  to  the  highest  honors.  He 
triumphed  over  Jugurtha,  king  of  Numidia, 
an4  over  the  Cimbri.  He  died  in  his  se- 
venth consulship.  Camillos.  The  most  cele- 
brated of  the  Camilli  was  Marcus  Furius 
Carhilhis.  He  triumphed  over  the  f^ientes. 
He  rescued  Rome  from  the  Gauls.  He  was 
called  a  second  Romulus,  and  died  at  the 
age  of  eighty  years.  See  ^n.  vi.  825. 
Scipiadas.  See  JEn.  vi.  843.  Duros :  invin- 
cible— capable  of  enduring  the  fatigues  of 
war. 

173.  Saturnia  tellus.  Italy  is  so  called 
because  here  Saturn  found  a  safe  retreat 
after  his  expulsion  from  heaven.  He  reign- 
ed here  conjointly  with  Janus.  Res:  a  sub- 
ject. Tibi :  for  thee — for  thy  advantage. 

171.  Virum :  in  the  sense  of  heroum. 
Laudis  antiqua,  r.t  artis.  Laudatus  et  excul- 
tas  ab  antifjuis,  says  Ruaeus. 

176.  Ascrfpum  carmen:  an  Ascrean  strain, 
or  verse ;  that  is,  in  imitation  of  Hesiod, 
who  was  a  native  of  Ascra,  a  village  in  Beo- 
tia,  not  far  from  mount  Helicon.     It  is  said, 
he  wrote  a  treatise  upon  agriculture. 

177.  Ingeniis :   the  nature  or  quality  of 
the  lands.     Robora,  plu.  of  robur,  strength 
or  ability  to  produce.     The  poet  proceeds 
to  point  out  the  several  methods  of  distin- 
guishing the  various  soils.     He  makes  ten 
such  methods. 

179.  Maligni :  thin — poor,  with  reference 
to  the  quality  of  the  soil.  Difficiles :  rough. 

181.  Palladia  sylvd:    Minerva's  grove. 
Palladia:  an  adj.  from  Pallas,  a  name  of 
Minerva,  to  whom  the  olive  was  sacred. 

182.  Oleaster  nascens  plurimus :  the  wild 
olive,  springing  up  thick  and  luxuriant  in 
the  same  tract,  is  for  a  sign. 


9EORGICA.     LIB.  II.. 


Plurimus,  et  strati  baccis  sylvestribus 
At  quae  pinguis  humus,  dulcique  uligirie  laeta, 
Quique  frequens  herbis,  et  i'ertilis  ubere  campus, 
Qualem  saepe  cava  mentis  convalle  solernus 
Despicere  :  hue  summis  liquiintur  rupibus  amnes, 
Felicemque  trahunt  liinum  :  quique  editus  Austro, 
Et  filicem  curvis  invisam  pascit  aratris  : 
Hie  tibi  prawalidas  olim  multoque  fluoiites 
Sufficiet  Baccho  vites  r  hie  fertilis  uva3, 
Hie  laticis;  qualem  pateris  libainus  et  auro, 
Inilavit  cum  pinguis  ebur  Tyrrhenus  ad  aras, 
Lancibus  et  pandis  fumantia  reddimus  exta. 

Sin  armenta  magis  studium,  vitulosque  tueri, 
Aut  foetus  ovium,  aut  urentes  culta  capellas  : 
Saltus  et  saturi  petito  longinqua  Tareriti, 
Et  qualem  infelix  amisit  Mantua  campum, 
Pascentem  nivcos  herboso  flumiue  cycnos. 
Non  liquid!  gregibus  fontes,  non  gramina  desunt : 
Et  quantum  longis  carpent  armenta  chebus, 
Exigua  tantum  gelidus  ros  node  reponet. 

Nigra  fere,  et  presso  pinguis  sub  vomere,  terra, 
Et  cui  putre  solum  (namque  hoc  imitamur  arando) 
Optima  frumentis  ;  non  ullo  ex  scequore  cernes 
Plura  domum  tardis  decedere  plaustra  juvencis  : 
Aut  unde  iratus  sylvam  devexit  arator, 
Et  nemora  evertit  multos  ignava  per  annos, 
Antiquasque  domos  aviuin  cum  stirpibus  imis 
Emit :  illee  altum  nidis  petiere  relictis  : 
At  rudis  enituit  impulso  vomere  campus. 


184.  At  humus,  quee 

1 85  est     pinguis,     leetaque 

dulci  uligine,  campus- 

que,     qui    est    frequene 

herbis,  et  fertilis  ubere 

188.  Campusque,  qui 
est  editus  Austro,  et  pas- 
190  cit 

190.  Hie  campus  suffi- 
ciet  tibi 

191.  Hie  campus  erit 
fertilis    uvae,    hie  idem 
erit  fertilis  talis  laticis ; 

195  qualem 

195.  Sin  studium  sit 
f:-       tibi  magis  tueri  armenta 
198.  Et  talem  campum, 
qualem 


200 


205 


201.  Quantum  herba- 
rum  armenta 

203.  Terra  fere  nigia, 
et  pinguis  sub  presso 
vomere  ;  et  cui  est 


207.  Aut  ilia  terra  est 
tima  frumentis,  unde 


210     210.  Altum  aerem 


NOTES. 


183.  Strati :  covered  with. 

184.  Lcpta :   in    the  sense  of  abundans. 
Uligine :  the  natural  moisture  of  the  earth. 

187.  Licjuuntur :  in  the  sense  of  dcjiuunt. 

188.  Felicem:  fertilizing,  or  enriching. 

189.  Filicem:  the  fern  or  brake,  whose 
roots,  by  their  contexture,  are  very  trouble- 
some to  the  plough.     Inrisam:  hated. 

191.  tiufficiet:  in  the  sense  of  prbdacct. 

192.  Pateris  e'  auro :  by  Hendiadis,  for 
aureix  pateris  :  in  golden  bowls. 

193.  Tyrrhenu* ;  an  inhabitant  of  Etru- 
ria    or  Tuscany,    an    extensive  country  in 
Italy,  whose  ancient  inhabitants  were    fa- 
mous for  indulging  their  appetit^;  hence  the 
epithet  pinpuis :  fat  or  corpulent.     Reddi- 
mus :    we  offer  to  the  gods  the  warm  en- 
trails,  &c.      Ebur  :     properly    ivory — any 
thing  made  of  ivory.     Here,  an  ivory  pi;>e. 

195.  Tueri:   in    the   sense  of  atere,   vel 
nutrire. 

196.  UrenlKs: nipping — destroying.  Culta: 
an    adj.    from    cuLlus.      This    denotes  any 
thing  that  is  dressed,  taken  care  of,  or  ma- 
naged  in    any    way   by  culture.     Here  it 
means  young  trees — nurseries. 

197.  Tarenti:  Tarentum,  a  town  in  Ca- 
labria, in  the  eastern  part  of  Italy ;  which 
justifies    the    epithet    lonqinquu:     remote 
iields.     .tf  rat  is  understood. 


198.  Mantua  infelix  amis.tit :  such  as  un- 
happy" Mantua  hath  lost.  The  poet  alludes" 
to  the  circumstance  of  Augustus'  depriving 
the  Mantuaiis  of  their  lands,  and  bestowing 
them  upon  his  soldiers,  as  a  reward  for  then- 
services.  Infelix,  here,  is  peculiarly  appro- 
priate. Mantua  was  situated  upon  the  ri- 
ver Mincius,  which  abounded  in  grass  and 
reeds.  Flumine :  perhaps,  in  the  sense  of 
ripa,  vel  litore. 

200.  Liquidi :  in  the  sense  of  puri.  De- 
sunt. :  Heyne  reads  deerunt,  in  the  future. 

204.  Imitamur  hoc,  &c.     The  design  of 
ploughing  land  being  to  loosen  its  texture, 
and  to  render  it  soft  and  mellow ;  by  doing 
this,  we  imitate,  says  the  poet,  a  soil  which 
is  naturally  so.     He  observes,  that  a  dark 
mould,  and  one  that  looks  fat  and  greasy, 
as  it  is  broken  up  with  the  share,  and  is,  at 
the  same  time,  rotten  or  mellow,  is  the  best 
for  grain :   non   ex  ullo  (Kquore  cernes,  &c. 
The  same  loo  may  be  said,  he  observes,  of 
land  newlv  cleared :  i/n</e  iratiis,  &c.     Ira- 
/'«,  anivry,  on  account  of  the  barrenness  of 
the  wood.     Ig/Miva:  barren 

205.  JEffuore:  in  the  sense  of rt«f 

211.  Hudi*  campus:  but  the  new  (before 
uncultivated)  rieid  hath  shone  under  the 
deep  laid  share.  For  eniiuit,  Dr.  Trapp 
would  read  enitet,  the  pres. 


'.for 


1*.  VIRGlLIi  MAROiNIS 


Mutatam  ignorent  subit6  ne  semina  mutrem. 
Quin  etiam  co3li  regionem  in  cortice  signant ; 
270.   Ut    restituant  Ut,  quo  qua3que  modo  steterit,  qua  parte  calores 
unamquamque  eb  modo,  Austrinos  tulerit,  quae  terga  obverterit  axi, 
quo  qu»que steterit, qua  Restituant.     Adeo  in  teneris  consuescere  multum  est. 

Collibus,  an  piano  melius  sit  ponere  vites, 
Quaere  prius.     Si  pinguis  agros  rnetabere  campi, 
276.  Sin  eligas  solum  Densa  sere.     In  denso  non  segnior  ubere  Bacchus, 
acclive  tumulis  gin  tumujis  acclive  solum,  collesque  supinos,  276 

Indulge  ordinibus  :  nee  secius  omnis  in_unguem 
Arboribus  positis  secto  via  limite  quadret. 
Ut  saepe  ingenti  bello,  cum  longa  cohortes 
Explicuit  legio,  et  campo  stetit  agmen  aperto, 
Directaeque  acies,  ac  late  Huctuat  omnis 
jEre  renidenti  tellus,  necdum  horrida  miscent 
Prselia,  sed  dubius  mediis  Mars  errat  in  armis. 
284.  Omnia  ititervalla  Omnia  sint  paribus  numeris  dimensa  viarum  : 
viarum  suit  dimensa      Non  animum  mod6  uti  pascat  prospectus  inanem, 
Sed  quia  non  aliter  vires  dabit  omnibus  aequas 
Terra,  neque  in  vacuum  poterunt  se  extendere  rami. 

Forsitan  et  scrobibus  quae  sint  fastigia  qua?ras. 
Ausim  vel  tenui  vitem  committere  sulco. 


280 


285 


Altius  ac  penitus  terrse  defigitur  arbos  : 


290 


NOTES. 


e'arefully  observe  what  particular  side  stood 
towards  the  several  parts  of  heaven,  that 
they  might  be  placed,  every  one  in  the  same 
manner — on  what  side  they  sustained  the 
summer  heat,  and  on  what  side  the  winter 
cold.  Sfges :  in  the  sense  of  seminarium, 
says  Heyne.  Digesta:  arranged  in  rows. 
Feratur:  in  the  sense  of  transferatur. 

268*.  Semina:  young  plants,  or  trees.  Ma- 
trem  :  the  ground  into  which  they  are  trans- 
planted. 

271.  Axi:  in  the  sense  of  septentrioni. 

272.  Consuetcere  in  teneris :  to  be  accus- 
tomed in  their  tender  age  avails  so  much — 
has  so  much  influence  over  them.     Some 
copies  have  a  teneris.     Annis  is  understood. 

274.  Metabere :   if  you  shall  lay  out  for 
planting.     Ruseus  interprets  it  by  eligas. 

275.  Densa :  for  dense ,  an  adv.     Bacchus 
non  segnior :  the  vine  will  not  be  less  fruit- 
ful in  a  thick  and  rich  soil.     Some  take  in 
denso  simply  for  dense,  and  render  it  thus : 
the  vine  will  not  be  less  fruitful  in  a  rich 
soil,  if  planted  thickly.     In  this  case,  ubere 
is   taken  for  richness   or   fertility   of  soil. 
This  appears  to  be  the  opinion  of  Heyne. 
Ruaeus  connects  denso  with  ubere.     In  this 
case,  denso  must  be  taken  in  the  sense  of 
pingui,  vel  spisso  ;  and  ubere  in  the  sense  of 
solo. 

276.  Supinos:   sloping — descending  gra- 
dually. 

277.  Indulge  ordinibus :  indulge  in  your 
rows — plant  your  vines  farther  apart.     Nee 
sprigs:  also — likewise;  porrb,  sqy.s 


278.  Omnis  via,  &c.  Every  space,  or  ave- 
nue, should  square  exactly,  the  trees  being 
placed  in  a  path  or  line  cut  across — every 
space  should  exactly  form  a  square,  the 
rows  of  trees  being  planted  at  equal  dis- 
tances, and  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 
In  unguem :  exactly — to  a  tittle. 

281 .  Acies  directs :  the  lines  are  formed 
— the   battalions  are   marshalled.     Acies: 
an  army  in  order  of  battle  ;  agmen :  in  or- 
der of  march ;  exercitus :  in  order  of  exer- 
cise.    Flucluat :  in  the  sense  of  coruscat. 

282.  Renidenti  cp.re :  with  gleaming  brass. 
Jttre :  in  the  sense  of  ozreis  armis. 

283.  Dubius :    doubtful — uncertain  ;*  not 
knowing  on  which  side  of  the   embattled 
armies  the  victory  will  fall. 

284.  Omnia  sint,  &c.     All  the   spaces 
should  be  measured  out  in  equal  proportions. 
Davidson  supposes  intervaUa,  or  a  word  of 
the  like  import,  to  agree  with  omnia,  and  to 
govern   viarum.     Ruseus   connects   riarum 
with  numeris,  and  supposes  it  to  be  govern- 
ed by  that  word.     But  to  take  omnia  viarum 
in  the  sense  of  omnes  vice,  is  more  simple ; 
and  of  this  construction  we  have  many  ex- 
amples  in   Virgil.     Opaca   locorum:    dark 
places,    ^n.  ii.  725.     Ojyaca  viarum :  dark 
ways,  or  passages,  ^n.  vi.  633. 

-c.'Jo.  Fastigia:  in  the  sense  of  profundi- 
tas.  Scrobibus :  to  the  trenches — holes. 

290.  Altius.  The  common  reading  is 
al.f-i.us ;  but  Heyne,  Heinsi us.  and  some  others, 
have  nlfior. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  II.  «r, 

yni 

./Esculus  imprimis,  quae  quantum  vertice  ad  auras 

JEthcreas,  tantum  radice  in  Tartara  tendit. 

Ergo  non  hyemes  illam,  non  flabra,  neque  imbres 

Convellunt :  immota  manet,  multosque  per  annos, 

Multa  virum  volvens  durando  saecula  vincit.  295 

Turn  fortes  late  ramos  et  brachia  tendens 

Hue  illuc,  media  ipsa  ingentem  sustinet  umbram.  297<  jpsa  me(jia  ^nter 

Neve  tibi  ad  Solem  vergant  vineta  cadentem  :  suos  ramos  sustinet 

Neve  inter  vites  corylum  sere  :  neve  flagella 
Summa  pete,  aut  summas  defringe  ex  arbore  plantas, 
(Tantus  amor  terrse)  :  neu  ferro  laede  retuso^        301 
Semina  :  neve  oleae  sylvestres  insere  truncos. 
Nam  S33pe  incautis  pastoribus  excidit  ignis, 
Qui  furtim  pingui  primum  sub  cortice  tectus 
Robora  comprendit,  frondesque  elapsus  in  altas         305 
Ingentem  coelo  sonitum  dedit :  inde  secutus 
Per  ramos  victor,  perque  alta  cacumina  regnat, 
Et  totum  .involvit  flammis  nemus,  et  ruit  atram 
Ad  coelum  picea  crassus  caligine  nubem : 
Pra3sertim  si  tempestas  a  vertice  sylvis  310 

Incubuit,  glomeratque  ferens  incendia  ventus. 

Hoc  ubi ;  non  a  stirpe  valent,  caesaeque  reverti  312>  Ubi  hoc  aeciditt 

Possunt,  atque  ima  similes  revirescere  terra  :  turn  vites  non  valent  rt- 

Infelix  superat  foliis  oleaster  amaris.  verti  a  stirpe 

Nee  tibi  tarn  prudens  quisquam  persuadeat  auctor 
Tellurem  Borea  rigidam  spirante  movere.  316 

Rura  gelu  turn  claudit  hyems,  nee  semine  jacto 

NOTES. 

292.  Tartara  tendit :  Tartarus,  mas.  in  the  or  otherwise,  you  should  not  take  the  top- 

sing.  neu.  in  the  plu.  one  of  the  regions  of  hell,  most  shoots  of  the  tree,  but  those  that  are 

Here,  as  the  poets  say,  the  wicked  and  im-  nearer  the  root ;    for  they  will  grow  and 

pious  are  punished.     Ixion,  Tityus,  Tanta-  flourish   better,  having   more   strength  in 

lus,  Sysyphus,  and  the  Dana'ides,  were  sen-  them,  and  having  already  contracted  a  fond- 

tenced  to  this  place.     The  poet  advises  to  ness  for  the  earth — tantus  amor  terrce.     Se- 

cornmit  the  vine  to  a  light  furrow,  just  be-  mina :  in  the  sense  of  sureulos,  vel  plantas. 
low  the  surface  of  the  earth ;  but  to  put  the         300>  Dtfringt .  Heyne  reads  destringe. 
tree,  and  especially  the  c&sculus,  deep  in  the          _,__     -.  „       ,.,       ,      .., 

earth,  that  key  may  take  root  better  and          ™*-  ^f  ™»*  &C'  N°r  ^^  ^  'T^ 

more  firmly.      The  vine  properly  belongs  of  the  wild  ohve  among  your  vines.    Inter 

neither  to  the  species  of  the  tree,  nor  to  that  wto' 1S  understood- 

of  the  shrub  ;   but  is   between  both :   ter-         306.  Secutus :  increasing  more  and  more, 

tium  quiddam,  quod  nee  arborem,  necfruticem  it  reigns  victorious. 

proprie  dixerim,  says  Columella.     See  ^n.         308.  Ruit :    in  the  sense  of  emittit^  vel 

iv.  445.  erigit.     Nemus :  in  the  sense  of  vinetum. 

294.  Mullos  per  annos.     Heyne   reads,         310.  Avertice:  from  on  high ;  or,  accord- 
multos  nepotes.    He  observes  that  Heinsius,  ing  to  Servius,  from  the  north.     Desuper, 
and  some  others,  read  the  same.     Per  an-  vel  de  ccelo,  says  Heyne ;  d  septentrione,  says 
•/io.9,  is  the  general  reading,  and  appears  to  Rusei^s. 

be  the  easiest.     If  nepotes  be  read,  it  must  312.  Ubi  hoc  :  when  this  happens — when 

be  taken  in  the  sense  of  (states,  vel  CBVO  ;  but  your  vineyards  are  burnt,  your  vines  cannot 

that  is  expressed  in  the  following  line,  by  shoot  forth  again  from  the  root ;  nor,  if  they 

the  words,  multa  scecula  virum.  be  cut,  can  they  do  it,  and  spring  up  such 

295.  Vincit :  in  the  sense  of  superat.  as  they  were  before.     They  will  be  entirely 
299.  Neve  pete  summa:  neither  seek  the  destroyed,  and  nothing  but  the  barren  wild 

topmost  shoots,  nor  break  off  the  topmost  olive  will  survive  and  remain.     Reverti :  in 

scions  from  the  tree.  the  sense  of  renasci. 

The  advice  which  the  poet  gives,  is :  that  317.  Rura:  in  the  sense  ofarva.    Semim 

in  propagating  trees,  whether  by  grafting,  jacto :  in  the  sense  of  surculo  defosso. 

13 


i*.  VIRG1LI1  MAUON1S 


Mutatam  ignorent  subito  ne  semina  inutrem. 
Quin  etiam  cceli  regionem  in  cortice  signant ; 

270.   Ut    restituant  Ut,  quo  qureque  modo  steterit,  qua  parte  calores       270 
unamr/uamque  eb  modo,  Austrinos  tuierit,  qua;  terga  obverterit  axi, 
quo >quseque steterit, qua  Restituant.     Adeo  in  teneris  consuescere  multum  est. 

Collibus,  an  piano  melius  sit  ponere  vites, 
Quaere  prius.     Si  pinguis  agros  metabere  campi, 
276.  Sin  eligas  solum  Densa  sere.     In  denso  non  segnior  ubere  Bacchus, 
acclive  tumulis  gin  tumuiis  acclive  solum,  collesque  supinos,  27tf 

Indulge  ordinibus  :  nee  secius  omnis  injmguem 
Arboribus  positis  secto  via  limite  quad  ret.  ~" 
Ut  saepe  ingenti  bello,  cum  longa  cohortes 
Explicuit  legio,  et  campo  stetit  agmen  aperto,  280 

Directaeque  acies,  ac  late  tluctuat  omnis 
JEre  renidenti  tellus,  necdum  horrida  miscent 
Praelia,  sed  dubius  mediis  Mars  errat  in  armis. 
284.  Omnia  interralla  Omnia  sint  paribus  numeris  dimensa  viarum  : 

Non  animum  modo  uti  pascat  prospectus  inanem,     285 
Sed  quia  non  aliter  vires  dabit  omnibus  aequas 
Terra,  neque  in  vacuum  poterunt  se  extendere  rami. 

Forsitan  et  scrobibus  qua?  sint  fastigia  qua3ras. 
Ausim  vel  tenui  vitem  committere  sulco. 
Altius  ac  penitus  teme  defigitur  arbos  :  290 


viarum  suit  dimensa 


NOTES. 


Carefully  observe  what  particular  side  stood 
towards  the  several  parts  of  heaven,  that 
they  might  be  placed,  every  one  in  the  same 
manner — on  what  side  they  sustained  the 
summer  heat,  and  on  what  side  the  winter 
cold.  Sfges :  in  the  sense  of  seminarium, 
says  Heyne.  Digesla:  arranged  in  rows. 
Feratur:  in  the  sense  of  transferal  ur. 

268.  Se.mina:  young  plants,  or  trees.  Ma- 
trem :  the  ground  into  which  they  are  trans- 
planted. 

271.  Axi:  in  the  sense  of  septentrioni. 

272.  Consueticere  in  ttneris :  to  be  accus- 
tomed in  their  tender  age  avails  so  much — 
has  so  much  influence  over  them.     Some 
copies  have  a  teneris.     Annis  is  understood. 

274.  Metabere :    if  you  shall  lay  out  for 
planting.     Ruseus  interprets  it  by  eligas. 

275.  Densa  :  for  dense,  an  adv.     Bacchus 
non  segnior :  the  vine  will  not  be  less  fruit- 
ful in  a  thick  and  rich  soil.     Some  take  in 
denso  simply  for  dense,  and  render  it  thus : 
the  vine  will  not  be  less  fruitful  in  a  rich 
soil,  if  planted  thickly.     In  this  case,  ubere 
is   taken  for  richness   or   fertility   of  soil. 
This  appears  to  be  the  opinion  of  Heyne. 
Ruaeus  connects  denso  with  vbere.     In  this 
case,  denso  must  be  taken  in  the  sense  of 
pingui,  vel  spisso ;  and  ubere  in  the  sense  of 
solo. 

276.  Svpinos:  sloping — descending  gra- 
dually. 

277.  Indulge  ordinibus :  indulge  in  your 
rows — plant  your  vines  farther  apart.     Nee 
series :  also — likewise ;  pond,  say.s  Heyne. 


278.  Omnis  via,  &c.  Every  space,  or  ave- 
nue, should  square  exactly,  the  trees  being 
placed  in  a  path  or  Ikie  cut  across — every 
space  should  exactly  form  a  square,  the 
rows  of  trees  being  planted  at  equal  dis- 
tances, arid  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 
In  unguem :  exactly — to  a  tittle. 

281.  Acies  director :  the  lines  are  formed 
— the   battalions  are   marshalled.      Acies: 
an  army  in  order  of  battle  ;  agmen :  in  or- 
der of  march ;  exercitus :  in  order  of  exer- 
cise.    FLucluat :  in  the  sense  of  conucat. 

282.  Renidenti  cp.re:  with  gleaming  brass. 
JLre :  in  the  sense  of  cereis  armis. 

283.  Dubius :    doubtful — uncertain  ;*  not 
knowing  on  which  side  of  the   embattled 
armies  the  victory  will  fall. 

284.  Omnia   sint,   &c.     All  the   spaces 
should  be  measured  out  in  equal  proportions. 
Davidson  supposes  interralla,  or  a  word  of 
tho  like  import,  to  agree  with  omnia,  and  to 
govern   viarum.     Ruseus   connects   viarum, 
with  numeris,  and  supposes  it  to  be  govern- 
ed by  that  word.     But  to  take  omnia  viarum 
in  the  sense  of  omnes  vice,  is  more  simple ; 
and  of  this  construction  we  have  many  ex- 
amples  in   Virgil.     Opaca    locorum:    dark 
places.    iEn.  ii.  725.     Ojmca  viarum :  dark 
ways,  or  passages.  Mi\.  vi.  633. 

288.  Fastigia:  in  the  sense  of  profundi- 
tas.  Scrobibus :  to  the  trenches — holes. 

290.  Altius.  The  common  reading  is 
altius;  but  Heyne,  Heinsius,  and  some  others, 
have  altior. 


,   ;  GEORGICA.    LIB.  II.  ir, 

•/tSsculus  imprimis,  quoe  quantum  vertice  ad  auras 

./Ethcrcas,  tantum  radice  in  Tartara  tendit. 

Ergo  non  hyemes  illam,  non  flabra,  neque  imbres 

Convellunt :  immota  manet,  multosque  per  annos, 

Multa  viruin  volvens  durando  sascula  vincit.  295 

Turn  fortes  late  ramos  et  brachia  tendens 

Hue  illuc,  media  ipSa  ingentem  sustinet  umbram.  297.  Ipsa  media  inter 

Neve  tibi  ad  Solem  vergant  vineta  cadentem  :  suos  ramos  sustinet 

Neve  inter  vites  corylum  sere  :  neve  flagella 
Summa  pete,  aut  summas  defringe  ex  arbore  plantas, 
(Tantus  amor  terrae)  :  neu  ferro  laede  retuso^/        301 
Semina :  neve  oleae  sylvestres  insere  truncos. 
Nam  ssBpe  incautis  pastoribus  excidit  ignis, 
Qui  furtim  pingui  primum  sub  cortice  tectus 
Robora  comprendit,  frondesque  elapsus  in  altas         305 
Ingentem  coelo  sonitum  dedit :  inde  secutus 
Per  ramos  victor,  perque  alta  cacumina  regnat, 
Et  totum  .involvit  flammis  nemus,  et  ruit  atram 
Ad  coelum  picea  crassus  caligine  nubem : 
Praesertim  si  tempestas  a  vertice  sylvis  310 

Incubuit,  glomeratque  ferens  incendia  ventus. 

Hoc  ubi ;  non  a  stirpe  valent,  caesaeque  reverti  312  ubi  hoc  aecidit, 

Possunt,  atque  ima  similes  revirescere  terra  :  turn  vites  non  valent  rt- 

Infelix  superat  foliis  oleaster  amaris.  verti  a  stirpe 

Nee  tibi  tarn  prudens  quisquam  persuadeat  auctor 
Tellurem  Borea  rigidam  spirante  movere.  316 

Rura  gelu  turn  claudit  hyems,  nee  semine  jacto 

NOTES. 

"292.  Tartara  tendit:  Tartarus,  mas.  in  the  or  otherwise,  you  should  not  take  the  top- 
sing,  neu.  in  the  plu.  one  of  the  regions  of  hell,  most  shoots  of  the  tree,  but  those  that  are 
Here,  as  the  poets  say,  the  wicked  and  im-  nearer  the  root ;   for  they  will  grow  and 
pious  are  punished.     Ixion,  Tityus,  Tanta-  flourish   better,  having  more   strength  in 
lus,  Sysyphus,  and  the  Danaides,  were  sen-  them,  and  having  already  contracted  a  fond- 
tenced  to  this  place.     The  poet  advises  to  ness  for  the  earth — lantus  amor  terrce.     Re- 
commit the  vine  to  a  light  furrow,  just  be-  mina:  in  the  sense  of  sureulos,  vel  plantas. 
low  the  surface  of  the  earth ;  but  to  put  the  300i  Defringe .  Heyne  reads  destringe. 
tree,  and  especially  the  (Esculus.  deep  in  the  ___    , .      .           c       XT       ,     . ,,     ,       , 
earth,  that  they  may  take  root  better  and  ™-  *«*  ^re,&c.  Nor  plant  the  trunks 
more  firmly.      The  vine  properly  belongs  of  the  wild  ohve  among  your  vines.    Inter 
neither  to  the  species  of  the  tree,  nor  to  that  «**' 1S  understood. 

of  the  shrub  ;   but  is   between  both :   ter-  306.  Secutus :  increasing  more  and  more, 

tium  quiddain,  quod  nee  arborem,  necfruticem  it  reigns  victorious. 

proprie  dixerim,  says  Columella.     See  JEn.  308.  Ruit :    in  the  sense  of  emittit,  vel 

iv.  445.  erigit.     Nemus :  in  the  sense  of  vinetum. 

294.  Mullos  per  annos.     Heyne   reads,  310.  Jl vertice:  from  on  lugh;  or,  accord- 
multos  nepotes.    He  observes  that  Heinsius,  ing  to  Servius,  from  the  north.     Desuper, 
and  some  others,  read  the  same.     Per  an-  vel  de  cee/o,  says  Heyne ;  a  septentrione,  says 
»io.?,  is  the  general  reading,  and  appears  to  Ruseijs. 

be  the  easiest.     If  nepotes  be  read,  it  must  312.  Ubi  hoc  :  when  this  happens — when 

be  taken  in  the  sense  of  cetates,  vel  CBVO  ;  but  your  vineyards  are  burnt,  your  vines  cannot 

that  is  expressed  in  the  following  line,  by  shoot  forth  again  from  the  root ;  nor,  if  they 

the  words,  multa  sircula  virum.  be  cut,  can  they  do  it,  and  spring  up  such 

295.  Vincit:  in  the  sense  of  superat.  as  they  were  before.     They  will  be  entirely 
299.  Neve  pete  summa :  neither  seek  the  destroyed,  and  nothing  but  the  barren  wild 

topmost  shoots,  nor  break  off  the  topmost  olive  will  survive  and  remain.    Reverti :  in 

scions  from  the  tree.  the  sense  of  renasci. 

The  advice  which  the  poet  gives,  is :  that         317.  Rura:  in  the  sense  of  arva. 

in  propagating  trees,  whether  by  grafting,  jacto :  in  the  sense  of  surculo  defosso. 

13 


331.  Omnibus  arvis 


9B  K  VIRGILH  MARONIS 

Concretam  patitur  radicem  affigere  terrse.    £ 
Optima  vinetis  satio  est,  cum  vere  rubenti 
Candida  venit  avis  longis  invisa  colubris  :  320 

Prima  vel  autumni  sub  frigora,  cum  rapidus  Sol 
Nondum  hyemem  contingit  equis,  jam  praeterit  aestas. 
323.  Adeover  wfw/z/e  Ver  adeo  frondi  nemorum,  ver  utile  sylvis  ; 
frondi  nemorum,  ver  est  Vere  tument  terroe,  et  genitalia  semina  poscunt. 

Turn  pater  omnipotens  foecundis  imbribus  aether       325 
Conjugis  in  gremium  laetoe  descendit,  et  omnes 
Magnus  alit,  magno  commixtus  corpore,  fcetus. 
Avia  turn  resonant  avibus  virgulta  canoris, 
Et  Venerem  certis  repetunt  armenta  diebus. 
Parturit  almus  ager :  Zephyrique  tepentibus  auris      330 
Laxant  arva  sinus  :  superat  tener  omnibus  humor  : 
Inque  novos  soles  audent  se  germina  tuto 
Credere  :  nee  metuit  surgentes  pampinus  Austros, 
Aut  actum  coelo  magnis  Aquilonibus  imbrem  : 
Sed  trudit  gemmas,  et  frondes  explicat  omnes*  ,       335 
336.  Non  crediderim      Non  alios  primal  crescentis  origine  mundi   \ 
alios    dies  illuxisse  in  Illuxisse  dies,  aliumve  habuisse  tenorem 
prima  origine  crescentis  Crediderim  :  ver  illud  erat,  ver  magnus  agebat 

z^rzn^orbis, et  h7beru  P^T  ,flatibus  Eurj; 

erat  v«r  Cum  pnmum  lucem  pecudes  hausere,  virumque       340 

Ferrea  progenies  duris  caput  extulit  arvis, 
Immissaeque  ferae  sylvis,  et  sidera  crelo. 
Nee  res  hunc  teneras  possent  perferre  laborem, 


zephyrs.     This  is  extremely  beautiful  and 
highly  poetical. 

332.  Germina.  The  usual  reading  is 
gramina.  Heyne  reads  germina.  Burma- 
nus,  Martyn,  Vossius,  and  some  others,  do 
the  same.  It  is  evidently  the  better. 

340.  Cum  primum,  &c.     This  is  an  allu- 
sion  to  the  deluge,  which,  the  poets  say, 
happened  in  the  reign  of  Deucalion,  king 
of  Thessaly,  of  which  he  and  his  wife  Pyrrha 
were  the  only  survivors.     Being  grieved  at 
the  general  destruction  of  men,  they  were 
directed  by  an  oracle  to  cast  behind  them 
the  bones  of  their  great  mother,  which  they 
understood  to  be  stones,  and  they  should 
instantly  spring  up  into  men.     See  Eel.  vi. 
41. 

341.  Duris  arvis:  stony  fields.     Ferrea: 
because   they   sprang   up   all   armed   and 
equipped  for  war. 

343.  Res  tenercz.  It  is  not  certain  whe- 
ther the  poet  here  speaks  of  spring  at  the 
creation  of  the  world,  or  returns  to  his  de- 
scription of  spring  in  general.  In  the  for- 
mer case,  res  tenera  will  be  the  tender  and 
infant  creation;  in  the  latter,  the  tender 
productions  of  nature.  Dr.  Trapp  takes  it 
in  this  latter  case,  and  understands  by  te- 
neroz,  frail,  an  epithet,  says  he,  which  was, 
and  ever  will  be,  proper  for  all  sublunary 
things.  Ruwus  seems  to  take  it  in  the  for- 


319.  Rubenti:  blooming — blushing;    in 
the  sense  of  purpureo. 

320.  Candida  avis :  the  Ciconia,  or  stork. 
So  esteemed  was  this  bird  on  account  of  its 
destroying  serpents  and   noxious   reptiles, 
that  in  Thessaly,  Pliny  informs  us,  it  was  a 
capital  crime  for  any  person  to  kill  one ; 
hence,  invisa  longis  colubris. 

325.  Turn  omnipotens  pater :  then  almighty 
father  ^ther  descends  into  the  bosom  of  his 
joyous  spouse  in  fructifying  showers,  and 
great  himself,  mingling  with  her  great  body, 
nourishes  all  her  offspring. 

These  lines  are  extremely  beautiful,  as 
well  as  this  whole  description  of  spring. 
The  ./Ether,  or  air,  by  the  poets,  is  frequently 
called  Jupiter,  on  account,  perhaps,  of  its 
great  utility,  and  its  necessity  to  life  and  ve- 
getation ;  and  because  of  the  intimate  con- 
nexion between  the  surrounding  air  and  the 
earth,  the  poet  represents  the  latter  as  Juno, 
calling  it  the  spouse  of  Jove. 

328.  Avia  virgulta:  the  sequestered 
woods,  or  thickets.  Avius  is  evidently  com- 
pounded of  the  Greek  alpha,  negativum, 
and  via,  a  way.  We  meet  with  several  in- 
stances of  the  like  composition  in  the  Latin 
language:  as  demens,  of  de  and  mens, 
amens,  &c. 

331.  Arva  laxant,  &c.  The  fields  open 
Cheir  bosom  to  the  warm  breezes  of  the 


GEORGICA.    LIB.  I. 


99 


Si  non  tanta  quies  iret,  frigusque  caloremque 
Inter  ;  et  exciperet  coeli  indulgentia  terras.  345 

Quod  superest  ;  quaecumque  premes  virgulta  per  agros, 
Sparge  fimo  pingui,  et  multa  memor  occule  terra  : 
Aut  lapidem  bibulum,  aut  squalentes  infode  conchas.         348.  Infode  circumea. 


Inter  enim  labentur  aquae,  tenuisque  subibit 
Halitus,  atque  animos  tollent  sata ;  jamque  reperti 
Qui  saxo  super  atque  ingentis  pondere  testae 
Urgerent :  hoc  effusos  munimen  ad  imbres ; 
Hoc,  ubi  hiulca  siti  findit  canis  aestifer  arva. 

Seminibus  positis,  superest  deducere  terrain^ 
Saepius  ad  capita,  et  duros  jactare  bidentes  \sft 
Aut  presso  exercere  solum  sdb  vomere,  et  ipsa 
Flectere  luctantes  inter  vineta  juvencos  :   'f^' 
Turn  leves  calamos,  et  rasse  hastilia  virgae,  41* 
Fraxineasque  aptare  sudes,  furcasque  bicornes  : 
Viribus  eniti  quarum,  et  contemnere  ventos 
Assuescant,  summasque  sequi  tabulata  per  ulmos. 

Ac,  dum  prima  no  vis  adolescit  froiidibus  cetas, 
Parcendum  teneris :  et  dum  se  Icetus  ad  auras 
Palmes  agit,  laxis  per  piirum  immissus  habenis, 
Ipsa  acie  nondum  falcis  tentanda ;  sed  uncis 
Carpendae  manibus  frondes,  interque  legendae. 
Inde  ubi  jam  validis  amplexae  stirpibus  ulmos 

,d^ 


bibulum  lapidem  aut 
350  S(lualentes  conchas  : 
enim  inter  eas 

350.  Reperti  sunt  ho- 
mines, qui  urgerent  ilia 
super  saxo,  atque 

352.  Hoc  est  munimen 


355 


ad  effusos  imbres :  hoc 


mm 
;    cam-s  fin(jjt 

^  358<  SuPerest  turaap- 
tare  vittinu 


363.   Pareendura    eft 
tibi  teneris  vitibus,  dum 

365  Pr^ma 

365.  Ipsa  vitis  nondurn 
tentanda  acie  falcis 


NOTES. 


mer  sense.  Mundus  adhuc  tener,  says  he. 
Heyne  follows  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Trapp, 
and  by  tenercB  res  understands  the  young 
and  tender  vegetation  in  general.  David- 
son is  of  the  same  opinion.  Hunc  laborem  : 
this  suffering,  viz.  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold. 

345.  Exciperet :  in  the  sense  of  excepisset. 
So  iret  in  the   preceding  line,  for   ivisset. 
Exciperet :  had  favored — visited. 

346.  Premes :  in  the  sense  of  plantabis. 
Virgulla :  in  the  sense  of  surculos. 

348.  Infode  bibulum  lapidem :  bury  around 
them  the  spongy  stone,  and  rough  shells. 

349.  Tennis  halilus,  &c.     This  is   said 
probably  from  an  opinion,  that  a  circulation 
of  air  about  the  root  was  necessary  to  the 
growth  of  the  plant  or  scion.     Sata  :  in  the 
sense  of  surculi.     Animos :  in  the  sense  of 
vires. 

352.  Effusos  imbres :  excessive,  or  immo- 
derate rains. 

353.  JF.stifer  canis :  the  sultry  dog.  This 
is  a  star  in  the  mouth  of  the  great  dog,  a 
constellation  in  the  heavens.     It  is  said  to 
have  a  considerable  influence,  while  in  con- 
junction with  the  sun,  upon  the  heat  of  the 
weather.     This  space   of  time  is   usually 
denominated  the  dog-days.     The  name  of 
the  star  is  Sirius. 

355.  Capita:  here  plainly  means  the 
roots;  which  are  so  called,  either  because 
by  them  they  draw  nourishment  from  the 
earth  as  by  a  mouth ;  or  because,  by  propa- 


gating the  vine  by  the  layer,  the  top  was 
placed  into  the  ground,  which  consequently 
became  the  root.  Ruaeus  says,  radices.  Bi- 
dentes :  Bidens  was  a  kind  of  rake  or  hoe, 
.having  two  teeth  or  forks — a  grubbing  hoe ; 
compounded  of  bis  and  dens.  Seminibus 
positis :  in  the  sense  of  surculis  defossis,  vel 
plantatis. 

358.  Hastilia :  poles  pointed  like  spears. 
Rasce,  virgce :  of  peeled  wood — the  bark  taken 
off  to  render  them  more  smooth.     Virgis 
decorticatis,  says  Ruaeus. 

359.  Bicornes  f ureas :  two-pronged  forks. 
Bicornis,  of  bis  and  cornu. 

360.  Quarum  viribus :  by  whose  support 
they  may  accustom  themselves  to  rise,  or 
mount  up. 

361.  Tabulata.    These  were  branches  of 
elms  extended  at  proper  distances,  to  sus- 
tain the  vine  and  enable  it  to  spread.    We 
have  no  word  in  English  answering  to  it. 

364.  Immissus  laxis    habenis:     rushing 
forth  with  loosened  reins.     This  is  a  meta- 
phor taken  from  the  horses  in  the  race.  Agit : 
in  the  sense  of  erigit. 

365.  Acie  falcis.    This  is  the  reading  of 
Heyne,  Valpy,  and  some  others.     Acies,  in 
the  nom.  is  the  common  reading.   The  vine 
is  not  to  be  attempted  with  the  pruning- 
knife,  but  the  leaves  are  to  be  plucked  and 
carefully  culled  by  the  bending  hand,  intcr- 
legendce. 

367.     Validis    stirpibus:     with    strong 
wreaths— stems.    String* :  thin— trim  off. 


100  P.  VIRGIL11  MAROMtS 

ty  f*>^ 

»  .  Exierint ;  tumSstringe  comas,  turn  brachia  tonde  : 

yb\b  — -Ante  reformidant  ferrum :  turn  denique  dura 
Exerce  imperia,  et  ramos  compesce  fluentes. 

jf  371.  Sepcs  texendae      Texendae  sepes  etiam,  et  pecus  omne  tenendum, 
ufaircum  vites,et  omne  Praecipue  dum  frons  tenera,  imprudensque  laborum  : 
pecus  tenendum  est  ab  Cuij  guper  indignas  hyemes,  Solemque  potentem, 
Sylvestres  uri  assidue  capreceque  sequaces  •;..*•• 
Illudunt :  pascuntur  oves,  avidseque  juvencce.  375 

376.  Nee  frigora  con-  Frigora  nee  tantum  cana  concreta  pruina, 
creta  cana  pruina,  aut  ^ut  gravis  incumbens  scopulis  arentibus  aestas ; 
arentibus^sc^uflT  no-  Quantum  *Wi  nocuere  greges,  durique  venenum 
cuere1  vitibus  tantum,  Dentis,  et  admorso  signata  in  stirpe  cicatrix. 
quantum  illi  greges        Non  aliam  ob  culpam  Baccho  caper  omnibus  aris     380 
Caeditur,  et  veteres  ineunt  proscenia  ludi ; 
'  Praemiaque  ingeniis  pagos  et  compita  circum, 
Theseidae  posuere  :  atque  inter  pocula  laeti 
Mollibus  in  pratis  unctos  saliere  per  litres. 
Necnon  Ausonii,  Troja  gens  missa,  coloni  385 

Versibus  incomptis  ludunt,  risuque  soluto  : 
Oraque  corticibus  sumunt  horrenda  cavatis. 
Et  te,  Bacche,  vocant  per  carmina  laeta,  tibique 
Oscilla  ex  alta  suspendunt  mollia  pinu 

NOTES. 


370.  Extrct  dura  imperia :  exercise  rigid 
sway — rule  them  imperiously.  Flutntes  : 
superfluous — wide-spreading. 

372.  Imprudens  laborum:  unused — unac- 
customed to  hardships. 

373.  Indignas :  in  the  sense  of  dur'as,  vel 
S(Koas.     Super :  in  the  sense  of  prater. 

375.  Illudunt :  in  the  sense  of  nocent. 
377.  Gravis  cestas :  excessive  heat. 

381.  Proscenia.   The  Roman  theatre  was 
of  a  semi-circular  form,  and  divided  into 
four  parts.    The  porticus,  or  gallery.     Here 
were  the  seats  for  the  common  people,  in 
the  form  of  a  wedge,  and  were  called  Cunei. 
The  Orchestra  was  the  inner  part,  or  centre 
of   the   theatre.     Here   the   senators   and 
equites  sat,  and  the  dancers  and  musicians 
performed.     The  Proscenium  was  the  space 
between  the  Orchestra  and  Scena,  more  ele- 
vated than  the  former,  but  lower  than  the 
latter.     Here  the  actors   performed.     The 
Scena   was  that    part    over    against   the 
spectators.     The  Postscenium  was  the  place 
behind  the  Scena,  or   curtain,   where   the 
actors  retired.   The  amphitheatre  was  built 
in  a  circular  form,  with  nothing  to  obstruct 
the  view  from  any  part.     Seats  were  all 
around  it,  and  in  the  middle  was  a  large 
open  space  or  area,  where  the  gladiators 
and  wild  beasts  used  to  fight. 

382.  Ingeniis :   to  genius,  or  wit.     The 
common  reading  is  ingentes,  an  epithet  en- 
tirely useless.     Davidson,  on  the  authority 
of  Pierius,  reads  ingeniis.      He  says  he 
found  it  so  in  the  most  ancient  manuscripts. 
It  is  also  the  reading  of  Heyne  and  Bur- 
ma-nmis-. 


383.  Tlieseidoz :  the  Athenians,  so  called 
from  Theseus,  one  of  their  kings,  the  son  of 
YEgeus  and  JEthra.     He  taught  them  to  live 
in  cities,  and  contributed  much  to  their  ci- 
vilization.    Tragedy  is  said  to  have  origi- 
nated among  the  Athenians.     Thespis,  one 
of  their  poets,  hath  the  honor  of  inventing 
it.     It  is   said  he  performed  in  a  kind  of 
cart. 

384.  Unclo.t  litres.     The  utres  were  bags 
of  goat  skins  filled  with  wind,  and  besmeared 
with  oil.     At  the  feasts  of  Bacchus,  it  was? 
the  custom  to  leap  upon  them  with  one  foot, 
and  being  slippery,  often  caused  the  leapcr 
or   dancer  to   fall,  which   always   excited 
mirth  and  laughter  in  the  by-standers. 

385.  Coloni.     Colonus   signifies  both   a 
tiller  of  the  earth,  and  any  inhabitant  of  a 
country.     In  this  last  sense  it  seems  to  be 
used  here,  denoting  the  Romans  generally. 
They  were  originally  a  colony  of  Trojans, 
led  into  Italy  by  ./Eneas.     Hence  the  pro- 
priety of  their  being  called  gens  missa  Troja. 
Ausonii :  an  adj.  from  Ausonia,  the  origi- 
nal name  of  Italy  :  in  the  sense  of  Romani, 
vel  Itali. 

386.  Soluto :  in  the  sense  of  immodico. 

387.  Or  a :  in  the  sense  of  larvas,  masks. 
389.  Oscilla.     These  most  probably  were 

small  earthen  images  of  Bacchus,  hung  upon 
the  branches  of  trees,  where  they  swung, 
and  were  turned  about  by  the  wind.  They 
were  supposed  to  confer  fertility  to  the  vine, 
in  whatever  direction  they  chanced  to  turn 
their  faces.  Mollia :  moveable,  because  they 
turned  easily,  and  obeyed  every  breeze ;  or, 
perhaps*  effeminate,  because  Bacchus  was 


GEORGJCA.     l&fl.  if  lijX 

' 
Hinc  omnis  largo  pubescit  vinea  foetu  :  39b 

Complentur  vallesque  cavse  saltusque  profundi, 

Et  quocumque  Deus  circum  caput  egit  honestum.     >          392.  EUoem,  quoeum- 

Ergo  rite  suum  Baccho  dicemus  honorem  1ue  Deus  circumagit 

Carminibus  patriis,  lancesque  et  liba  feremus  ; 

Et  ductus  cornu  stabit  sacer  hircus  ad  aram  :  395 

Pinguiaque  in  verubus  torrebimus  exta  colurnis. 

Est  etiam  ille  labor  curandis  vitibus  alter, 
Cui  nunquam  exhausti  satis  est ;  namque  omne  quotannis 
Terque  quaterque  solum  scindendum,  glebaque  versis 
jEternum  frangenda  bidentibus,  omne  levandum       400 
Fronde  nemus.     Redit  agricolis  labor  actus  in  orbem, 
Atque  in  se  sua  per  vestigia  volvitur  annus. 
Et  jam  olim  seras  posuit  cum  vinea  frondes,  - 

Frigidus  et  sylvis  Aquilo  decussit  honorem  ;  •  \  •-* 

Jam  turn  acer  curas  venientem  extendit  in  annum    405  • 
Rusticus,  et  curvo  Saturni  dente  relictam 
Persequitur  vitem  attondens,  fingitque  putando. 
Primus  humum  fodito,  primus  devecta  cremato^ 
Sarmenta,  et  vallos  primus  sub  tecta  referto :  /fxj 
Postremus  metito.     Bis  vitibus  ingruit  umbra  :          410 
Bis  segetem  densis  obducunt  sentibus  herbse  : 

Durus  uterque  labor.     Laudato  ingentia  rura,  I    <*/ 

XT  /  Lt^  TUSCI   cceduntur  per  syl- 

Exiguum  cohto.     Necnon  etiam  aspera  rusci  vam,  et  fluvialis  arundo 

Vimina  per  sylvam,  et  ripis  fluvialis  arundo  caeditur  ripis 

NOTES. 

always  represented  as  youthful  and  de-  of  Saturn.  The  scythe,  or  pruning-hook, 

bauched.  Mobilia,  says  Heyne.  was  the  badge  of  Saturn.  Relictam :  de- 

390.  Fcetu :  in  the  sense  ofproventu,  says  prived  of  its  fruit  and  foliage,  like  a  forlorn 

Heyne.  mother  bereaved  of  her  children.  Nothing 

393.  Honorem:  in  the  sense  of  laudes.  can  surpass  this  in  force  and  beauty.  Dente: 

396.  Colurnus  verubus  :  hazle-spits.    The  in  the  sense  of  fake. 

hazle  seems  here  to  be  mentioned,  as  the  408.  Primus.     The  poet  here  advises  the 

instrument  on  which  the  sacrifice  was  to  be  vintager  to  be  the  first  to  perform  every 

roasted,  because  it  was  injurious  to  the  vine,  piece  of  business  belonging  to  his  vineyard  ; 

The  goat  was  sacred  to  Bacchus,  and  usu-  such  as  digging  and  mellowing  the  ground, 

ally  offered  to  him.     See  380,  supra.  carrying   home   and    burning    the   useless 

397.  Est  etiam  ille  alter :   there   is   also  branches  (sarmenta)  of  the  vine,  and  carry- 
another  labour.     Curandis :  in  the  sense  of  ing  home  and  securing  from  the  weather 
colendis.     The  dat.  is  here  plainly  used  in  the  stakes  and  poles  (vallos)  that  supported 
the  sense  of  the  gen.     But  this  construction  the  vine ;  but  to  be  the  last  to  gather  his 
is  common  with  the  poets.  grapes,  as  they  would  grow  better  by  re- 

398.  Satis  exhausti :    enough   of   pains     maining  on  the  vine,  and  having  a  longer 
taken.     Exhaustum,  though  properly  a  part,      time  to  ripen. 

of  the  verb  exhaurio,  is  here  used  a»a  sub-         410.  Bis  umbra,  £c.     The  vine  requires 

stantive,  governed  by  the  adv.  satis.  to  be  cleared  of  its  superfluous  leaves  twice 

400.  JEternum :  in  the  sense  of  assidue.  in  the  season,  and  twice  to  be  cleared  of 
Bidentibus :  the  same  with  ligonibus.    JVe-  weeds  and  grass.     This  circumstance  will 
mus:  in  the  sense  of  vinea,  vel  vine  turn.  explain  the  words  of  the  poet. 

401.  Actus  in  orbem :   that  is,  perpetuus,         411.  Sentibus:  with  weeds — briars. 

vel  continuum :  because  there  is  no  end  or         412.    Laudato.     The  poet  here   means : 

termination  in  a  circle.  you  may  admire  a  large  farm,  but  be  sure 

402.  Annas:  in  the  sense  of  annuus  la-  to  till  a  small  one:  or,  you  may  praise  a 
bor,  vel  annua  opera.     The  same  labour  or  large  one  in  the  possession  of  another,  but 
work  is  to  be  done  every  year,  and  it  re-  you  should  prefer  a  small  one  yourself,  be- 
turns  in  the  same  order  and  course.  cause  you  will  find  it  in  the  end  more  pro- 

404.  Decussit  honorem :  hath  shaken  from     Stable. 

the  trees  their  beauty  and  foliage.  413.  Rusci :  the  shrub  called  the  butcher V 

406.  Curvo  dente ;  with  the  crooked  knife     broom-, 


1'<fe  1*.  VfkGILlI  MARON1S 

/  '      /  • 

M^'A    ~^tJ    *4&l  rllS* 

^y  ^SCasditur ;  incultique  exercet  cura  salictk  415 

416.  Vites  vinctas  ul-  Jam  vinctae  vites,  jam  falcem  arbusta  reponum^ 
ma  pmreponunt falcem  Jam  canit  extremes  effbetus  vinitor  antes  :         •' 
Sollicitanda  tamen  tellus,  pulvisque  movendus  : 
-^^  Et  jam  maturis  metuendus  Jupiter  uvis. 

Contra,  non  ulla  est  oleis  cultura :  neque  illae        420 
Procurvam  expectant  falcem,  rastrosque  tenaces ; 
422.  Radices  hseserunt  Cum  semel  haeserunt  arvis,  aurasque  tulerunt. 
arvis,  verticesque  earum  Ipsa  satis  tellus,  cum  dente  recluditur  unco, 
ipsa^um^eduditur  un-  Sufficit  humorem,  et  gravidas  cum  vomere  fruges. 
co  dente,  sufficit  humo-  Hoc  pinguem  et  placitam  paci  nutritor  olivam.         425 
rem  satis  oleis :  et  suffi,-  Poma  quoque,  ut  primum  truncos  sensere  valentes, 


del  gravidas  fruges  cum  Et  vires  habuere  suas,  ad  sidera  raptim 
recluditur  vomere  :        Vi  propria  nituntur,  opisque  haud  indiga  nostrae. 
-.-     *"  J  *Nec  minus  interea  fcetu  nemus  omne  gravescit, 

•  Sanguineisque  inculta  rubent  aviaria  baccis^f          .'4tf(j 

Tondentur  cytisi :  .taedas  sylva  alta  ministrat, 

432.  E  quibus  nocturni  Pascunturque  ignes  nocturni,  et  lumina  fundunt. 
ignes  Et  dubitant  homines  serere,  atque  impendere  curam  ? 

Quid  majora  sequar  ?  salices,  humilesque  genistae, 
Aut  illae  pecori  frondem,  aut  pastoribus  umbram       435 
Sufficiunt ;  sepemque  satis,  et  pabula  melli. 
439.  Juvatviderearvap  Juvat  undantem  buxo  spectare  Cytorum, 
non  obnoxia  rastris,  non  Naryciae(lue  P1C1S  luc<>s  :  juvat  arva  videre, 
ulli  curae  hominum.       Non  rastris,  homirium  non  ulli  obnoxia  curse. 

NOTES. 

415.  Salicti :  willow-ground.     The  pro.  mistook,  considering  it  as  an  hyperbole,  de- 
/e,  is  to  be  supplied  after  exercet.  noting  that  the  fruit  would  be  almost  coeval 

416.  Reponunt.     In  the  language  of  po-  with  the  ploughing.   Statim  cum  ipso  vomere, 
etry,   the  vines  are  said  to  lay  aside  the  says  Ruseus. 

pruning  knife,  when  they  no  longer  stand  425.  Hoc  :  with  this — the  plough.  Or  ob 
in  need  of  its  being  applied  to  them.  This  hoc,  according  to  Servius,  on  account  of  this 
takes  place  when  they  have  sufficiently  em-  facility  in  propagating.  Placitampaci :  de- 
braced  or  entwined  around  the  elms,  and  lighting  hi  peace. 

other  trees  planted  in  the  vineyard  for  the  426.  Poma :   the  fruits :   by  meton.   put 

purpose  of  supporting  them.     Vincl<R :   in  for  the  trees  that  bore  them, 

the  sense  of  ligalai,  says  Ruseus.     Arbusta :  429.  Omne  nemus  :  Heyne  says,  omne  ge* 

in  the  sense  of  vineta.     See  Eel.  i.  40.  nus  arborum. 

417.  Ejfcetus  vinitor :  the  wearied  vintager  431.  Cytisi  tondentur.     This  may  mean 
sings  his  last  rows — that  he  hath  gotten  to  either  browsed  upon  by  cattle,  or  cut  and 
his  last  rows.     Pervenit  ad  extremos  ordines  prepared  for  their  use.     The  cytisus  was  a 
(antes)  vitium,  says  Heyne.  shrub  much  esteemed  for  its  property   of 

419.  Jupiter :  the  air,  or  weather.  causing  cattle  to  give  excellent  milk.     Ta>- 

423.  Unco  dente.     Dens  is  any  instrument  das  :  torches — materials  for  making  torches, 
of  one  tine  or  fork  for  opening  the  earth         433.  Serere :  to  plant  them, 
about  the  roots  of  trees  or  plants,  or  for         434.  Salices :  the  willows.     Genistce :  the 

loosening  the  ground  in   any   way.     The  brooms.     Sequar  majora :  in   the  sense  of 

meaning  of  the  poet  is :  that  the  earth  of  commemorem  majores  arbores. 
itself,  if  opened  and  kept  loose  with  this  in-         436.  Pabula  melli :  materials  for  honey— 

strument,  will  afford  sufficient  moisture  to  flowers  for  the  bees. 

the   olives    (satis)   lately  planted ;   but   if         437.    Cytorum :  Cytorus,  a  mountain  in 

opened  and  kept  loose  with  the  plough,  it  Paphlagonia,   in  the  neighborhood  of  the 

will  render  the  olive  more  thrifty,  and  cause  Euxine  sea,  abounding  in  the  box-tree, 
it   to  bear   a   fruit  full,  large,  and  good.         438.  Naryciw:  an  adj.  from  Naryx,  or 

Ploughing   the    land,    says    Mr.    Martin,  Narycia,  a  city  in  that  part  of  Italy  called 

is  always  considered  to  increase  the  pro-  Magna  Grozcia.    It  abounded  in  trees  of  the 

duce   of   the    olive.      This    circumstance  pitch  and  resinous  kind, 
fully  explains  the  poet's  meaning;  which         439.  JVbn   obnoxia:    not  requiring — not 

Ruaeus,  and  Dr.  Trapp  after  him,  evidently  exposed  to.     Ruaeus  says,  non  egentia. 


(JGORGICA.    LIB.  II. 

Jpsae  Caucaseo  steriles  in  vertice  sylvae, 
Q,uas  animosi  Euri  assidue  franguntque  feruntque, 
Dant  alios  alias  foetus ;  dant  utile  lignum 
M  Navi^iisjgmos,  domibus  cedrosque  cupressosque. 
Hinc  radios  trivere  rotis,  hinc  tympana  plaustris 
Agricolae,  et  pandas  ratibus  posuere  carinas. 
Viminibus  salices  foecundae,  frondibus  ulmi : 
At  myrtus  validis  hastilibus,  et  boiia  bello 
Cornus  ;  Ityrseos  taxi  torquentur  in  arcus. 
Nee  tiliae  leves,  aut  torno  rasile  buxum,/'?    fV^ 
Non  formam  accipiunt,  ferroque  cavantur  acuto. 
Necnon  et  torrentem  undam  levis  innatat  alnus 
Missa  Pado  ;  necnon  et  apes  examina  condunt 
Corticibusque  cavis,  vitiosseque  ilicis  alveo. 
Quid  memorandum  seque  Bacche'ia  dona  tulerunt  ? 
Bacchus  et  ad  culpam  causas  dedit :  ille  furentes 
Centauros  leto  domuit,  Rhcetumque,  Pholumque, 
Et  magno  Hylaeum  Lapithis  cratere  minantem. 

O  fortunatos  nimium,  sua  si  bona  norint, 
Agricolas  !  quibus  ipsa,  procul  discordibus  armis, 
Fundit  humo  facilem  victum  justissima  tellus. 
Si  non  ingentem  foribus  domus  alta  superbis 
Mane  salutantum  totis  vomit  aedibus  undam ; 
Nee  varios  inhiant  pulchra  testudine  postes, 
Illusasque  auro  vestes,  Ephyreiaque  sera  ; 
Alba  neque  Assyrio  fucatur  lana  veneno, 
Nee  casia  liquidi  corrumpitur  usus  olivi : 


103 


440 


442.  Dant  alios  foetus: 
aliae  dant  pinos,  lignum 
utile  navigiis,  alice  dant 
cedrosque  cupressos- 
qU6i  Ugnum  uti\e  donri- 
bus  : 

447.  Myrtus  est  bona 
validis  hastilibus, 

449.  Necnon  leves 


450 


454.   Quid  Bacche'ia 
455  dona  tulerunt  seque  me- 
morandum ? 


460 

461.  Si  apud  illos  alta 
domus  cum  superbis  fo- 
ribus non  vomit  ingen- 
tem undam  kominum  sa- 
lutantum mane  e  totis 

4g£  cedibus ;  nee  itti  in  hiant 


NOTES. 


440.  Caucaseo:  an  adj. from  Caucasus, a 
mountain,  or  rather  range  of  mountains, 
extending  from  the  Euxine  to  the  Caspian 
sea. 

444.  Tympana:  the  naves  or  felloes  of  the 
wheel,  in  which  the  (radii)  spokes  are  fast- 
ened. Some  take  the  tympanum  to  be  a 
solid  wheel,  or  one  without  spokes.  Trirtre  : 
in  the  sense  of  fecerunt,  vel  tornaverunt. 

447.  Bello :  for  war — the  implements  or 
weapons  of  war.  Ad  alia  arma,  says  Ruams. 

448.  ItyrcROs :  an  adj.  from  Ityrcei,  a  peo- 
ple of  Parthia,  according  to  Servius;  but 
others  say  of  Syria,  famous  for  shooting  the 
bow.  Cornus :  the  corneil-tree,  or  wild  cher- 
ry tree.  Taxi :  the  yew-trees.  Buxum  :  the 
box-tree,  or   box-wood.    Pierius  found,   in 
some  ancient  manuscripts,  ciirvanturt'oi  tor- 
quentur.    Ruaeus  sa.ys,flectuntur. 

451.  Alnus:  the  alder-tree,  of  which 
boats  were  at  first  made.  They  were  dug 
out  of  the  solid  wood.  Pado  :  the  Po,  the 
largest  river  in  Italy,  put  for  any  river. 

453.  Jllvco:  cavity. 

454.  Memorandum:  hi  the  sense  of  dig- 
num  laude,  or  simply,  laudandinn. 

456.  Centauros — Lapithis.  Th(£e  were 
people  of  Thessaly,  the  former  inhabiting 
mount  Pelion,  the  latter  mount  Pindus. 
The  poet  here  mentions  the  principal  or 
chief  of  the  Centaurs  only. 


459.  Discordibus  armis:  not  wars,  for  that 
would  not  be  strictly  true.     They  rage  in 
the   country,  as  well  as  city ;   but  rather 
factions,   quarrels,   and    evil   commotions, 
which  are  more  frequent  in  cities  and  popu- 
lous towns,  than  in  the  country. 

460.  Facilem :  easy  procured.     Justissi- 
ma :  the  earth  may  be  considered  most  just, 
because  it  returns  what  is  committed  to  it, 
with  a  liberal  reward.  Fundit :  in  the  sense 
of  producit. 

461.  Si  non,  &c.  It  was  a  custom  among 
the  Romans,  for  clients  and  dependants  to 
come  early  in  the  morning  to  salute  their 
patrons.     Undam :  in  the  sense  of  muUtiu- 
dinem. 

463.  Varios :  in  the  sense  ofvariatos. 

464.  lllusas  auro:  embroidered  with  gold. 
Ephyre'ia:  an  adj.  from  Ephyra,  the  origi- 
nal name  of  Corinth.      RUSBUS  says,  Co- 
rintkia. 

465.  dssyrio  veneno :  with  the  Syrian,  or 
purple  colour.      The  invention  of  the  pur- 
ple, and  the  method  of  dying  that  colour, 
are  attributed  lo  the    Syrians,  or  Phomi- 
cians.     Phoenicia  was  a  part  of  that  region 
of  Asia,  called  Syria  ;  sometimes  Assyria, 
Ccelosyria,  and  Leucosyria.     Syria  and  As- 
syria were  frequently  confounded. 

466.  Casia  :  the  bark  of  a  tree,  or  shrub, 
in   India,  used  as   a.  spice — bastard  cinna- 


104  P.  Y1RGILII    MARONIS 

467.  At  apud  illos  se-  At  secura  quies,  et  nescia  fallere  vita,  }d 
tuira  quies  Dives  opum  variarum  ;  at  latis  otia  fundis. 

Speluncae,  vivique  lacus  ;  at  frigida  Tempe, 
Mugitusque  bourn,  mollesque  sub  arbore  somni         470 
471.  Illic  sunt  saltusNon  absunt.     Illic  saltus,  ac  lustra  ferarum, 
Et  patiens  operum  parvoque  assueta  juventus, 
Sacra  Deum,  santique  patres.     Extrema  per  illos 
Justitia  excedens  terris  vestigia  fecit. 

Me  vero  primum  dulces  ante  omnia  Musae,  475 

476.  Perculsus  ingenti  Quarum  sacra  fero,  ingenti  perculsus  amore, 
amore  earum  Accipiant ;  ccelique  vias  et  sidera  monstrent, 

Defectus  Solis  varios,  Lunaeque  labores  : 
Unde  tremor  terris :  qua  vi  maria  alta  tumescant 
-  Objicibus  ruptis,  rursusque  in  sejipsa  residant :          480 

Quid  tantum  Oceano  properent  se  tingere  Soles 
-~rHyberni  :  vel  quae  tardis  mora  noctibus  obstet. 
y^  Sin,  has  ne  possim  naturae  accedere  partes, 

Frigidus  obstiterit  circum  praecordia  sanguis  ; 
Rura  mihi  et  rigui  placeant  in  vallibus  amnes,          485 


NOTES. 


mon.  The  ancients  used  it  to  flavour  their 
oil.  Liquidi :  in  the  sense  ofpuri. 

467.  Vita  nescia  fallere :  a  life  knowing 
not  to  deceive — a  life  of  substantial  happi- 
ness, in  opposition  to  that  of  cities  and 
courts,  which  is  showy,  false  and  deceit- 
ful. 

463.  Latis j  some  copies  have  tetis. 
Heyne  takes  it  in  the  sense  of  aperlis  vel 
patentibus. 

469.  Tempe :  neu.  plu.  A  most  pleasant 
vale  in  Thessaly,  surrounded  by  the  moun- 
tains Ossa,  Pelion,  and  Olympus.  The  river 
Peneus  flows  through  it.  The  poet  here 
means  any  pleasant  vale,  putting  the  species 
for  the  genus.  Vim  lacus :  in  the  sense  of 
perennis  aqua.  Frigida  Tempe-,  for  umbrosa, 
valles. 

474.  Justitia :  the  goddess  Astrcta.     See 
Eel.  iv.  6. 

475.  Verb  primum  ante :  but,  in  the  first 
place,  above  all  things,  may  the  sweet  mu- 
ses accept  of  me,  whose  sacred  ensigns,  &c. 
Though  the  poet  praises  the  country  life  so 
much,  he  prefers  the  charms  of  poetry,  and 
the  noble  entertainments  of  science,  particu- 
larly philosophy  and  astronomy.     The  mu- 
ses presided  not  only  over  poetry,  but  also 
over  the  sciences  and  liberal  arts.     The  po- 
ets called  themselves  the  priests  of  the  mu- 
ses.    Hence  the  propriety  of:  quarum  sacra 
fero. 

477.  Vias  et  sidera  cadi :  in  the  sense  of 
cursus  siderum  in  ccdo. 

479.  Unde  tremor  terris :  whence  earth- 
quakes arise  :  by  what  power  the  deep  seas 
swell.  Objicibus  ruptis:  its  barriers  being 
broken  down.  The  poet  is  speaking  of  the 
ebbing  and  flowing  of  the  tide.  He  hath 
in  his  view  the  swelling  of  a  mighty  stream. 


It  rises  with  the  mountain  torrent.  It 
rushes  against  the  opposing  mounds.  Here 
it  is  stopped  in  its  course  for  a  time ;  but 
gathering  strength  from  its  accumulated 
waters,  it  bursts  the  barriers,  sweeping  every 
thing  in  its  course.  Vis :  here,  not  simply 
violence  or  force,  but  the  moving  or  efficient 
cause  of  the  rising  of  the  waters.  The  true 
cause  of  the  ebbing  and  flowing  of  the  tide 
was  not  known,  till  the  immortal  sir  Isaac 
Newton  placed  it  beyond  doubt.  He  de- 
monstrated it  to  be  the  attraction  of  the 
heavenly  bodies,  particularly  of  the  moon. 

481.  Quid  tantum,  £c.  The  poet  here 
speaks  of  winter  and  summer:  What  may 
be  the  reason,  why  the  winter  days  are  so 
quick  in  ending ;  arid  what  delay  may  put 
off,  or  retard  the  approach  of  the  summer 
nights.  What  may  be  the  reason  that  the 
days  in  summer  are  so  long.  Tingere :  iu 
the  sense  of  occidere. 

484.  Sin  frigidus  sanguis :    but  if  cold 
blood  around  my  heart  should  hinder,  that  I 
could  not,  &c.     Secundum  Physicos,  qui  di- 
cunt  stultos  homines  esse  frigidioris  sangui- 
nis,prudcnles  calidi.      Unde  et  senes,in  qui- 
bus  jam  friget ;  et  pueri,  in  quibus  nccdmn 
calet,  minus  sapiunt ;  says  Servius.     Prcc- 
cordia:  properly  a  membrane  surrounding 
the  heart,  and  separating  it  from  the  lungs. 
It  is  taken  often  for  the  heart  itself,  as  in  the 
present  instance. 

485.  Rigui :  in  the  sense  offluenles.   The 
meaning  of  the  poet  appears  to  be  :  that  if 
he  had  not  capacity  for  the  higher  subjects 
of  philosophy  and  astronomy,  he  would  re- 
tire into  the  country,  and  there  pass  his  time, 
unheeded  and  unknown,  amidst  rural  de- 
lights. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  II. 


105 


Flumina  amem  sylvasque  inglorius.     O  ubi  campi,  100.  O  si  essem,  ubi 

Sperchiusqtie,  et  virginibus  bacchata  Lacaenis  s™nt  campi, 

Taygeta  !  6  qui  me  gelidis  in  vallibus  Hsemi  Sp?^h'  et 

Sistat,  et  ingenti  ramorum  protegat  umbra  !  sisft7m 

Felix,  qui  potuit  rerum  cognoscere  causas,  490     490.  lilt  est  felix,  qui 

Atque  rnetus  omnes  et  inexorabile  fatum  potuit 
Subjecit  pedibus,  strepitumque  Acherontis  avari  ! 
Fortunatus  et  ille,  Deos  qui  novit  agrestes, 
Panaque,  Sylvanumque  senem,  Nymphasque  sorores  ! 


Ilium-  non  populi  fasces,  non  purpura  regum 
Flexit,  et  infidos  agitans  discordia  fratres  ; 
Aut  conjurato  descendens  Dacus  ab  Istro  : 
Non  res  Romanae,  perituraque  regna  :  neque  ille, 
Aut  doluit  miserans  inopem,  aut  invidit  habenti. 
Quos^ami  fructus,  quos  ipsa  volentia  rura 
Spontetulere  sua,  carpsit  ;  nee  ferrea  jura, 
Insanumque  forum,  aut  populi  tabularia  vidit. 
Sollicitant  alii  remis  freta  ca3ca,  ruuntque 
In  ferrum,  penetrant  aulas  et  limina  regum. 


495 


500 


NOTES. 


486.  O,  ubi—O  qui,  &c.  These,  as  Mr. 
Davidson  justly  observes,  are  not  questions, 
as  RUEBUS  and  Dr.  Trapp  both  take  them ; 
but  exclamations,  which  in  all  languages 
are  usually  elliptical.  Campi :  Tempe,  those 
pleasant  fields  of  Thessaly  are  undoubtedly 
intended.  Sperchius :  a  river  of  Thessaly, 
rising  at  the  foot  of  mount  P Indus,  and  falls 
into  the  Sinus  Maliacus. 

488.  Taygeta :  neu.  plu.  a  mountain  of 
Laconia,  famous  for  hunting,  and  the  cele- 
bration of  the  orgies  of  Bacchus :  hence, 
Viginibus  baccliata  Lacaenis ;  frequented  by 
the  Laconian  or  Spartan  virgins.  Hcemi. 
See  Geor.  i.  49. 

492.  .Acherontis :  Acheron,  a  fabulous 
river  of  hell.  It  seems  here  to  be  put  for 
death.  In  that  sense  the  epithet  avari  is 
very  proper.  Strepilum,  &c.  will  then  mean 
the  noise  or  tumultuous  dread  generally  oc- 
casioned through  the  fear  of  death.  Or,  it 
may  mean,  the  noise,  tumult,  and  bustle  of 
the  infernal  regions  generally.  In  this  last 
case,  Acherontis  will  mean  hell,  or  the  in- 
fernal regions,  by  synec. 

494.  Pana.  See  Eel.  ii.  31.    Nympheuso- 
rores.  See  Eel.  ii.  46.     Sylvanum.  See  Eel. 
x.  24. 

495.  Non  fasces  populi :  not  the  honors  of 
the  people,  nor  the  purple,  £c.     The  Ro- 
man magistrates  were  chosen  by  the  peo- 
ple, in  the  Comitia.     The  fasces,  properly, 
was  a  bundle  of  birchen  rods.     The  dicta- 
tor had  24  of  these  rods — the  consuls  12 — 
the  provincial  prxtors  6 — the  city  praetors 
2 ;  which  were  carried  before  them  by  per- 
sons, who  were  called  lictors.     Fasces  is  fre- 
quently put  for  the  power  and  authority  of 
the  magistrate,  by  meton.     Flexit :  in  the 
sense  ofmorrf. 


497.  Dacus.  The  Daeii  were  a  people  in- 
habiting the  north  of  the  Danube,  or  Ister, 
very  troublesome  to   the    Romans.      Istro 
conjurato :  the  conspiring,  or  leagued  Dan- 
ube.    The  name  of  the  river  put  for  the  peo- 
ple living  near  it,  by  meton.     The  Danube 
is  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  Europe.      It 
rises  in  Germany,  and  taking  an  easterly 
course,  it  falls  into  the  Euxine  sea  by  six 
mouths,  at  a  distance  of  about  1600  miles 
from  its  source. 

498.  Res  Romance. :  the  Roman  republic. 
It  is  opposed  to  regna  peritura.      The  for- 
mer they  vainly  imagined  would  always  en- 
dure ;  while  kingdoms  would  fall,  and  their 
names  be  forgotten.     Flexerunt  ilium,  is  un- 
derstood. 

499.  Doluit  miserans,  &c.  The  poet  could 
not  mean  that  his  countryman  possessed  a 
stoical  apathy,  which  rendered  him  insensible 
to  the  wants,  and  deaf  to  the  calls  of  the 
poor;  but  that  in  the  country,  there  were 
not  those  objects  of  poverty  and  wretched- 
ness to  excite  his  grief  and  compassion ;  or 
at  least,  few  of  them  in  comparison  to  the 
number  in  cities.       In   this  very    circum- 
stance, we  see  a  high  commendation  of  a 
country  life. 

501.  Ferrea  jura :   the  same  as  duras  Jo 
ges. 

502.  Insanum  :    noisy — tumultuous,  or, 
perhaps,  litigious.     Tabularia.  The  tabula- 
riiim  was  a  place  at  Rome,  in  which  the 
public  records  were  kept,  and  the  accounts 
of  the  public  money  received,  arid  paid  out. 
It  answers  to  our  treasury  office.    Coca :  in 
the  sense  of  ignota. 

504.  Penetrant,  &c.    Insinuant  se  prinri- 
pibus,utintimijiant,  says  Servius. 
14 


100 


P.  VERGILI'I  MARON1S 


510. 

fusi 


514 

anni  : 

516 


523. 


Hie  petit  excidiis  urbem  miserosque  Penates, 
Ut  gemma  bibat,  et  Sarrano  indormiat  ostro- : 
Condit  opes  alius,  defossoque  incubat  auro  : 
Hie  stupet  attonitus  rostris  :  hunc  plausus  hiantem 
Per  cuneos  (geminatur  enim)  plebisque  patrumque 

Alii  gaudent  per-  Corripuit ;  gaudent  perfusi  sanguine  fratrum, 
Exilioque  domos  et  duleia  limina  mutant, 
Atque  alio  patriam  quaerunt  sub  Sole  jacentem. 
Agricola  incurvo  terram  dimovit  aratro  : 
Hinc  est  labor  Hinc  anni  labor :  bine  patriam,  parvosque  nepotes 

hinc  agricola  sus-  Sustinet :  hinc  armerita  bourn,  meritosque  juvencos. 

Nee  requies  est  ^ec  reclu^es  >  <lum>  aut  pornis  exuberet  annus, 
Aut  fcetu  pecorum,  aut  Cerealis  mergite  culmi : 
Proventuque  oneret  suleos,  atque  horrea  vincat. 
Venit  h^ems  ;  teritur  Sicyonia  bacca  trapetis  : 
Glande  sues  Ireti  redeunt :  dant  arbuta  sylva? : 
Et  varies  ponit  foatus  autumnus  ;  et  alte 
Mitis  in  apricis  coquitur  vindemia  saxis. 
;J?"IceS  nat/  pen"  Intere&  dulces  pendent  circum  oscula  riati : 

a  pa-  £asta  pudicitiam  servat  domus  :  ubera  vaccce 
Lactea  demittunt :  pinguesque  in  gramine  Iseto 
Inter  se  adversis  luctantur  cornibus  ho3di. 


505 


510 


515 

t     • 


qun 


525 


NOTES. 


M5.  Penates.  These  were  the  household 
gods;  and  were  thought  to  preside  over 
houses  arid  domestic  affairs.  Their  statues 
or  images  were  usually  made  of  wax,  ivory, 
silver,  or  earth,  and  generally  placed  in  the 
innermost  part  of  the  house :  hence  that 
place  was  called  Penetrale :  and  they  were 
calted  sometimes,  from  that  circumstance, 
Pemtrales.  They  were  worshipped  with 
wine,  incense,  fruits,  and  sometimes  with 
the  sacrifice  of  a  lamb.  Penates,  by  melon. 
is  used  for  one's  country,  habitation,  house, 
or  dwelling :  and  sometimes  for  the  family, 
or  inhabitants,  as  in  the  present  instance. 
See  &n.  ii.  717. 

506.  Sarrano  ostro :  upon  Tyrian  purple. 
Sarrano,  an  adj.  from  Sarra,  the  ancient 
name  of  Tyre.  Gemma :  a  cup  made,  or  set 
with  gems. 

508.  Rostris.  The  Rostrum  was  the  place 
of  common  pleas,  at  Rome,  so  called,  as 
Li  vy  informs  us,  from  this  circumstance :  The 
Antiates,  a  maritime  people  of  Lai  turn,  be- 
ing overcome  by  the  Romans ;  to  perpetu- 
ate the  memory  of  the  victory,  they  placed 
the  beaks  of  their  ships  (rostra)  around  the 
suggest  um,  or  place  of  pleading,  by  way  of 
ornament.  Hie  stupet:  this  one  stands 
amazed,  being  astonished  at  the  courts  of 
justice.  Plaunu  patrumque  plebisque,  &c. 
It  appears  that  the  orders  of  patricians  and 
plebeians  expressed  their  approbation  by 
turns.  If  we  suppose  the  patricians,  who 
occupied  tho  Orchestra,  or  the  part  of  the 
theatre  near  the  stage,  to  be  the  first ;  this 
will  give  -a  reason  for  the  words,  enim 


geminatur  per  cuneos .  for  it  is  redoubled, 
or  repeated  along  the  cunei.  These  were 
seats  in  the  back  part  of  the  theatre,  appro- 
priated to  the  common  people,  or  plebeians. 
See  381.  supra.  Hunc :  in  the  sense  of  ahum. 
Geminatur.  Heyne  reads  geminatus,  agree- 
ing with  plausus;  without  a  parenthesis. 

512.  Sub  alio  sole :  under  another  sun — 
in  another  clime.  This  is  beautiful,  and 
highly  poetical. 

516.  Nee  requies :  there  is  no  rest :  but 
the  year  abounds  either,  &c.  This  passage 
is  extremely  beautiful  and  poetical.  The 
poet  represents  the  year  as  laboring  with- 
out intermission,  in  bringing  forth  her  pro- 
ductions. Ruceus  refers  the  whole  of  this 
fine  passage  to  the  husbandman :  Nee  cessat 
agricola  donee  annus  abundtt,  &c.  says  he. 
But  he  gives  no  reason  for  his  taking  quin 
in  the  sense  of  donee. 

.  517.  Mergite  Cerealis  culmi:  with  bun- 
dles or  sheaves  of  grain. 

519.  Sicyonia :  an  adj.  from  Sicyon,  a  city 
of  Achaia,  not  far  from  the  isthmus  of  Co- 
rinth, abounding  in  olive  trees.    Bacca :  the 
olive. 

520.  Arbuta :    properly  the  fruit  of  the 
arbute  tree.     Here,  perhaps,  taken  for  wild 
fruit  in  general.     Lccti :  in  the  sense  of  sa- 
turati. 

521.  Ponit  foetus:  in  the  sense  of  dat,  vel 
redditfructus. 

524.  Casta  domus:  the  virtuous  family 
preserves,  &c.  By  being  trained  to  industry 
and  good  order,  they  are  not  in  danger  of 
losing  their  virtue,  or  character. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  If. 


fpse  dies  agitat  festos  :  fususque  per  herbam, 
Ignis  ubi  in  medio,  et  socii  cratera  coronant, 
Te  libans,  Lenaee,  vocat :  pecorisque  magistris 
Velocis  jaculi  certamina  ponit  in  ulmo, 
Corporaque  agresti  nudat  prredura  palaestra. 

Hanc  olim  veteres  vitam  coluere  Sabini, 
Hanc  Remus  et  frater :  sic  fortis  Etruria  crevit, 
Scilicet  et  rerum  facta  est  pulcherrima  Roma, 
Septemque  una  sibi  muro  circumdedit  arces. 
Ante  etiam  sceptrum  Dictaei  regis,  et  ante 
Impia  quam  ca3sis  gens  est  epulata  juvencis  ; 
Aureus  hanc  vitam  in  terris  Saturnus  agebat.  . 
Necdum  etiam  audierant  inflari  classica,  necdum 
Impositos  duris  crepitare  incudibus  enses. 

Sed  nos  immensum  spatiis  confecimus  a3quor, 
Et  jam  tempus  equum  fumantia  solvere  colla. 


528.  Ubi  t&t  igni? 


530 


533.  Remus  et  frater 
ejus  Romulus  coluerunl 
bane : 

535.  tlnaque  circum- 
dedit septem 


539.    Necdum  etiam 
540  homines 

542.  Tempus  est  sol- 
vere ajugo 


NOTES. 


527.  digital:  in  the  sense  of  celebrat.   Fu- 
sus:  in  the  sense  of  stratum. 

528.  Coronant :  they  fill  up  to  the  brim. 

531.  Palaestra:  this  may  mean  either  the 
exercise  itself,  or  the  place  of  exercise. 

532.  SabinL  An  ancient  people  of  Italy, 
whose  young  women  were  seized  by  the  Ro- 
mans, at  certain  shows  or  exhibitions,  to 
which  they  had  been  invited.     Upon  this, 
the  Sabines  made  war  upon  them  to  avenge 
the   atrocious   deed.      A  treaty  of  amity, 
however,  was  concluded  between  the  two 
parties  ;  and  in  the  event  they  became  one 
people.     Coluere :  they  religiously  observed, 
or  practised. 

533.  Etruria :  the  same  as  Tuscia,  Tus- 
cany,   a  country  in  Italy,  separated   from 
Latium  by  the  Tyber. 

534.  Scilicet  et,  £c.  What  is  here  said  of 
Rome  was  literally  true  in  the  time  of  Vir- 
gil.     It  was  then  in  all  its  glory,  and  was 
truly  the  wonder  of  the  world  :  Rerum :  res 
hath  a  variety  of  significations.      Here  it 
evidently  means  the  world,  or  the  whole 
earth. 

535.  Una  circumdedit.  The  walls  of  Rome 
embraced  seven  hills,  when  that  city  was  in 
the  height  of  its  glory.      Their  names  were : 
Palatinus,  Ccelius,  Capitolinus,  Aventinus, 
Esquilinus,  Quirinalis,  and  Viminalis. 

536.  Ante  sceptrum :  before  the  reign  of 
the  Dictean  king.    Jupiter  is  so  called  from 


Dicte,  a  place  in  the  island  of  Crete,  where 
it  is  said,  he  was  nourished  and  brought  up 
by  the  Corybantes  or  Curetes. 

Before  the  reign  of  Jove,  and  before  the 
impious  race  of  men  fed  upon  bullocks 
slain,  golden  Saturn  led  this  life  upon  the 
earth.  This  is  a  beautiful  allusion  to  the 
golden  age.  See  Eel.  iv.  6.  Agebat :  in  the 
sense  of  due eb at. 

537.  Gens :  in  the  sense  of  genus  Iwmi- 
num,  says  Heyne. 

541.  Sed  nos.  This  is  an  allegory  taken 
from  the  chariot  race.  By  confecimus  aquor 
immensum  spatiis,  the  poet  may  mean  that 
he  had  run  over  a  plain  not  measured  by 
stages  ;  or  one  which  did  not  lie  witliin  the 
limits  or  bounds  of  his  proposed  race  or 
course.  In  this  sense,  divested  of  the 
figure,  it  will  be  :  I  have  now  finished  my 
digression  into  the  praises  of  a  country  life, 
it  is  time  to  lay  aside  my  pen.  Ruseus  in- 
terprets spatiis  by  longitudine,  and  un- 
derstands by  cequor  immensum  spaiiis,  a  plain 
immeasurable  in  length. 

Each  course  of  chariots  in  the,  race  was 
called  spatium.  This  was  repeated  se- 
ven times.  Hence  spatia,  the  plural,  came 
to  signify  the  race  ground.  Cum  scptima 
spalio  palmcR  appropinquant. 

The  starting  place  was  called  career,  and 
the  turning  place  meta. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  book? 
What  does  the  poet  do  in  the  first  place? 
How  many  methods  does  he  mention  for 
the  propagation  of  trees? 


What  is  the  difference  between  grafting     tants  upon  its  banks  ? 


How  many  kinds  of  soil  does  he  make  ? 

Where  does  the  Ganges  rise  ? 

\Vhat  is  its  length  ? 

What  is  it  considered  to  be,  by  the  inhabi- 


and inoculation  ? 

For  what  is  ihepropago  or  layer  the  best  ? 

After  the  several  kinds  of  trees,  and  the 
methods  of  producing  them,  what  does  the 
poet  consider  in  the  next  place? 


Where  does  it  empty  ? 
What  did  the  ancients  call  the  bay  ? 
What  city  now  stands  near  the  mouth  of 
this  river  ? 
Of  what  country  was  ffemvs  a  river  ? 


108 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONiS 


What  river  did  it  receive  in  its  course? 

What  was  the  Paciolus  celebrated  for  ? 

Where  did  these  rivers  empty  ? 

What  was  the  Argonautic  expedition  ? 

Why  was  it  so  called  ? 

Who  commanded  that  expedition  ? 

Where  was  Colchis  ? 

What  was  the  object  of  that  expedition  ? 

How  is  this  fable  to  be  understood  ? 

How  many  accompanied  Jason  ? 

What  direction  does  the  poet  give  for 
planting  trees  ? 

How  should  the  rows  be  arranged  ? 

Among  what  people  did  scenic  representa- 
tions originate  ? 

Why  were  the  Athenians  called  Theseida  ? 

Who  may  be  considered  the  inventor  of 
tragedy  ? 

What  did  he  make  use  of  as  a  stage? 

What  was  the  form  of  the  Roman  theatre  ? 

Into  how  many  parts  was  it  divided  ? 

What  was  the  form  of  the  amphitheatre  ? 

What  was  the  original  name  of  Italy  ? 

Why  were  the  Romans  sometimes  called 
Ausones  ? 

What  do  you  understand  by  the  word 
fasces  ? 

How  many  of  these  rods  were  carried  be- 
fore the  Roman  magistrates  ? 


By  whom  were  they  carried  \ 

For  what  is  the  word  fasces  used  by  me- 
ton.? 

Who  were  the  Dacii  ? 

Where  did  they  inhabit  ? 

Where  does  the  river  Ister  rise  ? 

What  course  does  it  run  ? 

Where  does  it  empty  ? 

What  is  its  length  ? 

Who  were  the  Penates  ? 

How  were  they  represented  ? 

Where  were  their  statues  placed  ? 

What  were  they  sometimes  called  from 
that  circumstance  ? 

For  what  is  the  word  taken  by  meton.  ? 

Why  was  the  place  of  common  pleas,  at 
Rome,  called  Rostrum? 

What  was  the  word  Rostrum  properly  ? 

Who  were  the  Sabines? 

Did  the  Romans  offer  any  violence  to 
their  young  women  ? 

What  was  the  event  of  the  affair? 

How  many  hills  did  the  walls  of  Rome 
encompass  ? 

What  were  they  called  ? 

How  many  courses  were  there  in  the  cha- 
riot race  ? 

How  does  the  book  end  ? 


LIBER    TERTIUS. 


THK  subject  of  this  book  is  the  raising  of  cattle.  The  poet  begins  with  an  invocation  of 
some  of  the  rural  deities,  and  a  compliment  to  Augustus.  After  which,  he  add; 
himself  to  his  friend  Meecenas.  He  then  proceeds  to  give  rules  for  the  breeding  and 
management  of  horses,  oxen,  sheep,  and  goats.  And,  by  way  of  episode  and  embel- 
lishment, he  gives  us  a  description  of  a  chariot  race,  of  a  battle  of  bulls,  of  the  force  of 
love,  and  of  a  Scythian  winter.  He  enumerates  the  diseases  incident  to  cattle,  and  pre- 
scribes their  remedies  :  and  concludes  by  giving  an  account  of  a  fatal  murrain,  which 
once  raged  among  the  Alps. 

1.  Et  te,  O  pastor,    XE  quoque,  magna  Pales,  et  te,  memorande,  canemus, 

^a9t0r  ab  AmPhrys°  :  ™s>  sy'™'  amnesque  Lye*!. 
Caetera,  quae  vacuas  tenuissent  carmma  raentes, 
4.  Omnia  csetera  car-  Omnia  jam  vulgata.     Quis  aut  Eurysthea  durum, 


NOTES. 


1.  Pales.  The  goddess,  of  shepherds,  and 
of  feeding   cattle.      She   was   worshipped 
with  milk.     Her  feasts  were  called  Palilia, 
and  were  celebrated  on  the  12th  of  the  ca- 
lends of  May. 

2.  Amphryso.  A  river  of  Thessaly,  where 
Apollo  fed  the  flocks  of  Admetus,  when  he 
was  driven  from  heaven  for  having  killed 
the  Cyclops.     See  Eel.  iv.  10.     Sylva,  et 
amnes  Lyc&i :    the  groves  and  streams  of 
Arcadia.     Lycceus:  a  mountain  in  Arca- 


dia, evidently  taken  for  the  whole  country, 
by  synec. 

3.  Carmina :  by  meton.  the  argument,  or 
subjects  of  song.       Heyne  reads  carmine, 
connecting  it  with  vaciias.     In  this  case,  it 
is  to  be  taken  in  its  usual  sense.      Tenuis- 
sent :  in  the  sense  of  dtlectavissent.    Ruaeus 
says,  omnia  argumenta. 

4.  Eurysthea.    Eurystheus,  was  king  of 
Mycence.     Instigated  by  .Juno,  he  imposed 
upon  Hercules,  who  had  been  given  up  to 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  III. 


Aut  illaudati  nescit  Busiridis  aras  ? 
Cui  non  dictus  Hylas  puer,  et  Latonia  Delos, 
Hippodameque,  humeroque  Pelops  insignis  eburno, 
Acer  equis  ?  Tentarida  via  est,  qua  me  quoque  possim 
Tollere  humo,  victorque  virum  volitare  per  ora. 
Primus  ego  in  patriam  mecum  (modo  vita  supersit) 
Aonio  rediens  deducam  vertice  Musas  : 
Primus  Idumaeas  referam  tibi,  Mantua,  palmas : 
Et  viridi  in  campo  tempi um  de  marmore  ponam 
Propter  aquam,  tardis  ingens  ubi  flexibus  errat 
Mincius,  et  tenera  prsetexit  arundine  ripas. 
In  medio  mihi  Caesar  erit,  templumque  tenebit. 
Illi  victor  ego,  et  Tyrio  conspectus  in  ostro, 
Centum  quadrijugos  agitabo  ad  flumina  currus. 
Cuncta  mihi,  Alpheum  linquens  lucosque  Molorchi, 


5  mina,  quae  tenuissent 
vacuas  mentes,  jam  vul- 
gata  simt. 


10 


15 


NOTES. 


him  at  the  command  of  an  oracle,  the  se- 
verest labors :  they  were  twelve  in  number, 
and  go  under  the  name  of  the  twelve  la- 
bors of  Hercules. 

5.  Busiridis.    Busiris,  a  king  of  Egypt, 
who  sacrificed  to  his  gods  the  strangers  who 
visited  him.      He  was  slain  by  Hercules. 
Illaudati:   impious — infamous.     This  kind 
of  negatives  express,  generally,  more  than 
the  mere  want  of  a  good  quality.      They 
imply  the   possession   of  a   contrary   one. 
Detestatii  says  Heyne. 

6.  Hylas.    See  Eel.  vi.  43.    Latonia :  an 
adj.  from  Latona,  the  daughter  of  Cceus, 
one  of  the  Titans,  and  mother  of  Apollo 
and  Diana,  whom  she  brought  forth  at  a 
birth  on  the  island  Delos :  hence  called  La- 
tonian  Delos. 

7.  Hippodame.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
CEnomaus,  king  of  Elis,  and  Pisa: :    who 
having  learned  from  an  oracle  that  he  was 
to  be  slain  by  his  son-in-law ;  in  order  to 
avoid  it,  he  proposed  to  the  suitors  of  his 
daughter,  a  chariot  race,  upon  this  condi- 
tion, that  the  one  who  got  the  victory  should 
have  his  daughter ;  but  if  vanquished  should 
be  slain.     After  thirteen  had  lost  their  lives, 
Pelops  won  the  beauteous  prize,  by  bribing 
Myrtillus,  the  charioteer  of  CEnomaus,  to 
place  the  chariot  upon  a  frail  or  brittle  axle. 
It  broke  during  the  race,  and    CEnomaus 
was  so  much  bruised  by  the  fall,  that  he 
died  of  his  wounds.      Thus  the  oracle  was 
fulfilled.      Pelops  was  the  son  of  Tantalus, 
king  of  Phrygia ;    who,  as  the  fable  goes, 
invited  the  gods  to  a  banquet,  and  having 
a  mind  to  try  their  divinity,  dressed  his  own 
son,  and  set  before  them.     All  abstained 
from  so  horrid  a  repast  except  Ceres,  who 
took  a  piece  of  the  child's  shoulder.     Jupi- 
ter afterwards  restored  him  to  life,  and  gave 
him  an  ivory  one  in  its  room.     Hence  in- 
signis eburno  humc.ro :  famed  for  his  ivory 
shoulder.    For  this  horrid  deed,  Tantalus, 
after  death,  was  doomed  to  perpetual  hun- 


ger and  tliirst ;  and  compelled  to  abstain 
from  both  meat  and  drink,  which  were  pla- 
ced before  him,  by  way  of  aggravation. 

8.  Acer  equis.  This  may  allude  to  his 
victory  over  CEnomaus ;  or  it  may  mean  no 
more  than  that  he  was  skilled  in  the  ma- 
nagement of  horses ;  which  is  the  sense  of 
Ruaeus. 

1 1 .  Aonio  vertice :  from  the  Aonian  mount, 
Helicon.  This  was  a  mountain  in  Beotia, 
originally  called  Aonia,  sacred  to  the  mu- 
ses. 

12.  Primus  referam :  I,  the  first,  will  bring 
to  thee,  O  Mantua,  Idumaean  palms— noble 
palms.      The  palm  tree  abounded  in  Idu- 
maea,  a  country  of  Syria ;  so  called  from 
Edom,  a  son  of  Esau,  who  settled  there. 
Virgil  was  not  the  first  who  introduced  the 
Greek  poetry  into  Italy ;  and,  therefore,  to 
do  away,  or  prevent  any  objection,  he  men- 
tions Mantua,  the  place  of  his  birth.      He 
was,  however,  the  first  who  brought  it  to 
any  degree  of  perfection. 

13.  Ponam  Templum.   The  poet  appears 
to  mean,  that  he  will  not  only  imitate  the 
Greeks,  but  he  will  surpass  them ;  and  in 
honor  of  his  victory,  he  will  build  a  temple, 
and  institute  games.      Through  the  whole, 
under  colour  of  honoring  himself,  he  very 
artfully  compliments  Augustus,  his  prince 
and  patron.    Ponam :  in  the  sense  of  ex- 
truam. 

}4.  Errat:  meanders — winds. 
8.  Centum.  I  will  drive  a  hundred  four- 
horse  chariots  along  the  river.  The  poet 
takes  the  definite  number  100  for  an  indefi- 
nite number ;  or  he  alludes  to  the  Circen- 
sian  games,  when  in  one  day  there  were 
twenty-five  races  of  four  chariots  each, 
making  the  exact  number  here  mentioned. 
These  were  in  imitation  of  the  Olympic 
games,  and  were  on  the  margin  of  a  river. 
Illi :  for  him — in  honor  of  Caesar. 

19.  Cuncta  Grcecia.  The  meaning  is,  that 
all  Greece  would  leave  their  own  gamp>- 


.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


Cursibus  et  crudo  deccrnet  Grsecia  caestu.  20 

Ipse,  caput  tonsae  foliis  ornatus  olivae, 
Dona  feram.     Jam  nunc  solenmes  ducere  pompas 
Ad  delubra  juvat,  csesosque  videre  juvencos : 
24.  Veluwfereut  scena  Vel  scena  ut  versis  discedat  frontibus,  utque 

discedat,  Purpurea  intexti  tollant  aulrea  Britanni.  25 

In  foribus  pugnam  ex  auro  solidoque  elephanto 
, ,  Gangaridiim  faciam,  victorisque  arma  Quirini : 

NilumundLteCmbe;ilTAtclue  hic  undantem  bello,  magnumque  fluentem 
Nilum,  ac  navali  surgentes  aere  columnas. 
Addam  urbes  AsiaB  domitas,  pulsumque  Niphaten,      30 
Fidentemque  fug&  Parthum  versisque  sagittis ; 
Et  duo  rapta  manu  diverse  ex  hoste  trophaea, 


NOTES. 


tuid  come  to  these,  as  far  excelling  in  gran- 
deur and  magnificence.  Alpheum :  a  river 
of  Elis,  in  the  Peloponnesus,  near  the  city 
Olympia.  Hence  the  games  there  celebra- 
ted were  called  Olympic.  The  river  here, 
by  meton.  is  put  for  the  games  themselves. 
They  were  instituted  by  Hercules,  in  honor 
of  Jupiter,  as  near  as  their  date  can  be  as- 
certained, in  the  summer  of  the  year  of  the 
world,  3228,  and  before  Christ,  776.  They 
were  celebrated  every  fifth  year ;  or  after 
an  entire  revolution  of  four  years ;  which 
was  denominated  an  Olympiad.  This  form- 
ed a  very  important  era  in  the  history  of 
Greece. 

Lucos  Molorchi :  the  groves  of  Molor- 
chus :  by  meton.  the  Nemaa  certamina,  or 
Nemean  games.  These  were  instituted  in 
honor  of  Hercules,  on  account  of  his  killing 
the  lion  in  the  Sylva  Nemcea,  near  Cleoncs,  a 
city  of  the  Peloponnesus.  Molorchus  was 
the  name  of  the  shepherd  who  entertained 
the  hero,  and  at  whose  request  he  slew  the 
Nemsean  lion.  Besides  these,  there  were 
other  games  called  Pythia,  instituted  in  ho- 
nor of  Apollo,  on  account  of  his  killing  the 
serpent  Python.  Hence  he  derived  the 
name  Pcean^  from  a  Greek  word  signifying 
to  pierce  or  wound.  There  were  also  games 
called  Isthmia.  These  were  instituted  by 
Theseus,  king  of  Athens,  in  honor  of  Nep- 
tune. They  derived  their  name  from  the 
circumstance  of  their  being  celebrated  on 
the  Isthmus  of  Corinth.  Mihi :  for  me — in 
honor  of  me. 

20.  Crudo :  because  the  ccestw,  or  gaunt- 
let, was  made  of  raw  hide  :  or  simply,  cruel 
—bloody.  See  ^En.  v.  379. 

22.  Pompas.  These  were  images  of  the 
gods  carried  in  "procession  before  the  peo- 
ple at  the  Circensian  games — the  proces- 
sion itself.  Feram  dona:  in  the  sense  of 
proponam  pramia. 

24.  Ut :  in  the  sense  of  quomodo.  Scena : 
that  part  of  the  stage  where  the  actors  were 
— the  curtain,  or  hanging,  behind  which 
they  retired  from  the  audience.  It  was 
raised  up  when  the  actors  were  upon  the 


stage,  and  let  down  when  they  retired  from 
it.  It  appears  to  mean  the  same  thing  with 
aulcea  in  the  following  line.  See  Geor.  ii, 
381. 

25.  Intexti.  The  Britons  (the  victories  of 
Julius  Caesar  over  them)  supposed  to  be 
painted  on,  or  interwoven  in,  the  curtains ; 
which,  by  a  figure  of  speech,  they  might  be 
said  to  hold,  or  lift  up. 

27.  Gangaridum.  The  Gangaridse  were 
a  people  of  India,  near  the  Ganges.  Qwi- 
rini.  This  is  one  of  the  many  reasons  we 
have  for  believing  that  Virgil  continued  to 
revise  the  Georgics  until  his  death.  It  was 
debated  in  the  senate,  whether  Octavius 
should  be  complimented  with  the  name  of 
Augustus,  or  Romulus,  who  was  also  called 
Quirinus.  But  this  debate  did  not  take 
place  till  three  years  after  the  publication 
of  the  Georgics ;  and  was  seven  years  be- 
fore his  victory  over  the  Gangaridce.  The 
poet  must,  therefore,  have  added  this  line 
at  least  ten  years  after  the  first  publication, 
or  in  the  year  of  Rome,  734. 

27.  Faciam :  in  the  sense  of  sculpam. 

28.  Magnum:    Ruams   takes   it  in   the 
sense  of  longe.     Cop  lose,  says  Heyne.     Un- 
dantem  :  swelling  and  waving  with  war.  as 
it  did  with  its  waters.     This  is  a  metaphor, 
beautiful  and   grand.     The  poet  here   al- 
ludes to  the  victory  obtained  by  Augustus 
over  Anthony  and  Cleopatra,  and  the  cap- 
ture  of  Alexandria,  the   principal   city  of 
Egypt,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Nile.     It  was 
built  by  Alexander  the  Great.     All  Egypt 
soon   followed  the  fate  of  Alexandria,  its 
capital. 

29.  Navali  cere :  with  naval  brass.     Au- 
gustus is  said  to  have  made  four  columns  out 
of  the  brazen  beaks  of  the  ships,  taken  from 
Cleopatra  and  Anthony;  to  which  the  poet, 
here  seems  to  allude. 

30.  Niphaten:  Niphates,  a  mountain  of 
Armenia,  taken  for  the  inhabitants  of  thai 
country  :    by  meton.  Armenios fugatos,  sa}-f. 
Ruseus. 

32.  Duo  trophaa.  Probably  those  two 
victories  obtained  by  Augustus  over  Antho- 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  III. 


ill 


Bisque  triumphatas  utroque  ab  litore  gentes. 

Stabunt  et  Parii  lapides,  spirantia  signa, 

Assaraci  proles>  demissaeque  ab  Jove  gentis  35 

Nornina ;  Trosque  parens,  et  Trojae  Cynthius  auctor. 

Invidia  infelix  furias  amnemque  severum 

Cocyti  metuet,  tortosque  Ixionis  angues,  • 

Immanemque  rotam,  et  non  exsuperabile  saxum. 

Interea  Dryadum  sylvas  saltusque  sequamur 
Intactos,  tua,  Maecenas,  haud  mollia  jussa. 
*Te  sine  nil  altum  mens  irichoat :  en  age,  segnes 
Rumpe  moras  :  vocat  ingenti  clamore  Cithseron, 
Taygetique  canes,  domitrixque  Epidaurus  equorum : 


36.  Trosque  parens 


Assaraci 


40  40.  Sylvasque,  saltus- 
que intactos  ab  aliis 
scriptoribus. 


NOTES. 


ny,  the  one  at  Actium,  in  Epirus,  on  the 
northern  shore  of  the  Mediterranean,  the 
other  at  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  on  the  south- 
ern. Hence  the  propriety  of  utroque  litore. 
Rapta  manu :  obtained  by  valor,  or  by  his 
own  hand-r-where  he  commanded  in  person. 
Diverso  hoste,  and  triumphatas  gentes,  mean 
the  same ;  and  probably  we  are  to  under- 
stand the  Asiatic  and  African  troops  that 
composed  the  army  of  Anthony  in  these 
two  battles.  This  is  the  opinion  of  Ruaeus. 
Some  understand  the  passage  as  referring 
to  the  Gandaridce,  a  people  of  Asia,  and  to 
the  Britanni,  situated  in  Europe,  in  differ- 
ent quarters  of  the  world.  But  Augustus 
did  not  conquer  the  Britons. 

34.  Parii  lapides :  Parian  marble.  Parii  : 
an  adj.  from  Paros,  one  of  the  Cycladcs,  fa- 
mous for  its  shining  marble.  Spirantia  signa : 
figures,  or  statues  to  the  life.    They  shall  be 
of  such  exquisite  sculpture,  that  one  could 
scarcely  distinguish  them  from  real  life — they 
should  almost  breathe. 

35.  Proles  Assaraci :  the  offspring  of  As- 
saracus,  arid  the  names  of  the  family,  &c. 
The  poet  here,  as  in  other  places,  compli- 
ments the  Caesars  with  divine  descent.    Ac- 
cording to   him,  it  may    be    thus   traced : 
Dardanus  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Elec- 
tra ;    Erichthonius,   the  son  of  Dardanus ; 
Tros,  the  son  of  Erichthonius ;    Ilus   and 
Assaracus,  sons  of  Tros;  Ilus  begat  Lao- 
medon,  the  father  of  Priann  and  Assaracus 
begat    Capys,    the  father  of  Anchises;    of 
Anchises  and  Venus  sprang  TEneas,  the  fa- 
ther of  Ascanius,  or  lulus,  the  father  of  the 
Julian  family. 

36.  Cynihius :  Apollo.     He  was  born  on 
the  island  Delos,  where  was  a  mountain  by 
the  name  of  Cynthus;  hence  lie  was  called 
Cyntluits.     He  and  Neptune,  it  is  said,  built 
the  walls  of  Troy  hi  the  reign  of  Laomedon. 
See  Eel.  iv.  10,  and  (ieor.'i.  .,OJ. 

37.  I-nf.-li.i-.     This   epithet  is    added   to 
envy,  because  it  is  the  principal  source  of 
imhappiness  to  men. 

38.  Cocyti:  Coeytus,  a  fabulous  river  of 
Hell,  flowing  out  of  Styx.     Ixionis:  Ixion, 
the  father  of  the  Cent  aurs.     For  ma  king  an 


attempt  upon  Juno,  he  was  cast  down  to 
hell,  and  bound  with  twenty  snakes  to  a 
wheel,  which  kept  constantly  turning,  as  a 
punishment  for  his  crime.  The  poets  say, 
that  Jupiter  substituted  a  cloud  in  the  form 
of  Juno,  and  of  it  he  begat  the  Centaurs. 
Upon  his  return  to  the  earth,  he  boasted  of 
his  amour  with  the  queen  of  the  gods,  and 
was  punished  for  it  by  Jupiter  in  this  ex- 
emplary manner.  The  truth  is,  the  Cen- 
taurs were  a  people  of  Thessaly.  They 
dwelt  in  a  city  by  the  name  of  Nephele. 
That  being  the  Greek  word  for  a  cloud, 
gave  rise  to  the  story  of  their  being  the  off- 
spring of  a  cloud.  They  were  the  first  who 
broke  and  tamed  the  horse.  Ixion  was 
their  king.  The  poet  here  intimates  in  a 
very  delicate  manner  the  unhappy  end  of 
those  who  envied  Augustus  the  glory  due 
to  his  illustrious  deeds ;  who  dared  refuse 
to  submit  to  his  authority ;  and  who  medi- 
tated a  renewal  of  the  civil  wars. 

39.  Saxum.  Sisyphus,  a  notorious  rob- 
ber, was  slain  by  Theseus,  king  of  Athens, 
and  for  his  punishment,  he  was  sentenced  to 
hell ;  there  to  roll  a  stone  to  the  top  of  a 
hill,  which  always  rolled  back  before  he 
could  reach  it.  This  made  his  labour  per- 
petual. JVbw  exsuperabile :  not  to  be  gotten 
to  the  top  of  the  hill. 

41 .  Tua  haud  mollia  jussa :  thy  difficult 
commands. 

Virgil,  at  the  request  of  Maecenas,  wrote 
the  Georgics;  to  which  circumstance  he 
here  alludes — a  subject  new,  and  which  had 
not  been  handled  or  treated  of  by  any  pre- 
ceding writer.  Sequamur :  we  will  enter 
upon. 

43.  Cithceron :  a  mountain  in  Beotia. 
abounding  in  pasture,  and  herds  of  cattle. 
Taygcti :  Ta vile; us.  a  mountain  in  Laconia, 
famous  for  hunting.  Kpidaurus.  There 
several  places  by  that  name.  The  one 
here  intended,  is  probably  in  Argolis,on  the 
eastern  shore  of  the  Peloponnesus,  near  the 
Sinus  Saronicus,tha.t  part  be- ing  celebrated 
for  its  horses.  The  meaning  >*<  that  lie  shall 
now  treat  of  those  animals  that  abounded 
in  the  above  mentioned  pla .<. 


112 


.P.  VIRGILI1  MAROiNLS 


Et  vox  assensu  nemorum  ingeminata  rcmugit.  45 

Mox  tamen  ardentes  accingar  dicere  pugnas 
Caesaris,  et  nomen  fama  tot  ferre  per  annos, 
Tithoni  prima  quot  abest  ab  origine  Caesar. 

Seu  quis,  Olympiacae  miratus  praemia  palm33, 
Pascit  equos,*seu  quis  fortes  ad  aratra  juvencos  ;       50 
52.  Forma  torvse  bo-  Corpora  praecipue  matrum  legat.     Optima  torvae 
vis  est  optima,  cui  est  Forma  bovis,  cui  turpe  caput,  cui  plurima  cervix, 
turpe  caput,  coiest  plu-  Et  crurum  tenus  ^  mento  palearia  pendent, 
nma  cervix,  et  cut  pa-  m        i  n       i         • 

learia  pendent  a  mento  lum  long°  nullus  laten  modus  :  omma  magna ; 
tenus  crurum.  Pes  etiam,  et  camuris  hirtae  sub  cornibus  aures.         55 

54.    Omnia  membra  Nee  mihi  displiceat  maculis  insignis  et  albo  : 
auntm&gna.:  ^ut  juga  detrectans,  interdumque  aspera  cornu, 

nis  macmUeTTlbo'cS-S1  fdCiem  taUr°  Pr°Pior  :  quaeque  ard"a  tota, 
pliceat  mihi :  Et  gradiens  ima  verrit  vestigia  cauda. 

58.  Et  est  propior  tau-      /Etas  Lucinam  justosque  pati  Hymenaeos  60 

ro  quoad  faciem :  quce-  Desinit  ante  decem,  post  quatuor  incipit  annos  : 
queerf  tota^  ^^  ^  Caetera  nee  fceturae  habilis  ;   nee  fortis  aratris. 
rume5/ne^habilis<foetullnterea'  superat  gregibus  dum  Iseta  juventus, 
rse,  nee  est  fortis  aratris.  Solve  mares  :  mitte  in  Venerem  pecuaria  primus, 

69.  Erunt  semper  ali-  Atque  aliam  ex  alia  generando  suffice  prolem.  65 

gun    pecudes,   quarum  Optima  quaeque  dies  miseris  mortalibus  £evi 
corpora,/w  malis  mutari.  T>  •         c     -A          u  i  •        •     • 

Enim  semper  refice  ar-  J™1*  fu%lt  :   subeunt  morbi,  tnstisque  senectus  : 
7nen.ta;ac,nep6strequi-^t  labor,  et  dura?  rapit  mclementia  mortis, 
ras  ea  amissa,  anteveni  Semper  erunt,  quarum  mutari  corpora  malis  : 


NOTES. 


45.  Vox  assensu,  &c.     The  meaning  is, 
that  the  groves  unite  in  inviting  him,  and 
echo  back  the  call. 

46.  Ardentes :   in   the  sense  of  illustres. 
Jlccingar  :  in  the  sense  of  the  Greek  middle 
voice:    I   will  prepare   myself.     The   poet 


the  JEneid ;  which  was  chiefly  designed  to 
flatter  Augustus  and  the  Roman  people. 

48.  Tithoni.  Tithonus  was  either  the  son 
or  brother  of  Laomedon,  and  greatly  belov- 
ed by  Aurora.  From  his  time  down  to  Au- 
gustus, were  one  thousand  years,  according 
to  the  best  accounts.  But  to  extend  his 
fame  only  for  that  length  of  time,  would 
not  come  up  to  the  design  of  the  poet,  whose 
wish  was  to  perpetuate  his  fame  to  the  la- 
test posterity.  According  to  Servius  and 
Eustathius,  Tithonus  may  here  be  taken  for 
the  sun,  in  the  same  sense  that  Titan  is ; 
they  both  being  derived  from  the  same 
Greek  verb.  This  would  fully  come  up  to 
the  views  of  the  poet  in  immortalizing  his 
prince.  The  sun  having  existed  from  the 
beginning  of  time,  may  be  considered  a  quce- 
dam  eternitas ;  or  the  poet  may  assume  the 
definite  number,  1000  years,  for  an  indefinite 
period.  See  JEn.  iv.  5u5. 

51.  Legal :  in  the  sense  of  eligat. 

52.  Turpe  :  large — disproportionate.  Bo- 
vis  :  in  the  sense  of  vaccce. 

56.  Maculis — et  albo:  the  same  as  albis 
maculis,  by  Hendiadis.  Aspera:  pushing, 
or  butting. 


60.  Lucinam  :  the  goddess  of  child-bear- 
ing, so  called  a  luce,  quam  infantibus  dabat  : 
by  meton.  child-bearing  itself — the  bringing 
forth  ofyoung  in  general.'/fj/menoEOA':  Hymen 
or  Hymenfflus,  was  the  son  of  Bacchus  and 
Venus;  the  god  of  marriage:  by  meton. 
marriage  itself — also  the  intercourse  of 
the  sexes,  as  in  the  present  instance. 
The  meaning  of  the  poet  is,  that  the  proper 
time  for  cattle  to  breed,  ends  before  the 
tenth,  and  begins  after  the  fourth  year  of 
their  age. 

63.  Intered :  in  the  mean  time — between 
the  years  of  four  and  ten,  let  loose  the  males 
among  your  herds.     Superat :  abounds — is 
vigorous. 

64.  Pecuaria*:  properly  pasture  grounds : 
by  meton.  the  cattle  fed  upon  them.    Here, 
the  females ;  the  boves,  vel  vacc&. 

65.  Suffice :  raise  up  one  stock  after  ano- 
ther.    JEvi :  in  the  sense  of  vitce. 

68.  Inclementia:  rigour — severity. 

69.  Semper  erunt.     This,   and   the   two 
following  lines,  Dr.  Trapp  thinks  to  be  an 
interpolation.     He   says,  the   sense    of  the 
whole  three  lines  is  extremely  jejune  and 
flat.     What  occasion  of  admonishing  the 
farmer  to  continue  the  succession   of   his 
cattle  ?     The  thing- had  just  been  expressed 
before.     Let  it  be  further  considered,  what 
a  different  face  it  puts  upon  the  whole,  if 
these  lines  are  left  out.     Having  concluded 
the  article  of  the  propagation  of  kine,  with 
that  fine  reflection  upon  the  imperfect  state 


GEORGICA.    LIB.  HT, 


118 


80 


Semper  enim  rcfice  :  ac,  ne  post  amissa  requiras,     70 
Anteveni  :  et  sobolem  armento  sortire  quotannis. 

Necnon  et  pecori  est  idem  delectus  equino. 
Tu  modo,  quos  in  spem  statues  submittere  gentis, 
Prsficipuum  jam  ma1^  a  teneris  impeiide  laborem. 
Coritinuo  pecoris  generosi  pullus  in  arvis 
Altius  ingreditur,  et  mollia  crura  reponit  : 
Primus  et  ire  viam,  et  fluvios  tentare  minaces 
Audet,  et  ignoto  oese  committere  ponti  f"9f~; 
Nee  vanos  horret  strepitus.     Illi  ardua  cervix, 
Argutumque  caput,  brevis  alvus,  obesaque  terga  ; 
Luxuriatque  toris  ariimosum  pectus  :  honesti 
Spadices,  glaucique  ;  color  deterrimus  albis, 
Et  gilvo  :  turn,  si  qua  sonum  procul  arma  dedere, 
Stare  loco  nescit,  micat  auribus,  et  trerilit  artiis  ;  ft 
Collectumque  fremens  volvit  sub  naribtis  ignem. 
Densa  juba,  et  dextro  jactata  recumbit  in  armo. 
At  duplex  agitur  per  lumbos  spina  :  cavatque 
Tellurem,  et  solido  graviter  sonat  ungula  cornu. 
Talis  Amyclaei  domitus  Politics  habenis 
Cyllarus,  et,  quorum  Graii  meminere  poStae, 
Martis  equi  bijuges,  et  magni  currus  Achillis. 
Talis  et  ipse  jubam  cervice  effudit  equina 
Conjugis  adventu  pernix  Saturnus,  et  altum 
Pelion  hinnitu  fugiens  implevit  acuto. 

Hunc  quoque,  ubi  aut  morbo  gravis,  aut  jam  segnior 
Deficit,  abde  domo,  nee  turpi  ignosce  senectse.       [annis 


74.  Tmpende  praeci- 
75  puum  laborem  iUis  jam 
inde  a  teneris  annis, 
quos, 

79.  Est  illi  ardua. 


82.  Spadices,  glauci- 
que sunt  honesti  colorex 
84.  Tremit  per  artus 


85 


90  90.  Et  tales  erant  bi- 
juges  equi  Martis,  et 
currus  magni  AchilleF. 
quorum 


94 


of  mortality,  he  immediately  passes  on  to 
the  propagation  of  horses.  And  what  fur- 
ther confirms  him  in  this  opinion,  is,  the  use 
of  the  verbs  antevenio  and  sortior.  The  for- 
mer, says  he,  is  no  where  else  used  by  Vir- 
gil ;  and  the  latter  never,  in  the  sense  it  is 
used  here :  for  substituo. 

71,  Sobolem:  a  succession — issue. 

73.  Submittere, :  in  the  sense  of  seponere, 

75.  Pullus  generosi :  a  colt  of  generous 
breed — of   noble   blood.     Continub :    from 
the  first — as  soon  as  foaled. 

76.  Reponit  mollia  crura :   he  moves  his 
pliant,  or  nimble  legs.     Reponit  implies  both 
the  alternate  movements  of  his  feet,  and 
the  quickness  and  frequency  of  them. 

81.  Luxuriat  toris :  his  courageous  breast 
abounds  (swells  out)  in  muscles. 

82.  Spadices,  glauci :   the  bright  bay,  and 
dappled-gray,  are  good  colours;  the 'worst 
colour  is  the  white  and  dun.    It  is  very  diffi- 
cult, as  Dr.  Trapp  observes,  to  ascertain  the 
names  of  colours  in  a  foreign  and  dead  lan- 
guage.    Besides,  one  nation  may  prefer  this 

colour,  and  another  may  prefer  that.  He 
takes  albus  for  a  dull,  dirty  white,  and  to  be 
distinguished  from  candidus ;  because,  an- 
teire  nives  candorc,  Virgil  makes  the  mark 
of  a  fine  horse.  See  Mn.  xii.  J!  I. 

85.  Fremens.  The  common  reading  is pre- 
;  but  several  ancient  copies  have  //r- 


mens,  as  Heyne  informs  us.  That  learned 
editor  reads,/rcmms.  Ignem :  in  the  sense 
of  catorem,  vel  ardentes  anhelitus.  Of  the 
horses  of  Diomede,  Lucretius  says :  ignent 
naribus  spiraverunt. 

87.  Duplex:  round — large.  In  a  lean 
horse,  as  the  spine  or  back-bone  rises  up 
sharp ;  so  in  a  fat  horse,  there  is  a  kind  of 
hollow  or  gutter  running  through  the  middle 
of  the  back,  and  seeming  to  divide  it  into 
two  parts.  In  this  sense,  duplex  spina  may 
be  a  double  spine,  dgitur :  passes  alon^, 
or  extends. 

87.  Lumbos :  in  the  sense  of  dorsum,  vel 
tergum. 

89.  Talis  Cyttarus :  such  was  Cyllarus. 
broke  by  the  reins,  &c.  Amydcei:  an  adj. 
from  Amycl<E,  a  city  of  Laconia,  not  far 
from  Lacedaomon,  where  Castor  and  Pollux 
were  born.  Hence  they  are  sometime 
called  LacedcEmonii,  as  well  as  Jinn- 
Cyilarus  was  the  name  of  the  horse. 

91.  Currus :  in  the  sense  of  equi,  by  me- 
ton. 

92.  Et  tails  pemix  Saturnus  ipsc :  and 
such  swift  Saturn  himself  spread  his  mane- 
Saturn,  as  the  poets  say,  was  in  lovr  with 
Philyra,  the  daughter  of  Oceanus.    During 
their  amours,  on  a  certain  occasion,  Rhea, 
his  wife,  came  upon  them.     To  prevent  a 
discovery.  Saturn  transformed  himself 


1 14  P,  VIRGILH  MARONIS 

97.  Senior  equus  est  Frigidus  in  Venerem  senior,  frustraque  laborem 
frigidus  Ingratum  trahit :  et,  si  quando  ad  prselia  ventum  est, 

Ut  quondam  in  stipulis  magnus  sine  viribus  ignis, 
Incassum  furit.     Ergo  aniinos  aevumque  notabis       100 
Praecipue  :  hinc  alias  artes,  proiemque  parentum  : 
102.    Quis  dolor  sit  Et  quis  cuique  dolor  victo,  quse  gloria  palmae. 

Nonne  vides  ?  c(mi  9r*ciVli*  certamine  campum 
Corripuere,  ruuntque  effusi  carcere  currus ; 
105.   Spes   juvenum  cum  spes  arrect8B  juvenum,  exultantiaque  haurit     105 
Corda  pavor  pulsans  :  illi  instant  verbere  torto, 
Et  proni  dant  lora :  volat  vi  fervidus  axis  : 
Jamque  humiles,  jamque  elati  sublime  videntur 
Aera  per  vacuum  ferri.  atque  assurgere  in  auras. 
Nee  mora,  nee  requies.     At  fulvae  nimbus  arena3      110 
111.  Equi  humescunt  Tollitur  :  humescunt  spumis  tiatuque  sequentum  : 

spumis  flatuque  eorum  Tantus  amor  lauduin,  tantae  est  victoria  curse. 

sequentum  Primus  Erichthonius  currus  et  quatuor  ausus 

}}S'  vJ*°  e?Mom?  Jungere  equos,  rapidisque  rotis  insisterc  victor. 

117.  Et  equum  glo-  ,^  ,    IA  11(r 
merare                         traena  Pelethromi  Lapithae,  gyrosque  dedere, 

118.  Magistri  utrius-  Impositi  dorso  ;  atque  equitp.m  doouere  sub  armis 
gue  artis  aeque  exquirunt  Insultare  solo,  et .  grcssus  glomerare  superbos. 
e^mim  juvenemque,cali- ^quns  uterque  labor:  aeque  juvenemque  magistri 
dU120Ue^bimeLMirMn/Ex(luirunt»  calidumque  animis,  et  cursibus  acrem  : 
senem  'equum  quamvis    Quamvis  S33pe  fuga  versos  ille  egerit  hostes,  120 

122.  Ipsa  origine  equi  Et  patriam  Epirum  referat,  fortesque  Mycenas ; 
Neptuni.  Neptunique  ipsa,  deducat  origine  gentem. 

His  animadversis»  instant  sub  tempus ;  et  omnes 
.Pendunt  curas  denso  distendere  pingui, 
denso  pingui,  quem       Quern  legere  ducem  et  pecori  dixere  maritum  : 

NOTES. 

ahorse,  and  fled  to  Pelion,  a  mountain  of  '115.  Lapithce:  a  people  of  Thessaly,  near 

Thessaly,  filling  it  with  his  shrill  neighings.  mount  Pelion.     Pelethromi :  an  adj.  from 

Philyra  bore  to  him  Chiron,  one  of  the  Cen-  Pelethronium,   one  of   their  cities.      The 

taurs.  meaning  of  the   poet  appears  to  be  this : 

96.  Ignosce  senectce  nee  turpi :    spare  his  that  Erichthonius  invented  the  use  of  the 

old  age,  not  inglorious.     This  is  the  sense  chariot  and  horses,  and  that  the  Lapithm 

usually  given  to  the  words,  and  implies  that  afterwards  improved  upon  the  use  of  the 

the  old  horse  should  be  treated  with  kind-  horse  by  managing  him  with  the  bridle,  and 

ness  and  humanity,  now  in  his  old  age,  in  turning  him  about  with  the  reins  at  their 

consequence  of  his  former  glorious  deeds,  will.     Dedere:  in  the  sense  of  invenerunt. 
Abde  hunc  domo:    in  the  sense  of  include         116.  Equitem.     Ruceus  takes  this  in  the 

hunc  stabulis.  sense  of  equum.  Heyne  observes  that  the  old 

101.  Hinc  alias  artes:    after  that  (you  grammarians  understood  it   in    the    same 
should  observe)  his  other  qualities.     Artes  sense.      But   Davidson    refers  the    whole 
here  evidently  means  the  qualities,  proper-  to   the   rider.      It   appears    that   the    last 
ties,  or  endowments  of  the  horse.     Prolem :  clause  of  the  following  line  should  be  ap- 
the  stock,  breed,  or  ancestry.  plied  to  the  horse  rather  than  to  the  rider. 

102.  Palma :  to  the  victor,  or  conqueror.  Eques :  properly,  the  rider ;  by  meton.  the 
The  palm  of  victory,  by  meton.  put  for  the  horse. 

victor,  or  conqueror.  118.  Uterque  labor  a>quus:  each  labor,  or 

104.    Effusi :    starting — springing.      In  art,  is  equal ;  the  management  of  horses  in 

races,   career  was   the  mark,   or    starting  the  chariot,  and  the  management  of  them 

place.     Exultantia :  beating — palpitating.  with  the  bridle. 

107.  Vi:  with  the  rapid  motion  of  the  wheel.  121.  Epirum — Mycenas.  Epirus  and  My- 

114.  Rapidis  rotis.     This  is  the  common  cenae  were  both  famous  for  their  excellent 

reading.     But  Heinsius  and  Heyne  read  ra-  horses.     Referat :  have,  claim,  or  boast. 

pidus  in  the  nom.  agreeing  with  victor.    Ro-  124.  Pingui:  in  the  sense  of  pinguedine. 

tis :   properly  the  wheels ;   by  meton.  the  125.  Maritum :  in  the  sense  of  admissa- 

chariot  borne  upon  them.  riwm. 


OEORGTCA.    LIB.  HI.  ur, 

Pubentesque  secant  herbas,  fluviosque  ministrant, 

Farraque  :  ne  blando  nequeat  superesse  labori , 

Invalidique  patrum  referant  jejunia  nali. 

Ipsa  autem  macie  tenuant  armenta  volentes. 

Atque  ubi  concubitus  primes  jam  nota  voluptas         130 

Sollicitat ;  frondesque  negant,  et  fontibus  arcent : 

Sa3pe  etiam  cursu  quatiunt,  et  Sole  fatigant ; 

Cum  graviter  tunsis  gemit  area  frugibus,  et  cum 

Surgentem  ad  Zephyrum  paleae  jactantur  inaries. 

Hoc  faciunt,  nimio  ne  luxu  obtusior  usus  135 

Sit  genitali  arvo,  et  sulcos  oblimet  inertes :        ' 

Sed  rapiat  sitiens  Venerem,  interiusque  recondat.  137.  Sed  ut  il,to  pars 

Rursus,  cura  patrum  cadere,  et  succedere  matrum       sitiens 
Incipit,  exactis  gravidae  cum  mensibus  errant.  Jgj 

Non  illas  gravibus  quisquam  juga  ducere  plaustris,    140     140.   jyon  quisquam 
Non  saltu  superare  viam  sit  passus,  et  acri  passus  sit  illas 

Carpere  prata  fuga,  fluviosque  innare  rapaces. 
Saltibus  in  vacuis  pascant,  et  plena  secundum  1 -v 

Flumina  :  muscus  ubi,  et  viridissima  gramine  ripa,  144.  Ubi  sit  muscus, 

Speluncaeque  tegant,  et  saxea  procubet  umbra.         145  et  ripa 

Est  lucos  Silari  circa,  ilicibusque  virentem 
Plurimus  Alburnum  volitans,  cui  nomen  asilo 
Romanum  est,  cestron  Graii  vertere  vocantes  : 
Asper,  acerba  sonans :  quo  tota  exterrita  sylvis 
Diffugiunt  armenta,  furit  mugitibus  aether  150 

Concussus,  sylvaeque,  et  sicci  ripa  Tanagri. 
Hoc  quondam  monstro  horribiles  exercuit  iras 
Inachiae  Juno  pestem  meditata  juvencae. 

NOTES. 

127.  Superesse :  to  accomplish — be  suffi-          146.  Circa  lucos  Silari,  Alburnumque.  Si- 
cient  for.     Fluvios :  in  the  sense  of  aquam     larus,  a  river  of  Italy,  in  Lucania :  hodie  Selo. 
copiosam.  Alburnum :  Albumus,  a  mountain  in  Italy, 

128.  Nati :  the  colts.     Referant:  in  the      abounding  in  the  holm  -oak:  hodie  Alborno; 
sense  offerant.  out  of   which  issues   the  river   Tanagrus, 

129.  Volentes :    willing — on   purpose,   or     small,  and  nearly  dry  in  summer.     Pluri- 
with   design.     Armenta   here   is   evidently     mus  volitans :  around  the  groves,  &c.  there 
taken  for  equas,  the  mares.  are  many  flies,  to  which  asylus  is  the  Roman 

131..  Frondes :    in  the  sense  of  pabulum,  name,  but  the   Greeks   called    it    cestron. 

vel  victum.     Quatiunt :  in  the  sense  of  agi-  This  construction  is  very  peculiar ;  the  idiom 

tant.  we  cannot  introduce  into  our   language. 

135.  JVe  usus  genitali  arvo  sit  obtusior  ne-  Plurimus  volitans  we  must  take  in  the  sense 
mio  luxu.     These  words  Ruseus  interprets  of  plurimi volitantes.  Cui  nomen  asylo.   This 
thus :    JVe  trajectus  (via)  genitalis  partis  sit  is  evidently  the  same  as  cui  asylus  est  Roma- 
strictior  ob  nimiam  pinguitudinem.  no  nomini;  perhaps  by  antiptosis.     Asylus 

136.  Oblimet :  in  the  sense  of  claudat.  is  what  we  commonly  call  the  gad-fly,  or 

137.  Venerem :  the  object  of  their  desire  breeze.     It  is  the  same  as  the  tabanus,  or 
— the  semen  masculinum.  tabanum.      The  sting  of  this  insect  causes 

142.  Acri  fuga:    in   the   sense  of  celeri     great  pain  to  the  animal  that  is  wounded  by  it. 
cursu.     Rapaces :  in  the  sense  fjf  rapidos.  148.  Vocan tes  vertere ;  simply,  vocaverund 

143.  Saltibus.       Saltus  is   properly   an     vel  reddiderunt. 

opening,  or  vacant  space,  in   a  grove,  or  149.  Acerba :  an  adj.  neu,  plu.  taken  as 

park.     It  is  however  sometimes  used  in  the  an  adverb  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks ;  the 

sense  of  nemus  and  lucus;   from  the  verb  same   as  acerbe.    Asper.     This  may  have 

salio.     RUSBUS  says  spatiis  apertis.  reference  to  the  sharpness  of  its  bite  or  sting. 

145.  Saxea  umbra :   a  rocky  shade  may  Sonans :  making  a  sharp  or  shrill  noise, 

fall  on  them — a  rocky  clift  may  project  over  150.  Furit:  in  the  sense  of  resonat. 

them,  under  which  they  may  be  sheltered  153.  Inachia  juvenca.    lo,  the  daughter 

from  the  sun  and  rains.  of  Inachus,  king  of  the  Arrives,  (or  of  a 


116  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

154.  Hunc  asilum      Hunc  quoque  (nam  mediis  fervoribus  acrior  instat) 

Arcebis  gravido  pecori ;  armentaque  pasces,  155 

Sole  recens  orto,  aut  noctera  ducentibus  astris. 

Post  partum,  cura  in  vitulos  traducitur  omnis  : 
Continuoque  notas  et  nomina  gentis  inurunt : 
159.  Et  notant  cos,  Et  quos,  aut  pecori  malint  submittere  habendo, 
.quos  malint  aut  submit-  Aut  aris  servare  sacros,  aut  scindere  terram,  160 

Et  campum  horrentem  fractis  invertere  glebis. 
Csetera  pascuntur  vindes  armenta  per  herbas. 
Tu,  quos  ad  studium  atque  usum  formabis  agrestem,   j 
164.  Jam  tu  hortare  Jam  vitulos  hortare,  viamque  insiste  domandi . 
vitulos,  quos  formabis  j)um  faciies  animi  juvenum,  dum  mobilis  eetas,  '        165 
ftd  stuuiuni  A  *      i  •  j  i     v~-~ 

Ac  prunum  laxos  tenui  de  vimme  circles 

Cervici  subnecte  :  dehinc,  ubi  libcra  colla 
Servitio  assuerint ;  ipsis  e  torquibus  aptos 
Junge  pares,  et  coge  gradum  conferre,  juvencos. 
Atque  illis  jam  soepe  rotae  ducantur  inanes  170 

Per  terram,  et  summo  vestigia  pulvere  signent, 
/    /         aj^^/t^Post  valido  nitens  sub  pondere  faginus  ax; 

Instrepat,  et  junctos  temo  trahat  aereus  orbo 
174.   Interea  carpes  Interea  pubi  mdomita:  jion  gramina  tantum, 
manu  non  tantum  gra-  Nec  vescas  salicum  frondes,  ulvamque  palustrem ;     175 

Sed  frumenta  manu  carpes  sata :  nee  tibi  fcefce, 
179   Sin  tuum  studi  More  Patrum>  nivea  implebunt  mulctralia  vaccse  ; 
vimsi/magisad  bellum",  Sed  tota  in  dulces  consument  ubera  natos. 
fbrocesque  Sin  ad  bella  magis  studium,  turmasque  feroces, 

NOTES. 

river  god  of  that  name,)  whom  Jupiter  169.  Junge  pares,  &c.  The  poet  directs 
transformed  into  a  heifer,  when  he  was  like-  the  farmer  to  begin  with  his  steers  at  an 
ly  to  be  surprised  by  Juno  in  his  amour  with  early  age ;  and  first  to  hang  collars  lightly 
her.  But  discovering  the  trick,  the  goddess  about  their  necks.  Afterwards,  join  two  of 
sent  Asilus  to  torment  her.  Upon  which  equal  size  by  a  cord  connecting  these  col- 
she  fled  to  Egypt ;  where  Jupiter,  taking  lars ;  and  in  this  state  make  them  walk  and 
pity  on  her,  restored  her  to  her  proper  keep  pace  together ;  and  after  they  havelbe- 
shape.  After  which,  she  was  married  to  come  accustomed  to  this  discipline,  then 
king  Osiris ;  and,  after  her  death,  was  wor-  make  them  draw  empty  wheels  along-  the 
shipped  as  a  goddess  under  the  name  of  Isis.  ground — wheels  without  any  carriage  upon 
154.  Mediis  fervoribus :  for  media  die.  them. 

158.  Inurunt :  in  the  sense  of  imprimunt.         172.  Valido :  in  the  sense  of  magno.   Or- 

159.  Submittere :  to  set  apart  for  breeders  bes :  for  rotas,  wheels. 

— for  propagating  your  stock  or  herd.  174.  Pubi  indomita. :  for  your  steers  un- 

161.  Horrentem:  in  the  sense  of  asperum.  broken — not  entirely  subdued  to  the  yoke™ 

162.  Ccetera  armenta.     The  poefs  mean-          175.    Ulvam.     The  ulva   was   a  kind  of 
ing  is  plainly   this :  that  those  calves  that  grass,  which  grew  in  marshy  grounds.     We 
are  designed  for  breeding,  for  sacrifice,  or  have.no  particular  name  for  it  in  our  lan- 
for  the  plough,  are  to  be  particularly  desig-  guage.     JVec  :  in  the  sense  of  et. 

nated,  and  taken  care  of;  while  it  is  suffi-          176.    Frumenta  sata :    planted,  or  sown 

cient  for  the  rest  of  the  herd  to  feed  at  large,  corn. 

without  any  such  care  or  attention ;    and          The  poet  would  have  the  farmer  to  under  - 

with  regard    to   those    designed    for    the  stand,  that  the  care  of  his  steers  is  so  im- 

plough,  they  should  be  trained  up  from  the  portant,  that  he  should  not  only  gather  for 

first,  and  be  accustomed  to  the  yoke,  while  them  grass,  and  the  tender  leaves  of  the 

they  are  docile  and  tractable.  willow,  and  the  marshy  ulva ;  but  even  the 

164.  Hortare:  imp.  of  hortor :    teach,  or  growing  corn.     He  should  consider  nothing 

train  up.     Ad  studium :  for  labor.     Mobi-  too  costly  for  them. 
lis :  in  the  sense  of  docilis.  177.    Foztai  -caeca :  your  suckling  cows. 

166.  Circlos :  by  syn.  for  circutos :  bind  Fozta :  having  young.    The  word  also  sig- 

Joose  collars?  about  their  necks.  nifies,  being  with  young. 


GEORGICA.    LIB.  HI, 

Aut  Alphea  rotis  prselabi  flumina  Pisae,  180 

Et  Jovis  in  luco  currus  agitare  volantes ; 

Primus  equi  labor  est,  animos  atque  arma  videre 

Bellautum,  Jituosque  pati,  tractuque  gementem 

Ferre  rotam,  et  stabulo  fraenos  audire  soriantes  : 

Turn  magis  atque  magis  blandis  gaudere  magistri     185 

Laudibus,  et  plausae  sonitum  cervicis  amare. 

Atque  haec  jam  primo  depulsus  ab  ubere  matris  187.  Audiat  hasc  jam 

Audiat,  inque  vicem  det  mollibus  ora  capistris  primodepuli 

Invalidus,  etiamque  tremens,  etiam  inscius  aevi. 

At,  tribus  exactis,  ubi  quarta  accesserit  aestas,          190 

Carpere  mox  gyrum  incipiat,  gradibusque  sonare 

Compositis  :  sinuetque  alterna  volumina  crurum, 

Sitque  laboranti  similis  :  turn  cursibus  auras 

Provocet :  ac  per  aperta  volans,  ceu  liber  habenis.    . 

./Equora,  vix  summa  vestigia  ponat  arena.  195 

Qua) is  hyperboreis  Aquilo  cum  densus  ab  oris 

Incubuit,' Scythiaeque  hyemes  atque  arida  differt  **£-£<> 

Nubila :  turn  segetes  alta3  campique  natantes 

Lenibus  horrescunt  flabns,  summseque  sonorem 

Dant  sylvse,  longique  urgent  ad  litora  fluctus  :          200 

Hie  vokt,  simul  arva  fuga,  simul  aequora  verrens.  201.  Hie  ventita  volat 

Hie,  vel  ad  Elei  metas  et  maxima  campi 

Sudabit  spatia,  et  spumas  aget  ore  cruentas  ; 

Belgica  vel  molli  melius  feret  esseda  collo. 

Turn  demum  crassa  magnum  farragine  corpus          205 

*4*         -•'••• 

NOTES. 

180.  Prcelabi  rotis.   The  poet  here  alludes  the  poet  appears  to  be  this:   After  the  horse 

to  the  chariot  races  at  the  Olympic  games,  hath  commenced  his  fourth  year,  let  him  be- 

celeb rated  upon  the  banks  of  the  river  Al-  gin  to  amble,   and    prance,  and  exercise, 

pheus.  however  laborious  and  fatiguing  it  may  be 

183,  Lituos :  the  clarion,  or  curved  horn ;  to  him.     Or  rather :  let  not  his  exercise  in 

put,  by  meton.  for  the  sound  of  that  instru-  reality  be  laborious  and  fatiguing,  on  ac- 

ment.  count  of  his  age ;  but  let  him  resemble,  or 

Gementem  tractu :  in  the  sense  of  striden-  be  like  to  one  laboring  only,  lest  he  be  dispi- 

tem  dumtrahitur,  says  Hey ne.  rited  from  experience  of  his  weakness.  But 

186.  Sonitum  plausw  cervicis :   the  sound  when  he  is  properly  trained  by  exercise,  his 

of  the  patted  neck.  courage  increased,  and  his  confidence  in 

This  refers  to  the  custom  of  stroking,  or  himself  confirmed,  then  let  him  labor — let 

gently  patting  the  horse  on  the   neck,  to  him  challenge  the  winds  in  his  course, 
inspire  him  with  courage.  194.  Provocet.    This  is  the  common  read- 

188.  Inque  vicem:  by  Tmesis,  for  invicem  ing.     Heyne  reads  turn  rocet. 
que:  and  now  and  then — occasionally.  JEquora:  in  the  sense  of  campos. 

Audiat.     This  is  the  common  reading.         197.  Incubuit:  rushes  forth.  Ruaeus  says. 

But  Heyne,  after  Heinsius,  reads  audeat,  of  imminet. 
the  verb  audeo.  198.  Natantes .  in  the  sense  of  -andantes. 

189.  Inscius  avi:   ignorant,  or  inexperi-          182.    rfnimos:    courage.      Contentioneg, 
cnced,  on  account  of  his  age — not  conscious  says  Ruaeus. 

of  strength — knowing  his  weakness.     Ser-  202.  Hie,  vel  ad  metas :   this  horse,  either 

vius  says :  nondum  habens  ab  annisjiduciam.  at  the  goals  of  Elis,  &c. 

Davidson  says :  propter  imbecilitatem  art.  204.  Esseda.  The  essedum  was  a  kind  of 

It  is  a  Greek  construction.  vehicle,  or  carriage,  adapted  both  for  travel- 

191.  Sonarc  compositis gradibus :  to  prance  ling  or  war.     It  was  used  by  the  ancient 

in  regular  steps.  Gauls  and  Britons.     Molh :    tractable,  ia 

Sinuetque :  and  let  him  bend  the  alternate  opposition  to  reluctant. 

joints  of  his  legs — or  alternately  the  joints  205.  Crassa  farragine :  with  rich  or  fat- 

of  his  legs.  tening  marsh.     The^ farrago  was  a  mixture 

Carpere  :  in  the  sense  of  describcre.  of  wheat  bran  and  barley  meal,  according 

193-  Similis  laboranfi.    The  meaning  of  to  Servius, 


118  P.  VIRGILII  MARONI8 

206.//&«domitis;t^'o:Crescere  jam  domitis  sinito  :  namque  ante  domandum 
/  ^ — Jngentes  tollent  animos ;  prehsique  negabunt 
Verbera  lenta  pati,  et  duris  parere  lupatis.  * 
Sed  non  ulla  magis  vires  industria  firmat, 
Quam  Venerem  et  caeci  stimulos  avertere  amoris ;     210 
Sive  bourn,  sive  est  cui  gratior  usus  equorum. 
Atque  ideo  tauros  procul  atque  in  sola  relegant  &" 
Pascua,  post  montem  oppositum,  et  trans  flumina  lata : 
Aut  intus  clauses  satura  ad  prresepia  servant. 
Carpit  enim  vires  paiilatim,  uritque  videndo  215 

FoRrnina :  nee  nemorum  patitur  meminisse,  nee  herbae  : 
21T.  Ula  quidem/ori/  Dulcibus  ilia  quidem  illecebris,  et  saepe  superbos 
AoCdulcibu8illecebri8,etCoraibus  inter  se  subigit  decernere  amantes. 
Pascitur  in  magna  sylva  formosa  juvenca  : 
Illi  alternantes  multa  vi  praelia  miscent  220 

Vulneribus  crebris :  lavit  ater  corpora  sanguis, 
222.  Obnixos  adversa-  Versaque  in  obnixos  urgentur  coniua  vasto 
fios  Cum  gemitu  :  reboant  sylvaeque  et  magnus  Olympus. 

224.  Nee  at  mos  duos  Nee  mos  bellantes  una  stabulare  :  sed  alter 
bellantes  Victus  abit,  longeque  ignotis  exulat  oris ;  225    j 

226.  Plagas/ocfcw  cor-  Multa  gemens  ignominiam,  plagasque  superbi 
nibus  superbi  victoris,  Victoris,  turn  quos  amisit  inultus  amores  : 

res,  quo!      Et  stabula  aspectans  regnis  excessit  avitis.  I 
229.   Et   inter  dura  Ergo  omni  cura  vires  exercet,  et  inter 
saxa  jacet  Dura  jacet  pernox  instrato  saxa  cubili ;  238 

Frondibus  hirsutis  et  carice  pastus  acuta : 
Et  tentat  sese,  atque  irasci  in  cornua  discit, 
Arboris  obnixus  trunco  :  ventosque  lacessit/r 
Ictibus,  et  spars£  ad  pugnam  proludit  aren&. 
Post,  ubi  collectum  robur,  viresque  refectae,  235 

Signa  movet,  praecepsque  oblitum  fertur  in  hostem  : 

NOTES. 

206.  Namque.   The  poet  advises  the  far-  casional  groans  of  each,  produced  by  the 

iner  not  to  pamper  or  fatten  his  horses  be-  repeated  strokes  given  and  received. 

fore  they  are  broken,  and  rendered  tracta-  224.  Bellantes :  a  part,  of  the  verb  btllfy 

ble.     If  he  do,  they  will  be  mettlesome  and  used  in  the  sense  of  adversarios. 

high  minded,  (tollunt  ingentes  animos,)  they  Stabulare :  in  the  sense  of  kabitart. 

will  show  a  stout  and  surly  temper,  and  226.  Multa :  in  the  sense  of  multwm. 

when  caught,  will  refiise  to  bear  the  limber  228.  Avitis  regnis :   from  his  hereditary 

whip,  and  to  obey  the  hard  bits.     Ante  do-  realms — from  those  fields  in  which  he  was 

mandum :  before  breaking.     The  gerund  in  born,  and  in  which  he  bore  rule. 

dum  is  of  the  nature  of  a  substantive  noun.  Aspicens :  in  the  sense  of  respiciens. 

Ruffius  says,  anteqiwm  domentur.  230.  Instrato  cubili.  Dr.  Trapp,  and  Da- 

209.  Industria :  in  the  sense  of  cura.  vidson  understand  this  to  be  a  naked  or  un- 

T,         .     ,,                 g.  strowed  bed.      Ruseus  takes  instrato  in  the 

211.  Usus :  m  the  sense  of  cultus.  ^  Q{  ^^  gtrowed  Qr  made    The  prep> 

214.  Satura :  ir»  f  he  sense  of  plena.  ^n  sometimes  in  composition   adds   to   the 

216.  Fcemina :  the  female — the  heifer.  signification    of   the    primitive   word;    at 

220.  Alternantes :  in  the  sense  of  vicissim.  oth^r  times'  ch,anS?s  [i  to  ^n  °PP°site  sense* 

Carice  acuta  :  sharp  sedge. 

222.  Cornua  versa  in  obnixos :  and  their  235>  RefectcKt  This  is  the  reading  of  Heync, 

horns  turned  against  the  contending  foes,  after  Heinsius.     But  receptce  is  the  common 

are  struck,  &c.  reading. 

Cum  vasto  gemitu.  This  seems  not  to  re-  ^g    ^mci  signa  .   ne  moves  his  stand- 

fer  to  the  rage  and  violence  of  the  antago-  ards      A  metaphor  taken  from  the  move, 

nistb,  so  much  as  to  the  groans  and  bellow-  jnenj  Of  an  army, 
ings  of  the  conquered  party ;  or  to  the  oc- 


GEORGICA.    LIB.  Ill,  119 

Fluctus,  ut  in  medio  coepit  cum  albescere  ponto, 

Longius  ex  altoque  sinum  trahit :  utque  volutus 

Ad  terras,  immane  sonat  per  saxa,  nee  ipso 

Monte  minor  procumbit :  at  ima  exaestuat  unda        240 

Vorticibus,  nigramque  alte  subjectat  arenam. 

Omne  adeo  genus  in  terris  hominumque  ferarumque, 
Et  genus  aequoreum,  pecudes,  pictaeque  volucres, 
In  mrias  ignemque  ruunt :  amor  omnibus  idem. 
Tempore  non  alio  catuiorum  oblita  leaena  246 

Saevior  erravit  campis :  nee  t'unera  vulgo 
Tarn  multa  informes  ursi  stragemque  dedere 
Per  sylvas :  turn  saevus  aper,  turn  pessima  tigris  : 
Heu  !  male  turn  Libyae  solis  erratur  in  agris. 
Nonne  vides,  ut  tota  tremor  pertentet  equorum         250 
Corpora,  si  tantum  notas  odor  attulit  auras  ! 
Ac  neque  eos  jam  fraena  virum,  neque  verbera  saeva, 
Non  scopuli,  rupesque  cavae,  atque  objecta  retardant 
Flumina,  correptos  unda  torquentia  monies. 
Ipse  ruit,  dentesque  Sabellicus  exacuit  sus,  255 

Et  pede  prosubigit  terram,  fricat  arbore  costas, 
Atque  hinc  atque  illinc  humeros  ad  vulnera  durat. 

Quid  juvenis,  magnum  cui  versat  in  ossibus  ignem  253.  Quid  juvenis/«- 

Durus  amor  ?  nempe  abruptis  turbata  procellis  eif,  cui  dunis 

Nocte  natat  caeca  serus  freta :  quern  super  ingens      260 
Porta  tonat  cojli,  et  scopulis  illisa  reclamant 
^Equora :  nee  miseri  possunt  revocare  parentes, 
Nee  moritura  super  crudeli  funere  virgo. 

NOTES. 

238.  Trahit  sinum :  and  draws  a  billowy  251.  Odor  attulit  notas  auras.  This  is,  by 

train,  far  from  the  deep.  Commutatio,  for,  aura  attulit  notum  odorem. 

Utque.  Davidson  reads  atque,  and  thinks  Equtz  vel/ammce  is  understood. 

it  to  be  the  correct  reading,  as  being  easier.  254.  Aqua :  in  the  sense  of  m  aquarum. 

Some  other  copies  have  atque.  Objecta :  Ruseus  says,  interjecta. 

The  whole  of  this  description  of  the  bat-  255.  Sabellicus  sus  ipse  :    The  Sabelline 

tie  of  the  bulls,  as  well  as  what  precedes  it,  boar  rushes  forth,  &c.     Sabellicus :  an  adj. 

of  the  power  of  love,  is  among  Virgil's  mas-  from  Sabelli,  or  Sabini,  a  people  of  Italy, ' 

ter-pieces,   and  is   admired   by  all  critics,  whose  country   abounded   in   forests,   and 

Nor  less  admired  is  what  follows.     The  va-  haunts  of  wild  beasts. 

riety  of  objects,  the  force  of  the  illustrations,  258.  Quid  juvenis.  The  poet  here  alludes 

the  propriety  of  the  arrangement,  and  the  to  the  story  of  Leander  and  Hero, 

beauty  and  grandeur  oi  the  descriptions,  are  Leander  was  an  inhabitant  of  Abydus,  on 

obvious  to  every  reader.  the  Asian  shose  of  the  Hellespont,  and  pas- 

241.  Subjectat:  in  the  sense  of  erigit.  sionately  in  love  with  Hero,  a  beautiful  maid, 

244.  Ruunt  in  furias  ignemque :  rush  into  and  priestess  of  Venus,  who  resided  at  Ses- 

a  passion,  and  flame  of  this  kind.  tue,  on  the  European  shore,  and  opposite  to 

Furia,  the  same  as/wror,  denotes  any  in-  Abydus.     He  used  to  swim  the  strait  to 

ordinate  passion  or  affection  of  the  mind,  visit  his  fair  mistress.      On  a  certain  occa- 

such  as  love,  anger,  &c.  from  the  verb/uro.  sion,  passing  over  in  a  storm,  he  was*  drown- 

Ignem  is  much  more  expressive  than  amo-  ed.      His  dead  body  wa-    Iriven  to  the  Eu- 

rtni.     Besides  the  simple  idea  of  love,  it  im-  ropean  shore,  and  espied  by  Hero;    who, 

plies  the   consuming    and   destructive    ef-  in  a   transport   of  passion,   threw   herself 

fects  of  that  passion  upon  the  subjects  of  it.  upon  the  corpse  of  her  lover,  and  perished 

248.  Pessima :  most  fell — or  savage.  also. 

249.  Libyce.  Libya,  a  part  of  Africa,  taken  259.  Abruptis  :  violent — sudden. 

for  the  whole  of  it,  by  synec.     This  is  men-  261.  Reclamant:  in  the  sense  of  resonant. 

tioned,   because   it  abounded  in  the  most  263.  Nee  virgo  moritura.  This  alludes  to 

savage  beasts.    Male  erratur:  it  is  danger-  the  case  of  Hero,  above  mentioned.   Super  : 

ous  to  wander.  in,  or  by. 


120 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


cervi 


Quid  Lynces  Bacchi  variae,  et  genus  acre  luporum, 
foci-  Atque  canum  ?  quid,  quae  irnbelles  dant  prselia  cervi 
' 


266 


270 


Sl       ^Sci»'cet  ante  omnes  furor  est  insigiiis  equanim  : 
Et  mentem  Venus  ipsa  dedit,  quo  tempore  Glauci 
Potniades  malis  membra  absumpsere  quadrigae. 
Illas  duclt  amor  trans  Gargara,  transque  sonantem 
Ascanium  :  superant  monies,  et  flumina  tranant  : 
Continuoque  avidis  ubi  subdita  flamma  medullis, 
Vere  magis  (quia  vere  calor  redit  ossibus)  ilhe 
Ore  omnes  versae  in  Zephyrum,  stant  rupibus  aids, 
Exceptantque  leves  auras  :  et  saepe  sine  ullis 
Conjugiis,  vento  gravidae  (mirabile  dictu)  275 

Saxa  per  et  scopulos  et  depressas  convalles 

271  Non  ad  tuos  or-  Diffugiunt  :  non,  Eare,  tuos,  neque  Solis  ad  ortus, 
^sfc^J^J?  B™'  C"que,  aut  inde  nigerrimus  Auster 
ream,  Caurumque,  autNascitur>  et  Pluvi°  contnstat  frigore  coelum.  £      •    279 
ad  earn  partcm,  unde      Hinc  demum,  Hippomanes,  vero  quod  nomine  dicunt 
Pastores,  lentum  distillat  ab  inguine  virus  : 
Hippomanes,  quod  saepe  malae  legere  novercae, 
283.  Miscuerunt  her-  Miscueruntque  herbas,  et  non  innoxia  verba. 
Sed  fugit  interea,  fugit  irreparabile  tempus, 
****  SinSula  dum  caPli  ^cumvectamur  amore. 
286.  Hoc  est  satis  **oc  satis  armentis  :  superat  pars  altera  curae, 

Lanigeros  agitare  greges,  hirtasque  capellas. 
Hie  labor  :  hinc  laudem  fortes  sperate  coloni. 
Nee  sum  animi  dubius,  verbis  ea  vincere  magnum 


285 


NOTES. 


264.  Lyrues.  The  Lynx  is  an  animal, 
some  say,  of  the  species  of  the  wolf  and 
deer  ;  others  say,  only  spotted  like  a  deer, 


nor  to  the  north,  nor  to  the  part  whence  the 
black  south  wind  arises.  And  he  gives,  as 
his  reason  :  Quod  maxima  pars  scriptorum 

or  panther,  very  quick  sighted,  and  swift  of     videtur  tribuerefianc  vim  (impregnandiequas) 
foot.     The  Lynces,  as  well  as  tigers,  were     uni  Zephyro.     Heyne  understands  it  in  the 
bound  to  the  car  of  Bacchus.     Hence  Lyn-     first  sense  :  sea  inBoream,  &c 
ces  Bacchi.      Dant:    in   the  sense   of  ge- 


Caurum  :  the  north-west  wind. 


*• 


cu*  :  who,  it  is  said,  withheld  the  horse  from 
his  mares;  which  so  enraged  them  that  b? 
way  of  jwengc,  at  the  instigation  of  Venus7 
they  tore  him"  in  pieces.  g  ' 

Potniades  yuadrig*.  The  Potnian  mares. 
See  Geor.  i.  437. 

269.  Gargara:  neu.  plu.  a  part  of  mount 
Ida,  in  Troas  :    here  put  for  any  mountain, 
Ascanium.     Asoanius,  a  river  in  Bithynia, 
in  Asia  :  here  put  for  any  river. 
!     275.  Gravida  v  ento.  This  account  of  the' 
mares  becoming  .pregnant  by  the  wind,  is) 
wholly  fabulous;    although  mentioned  by* 
Salinus,  Columella,  and    Varro,  as  Ruaeus 
observes, 

277.  JVbn  Eure,  &c.  Some  understand 
the  passage  thus  :  not  to  thy  rising,  O  east, 
nor  the  rising  of  the  sun  ;  but  to  the  north, 
&c.  RUJEUS,  thus  :  they  fled  not  to  the  east, 


t  , 

jl  *  ™  l^  Td  ^"^y  bnnf  Wli]'  .ll 
rara%    *  fc8  eems  ^  ,*P  be  USed  " 
sense  of  ™mbus  '  a  cloud  ""Pregnated 

Vap°r  and  ram' 
280.  Hippomanes.  The  Hippomanes  was 

of  two  kinds-  The  one  a  tough  clammy 
substance,  lentum  virus,  which  fell  from  the 
mare"  when  she  wanted  the  horse*  This  is 
the  kind  here  meant.  The  other  was  a 
bunch,  said  to  be  on  the  forehead  of  the 
newly  foaled  colt.  See  v£n.  iv.  516. 

Hinc  demum:  from  hence  at  length. 
After  the  conception,  above  mentioned,  at 
length,  lentum  virus  distillat.  Heyne  reads  : 
He  demum. 

233.  JVon  innoxia  :  in  the  sense  of  male- 
jfoa.  says  Ruaeus. 

287.  Agitare  :  to  treat  of  fleecy  flock*. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  III. 


121 


Quam  sit,  ct  angustis  hunc  addere  rebus  honorem. 
Sed  me  Parnassi  deserta  per  ardua  dulcis  291 

Raptat  amor  :  juvat  ire  jugis,  qua  nulla  priorum 
Castaliam  molli  divertitur  orbita  clivo. 
Nunc,  veneranda  Pales,  magno  nunc  ore  sonandum. 

Incipiens,  stabulis  edico  in  mollibus  herbam          295 
Carpere  oves,  dum  mox  frondosa  reducitur  aestas  : 
Et  multa  duram  stipule.  filicumque  maniplis 
Sternere  subter  humum,  glacies  ne  frigida  laedat  ^  $ 
Molle  pecus,  scabiemque  ferat,  turpesque  podagras. 
Post,  hinc  digressus,  jubeo  frondentia  capris 
Arbuta  sufficere,  et  fluvios  prsebere  recentes  ; 
Et  stabula  a  ventis  hyberno  opponere  Soli 
Ad  medium  conversa  diem  :  cum  frigidus  olim 
Jam  cadit,  extremoque  irrorat  Aquarius  anno. 
Hae  quoque  non  cura  nobis  leviore  tuendae, 
Nee  minor  usus  erit  :  quamvis  Milesia  magno 
Vellera  mutentur,  Tyrios  incocta  rubores. 
Densior  hinc  soboles,  hinc  largi  copia  lactis. 
Quam  magis  exhausto  spumaverit  ubere  mulctra  ; 
Lseta  magis  pressis  manabunt  flumina  mammis. 
Nee  minus  interea  barbas  iricanaque  menta 
Cinyphii  tondent  hirci,  setasque  comantes  ; 

NOTES. 


292^ua  nulla  orbita 
priorum  poetarum 
294.  Nunc  sonandurn 


298.  Subter  ipsis  ovi- 


300.  Jubeo  agricolam 
sufficere 


305.  Hae  capra  tuendee 
sunt  nobis  non  leviore 

005  cura  quam  oves 

306.  Milesia  vellera 
incocta  quoad  Tyrios  ru- 
boies  mutentur  magno 
pretio. 

310.  Tanlb  magis  laeta 


310 


flumina  lactis 

312.  Interea  pas  tores 
tondent  barbas  incana- 
que 


290.  Quam  magnum  :  how  great,  or  diffi- 
cult. 

According  to  Heyne,  vincere  ea  verbis,  may 
mean,  to  reduce,  or  bring  those  things  into 
poetic  numbers :  Exprimere  JUKC  commode  poe- 
tica  oratione,  says  he.  Ruseus  says,  superare 
ista  argumenta  sermonis  dignitate. 

Angustis :  in  the  sense  of  parvis  vel  hu- 
milibus. 

291.  Parnassi.  Parnassus  was  a  moun- 
tain in  Phocis,  at  the  foot  of  which  was  the 
fountain  Castalia,  sacred  to  the  muses.     See 
Eel.  vi.  29. 

292.  Qua  nulla  orbita  priorum.    This  is 
a.  most  happy  circumlocution,  to  denote  a 
subject  entirely  new,  and  which  had  never 
been  treated  of  by  any  one  before  him. 

294.  Magno  ore :  in  a  high  and  loft}' 
strain,  in  order  to  add  dignity  to  the  sub- 
ject ;  which,  in  importance,  was  inferior  to 
what  he  had  just  before  been  treating  of. 
Pales  :  see  note  1,  supra. 

297.  Maniplis  filicum :  with  bundles  of 
the  fern. 

299.  Ferat  scabiem :  should  bring  on  the 
scab,  and  foul  gout. 

The  podagra  was  a  disease  of  the  feet,  as 
its  name  implies. 

Columella  mentions  two  diseases,  that  af- 
fect the  feet  of  sheep.  One,  when  there  is 
a  galling,  and  tilth  in  the  parting  of  the 
hoof:  the  other,  when  there  is  a  tubercle, 
or  swelling,  in  the  same  place,  with  a  hair 
in  the  middle,  and  a  worm  under  it. 


300.  Frondentia  arbuta :  in  the  sense  of 
frondes  arbuti. 

301.  Fluvios:  in  the  sense  of  aquam. 
Sufficere :  in  the  sense  of  dare. 

304.  Cum  frigidus  Aquarius:  when  cold 
Aquarius  at  length  sets,  and  sheds  his  dew 
in  the  end  of  the  year. 

Aquarius  is  a  sign  of  the  Ecliptic,  into 
which  the  sun  enters  about  the  22d  of  Ja- 
nuary. Also  the  same  as  Ganymedes,  the 
son  of  Tros,  king  of  Troy,  whom  Jupiter, 
in  the  form  of  an  eagle,  carried  up  to  hea- 
ven, and  made  his  cup-bearer.  Hence  he  is 
usually  represented  with  a  pitcher  pouring 
out  water.  The  poet  here  seems  to  consider 
the  year  as  beginning  with  the  month  of 
March,  or  Aries. 

306.  Milesia  :  Milesian  wool.  Milesia  • 
an  adj.  from  Milesus,  a  city  in  the  confines 
of  Ionia  and  Caria,  famous  for  its  wool. 

308.  Hinc  densior :  from  hence  (from  the 
goats)  is  a  more  numerous  breed  than  from 
the  sheep — from  them  too  a  greater  quan- 
tity of  milk. 

Copia  largi  lactis :  for  larga  copia  lactis. 
This  is  not,  properly  speaking,  by  any  figure 
of  speech,  but  by  what  is  commonly  called 
poetica  licentia. 

309.  Ubere  exhausto :  their  udders  being 
drained. 

Quam  magis:  in  the  sense  of  ffuantu 
magis. 

312.  Cinyphii:  an  adj.  from  Cinypt,  a 
river  of  Africa,  near  the  Garamantes,  where 
the  goat  was  the  most  sh;u 


122  P.  VIRGILII    MARONIS 

«' 
Usum  in  castrorum  et  miseris  velamina  nautis. 
tpm  pas-  Pascuntur  vero  sylvas,  et  summa  Lycaei, 
ur  Horrentesque  ruhos,  et,  amantes  ardua  dumos.  315 

Atque  ipsye  memores  redeunt  in  tecta,  suosque 
317.  Ducuntque  suos  Ducunt,  et  gravido  superant  vix  ubere  limen. 
fetus  secum  Ergo  omni  studio  glaciem  ventosque  nivales, 

Quo  minus  est  illis  curae  mortalis  egestas, 
Avertes  :  victumque  feres  et  virgea  laetus  320 

Pabula:  nee  tota  claudes  foenilia  bruma. 

322.  Cum  Irota  cpstas  At  vero,  Zephyris  cum  Ia3ta  yocantibus  ssstas, 
itutat,  Zephyris  vocau- jn  saitus  utrumque  gregem  atque  in  pascua  mittes : 
tibus,  mittes  utrumque^  T       -f    •       .  •  r 

gregem  ovium  et  c^V  £uclfen  pnmo  cum  sidere,  frigid*  rura 
rUm  Carpamus  :  dum  mane  novum,  dum  gramina  canent, 

Et  ros  in  tenera  pecori  gratissimus  herba  est.  326 

Inde,  ubi  quarta  sitim  cceli  collegerit  hora, 
Et  cantu  querulse  rumpent  arbusta  cicadas ; 
Ad  puteos,  aut  alta  greges  ad  stagna  jubeto 
Currentem  ilignis  potare  canalibus  undam  :  330 

uEstibus  at  mediis  umbrosam  exquirere  vallem, 
Sicubi  magna  Jo  vis  antiquo  robore  quercus 
333.  Sicubi  nem us  ni-Ingentes  tendat  ramos ;  aut  sicubi  nigrum 
gram  crebris  i    ibus  ac-  nicibus  crebris  sacra  nemus  accubet  umbra. 

335. Turn jubepo8tores'^wcn  tenues  dare  rursus  aquas,  et  pascere  rursus     335 
dare  Ufa  tenues  Solis  ad  occasum  :  ciim  frigidus  aera  Vesper 

Temperat,  et  saitus  reficit  jam  roscida  Luna, 
Litoraque  halcyonen  resonant,  et  acanthida  dumi. 

NOTES. 

314.  Sylvas:  in  the  sense  of  arbores,  vel     equator,  but  on  every  other  day  in  the  year, 
per  sylvas,  &c.  it  would  vary  from  it. 

Summa :  in  the  sense  ofcacumina.  The  Jews,  and  some  other  nations,  began 

Lycai:  Lycaeus  was  a  mountain  in  Ar-  their  day  at  the  rising  of  the  sun.     They 

cadia,  sacred  to  Pan.  divided  the  time  of  his  being  above  the  ho- 

315.  Ardua:  high  grounds.     Loca  is  un-  rizon  into  12  equal  parts,  and  the  time  of 
derstood.  his  being  below  it  into  12  other  equal  parts, 

316.  Suos :  their  young — the  kids.  making  24  portions  of  each  diurnal  revolu- 
320.  Virgea  pabula:   osier  food — tender     tion.     But  this  would  make  the  hours  of 

twigs,  or  browse.  very  different  lengths  in  the  different  parts 

324.  Cum  primo,  £c.     The  meaning  is,  of  the  year.     Some  nations,  on  the  other 

when  the  planet  Venus  first  rises,  going  be-  hand,  began  the  day  at  the  setting  of  the 

fore  the  sun,  for  then  it  is  called  Lucifer,  sun,  and  divided   it  in  the   same  manner, 

the  farmer  should  drive  his  flocks  to  pas-  Modern  nations  generally  begin  the  day  at 

ture ;  and  early  in  the  morning,  when  the  midnight.        The  nautical    day  begins  at 

grass  is  moist  and  tender,  let   them  feed,  noon,  or  when  the  sun  is  upon  the  meridian. 
Sidert:  in  the  sense  of  ort  u.  328.  Rumpent:  weary,  or  rend  the  groves. 

Carpamus  frigida  rura.      Servius  inter-  Cantu :   in  the  sense  of  stridore. 
prets  these  words  thus :  Cogamus  capras  car-         330.  Ilignis  canalibus :  in  oaken  troughs. 

pere  frigida  rura :  hoc  est,  educamus  greges  Ilignis:  an  adj.  from  Ilex :  the  holm-oak. 
ad  carpenda,  &c.  331.  JEstibus :  in  the  sense  of  die. 

327.  Cce/i.     Davidson  connects  cwli  with         334.  Accubet  sacra  umbra :  hangs  down, 

S Him.     HUBBUB  and  some  others  take  it  in  or  bends,  with  its  sacred  boughs.     Umbra  : 

the  sense  of  dies,  and  connect  it  with  quarta  in  the  sense  of  ramis,  by  melon.     Ruaeus 

hora.     Either  preserves  the  sense  and  spirit  says :  Explicat  sacram  umbram. 
of  the  poet.  333.  Litora  resonant :  the  shores  resound 

He  begins  the  day  at  the  rising  of  the  the  king-fisher,  and  the  bushes,  the  gold- 
sun,  otherwise  by  the  fourth  hour,  the  sun  finch — with   the  music  of  the  king-fisher, 
could  not  have  caused  thirst  to  man  or  beast,  and  that  of  the  goldfinch. 
This  would  correspond  with  our  ten  o'clock,         Acanthida:    a   Greek  ace.  of  Acanlhut. 
on  those  days  vhtfn  the  sun  is  upon  the  See  Geor.  i.  390. 


GEORGICA.    LIB.  Ilf. 


Quid  tibi  pastores  Libyae,  quid  pascua  versu 
Prosequar,  et  raris  habitata  mapalia  tectis  ?  340    340.  Quid  prosequar 

Saepe  diem  noctemque,  et  totum  ex  ordirie  mensem        tibi  versu  pastores  Li- 
Pascitur,  itque  pecus  longa  in  deserta  sine  ullis  byae,  quid 

Hospitiis  :  tantum  campi  jacet.     Omnia  secum  cit^2*  Sajpe  pecus  Pas' 

Armentarius  Afer  agit,  tectumque,  laremque, 
Armaque,Amyclaeumque  canem,Cressamque  pharetram. 
Non  secus  ac  patriis  acer  Romanus  in  armis  346 

Injusto  sub  fasce  viam  cum  carpit,  et  hostem 
Ante  expectatum  positis  stat  in  agmine  castris. 

At  non,  qua  Scythiae  gentes,  Maeoticaque  unda,  349.   At  non  e&l  sic, 

Turbidus  et  torquens  flaventes'  Ister  arenas  :  350  qua  sunt  Scythiae  gentles' 

Quaque  redit  medium  Rhodope  porrecta  sub  axem. 


NOTES. 


340.  Prosequar :  in  the  sense  ofdicam.  Sal- 
lust   describes  these  Mapalia,  (or  Magalia,) 
thus :  Ediftcia  Numidarum,  quce  mapilia  illi 
vacant,  oblonga  incurvis  lateribus  tecta  sunt ; 
quasi  navium  carinaz.     Heyne  says  of  them  : 
Sparsa  passim  per  agros,  non  in  vicos  collecta. 
Ruseus  takes  habitata  in  the  sense  of  con- 
stants.   Paucis  casis  constantes,  says  he. 

341.  Ex  ordine:  in  succession — one  after 
another  without  intermission. 

343.  Hospitiis:  retreat — shelter. 

344.  Larem.     The  Lares  were  domestic 
gods  like  the  Penates.     There  is  some  un- 
certainty with  regard  to  their  origin.     At 
the  first,  their  office  was  confined  to  houses 
and  domestic  affairs.  Afterwards,  however, 
their  power  and  influence  were  very  much 
extended.     We  find  the  Lares  Urbani,  that 
presided  over  cities ;  Lares  Rustici,  that  pre- 
sided over  the  country;  Lares  Compitales, 
that  presided  over  cross-ways ;  Lares  Ma- 
rini,  that  presided  over  the  sea ;  Lares  Vi- 
ales,  that  presided  over  roads,  &c.     Some 
say  there  were  only  two  that  were  properly 
called  Lares,  and  these  the  sons  of  Mercury 
and  the  nymph  Lara,  or  Larunda.     It  is 
more   probable,    however,  that  they   we*e 
the  Manes  of  parents,  who  being  buried 
within  the  walls,  or  at  the   entrance  of 
the  house  they  inhabited,  were  thought  to 
have  a  care  of  the  things  pertaining  to  it,  and 
through  the  superstition  of  the  age,  received 
divine  honors.     They  were  worshipped  un- 
der the  form   of  a  dog:  or,  as  some  say, 
only  covered  with  the  skin  of  that  animal, 
because  he  is  a  trusty  guard  to  the  house. 

Lares,  by  meton.  is  often  put  for  one's 
house,  habitation,  or  family.  Agit :  in  the 
sense  offert. 

345.  Amyclaum:    an  adj.  from  Amyclce, 
a  city  of  Laconia,  famous  for  its  dogs  and 
hunting,  and  for  its  being  the  reputed  place 
of  the  nativity  of  Castor  and  Pollux. 

Cressam :  an  adj.  from  Crela,  a  well 
known  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  whose 
inhabitants  were  famous  in  the  art  of 
shooting.  Arma:  utensils. 


346.  Non  secus:  no  otherwise  than  the  brave 
Roman  in  the  arms  of  his  country,  when  he 
marches  'out  under  his  unequal  load,  and 
stands  in  battle  array  against  the  expected 
enemy. 

This  passage  hath  somewhat  divided  com- 
mentators. Vegetius,  quoting  it  in  his  art 
of  war,  hath  hostem  instead  of  hosti  :  ante 
hostem  expectatum.  This  certainly  is  the 
best  and  easiest  reading.  But  hosti  is  the 
usual  reading.  Ante  expectatum  is  usually 
taken  in  the  sense  of  antequam  expectetur,  on 
the  authority  of  verse  206,  where  ante  da- 
mandum  is  plainly  for  ante  dometur.  But 
the  two  cases  are  not  exactly  similar ;  the 
latter  being  a  gerund,  and  the  former  a  par- 
ticiple adjective.  On  the  whole,  I  prefer 
hostem,  as  being  the  easiest. 

But  there  is  another  reason,  which  hath 
some  weight.  Let  it  be  asked,  why  the 
Roman  should  march  forth,  pitch  his  camp, 
and  stand  in  battle  array,  while  an  enemy  is 
not  looked  for,  or  expected  ?  But  taking 
expectatum,  with  Vegetius,  to  agree  with 
hostem,  the  difficulty  will  be  removed. 

Ante  expectatum  hostem :  before,  or  against 
the  expected  foe — in  the  way  to  meet  him. 
Ante  signifies  before,  with  respect  to  place, 
to  time,  and  to  dignity. 

Heyne  informs  us  that  the  Medicean,  and 
some  other  copies,  have  hostem,  but  he  retains 
the  usual  reading. 

347.  Sub  injusto  fasce.  The  Roman  sol- 
dier carried  his  shield,  sword,  helmet,  fcc. 
and  also  provisions  sufficient  for  half  a 
month :  in  weight  about  60  pounds.  Fusee  : 
in  the  sense  of  onere. 

349.  McBOtica  unda.    This  is  the  Palus 
M&otis,  or  the  sea  of  Azof,  lying  to  the  north 
of  the  Euxino,  but  connected  with  it  by  the 
straits  of  Caffa.     The  ancients  called  aH 
those  nations  lying  toward   the  north  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  Scythian*. 

350.  Ister:  the  Danube. 

351.  Rhodope.     A  range  of  mountains 
rising  in  Thrace,  and  extending  to  the  r.i^ 


124  P.  V1RG1LII  MARONlti 

lllic  clausa  tenent  stabulis  armcnta  :  neque 
Aut  herbae  campo  apparent,  aut  arbore  frondes : 
Sed  jacet  aggeribus  niveis  informis,  et  alto 

354.  Terra  jacet  in- Terra  gelu  late,  septemque  assurgit  in  ulnas.  355 

etrStoneVJu8lalt|geribUS'Semper  hyems'  semper  spirantes  frigora  Cauri. 

3*56°  /#£c  semper  est  ^um  ^ol  Pallentes  nauc^  unquam  discutit  umbras  : 
hyems  Nee  cum  invectus  equis  altum  petit  aetbera ;  nee  cum 

Praecipitem  Oceani  rubro  lavit  aequore  currum. 
Concrescunt  subitje  current!  in  flumine  crustae  :        360 
Undaque  jam  tergo  ferratos  sustinet  orbes, 
Puppibus  ilia  prius  patulis,  nunc  hospita  plaustris : 
./Eraque  dissiliunt  vulgo,  vestesque  rigescunt 
364.C8eduntvinajmo*Indut8e,  caeduntque  securibus  humida  vina, 

Et  totas  solidam  in  glaciem  vertere  lacunae,  365 

Stiriaque  impexis  induruit  horrida  barbis.    V, 
Interea  toto  non  secius  acre  ningit  : 
Intereunt  pecudes  :  stant  circumfusa  pruinis 
Corpora  magna  bourn  :  confertoque  agmine  cervi 
Torpent  mole  nova,  et  summis  vix  cornibus  extant. 

371.  Jncolfe  non  agi-  Hos  non  immissis  canibus,  non  cassibus  ullis,  371 

ta3730Se7Iomi'nus  ob- Puniceaeve  agitant  pavidos  formidine  pennae  : 
truncant  eos  ferro  frus-  Sed  &**&&  oppositum  trudentes  pectore  montem 
ira   trudentes    pectore  Cominus  obtruncant  ferro,  graviterque  rudentes 
oppositum  montem  ni-  Caedunt,  et  magno  laeti  clamore  reportant.  375 

t!"        _         .    .  Ipsi  in  defossis  specubus  secura  sub  alta 

secura  otia        *  ^      Otia  agunt  terr^  :  congestaque  robora,  totasque 
Advolvere  focis  ulmos,  ignique  dedere. 
Hie  noctem  ludo  ducunt,  et  pocula  laeti 
Fermento  atque  acidis  imitantur  vitea  sorbis.  380, 

Tails  Hyperboreo  septem  subjecta  trioni 

NOTES. 

a  ml  south  till  it,  meets  mount  liemus;  after         371.  JVon  agilant  fuos :  they  do  not  pur- 
which  it  turns,  and  stretches  towards  the      sue  them,  &c. 


Theformido  was  a  line  or  cord,  to  which 

354.  Informis :    deformed— disfigured  by  plumes  of  varioU8  colours  were  fastened,  for 
the  mounds  of  snow.  the  purpose  of  terrifying  wild  beasts.     It 

355.  Septem  v*nat;  this  is  about  ten  and  was  so  extended  or  stretched  in  their  usual 
a  lialf  teet  oi  our  measure.  haunts,  or  paths,  as  to  lead  or  direct  them 

357.  Dtsculit:  in  the  sense  of  dissipat.  insensibly  into  the   net.     Puniceu  :  red— 

359.  Lav  it :  washes  his  descending  car  in  nr;monn 

i           i     ,    /»           f»  .1  criiiiboii. 
the  red  surface  of  the  ocean. 

The  ocean  is  here  called  red,  on  account  ,  37?'  L* ll  v™***™ :  J?you?'  they  imitat.e 

of  the  reflection  of  the  sun's  rays  from  its  the  d™ughts  of  wine  with  their  beer  and 

surface,  when  near  the  horizon.  aclr  Clt*er- 

361.  Ferratos  orbes:  wheels  bound  with  Fermento :  any  fermented  liquor. 

|ron  Acidis   sorbis:    the  acid  sorb-apples,    or 

362.  Rio.  prius  hospita:  that  (the  water  service-berries ;    by  melon,  for  the   liquor 
in  the  rivers)   before  friendly  to  the  broad  made  of  them'  usually  rendered  Clder- 
ships — now  to  wagons.  380.  Vitea  pocula :  wine.     This  is  highly 

Hospita  :    hospitable — kind ;     receiving  poetical. 

them  as  a  guest,  and  treating  them  with  381.    Septem — trioni.     The  parts  of  the 

kindness.  word  are  separated  by  Tmesis. 

364.  Humida :   in  the  sense  of  liquida.  The  Septemtrio  is  a  constellation  near  the 

Prius  liquida,  says  Rureus.  north   pole,   called   the   greater   bear ;    in 

So  intense  is  the  cold  in  high  northern  which  are  seven  stars,  sometimes  called  the 

latitudes,  that  the  spirit  of  wine  has  been  plough,  because  they  are  supposed  to  lie  in 

frozen  in  the  thermometer.  that  shape  ;   also  the  parts  of  the  world 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  III. 


385 


390 


387.  Autem,  quamvis 
aries  ipse  sit  candidus, 
rejice  ilium,  cui  tantuni 
nigra 


Gens  etframa  viriim  Riph&o  tunditur  Euro  : 
Et  pecudum  fulvis  velantur  corpora  setis. 

Si  tibi  lanicium  curae  :  primum  aspera  sylva, 
Lappaeque  tribulique  absint :  fuge  pabula  laeta  : 
Continuoque  greges  villis  lege  mollibus  albos. 
Ilium  autem,  quamvis  aries  sit  candidus  ipse, 
Nigra  subest  udo  tantum  cui  lingua  palato, 
Rejice,  ne  maculis  infuscet  vellera  pullis 
Nascentum  ;  plenoque  alium  circumspice  campo 
Munere  sic  niveo  lanae,  si  credere  dignum  est, 
Pan  Deus  Arcadiae  captam  te,  Luna,  fefellit, 
In  nemora  alta  vocans  :  nee  tu  aspernata  vocantem.         393.  Nee  tu  aspernata 

At  cui  lactis  amor,  cytisum,  lotosque  frequentes          es  turn 
Ipse  manu,  salsasque  ferat  praesepibus  herbas.          395 
Hinc  et  amant  fluvios  magis,  et  magis  ubera  tendunt, 
Et  salis  occultum  referunt  in  lacte  saporem. 
Multi  jam  excretos  prohibent  a  matribus  hoedos, 
Primaque  ferratis  praefigunt  ora  capistris. 

Quod  surgente  die  mulsere,  horisque  diurnis,  400     400.  Quod  toctomul 

Nocte  premunt :  quod  jam  tenebris,  et  sole  cadente, 
Sub  lucem  exportans  calathis  adit  oppida  pastor, 
Aut  parco  sale  contingunt,  hyemique  reponunt. 

Nee  tibi  cura  canum  fuerit  postrema  :  sed  una 
Veloces  Spartae  catulos,  acremque  Molossum 
Pasce  sero  pingui  :  nunquam,  custodibus  illis, 
Nocturnum  stabulis  furem,  incursusque  luporum, 
Aut  impacatos  a  tergo  horrebis  Iberos. 
Saepe  etiam  cursu  timidos  agitabis  onagros : 
Et  canibus  leporem,  canibus  venabere  damas.s~~ 
Saspe  volutabris  pulsos  sylvestribus  apros 
Latratu  turbabis  agens :  montesque  per  altos 
Ingentem  clamore  premes  ad  retia  cervum. 


sere  die 

401.  Quod  lactis  mul- 
sere tenebris 


'405 


410 


NOTES. 


lying  under  that  constellation ;  also  simply, 
the  north.  Subjecta :  lying — placed. 

384.  Lanicium:  the  woollen  trade,  or 
manufacture. 

Lapp&que,  tribulique:  both  burrs,  and 
thistles. 

386.  Greges  :  in  the  sense  of  oves. 

390.  Nascentum :  a  part  of  nascor,  used 
as  a  sub. :  of  the  lambs. 

391.  Niveo  munere.     The  poet  hath  refer- 
ence here  to  the  fable  of  Pan's  being  in  love 
with  Luna.     By  changing  himself  into  a 
snow-white  ram,  he  deceived  her;  and  decoy- 
ing her   into  the  woods,   deflowered  her. 
Probus,  however,  relates  the  story  different- 
ly.    He  says,  Pan  being  in  love  with  Luna, 
offered  her  the  choice  of  any  of  his  flock ; 
and  choosing  the  whitest,  she  was  deceived, 
because  they  were  the  worst. 

396.  Tendunt:  in  the  sense  of  distendunt. 

398.  Excretos :  grown  large — or  suffici- 
ently grown  to  take  care  of  themselves ;  of 
f.x  and  cresco. 


399.  Prima  ora  prafigunt  ferratis  capis- 
tris :  by  Hypallage  for,  prafigunt  ferrata  ca- 
p-istra  primis  oribus :  they  prefix  to  the  end 
of  their  mouths  iron  muzzles.  These  were 
in  such  a  form  as  to  prick  the  dam,  if  she 
offered  to  let  them  suck  ;  but  not  to  prevent 
them  from  eating  grass. 

402.  Exportans  calathis :  carrying  it  in 
baskets,  he  goes,  £c. — carrying  it  made  into 
butter,  curds,  and  cheese. 

405.  Sparta:  the  most  famous  city  of  the 
Peloponnessus,  and  celebrated  for  its  excel- 
lent dogs. 

Molossum :  a  dog,  so  called  from  Molossia, 
a  country  of  Epirus,  so  called  from  Jtfolossii*. 
the  son  of  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  and 
Andromache,  the  widow  of  Hector.  See 
&n.  ii.  292. 

408.  Iberos:  the  Spaniards,  so  called, from 
the  Iberus,  (Hodie,  Ebro,)  a  river  of  Spain. 
They  were  so  notorious  for  their  robberies, 
that  they  became  a  proverb.  The  poet  here 
uses  their  name  for  robbers  in  general. 


12*>  P,  VTRGILII  MARONIS 

Disce  et  odoratam  stabulis  accendere  cedrum, 
Galbaneoque  agitare  graves  nidore  chelvdros.          415 
Srepe  sub  immotis  praesepibus,  aut  mala  tactu 
Vipera  delituit,  ccelumque  exterrita  fugit ; 
Aut  tecto  assuetus  coluber  succedere  et  umbra?, 
Pestis  acerba  bourn,  pecorique  aspergere  virus, 
Fovit  humum.     Cape  saxa  manu,  cape  robora,  pastor, 
Tollentemque  minas,  et  sibila  colla  tumentem,          421 
Pejice  :  jamque  fuga  timidum  caput  abdidit  alte, 
Cum  medii  nexus,  extremaeque  agmina  caudae, 
Solvuntur,  tardosque  trahit  sinus  ultimus  orbes. 
Est  etiam  ille  malus  Calabris  in  saltibus  anguis,       425 
Squamea  convolvens  sublato  pectore  terga, 

427.  Maculosus  quoad  Atque  notis  longam  maculosus  grandibus  alvum  : 
Qui^^colit^ui'  d™  amnes  ulli  rumpuntur  fontibus  etdum 
stagna  *  ere  mac^ent  "do  terras,  ac  pluviahbus  Austns, 

Stagna  colit ;  ripisque  habitans,  hie  piscibus  atram     430 
Improbus  ingluviem,  ranisque  loquacibus  explet. 
Postquam  exhausta  palus,  terraeque  ardore  dehiscunt ; 

433.  In  diccum  earn-  Exilit  in  siccum ;  et  flammantia  lumina  torquens, 
pum  Saevit  agris,  asperque  siti,  atque  exterritus  aestu. 

Ne  mihi  turn  molles  sub  dio  carpere  somnos,  435 

Neu  dorso  nemoris  libeat  jacuisse  per  herbas, 
Cum  positis  novus  exuviis,  nitidusque  juventa, 
Volvitur,  aut  catulos  tectis  aut  ova  relinquens, 
Arduus  ad  Solem,  et  linguis  micat  ore  trisulcis. 

Morborum  quoque  te  causas  et  signa  docebo.       440 

NOTES. 

415.  Galbaneo :  an  adj.  from  galbanum,  425.  Calabris :  an  adj.  from  Calabria,  the 

a  gum,  or  liquor,  at  the  smell  of  which  ser-  south-eastern  part  of  Italy, 

pents  flee.  It  is  agreed  that  the  snake  here  spoken  of 

Chdydros :  Chclydrus  is  properly  a  water  is  the  chersydrus.   These  serpents  abounded 

tortoise — a  land  or  water  snake  :  qui  modb  in  that  part  of  Italy.      They  were  amphi- 

in  paludibus,  modo  in  arboribus  latet.  bious.     Their  name  is  of  Greek  origin. 

417.  Vipera :  a  species  of  serpent,  very  The  poet  here  gives  a  very  lively  descrip- 
poisonous ;  so  called  from  the  circumstance  tion  of  that  destructive  reptile. 

of  its  bringing  forth  its  young  alive.  428.  Rumpuntur :    in  the  sense  of  erum- 

Ccf,lum :    for  lucem.      Mala :    noxious —  punt ,  vel  rumpunt  se. 

poisonous.  430.  Improbus  implet :   greedy,  he  fills  his 

418.  Coluber :  a  species  of  snake,  which  filthy  maw  with  fish,  £c. 

Mr.  Martin  takes  for  the  same  that  Pliny  432.    Exhausta :    exhausted — dried   up, 

calls  boas,  from  the  circumstance  of  its  feed-  Valpy  reads  exusta,  but  mentions  no  autho- 

ing  on  cow's  milk,  which  it  draws  from  the  rity.     Exhausta  is  the  common  reading, 

teat.   If  this  be  the  case,  we  see  the  proprie-  435.  Turn  ne  libeat  mihi :  then  may  it  not 

ty  of  the  poet's  calling  the  serpent,  acerba  please  me  to  take,  &c. 

pestis  bourn :  the  direful  pest  of  cattle.  436.  Dorso.  Some  render  dorso,  on  the  back, 

420.  Fovit  terram :  hugs  the  ground.  referring  it  to  the   posture  of  lying.     But 

423.  Medii  nexus:  the  middle  joints.  there  is  no  necessity  of  this,  if  we  suppose 
dgminaque  extremes,  caudca :   the  move-  the  grove  to  be  on  an  eminence,  or  hill — on 

meuts,  or  windings  of  the  end  of  his  tail.  the  side  or  edge  of  a  grove. 

Agmen  is  properly  an  army  of  men  on  the         437.  Positis  exuviis :  his  skin  being  put 

march ;  it  is  also  said  of  a  serpent :  Qw'a  off.     The  snake,  it  is  well  known,  changes 

corporis  pars  post  partem  succedit,  atque  agitur  his  skin  every  year.     Exuit  a  capileprimum . 

instar  exercitus  agminatim  procedentis,  says  says  Pliny. 
Ruasns.  438.  Tectis :  his  habitation — den. 

424.  Ultimus  sinus :  the  extreme  joints  or         439.  Micat  ore :  he  vibrates  with  his  thrw. 
folds  of  his  tail  draw  the  slow  wreaths  or  forked  tongue  in  his  mouth ;  that  is,  his 
spires  along.  Ruaeus  says>  extrema  cunatura.  three  forked  tongue  vibrates  MI  his  mouth. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  Ift. 


443.  Bruma  horrida 
cano  gelu 


Turpis  oves  tentat  scabies,  ubi  frigidus  imber 

Altius  ad  vivum  persedit,  et  horrida  cano 

Bruma  gelu  :  vel  cum  tonsis  illotus  adhassit 

Sudor,  et  hirsuti  secuerunt  corpora  vepres. 

Dulcibus  idcirco  fluviis  pecus  omne  magistri  445 

Perfuridunt,  udisque  aries  in  gurgite  villis  , 

Mersatur,  missusque  secundo  defluit  amni  : 

Aut  tonsum  tristi  contingunt  corpus  amurca, 

Et  spumas  miscent  argenti,  vivaque  sulphura, 

Idoeasque  pices,  et  pingues  unguine  ceras,  450 

Scillamque,  helleborosque  graves,  nigrumque  bitumen. 

Non  tamen  ulla  magis  praesens  fortuna  laborum  est, 

Quam  si  quis  ferro  potuit  rescindere  summum 

Ulceris  os  :  alitur  vitium,  vivitque  tegendo  : 

Dum  medicas  adhibere  manus  ad  vulnera  pastor      455 

Abnegat,  et  meliora  Deos  sedet  omina  poscens. 

Quin  etiam  irna  dolor  balantum  lapsus  ad  ossa 

Cum  furit,  atque  artus  depascitur  arida  febris  ; 

Profuit  incensos  a3stus  avertere,  et  inter 

Ima  ferire  pedis  salientem  sanguine  venain,  460 

Bisaltae  quo  more  solent,  acerque  Gelonus, 

Cum  fugit  in  Rhodopen,  atque  in  deserta  Getarum, 

Et  lac  concretum  cum  sanguine  potat  equino. 

Quam  procul,  aut  molli  succedere  ssepius  umbrae 
Videris,  aut  summas  carpentem  ignavius  herbas,      465  j,rsB 
Extremamque  sequi,  aut  medio  procumbere  campo  466.   Extremaraque 

Pascentem,  et  serce  solam  decedere  nocti  ;  sequi  eateras 

Continue  culpam  ferro  compesce,  priusquam 


m.  Eodem  more,  quo 
Bisalte  solent  ferire 
venam 

464-  Quam  »»«»  vi» 


NOTES. 


.    443.  Tonsis :  to  the  shorn  sheep.     Ovibus 
is  understood. 

445.  Magiftri :  in  the  sense  of  pastores. 

446.  Gurgite :  in  the  sense  offluvio. 

448.  Tristi;  bitter. 

Contingunt :  in  the  sense  of  ungunt. 

449.  Spumas  argenti:    litharge.      Some 
understand  quicksilver  ;  but  it  is  not  certain 
whether  the  ancients  called  that,  spuma  ar- 
genti. 

450.  Idceas  pices :  the  pitch  is  here  called 
Idsean,  from  mount  Ida,  in  Troas,  whose 
pitch  was  the  best. 

451.  Scillam;  the  squill,  or  sea  onion ;  it  is  a 
bulbous  root,  like  an  onion,  but  much  larger. 

Hellebwos.  There  are  two  kinds  of  hel- 
lebore, the  white  and  the  black.  The  for- 
mer, says  Mr.  Martin,  is  serviceable  in  dis- 
eases of  the  skin,  if  it  be  externally  applied ; 
but  it  will  not  do  to  be  taken  internally,  as 
the  black  kind  will.  Hence  he  thinks,  Vir- 
gil here  means  the  white,  by  his  using  the 
epithet  gravis,  strong-scented. 

452.  Fortuna  laborum :  remedy  of  their 
disease,  or  sufferings.  Prasens :  speedy — 
efficacious. 

454.  Summum  os  ulceris :  the  highest  part, 
-or  head  of  the  sore.  Vitium:  the  malady, 
•or  disease.  Tegendo :  by  being  concealed. 


456.  Meliora  omina:   better  success— or 
luck. 

Verbs  of  asking,  teaching,  &c.  govern 
two  accusatives,  one  of  the  person,  the  other 
of  the  thing. 

457.  Lapsus:  penetrating. 

460.  Inter  ima  pedis :  in  the  sense  of  in- 
ter imas  ungulas  pedis :   between  the  divi- 
sions or  parts  of  the  hoof.     Ferire :  to  open 
a  vein. 

461.  Bisalta:  a  people  of  Macedonia. 

Geloni :  a  people  of  Scythia,  who  paint- 
ed their  bodies,  to  be  more  terrible  to  their 
enemies. 

462.  Getarum :  the  Getae  were  a  people 
of  Thrace,  inhabiting  Mcesia  interior,  not 
far  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ister. 

463.  Concretum:  thickened. 

467.  Decedere  serce  nocti :  to  yield  or  give 
place  to  the  late  night.  She  was  the  last 
to  leave  the  pasture  grounds,  and  then  com- 
pelled only  by  the  darkness  of  the  night. 
She  yielded  to  the  darkness,  and  went 
home. 

468.  Culpam.  By  this  we  are  to  understand 
the  diseased  sheep,  and  not  simply  the  ;il- 
fccted  part,  as  Ruaeus  and  some  others  un- 
derstand it.  The  poet  advises,  as  soon  as 
you  discover,  by  the  signs  above  mentioned. 


128  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Dira  per  incautum  serpant  contagia  vulgus. 
Non  tarn  creber,  agens  hyemem,  ruit  sequore  turbo ;  470 
Quam  multa?  pecudum  pestes  :  nee  singula  morbi 
471.  Quam  pestes  pe-  Corpora  corri})iunt ;  sed  tota  aestiva  repente, 
cudum  sunt  multee         Spemque,    gregemque    simul,    ctmctamque  ab  origine 
474.  Turn  ille  sciat^um  sciat,  aerias  A Ipes  et  Norica  si  quis          [gentem. 
e^Tun^ueTt  Castella  in  tumulis,  0,  lapidis  arva  T™avi,  475 

to   post  videat   aerias  Nunc  quoque  post  tanto  videat,  desertaque  regna 
Alpes,  et  Norica  castella  Pastorum,  et  longe  saltus  lateque  vacantes. 
in  tumulis,  et  arva  lapi-      Hie  quondam  morbo  coeli  miseranda  coorta  est 
dis  Timavi,  desertaque  Tempestas,  totoque  autumni  incanduit  sestu, 

*  Et  genus  omne  neci  pecudum  dedit,  omne  ferarum,  480 
Corrupitque  lacus,  infecit  pabula  tabo. 
Nee  via  mortis  erat  simplex  :  sed  ubi  ignea  venis 
Omnibus  acta  sitis  miseros  adduxerat  artus  ; 
Rursus  abundabat  fluidus  liquor ;  omniaque  in  se 
Ossa  minutatim  morbo  collapsa  trahebat.  485 

Saepe  in  honore  Deum  medio  stans  hostia  ad  aram, 
Lanea  dum  nive&  circumdatur  infula  vitta, 
Inter  cunctantes  cecidit  moribunda  ministros. 
489.  Aut  si  sacerdos  Aut  si  quam  ferro  mactaverat  ante  sacerdos ; 
mactaverat  quam  has-  Inde  neque  impositis  ardent  altaria  fibris,  490 

ttam  ferro,    ante-9wamNec  reSpOnsa  potest  consultus  reddere  vates: 

W%aSuppoSMviceri-Ac  vix  su^positi  tinguntur  sanguine  cultri, 
bus  vix  tinguntur  Summaque  jejuna  sanie  infuscatur  arena. 

Hinc  laetis  vituli  vulgo  moriuntur  in  herbis, 
Et  dulces  animus  plena  ad  praesepia  reddunt.  495 

498.  Victor  equus  in-  Hinc  canibus  blandis  rabies  venit ;  et  quatjt  ffigros 
fehx,  et  immemor  studi-  ™       .  r        -i 

orum,  atque  herb®,  la-  Tussis  anhela  sues,  ac  faucibus  angit  obesis. 
bitur  Labitur  infelix  studiorum,  atque  immemor  herba; 

NOTES. 

that  any  one  of  your  sheep  is  diseased,  to  485.  Trahebat  omnia :    and  drew  all  the 

take  away  the  faulty  animal:  kill  it  forth-  bones,  wasted,  or  consumed,  little  by  little, 

with,   that  the  contagion  may  not  spread  by  the  disease,  into  itself.    Convertebat  in  AT, 

among  the  unwary  flock.     This  is  the  sense  says  Ruseus. 

of  Davidson  and  Valpy.  437.  Jnfula.  This  was  a  broad  wreath,  or 

474.  JVbrim :    an  adj.  from  JVbn'ewm,  a  band,  made  of  wool,  and  bound  about  the 

country  of  Germany,  in  the  neighborhood  temples  of  the  victim ;    but  not  covering 

of  the  Alps,  but  beyond  them  with  regard  tjje  whole  head  :  from  it  hung  the  villa,  or 

to  Italy.  fillet. 

Timavi :  Timavus,  a  small  river  in  the  49Q    Fjfois :  the  flesh. 
Venetian  territory,  called  Japidu  (lapidiari) 

from  lapidcs,  an  ancient  people,  who  inha-  492.  Supponti :  applied  to  the  carcase,  or 

^^r0'1^"^"^^^  flG493.  J^asanie:  with  the  meagre  gore. 

476 \  Resna:  possesses.  In  these  diseases,  the  blood  was  vvasted  or 

479.  Miseranda  tempestas:  a  direful  pes-  converted  into  a  thin  meagre  flmd,  w 

f  :,„.__  the  poet  calls/mdws  liquor.  This  pervaded 

^^1.  IncaMt:  raged  during  the  body  so  thoroughly  that  it  even  con- 

the  whole  heat  of  autumn.  verted  the  marrow,  and  life  of  the  bones,  m- 

481.  Tabo :  with  a  poisonous  quality.  to  itself. 

Lacus :  in  the  sense  of  aquam.  496.  Rabies :  madness. 

482.  JVcc  via  mortis :  nor  was  the  man-         497.  Anhela  turns :    a   wheezing  cough 
her  of  their  death  simple  and  common.     It     shakes  the  diseased  swine. 

was  complicated,  and  attended  with  affect-          Oberis:    a    disease    something    like    the 
ing  circumstances.  quinsy. 

483.  Sitis :   properly  thirst.      By  meton.         498.    Studiorum :  of  his  exercises- 

the  fever  causing  it.  Jgnea  sitis  :  the  raging     races  in  which  he  bore  off  the  paJm  of  vic- 
fovpr.  tor. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  III. 


129 


Victor  equus ;  fontesque  avertitur,  et  pede  terram 

Crebra  ferit :  demissae  aures  :  incertus  ibidem  500 

Sudor  ;  et  ille  quidem  morituris  frigidus  :  aret 

Pellis,  et  ad  tactum  tractanti  dura  resistit. 

Haec  ante  exitium  primis  darit  signa  diebus  : 

Sin  in  processu  coepit  crudescere  morbus. 

Turn  vero  ardentes  oculi,  atque  attractus  ab  alto 

Spiritus  interdum  gemitu  gravis  :  imaque  longo 

Ilia  singultu  tendunt :  it  naribus  ater 

Sanguis,  et  obsessas  fauces  premit  aspera  lingua. 

Profuit  inserto  latices  irifundere  cornu 

Lenaeos  :  ea  visa  salus  morientibus  una.  510 

Mox  erat  hoc  ipsum  exitio  :  furiisque  rcfecti 

Ardebant :  ipsique  suos,  jam  rriorle  sub  aegra, 

(Di  meliora  piis,  erroremque  hostibus  ilium) 

Discissos  nudis  laniabant  dentibus  artus. 

Ecce  autem  duro  fumans  sub  vomere  taurus         515 
Concidit,  et  mixtum  spumis  vomit  ore  cruorem, 
Extremosque  ciet  gemitus  :  it  tristis  arator, 
Mcerentem  abjungens  fraterna  morte  juvencum, 
Atque  opere  in  rnedio  defixa  relinquit  aratra. 
Non  umbrae  altorum  nemorum,  non  mollia  possunt     520 
Prata  movere  animum,  non,  qui  per  saxa  volutus 
Purior  electro  campum  petit,  amnis  :  at  ima 
Solvuntur  latera,  atque  oculos  stupor  urget  inertes, 
Ad  terramque  fluit  devexo  pondere  cervix. 
Quid  labor,  aut  benefacta  juvant  ?  quid  vomere  terras 
Invertisse  graves  ?  atqui  non  Massica  Bacchi 
Munera,  non  illis  epulae  nocuere  repostae  : 
Frondibus  et  victu  pascuntur  simplicis  herbae  : 
Pocula  sunt  fontes  liquidi,  atque  exercita  cursu 
Flumina  :  nee  somnos  abrumpit  cura  salubres.         530 

Tempore  non  alio,  dicunt,  regionibus  illis, 
Quaesitas  ad  sacra  boves  Junonis,  et  uris 


501.  Et  ille  sudor  qui- 
dem erat  frigidus  Us 
morituris 

504.  In  processu  ttm* 
5Q5poris 


509.  Primb  profuit.    ' 

511.  Illi  refecti  til* 
vino 

512.  Ipsique  jam  sub 
segra  morte,   laniabant 
suos  artus  discissos 


525.  Quid  eom/tf  labor, 
enefacta    homini 
juvant  eos  ?  Quid  juvat 
eos  invertisse  graves  ter- 
ras vomere  ? 


NOTES. 


Infelix  :  Unhappy — miserable,  after  all 
his  noble  deeds.  This  is  the  sense  of  Ruaeus. 

500.  Incertus :  uncertain — the  cause  of 
which  was  unknown :  or,  various — fluctua- 
ting— coming  on,  and  going  off,  by  turns. 

Crebra :  here  used  adverbially ;  a  Grecism. 

506.  Spiritus  attractus:  their  breath, 
drawn  from  the  bottom  of  the  breast,  is 
sometimes  heavy  (interrupted)  with  a  groan. 

Singultu :  a  sob,  or  sobbing. 

508.  Obsessas :  swollen — obstructed. 

510.  Lenazos  latices :  simply,  wine. 

Cornu  inserto:  a  horn  put  down  their 
throat,  through  which  the  wine  was  poured. 

513.  Dii  meliora,  &c.  May  the  Gods 
grant  better  things  to  the  pious,  and  that 
madness,  or  destruction  to  our  enemies. 

The  verb  reddant,  or  another  of  the  like 
import,  is  understood. 

523.  Ima  latera :  their  flanks  are  lank,  or 
flabby.  Flaccescunt :  saysHeyne. 


Stupor:  a  stupor,  or  death-like  appear* 
ance,  rests  upon  their  heavy  eyes. 

525.  Juvant :  RUJCUS  says,  prosunl. 

526.  Massica  :  The  Massic  gifts  of  Bac- 
chus— wine. 

Massica :  an  adj.  from  Massicus,  a  moun- 
tain in  Campania,  famous  for  its  rich  wines. 

530.  Nee  cura,  &c.  Nor  does  care  inter- 
rupt their  healthful  slumbers. 

The  whole  account  of  this  fatal  murrain 
is  one  of  Virgil's  finest  pieces.  But  from  the 
515th  line,  Ecce  autem,  &c.  it  is  extremely 
tender,  and  inimitable  in  beauty ;  and  par- 
ticularly the  last  six  lines.  They  were  so 
much  admired  by  Scaliger,  that  he  declares, 
he  had  rather  have  been  the  author  of 
them,  than  to  have  had  the  favor  of  Croesus. 
or  Cyrus. 

532.  Quwiias:  sought  after— wanted. 


17 


180  P.  VIRGILII   MARONIS 

533.  Currus  ejus  due-  Imparibus  ductos  alta  ad  donaria  cnrrus. 

tosfuisse ad  Ergo  aegre  rastris  terram  rimantur,  et  ipsis 

*grS  rimantur  ^       Unguibus  infodiunt  fruges,  montesque  per  altos 
Contents,  cervice  trahunt  stridentia  plaustra. 
Non  lupus  insidias  explorat  ovilia  circum, 
Nee  gregibus  nocturnus  obambulat  :  acrior  ilium 
Cura  domat.     Timidi  dameB,  cervique  fugaces 
Nunc  interque  canes,  et  circum  tecta  vagantur.        540 
Jam  maris  immensi  prolem,  et  genus  omne  natantum, 
Litore  in  extremo,  ceu  naufraga  corpora,  fluctus 
Proluit :  insolitae  fugiunt  in  flumina  phocae. 
Interit  et  curvis  frustra  defensa  latebris 
Vipera,  et  attoniti,  squamis  astantibus,  hydri.  545 

Ipsis  est  aer  avibus  no"n  aequus,  et  illae 
PraBcipites  alta  vitam  sub  nube  relinquunt.    ' 
Praeterea,  nee  jam  mutari  pabula  refert, 
549.Magistriroed'i'cm<EQu8esitaeque  nocent  artes  :  cessere  magistri, 

cesseremedm.  Phil  lyrides  Chiron,  Amy thaoni usque  Melampus.        550 

Saevit  et  in  lucem  Stygiis  emissa  tenebris 

552.  Ante  ae  Pallida  Tisiphone  :  morbos  agit  ante  metumque, 

Inque  dies  avidum  surgens  caput  altius  effert. 
Balatu  pecorum,  et  crebris  mugitibus,  amnes, 
Arentesque  sonant  ripae,  collesque  supini.  555 

Jamque  catervatim  dat  stragem,  atque  aggerat  ipsis 
In  stabulis  turpi  dilapsa  cadavera  tabo  : 
558.  Donee  A%ricol(R  Donee  humo  tegere,  ac  foveis  abscondere  discant. 

discanttegerei//ahumoNam  ne(jue  erat  coriig  ugug  .  nec  viscera  quisquam 

561  Nec  possunt  ui  ^ut  unc^s  abolere  potest,  aut  vincere  flamma.  560 

dem  tondere  vellera,  pe-  Nec  tondere  quidem  morbo  illuvieque  peresa 
resa  Vellera,  riec  telas  possunt  attingere  putres. 

NOTES. 

533.  Uris  imparibus :   by  buffaloes,  une-  551.  Stygiis:  an  adj.  from  S/^r, a  river  of 

qually  matched.     Ductos:  drawn.   Riman-  Arcadia,  whose. water  was  so  cold  and  poi- 

tur :  break  up,  or  till.  sonous,  that  it  proved  fatal  to  all  who  drank 

536.  Contenta  cervice :  with  their  strained  Jt-     'F-^  together  with  the  circumstance  of 
neck,  they  draw,  &c.  its  disappearing  under  the  earth,  led  the  poets 

537.  Explorat:    meditates,    or   designs.-    to  feign  it  to  be  a  river  of  hell,  around  which, 
Meditatur,  says  Ruaeus.  they  say,  it  flowed  nine  times.    It  was  held  in 

T                                                        ,  such  veneration  by  the  Gods,  that  they  usu- 

541.  Jam  fluctus:  now  the  waves  wash  &u    gwore  b    H  \^  tf  ^  viflj||tjf  ^ 

up  the  race  of  the  boundless  &c.  ^              [imj  th      ^Jto  be  d      iyed 

Such  was  the  extent    and  degree  of  the  f  ^  ^  ^/^     for  ^ 

±^rf^»i»jsS          ryi  yhTif 

that  infeLousdiseasesneverreachto^rin:  ^  Jjj£*f:  tHow'she  (Tisi- 

phone)  deals  destruction  by  herds,  &c. 

Natantum  :  a  pres.  part,  of  the  verb  nato^  557.  Dilapsa :  wasted,  or  consumed, 

taken  as  a  sub.  of  fishes.  559.  jy€C  quisquam:  nor  could  any  one 

543.  InsolilcB ;  unusual — contrary  to  their  cleanse  it  with  water,  or  purify  it  by  fire — 

custom.  conquer,  or  overcome  the  infection  by  fire. 

550.  Chiron.  He  was  the  son  of  Saturn  Viscera :  the  flesh  in  general ;  all  that  is 

and  Phillyra.     It  is  said  he  taught  ^Escu-  under  the  skin, 

lapius  in  physic,  Hercules  in  astronomy,  and  560.  Undis:  in  the  sense  of  aqua. 

Achilles  in  music.  562.  Putres  telas:  the  putrid,  or  infectious 

Melampus :  the  son  of  Arnythaon  and  Do-  cloth — the  cloth  made  of  the  filthy  and  cor- 

ripe.     They  were  both  famous  physicians :  rupted  wool. 

here  used  for  the  masters  of  medicine  in  Telas:  the  web,  put  by  synec.for  the  whole 

general.  cloth. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  III. 


131 


Veriim  etiam  invisos  si  quis  tentarat  amictus ; 
Ardentes  papulae,  atque  immundus  olenda  sudor 
Membra  sequebatur  ;  nee  longo  deinde  moranti 
Tempore,  contactos  artus  sacer  ignis  edebat. 


565.  ^Deinde  sacer  ig- 
nis edebat  contactos  ar- 

565  tUS  *^*  moranti  dimittere 
eos    amictus  a   se,    nee 
~~6  b  longo  tempore. 


NOTES. 


564.  Ardentes  papules  :  red,  fiery  pimples, 
01  blains. 

565.  Sequebatur:   spread   over  the  noi- 
some body. 

566.  'Sacer  ignis:    the  erysipelas,  or  St. 
Anthony's  fire.     It  consumed  those  parts  of 
the  body  with  which  the  garments  (amictus) 
came  in  contact. 


.  The  meaning  of  these  last  six  lines  ap- 
pears to  be  this:  That  the  people  were 
forced  at  length  to  abstain  from  shearing 
the  infected  fleeces ;  or  touching  the  wool ; 
or  ever  wearing  any  garments,  when  made 
of  it :  because  those,  who  had  done  so,  had 
been  great  sufferers  thereby. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  book  ? 

How  does  the  poet  commence  ? 

Why  does  he  first  invoke  Pales  ? 

How  was  she  worshipped  ? 

What  were  her  festivals  called  ? 

After  finishing  the  main  subject,  does  he 
add  any  thing  by  way  of  episode  ? 

What  number  of  episodes  has  he  added  ? 

What  are  the  subjects  of  these  episodes? 

What  is  the  general  character  of  them  ? 

May  they  be  reckoned  among  the  finest 
parts  of  the  Georgics  ? 

How  does  the  book  conclude? 

Who  was  Hippodame  ? 

What  is  said  of  CEnomaus  ? 

Who  was  his  daughter  ? 

Who  was  Pelops  ? 

And  what  is  said  of  his  father  ? 

In  what  year  of  the  world  were  the  Olym- 
pic games  instituted  ? 

How  often  were  they  celebrated  ? 

Did  they  form  an  important  era  in  the 
Grecian  history  ? 

What  other  games  were  therein  Greece  ? 

In  honor  of  whom  were  the  Nemean  games 
instituted  ? 

And  to  commemorate  what  event  ? 

In  honor  of  whom  were  the  Pythian 
games  instituted  ? 

And  to  commemonate  what  event  ? 

Who  instituted  the  Isthmean  games  ? 


Where  were  they  celebrated  ? 

And  in  honor  of  whom  ? 

Who  was  Tithonus  ? 

How  long  did  he  live  before  Augustus  ? 

In  what  sense  do  Servius  and  Eustathius 
consider  the  word  Tithonus,  as  used  by  the 
poet  in  reference  to  Augustus  ? 

Who  were  the  Lapithee  ? 

What  are  they  said  to  have  done  ? 

What  was  the  name  of  their  principal  city? 

Can  you  mention  any  nation  that  began 
the  day  at  the  rising  of  the  sun  ? 

How  did  they  divide  the  day  ? 

How  did  they  divide  the  night? 

What  effect  would  this  have  upon  the 
length  of  their  hours  ? 

When  do  modern  nations  begin  the  day  ? 

When  does  the  nautical  day  commence  ? 

Who,  probably,  were  the  Lares  ? 

Over  what  did  they  preside  ? 

For  what  is  the  word  Lares  taken  by  me- 
ton.  ? 

What  was  the  usual  weight  which  the 
Roman  soldier  carried  on  his  march  ? 

Of  what  did  it  consist? 

What  were  all  those  nations  called  by  the 
Romans  that  inhabited  the  northern  part  of 
Europe  and  Asia  ? 

Was  there  any  particular  part  of  this 
book  much  admired  by  Scaliger  ? 

What  part  was  that? 


LIBER    QUARTUS. 


Tins  Book  treats  of  the  culture  of  beee.  After  proposing  the  subject,  the  poet  shows  the 
proper  stations  for  placing  their  hives ;  and  having  noticed  some  particulars  respecting 
the  management  of  the  swarms,  &c.  he  digresses  into  a  noble  description  of  a  battle 
between  two  discordant  kings.  He  then  proceeds  to  consider  their  different  kinds  and 
qualities,  the  nature  and  form  of  their  government,  and  the  diseases,  which  often  rage 
among  them — together  with  the  proper  remedies  for  each ;  and  concludes  with  the  story 
of  Aristaeus'  recovery  of  his  bees,  after  his  swarms  were  lost,  and  of  Orpheus'  descent 
into  hell  after  his  wife  Eurydice.  This  episode  runs  through  277  lines,  and  is  one  of 
the  finest  pieces  of  heathen  poetry. 

PROTINUS  aerii  mellis  crelestia  dona 

2.  Hanc  partem  Geo-  Exequar  :  hanc  etiam,  Maecenas,  aspice  partem. 
g-icorum.    Dicam  spec-  Admiranda  tibi  levium  spcctacula  rerum, 

nuSa^  duC6S>  totius<lue  ordine  Sentis 

6.  lilt  est  labor  in  te-  Mores,  et  studia,  et  populos,  et  prrelia  dicam.  5 
nui  re                           In  tenui  labor  ;  at  tenuis  non  gloria  :  si  quern 

7.  Si  Iceva  Numina  si-  Numina  loeva  sinunt,  auditque  vocatus  Apollo, 
r        idm   scriptorem     Principio,  sedes  apibus  statioque  petenda, 

Quo  neque  sit  ventis  aditus  (nam  pabula  venti 

Ferre  domum  prohibent)  neque  oves  ho3dique  petulci  10 

Floribus  insultent ;  aut  errans  bucula  campo 

ferrl^omum          **"  Decutiat  rorem,  et  surgentes  atterat  herbas. 
13.°  Picti  quoad  squa-  Absint  et  picti  squalentia  terga  lacerti 

fcntia  Pinguibus  a  stabulis  ;  meropesque,  aliseque  volucres, 

NOTES. 

1.  Airii:   an  adj.  from  air.    Honey  is  stands  by   lava,  propitious,  or  favorable, 
here  called  aerial,  because  it  was  thought  to  Heyne  seems  to  be  of  the  same  opinion, 
come  from  the  dew,  which  fell  from  the  air  Gellius  and  Wakefield  take  it  with  Ruseus, 
upon  the  flowers,  whence  Ihe  bees  collected  to  mean  adverse.     When  words  are  indefi- 
it.     For  the  same  reason  the  poet  uses  the  nite,  or  are  used  in  opposite  senses,  we  can 
epithet  cfdestia.  hardly  expect  unanimity  among  commenta- 

2.  Exequar :  in  the  sense  of  describam.  tors.     If  the  adverse  deities  should  not  in- 

6.  Tenui :    on   a   low  subject.      Re  is  terfere  to  prevent  him,  and  Apollo  should 
understood.  The  consideration  of  bees  may  come  to  his  aid,  the  poet  promises  to  exe- 
be  considered  low,  or  inferior  to  the  subjects  cute  a  work,  worthy  of  his  friend  and  pa- 
treated  of  in  the  preceding  books.     If,  how-  tron,  even  upon  the  humble  subject  of  the 
ever,  the  farmer  attend  properly  to  them,  he  bee. 

will  find  them  very  profitable ;  and  their  go-  8.  Principio :  in  the  sense  of  primo.     Se- 

vernment  and  polity  will  afford  to  the  phi-  des.   The  poet  proceeds  to  mention  the  pro- 

losopher  and  politician  much  useful  instruc-  per  places  for  the  hives,  and  the  form  and 

tion.     This  is  what  we  are  to  understand  by  fashion  of  constructing  them, 

the  words,  at  gloria  non  tenuis.  n    /      u         bruise-frisk  about  upon, 

7.  Lceva  numma.    LCBVUS  is  used  both  m  ^  flowers 
a  good  and  a  bad  sense.  Ruseus  interprets  it 

by  adversa.     By  the  deities,  here  called  ad-          13-  •?*«<* ;  in  tlie  sense  of  maculosi. 
verse,  or  inauspicious,  we  are  probably  to          14.  Meropes.     These  were  a  species   of 

understand  the  infernal  deities,  Pluto,  the  bird  that  fed  upon  bees ;  hence  called  the 

Furies,  &c.  who  were  thought   to  be  op-  bee-eater.     They  were  about  the  size  of  our 

posed  to  the  welfare  of  men.    Valpy  under-  blackbird*  but  of  various  colours* 


OEORGfCA.     LIB.  IV. 


Et  manibus  Procne  pectus  signata  cruentis. 
Omnia  nam  late  vastant,  ipsasque  volantes^^ 
Ore  ferunt,  dulcem  nidis  immitibus  escam. 
At  liquid!  fontes,  et  stagna  vireritia  musco 
Adsint,  et  tennis,  fugiens  per  gramina,  rivus  : 
Palmaque  vestibulum,  aut  ingens  oleaster  inumbret. 
Ut,  cum  prima  novi  ducent  examina  reges 
Vere  suo,  ludetque  favis  emissa  juventus  ; 
Vicina  invitet  decedere  ripa  calori, 
Obviaque  hospitiis  teneat  frondentibus  arbos. 

In  medium,  seu  stabit  iners,  seu  product  humor, 
Transversas  salices  et  grandia  conjice  saxa  : 
Pontibus  ut  crebris  possint  consistere,  et  alas 
Pandere  ad  sestivum  Solem ;  si  forte  morantes 
Sparserit,  aut  prnsceps  Neptuno  immerserit  Eurus. 
Haec  circum  casias  virides,  et  olentia  4ate 
Serpylla,  et  graviter  spirantis  copia  thymbroe 
Floreat :  irriguumque  bibant  violaria  fontem. 

Ipsa  autem,  seu  corticibus  tibi  suta  cavatiss 
Seu  lento  fuerint  alvearia  vimine  te.xta, 
Angustos  habeant  aditus ;  nam  frigore  mella 
Cogit  hyems,  eademque  calor  liquefacta  remittit : 
Utraque  vis  apibus  pariter  metuenda  :  neque  illae 
Nequicquam  in  tectis  certatim  tenuia  cera 
Spiramenta  linunt,  fucoque  et  floribus  oras 

NOTES. 


15      15.    Procne     signala 
quoad    pectus   cruentis 
manibus,  absint  ab  /?>•. 
16.  Ipsasqne  ape  a 


20 


25 


30 


25.  Conjice  salices 
transversas,  et  grandia 
saxa  in  medium  humo- 
rem,  seu 

27.  Consistere  in  Us 
tanquam  pontibus 

30.  Circum  haec  loco, 
virides 

33.  Autem  alvearia 
ipsa,  seu  suta  sint  tibi  fi. 
cavatis  corticibus,  seu 


37.  Neque  ills  nequic- 
quam  linunt  tenuia  spi- 
ramenta  in  tectis  cera 


15.  Procne.  By  Procne,  or  Prague,  is 
here  meant  the  shallow,  which  has  some 
red  feathers  on  its  breast.  For  the  story  of 
Procne,  see  Eel.  vi.  78. 

17.  Dulcem  escam  :  as  a  sweet  morsel  for 
their  merciless  '  young.     Nidis :  the  nests ; 
by  meton.  for  the  young  ones  in  them. 

18.  Liquidi :  in  the  sense  ofpuri.     Viren- 
tia  musco :  either  the  banks  of  these  ponds, 
or  pools  skirted  with  green  moss,  or  the  sur- 
face of  them  covered  with  it. 

19.  Fugiens :  in  the  sense  ofjluens. 

21.  Nova  examina :  the  new  swarms. 

22.  Emissa :  in  the  sense  of  egressa.  The 
spring  abounds  in  flowers  more  than  any 
season  of  the  year ;  honey  is  collected  in 
greater  abundance,  and  the   bees  are  then 
most  diligent.     In  this  sense,  the  spring  may 
emphatically  be  called  theirs :  suo  vere,  their 
own  spring. 

24.  Ob  via :  in  the  sense  of  adversa :  op- 
posite, or  in  front  of  them.     Teneat :  in  the 
sense  of  accipiut. 

25.  Humor :  in  the  sense  of  aqua. 

26.  Conjice,  &c.  These  willows  and  rocks 
were  to  be  cast  into  the  water,  whether  run- 
ning or  stagnant,  that  the  bees  might  rest 
upon  them :  if,  by  any  means,  they  fell  into 
it,  that  they  might  creep  upon  them,  ex- 
pand their  wings  to  the  warm  sun,  and  dry 
themselves. 

29.  Neptuno  '•  in  the  sense  of  aqua.  See 
Geor.'i.  14. 


30.  Casice.     Some  take  the  casia  to  be  the 
same  with  the   rosemary ;   but  Columella, 
speaking  of  the   plants  that  should  grow 
about  an  apiary,  mentions  casia  and  rose- 
mary as  two  different  plants. 

31.  Serpylla.     There  were  two  kinds  of 
this  plant;  one  of  the  gardens,  and  the  other 
wild.     It  is  a  strong-scented  herb,  and  re- 
sembles thyme.     It  is  proper  to  be  planted 
nea.r  bees,  and  is  usually  called  wild-thyme. 
Thymbr<R :  the  herb  savory.     Spirantis :  in 
the  sense  of  olenlis.     It  was  a  strong-scent- 
ed herb. 

3^2.  Violaria:  beds  of  violets — places 
sown  or  planted  with  the  violet. 

33.  Suta :  in  the  sense  of  compact  a.  Cor- 
ticibus.    The  bark  of  the  cork-tree  is  called 
cortex,  by  way  of  eminence. 

34.  Lento  vimine:    of  limber   osier,   or 
wicker. 

36.  Cogit:   thickens.     Remittit:    in   the 
sense  of  reddit. 

37.  Vis :  force — violence  ;   the  excess  of 
heat  or  cold. 

3J{.  Ted is :  in  their  hives.  Certalim:  in 
tho  sense  of  diligcnlcr. 

39.  F uco.  FUCKS  was  properly  a  kind  oi' 
marine  weed,  resembling  lettuce.  It  was 
anciently  used  in  dying ;  used  also  by  wu- 
men  as  a  kind  of  paint  for  the  face.  Hence 
all  kinds  of  daubing  obtained  the  name  of 
fucus:  not  with  the  flowers  (foribus)  them- 
selves, but  rather  with  the  substance  ex- 


184 


P.  VIRGILII   MARONIS 


Explent :  collecturnque  haec  ipsa  ad  munera  gluten      40 
Et  visco  et  Phrygiae  servant  pice  lentius  Idas. 
Sa&pe  etiam  effossis  (si  vera  est  lama )  latebris 
Sub  terra  fovere  larem  ;  penitusque  repertae 
Pumicibusque  cavis,  exesaeque  arboris  antro. 
45.  Tamen  tu  et  cir-  Tu  tamen  et  levi  rimosa  cubilia  limo  45 

cum  unge  nmosa  cubi-  Unge  fovens  circum,  et  raras  superinjice  frondes. 

ha  levi  hmo  .  v  .    . 

48.  Neucredealvearia^eu  propius  tectis  taxum  sine,  neve  rubentes 

49.  Gravis  odor  cceni  Ure  foco  cancros  :  altae  neu  crede  paludi  : 

est,  aut  Aut  ubi  odor  coeni  gravis,  aut  ubi  concava  pulsu 

Saxa  sonant,  vocisque  offensa  resultat  imago.  50 

Quod  superest,  ubi  pulsam  hyemem  Sol  aureus  egit 
Sub  terras,  coelumque  aestiv&  luce  reclusit ; 
Illae  continuo  saltus  sylvasque  peragrant, 
Purpureosque  metunt  flores,  et  flumina  libant 
55.  Hinc  ilia   Isetee,  Summa  leves.   Hinc  nescio  qu§,  dulcedine  laetae,          55 

nescio  qua  dulcedine      Progeniem  nidosque  fovent :  hinc  arte  recente- 
Excudunt  ceras,  et  mella  tenacia  fingunt. 
Hinc  ubi  jam  emissum  caveis  ad  sidera  co3li 
Nare  per  aastatem  liquidam  suspexeris  agmen, 


NOTES. 


tracted  from  them,  by  meton.  Oras:  the 
margin,  or  edge,  of  their  hives.  Valpy  takes 
fuco  etjloribus,  by  Hendiadis,  forfucofloreo. 

40.  Ad  hcec  ipsa  munera :  in  the  sense  of 
ad  hos  ipsos  usus. 

41.  Lentius:  an  adj.  of  the  com.  deg.  (of 
lentils')  agreeing  with  gluten :  tougher  than, 
&c. 

43.  Sape  etiam  fovere :  they  have  even 
cherished  their  families  in  caverns  dug  un- 
der the  earth.  Several  manuscripts  have 
fodere,  but  fovere  is  the  best.  Ruoeus  has 
fodere.  He  interprets  the  passage  thus : 
aperuerunt  sibi  domum  sub  terra.  But  it  is 
not  necessary  to  suppose  that  the  bees  dug 
these  caves  or  cells  for  themselves,  any  more 
than  that  they  prepared  their  cells  in  the 
pumice  stone,  or  cavities  in  the  trees,  for 
their  reception.  Davidson,  Heyne,  and 
Heinsius,  read  fovere.  Larem.  See  Geor. 
iii.  344.  Penitus:  in  the  sense  of  profande. 

45.  Cubilia :  in  the  sense  of  alvearia. 
Unge:  smear,  or  plaster  all  around.  Fovens: 
cherishing — keeping  them  warm. 

48.  Cancros.     Crabs  and   lobsters,  it  is 
well  known,  in  boiling,  pass  from  a  dark  or 
brown,  to  a  red  colour.     Hence  the  epithet 
rubentes.     Altoe.  paludi.     The  poet  advises 
not  to  place  the  hives  near  marshy  or  fenny 
places,  which  afford  no  stones  or  bridges,  on 
which  the  bees  may  rest,  if  occasion  should 
require. 

49.  Grains :    stinking.     Pulsu :    by  the 
stroke  of  the  voice. 

50.  Imago  vocis :  the  image  of  the  voice 
being  struck,  rebounds ;  i.  e.  where  an  echo 
is  heard.     This  is  always  the  case  when  the 
pulses  or  waves  of  air,  put  in  motion  by  some 


stroke  or  concussion,  meet  with  an  obstacle, 
and  are  reflected,  or  turned  back,  so  as  to 
make  an  impression  on  the  ear.  This  the 
poet  calls  the  image  of  the  voice. 

51.  Qworf  superest.     The  po*et  now  pro- 
ceeds to  speak  of  the  food,  the  swarming, 
and  the  battles  of  the  bees  ;  and  to  give  di- 
rections how  to  appease  the  fury  of  their 
contests,  and  bring  them  back  to  the  hive. 

52.  Sub  terras :  under  the  earth-  to  the 
southern  pole.     This  is  a  beautiful  circum- 
locut.on  to  express  the  return  of  summer. 
The  seasons  are  opposite,  on  the  opposite 
sides  of  the  equator,beyond  the  tropics.  When 
it  is  summer  on  the  north,  it  is  winter  on 
the  south,  and  vice  versa.     This  is  occasion- 
ed by  the  motion  of  the  earth  in  its  orbit, 
making  an  angle  with  the  equator  of  23° 
28'. 

54.  Purpureos.     The  poet  frequently  uses 
purple  for  any  gay  colour.     Metunt :  in  the 
sense  of  carpunt. 

55.  Lev es  libant :  and  lightly  taste  or  sip. 
Dulcedine :  in  the  sense  of  delectatione. 

56.  Fovent :  cherish — grow  fond  of.     Ni- 
dos :  either  the  apartments  formed  in  the 
hive  for   the   purpose   of  depositing   their 
young,  or  simply,  the  hives  themselves. 

57.  Excudunt :  they  form  the  fresh  or  new 
made  wax.     This  is  a  metaphor  taken  from 
the  smith,  who  is  said  (txcudere)  to  strike, 
or  hammer  out  the  instrument  of  iron  which 
he  forms.     The  bees  are  here  compared  in 
their  labors  to  the  Cyclops,  laboring  at  the 
anvil. 

59.  Suspexeris  agmen  emissum :  when  now 
you  shall  see  the  swarm  issuing  from  the 
hives.  &o.  Nare:  in  the  sense  of  unlare. 


GEORG1CA.     LIB.  IV. 

Obscuramque  trahi  vento  mirabere  nubem ; 
Contemplator  :  aquas  dulces  et  froridea  semper 
'        Tecta  petunt :  hue  tu  jussos  asperge  sapores, 
Trita  melisphylla,  et  cerinthce  ignobiie  gramen  : 
^innitusque  cie,  et  Matris  quate  cymbala  circum. 
Ipsae  consident  medicatis  se'dibus  :  ipsae 
Intima  more  suo  sese  in  cunabula  condent. 

Sin  autem  ad  pugnam  exierint  (nam  saBpe  duobus 
Regibus  incessit  magno  discordia  motu) 
Continuoque  animos  vulgi,  et  trepidantia  bello 
Corda  licet  longe  prsesciscere  :  namque  morantes 
M artius  ille  aeris  rauci  canor  increpat,  et  vox 
Auditur  fractos  sonitus  imitata  tubarum. 
Turn  trepidae  inter  se  coeurit,  pennisque  coruscant, 
Spiculaque  exacuunt  rostris,  aptantque  lacertos, 
Et  circa  regem  atque  ipsa  ad  praetoria  densse 
Miscentur,  magnisque  vocant  clamoribus  hostem. 
Ergo,  ubi  ver  nactae  sudum,  camposque  patentes, 
Erumpunt  portis  :  concurritur :  aethere  in  alto 
Fit  sonitus  :  magnum  mixtae  glomerantur  in  orbem, 
Praecipitesque  cadunt :  non  densior  aere  grando, 
Nee  de  concussa  tantum  pluit  ilice  glandis. 
Ipsi  per  medias  acies,  insignibus  alis, 
Ingentes  animos  angusto  in  pectore  versant : 
Usque  adeo  obnixi  non  cedere,  dum  gravis,  aut  hos, 


135 


60 


61.Froudeatecta,w6/ 
considant; 

64.  Matris  Cybeles 


65 


69.  Continue  licet  tibi 
70  longe  prius  prsesciscere 


74.  Lacertos  ad  pug- 


77.  Nactae  sunt  ver 
sudum,  e^riosque  cam- 
pos  patentes 


80 


82.  Reges  ipsi  volantes 
per  medias 


NOTES. 


60.  Trahi :  in  the  sense  of /em.  Obscu- 
ram :  a  dark  cloud  of  bees. 

63.  Melisphylla :  balm-gentle.     It  is   an 
herb,  of  which  bees  are  very  fond.     It  is 
thought  to  be  the  same  that  was  sometimes 
called  apiastrum  by  the  Romans.  Cerinthoz  : 
the  honey-suckle.     The  poet  calls  it  ignobiie 
gramen,  because  it  was  common.  It  abounds 
in  a  sweet  juice,  like  honey. 

64.  Cie  tinnitus :  make,  or  excite  a  ring- 
ing.    The  effect  of  the  sound  of  brass  upon 
the  swarm  is  very  great.     It  is  the  most 
effectual  means  to  stop  them  in  their  flight, 
and  collect  them  into  the  hive.     Some  have 
attributed  this  to  fear,  others  to  pleasure. 
But  more  probably  it  confounds  the  sound 
of  their  queen,  or  leader ;  and  being  with- 
out command  or  direction,  they  fall  or  set- 
tle upon  the  first  place  they  meet.     Matris : 
Cybele  was  the  mother  of  the  gods — the 
same  as  Rhea,  or  Ops.     At  her  sacrifices, 
cymbals  were  always  used. 

65.  Medicatis  sedibus :  prepared  seats,  or 
places  for  them  to  light  upon. 

66.  Cunabula :    in  the  sense  of  reccssus, 
vel  alvearia. 

68.  Incessit :  hath  seized — invaded.  No- 
thing can  be  more  lively  or  animated  than 
this  description  of  a  battle  of  bees.  We 
here  find  the  ardor  of  the  warrior,  the 
sound  of  the  trumpet,  the  glittering  of  ar- 
mour, the  shouts  of  the  soldiers,  the  bravery 
of  the  leaders,  and  all  the  rage  and  madness 
of  battle. 


69.  Trepidantia  :  eager — anxious. 

70.  Prazscisere :  hi  the  sense  of  prasentirt, 

71.  Canor:  in  the  sense  of  strepitus,  vel 
sonitus.    Morantes:  those  that  are  behind. 
Increpat :  rouses — urges  on. 

73.  TrepidcE  :  eager — hurrying.  Pennis  : 
in  the  sense  of  alis. 

75.  Ipsa  prcetoria.  In  the  Roman  camp, 
the  tent  of  the  commanding  officer  was  call- 
ed Prcetorium ;  hence,  by  meton.  put  for  the 
cells  of  the  royal  bees.  Densce.  miscentur  : 
they  are  crowded  thick. 

77.  Sudum  ver  :  a  clear  spring  day.     Ru- 
seus  says,  serenum  ttmpus.  Campos  patentes : 
the   fields   of   air   open — unobstructed   by 
wind  or  clouds. 

78.  Concurritur :  in  the  sense  of  concur- 
runt. 

79.  Glomerantur.     This  verb  hath  a  re- 
flex signification  here,  like  the  middle  voice 
of  the  Greeks :  they  form  themselves  into 
a  greater  circle.     Mixtae. :  in  the  sense  of 
commistcR. 

81.  Pluit:  in  the  sense  of  cadit.     It  is  to 
be  joined  with    grando,  in    the  preceding 
line. 

82.  Insignibus  alis:  with   distinguished 
wings — distinguished  from  the  rest  by  their 
wings. 

83.  Versant:  in  the  sense  ofczercent,  vel 
mcmi/tstani. 

84.  Obnixi  usque  adeo :    determined   all 
the  time  not  to  yield,  until  the  mighty  con- 
queror hath  forced  one  side  or  the  other,  &c. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


Aut  hos,  versa  fuga  victor  dare  terga  subegit.  85 

Hi  motus  animorum,  atque  haec  certamina  tanta 
Pulveris  exigui  jactu  compressa  quiescent. 
Verum  ubi  ductores  acie  revocaveris  ambos  : 

89.  Dede  eum  neci,  Deterior  qui  visus,  eum,  ne  prodigus  obsit, 

qui  visus  fuerit  dcterior  Dede  neci :  melior  vacua  sine  regnet  in  aula.  90 

90.  Sine  ut  melior  reg-  ^her  erit  maculis  auro  squalentibus  ardens  : 
AoLm  aUl*   VaCUa       (Nam  duo  sunt  geiier*)  hie  melior,  insignis  et  ore, 

92.  Genera  opwm:  hie  Et  rutilis  clarus  squamis  :  ille  horridus  alter 
est  Desidia,  latamque  trahens  inglorius  alvum. 

Ut  binae  regum  facies,  ita  corpora  plebis.  95 

Namque  alias  turpes  horrent,  ceu  pulvere  ab  alto 
Cum  venit,  et  terram  sicco  spuit  ore,  viator 
Aridus  :  elucent  alias,  et  fulgore  coruscant, 
99.  Corpora  lita  sunt  Ardentes  auro,  et  paribus  lita  corpora  guttis. 

Haec  potior  soboles  :  hinc  creli  tempore  certo  100 

Dulcia  mella  prernes  ;  nee,  tantum  dulcia,  quantum 
Et  liquida,  et  durum  Bacchi  domitura  saporem. 

At  c(im  incerta  volant  creloque  examina  ludunt, 
Contemnuntque  favos,  et  frigida  tecta  relinquunt, 
Instabiles  animos  ludo  prohibebis  inani.  105 

106.  Nee  est  magnus  Nee  magnus  prohibere  labor :  tu  regibus  alas 
labor  prohibere  eos        Eripe  :  non  illis  quisquam  cunctantibus  altum 
Ire  iter,  aut  castris  audebit  vellere  signa. 


NOTES. 


85.  Aut  hos.  The  meaning  is :  till  one 
side  or  the  other  of  the  combatants  should 
yield.  The  repetition  of  the  aut  has,  from 
the  end  of  the  preceding  line,  gives  addi- 
tional energy.  The  figure  is  called  Anadi- 
plosis. 

87.  Compressa :  in  the  sense  of  repressa. 
It  agrees  with  certamina. 

89.  Ne  prodigus  obsit :  lest  the  prodigal 
should  be  an  injury  to  the  rest,  either  by 
consuming  their  food  himself,  or  by  setting 
an  example  of  sloth  and  gluttony. 

90.  Aula  :  in  the  sense  of  alveari. 

91.  Alter  erit  ardens,  &c.     The  poet  here 
mentions  the  different  kinds  of  bees.     There 
are  more  particularly  two :  the  red,  which 
are  the  smaller  ones,  and  the  dark,  or  va- 
rious, which  are  the  larger.     The  red  ones 
ate  the  best.     Squalentibus :  a  part,  of  the 
verb  squaleo,  (from  squama')  :  it  signifies  any 
thing  resembling  the  scales  of  fish,  or  ser- 
pents, in  roughness  or  shape.     It  also  signi- 
fies any  thing  filthy  or  unseemly,  in  any 
respect  whatever.      Ardens:   shining  with 
spots  rough  with  gold — resembling  the  form 
of  scales,  and  glittering  like  gold.     Ruaeus 
interprets  it  by  asperis. 

92.  Ore :  in  the  sense  of  forma. 

95.  Fades :   in  the  sense  of  forma.     The 
verb  sunt  is  to  be  supplied.    Plebis.     This 
is  the  reading  of  Heyne,  and  of  Valpy  after 
him.     The  common  reading  is  gentis. 

96.  Namque  alias, :  for  the  one  look  foul, 


or  dirty,  as  when,  &c.  Terram:  in  the 
sense  of  pulverem. 

97.  Coruscant :  sparkle  with  brightness — 
gleaming  with  gold ;  and  their  bodies  are 
covered  over  with  equal  spots — spots,  equal 
in  size  and  proportion. 

100.  Soboles  :  in  the  sense  of  genus.  Also 
cceli :  in  the  sense  of  anni.  Hinc :  from 
these  bees. 

102.  Liquida:  in  the  sense  of  pura. 

103.  At  cum  volant.     Here  the  poet  pre- 
scribes the  means  of  preventing  the  bees 
from  deserting  their  hives. 

104.  Favos.     Virgil   uses  no   less   than 
eleven  different  words  to  express  the  hive : 
cunabula,  cubilia,  stabula,  prwsepia,  cavece, 
tcrta,  alreare,favus,  domus,  sedes,  and  aides. 
For  this  diversity  of  style,  he  is  remarkable. 
By  this  means  he  avoided  a  disagreeable  re- 
petition.    Frigida.     This  Servius  explains 
by  empty,  or  inactive,  in  opposition  to  what 
is  afterwards  said  of  their  activity :   opus 

fervtt. 

105.  Prohibebis :  in  the  sense  of  revocabis. 
107.  Altum  iter :  an  aerial  journey. 
10o.  Aut  vellere  signa :  or  to  move  the 

standards — to  decamp.  It  was  a  phrase 
among  the  Romans.  When  they  pitched 
their  camp,  they  stuck  their  ensigns,  or 
standards,  into  the  ground  before  the  pr<z- 
torium,  or  general's  tent ;  and  pulled  them 
up  again  when  they  decamped  :  so  the  bees. 
The  metaphor  is  beautiful. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  IV. 


1:1: 


110 


115 


Invitent  croceis  halantes  floribus  horti  : 

Et  custos  furum  atque  avium,  curn  falce  saligna, 

Hellespontiaci  servet  tutela  Priapi. 

Ipse  thymum  pinosque  ferens  de  montibus  altis, 

Tecta  serat  late  circum,  cui  talia  curse  : 

Ipse  labore  manum  duro  terat  ;  ipse  feraces 

Figat  humo  plantas,  et  amicos  irriget  imbres, 

Atque  equidem,  extreme  ni  jam  sub  fine  laborum 
Vela  traham,  et  terris  festinem  advertere  proram, 
Forsitan  et  pingues  hortos  qua?  cura  colendi 
Ornaret,  canerem,  biferique  rosaria  Paesti  : 
Quoque  modo  potis  ejauderent  intyba  rivis,       j  •  r     120 
Et  virides  apio  ripse  ;  tortusque  per  herbam 
Cresceret  in  ventrem  cucumis  :  nee  sera  comantem 
Narcissum,  aut  flexi  tacuissem  vimen  acanthi, 
Pallentesque  hederas,  et  amantes  litora  myrtos. 

Namque  sub  CEbaliae  memini  me  turribus  altis, 
Qua  niger  humectat  flaventia  culta  Galesus, 
Corycium  vidisse  senem  :  cui  pauca  relicti 


112.   Ipse,    cui 
sunt  curse,  ferens 


talia 


121.  Qwomorfoque  cu- 
cumis tortus  per  herbam 
cresceret 


125      125.  Namque  memini 
me  vidisse 


NOTES. 


109.  Croceis  floribus.  Saffron  flowers 
appear  to  be  put  here  for  odorous  flowers  in 
general.  Halantes:  in  the  sense  of  spi- 
rantes. 

111.  Priapi.     Priapus  was  fabled  to  have 
been  the  son  of  Bacchus  and  Venus.     He 
was  worshipped  principally  at  Lampsacus, 
a  city  of  Mysia  Minor,  near  the  Hellespont. 
Hence  the  epithet  Hellespontiacus. 

The  statue  of  Priapus  was  usually  placed 
in  gardens  to  protect  them  from  thieves,  and 
to  fray  away  birds.  Hence  he  is  called, 
custos  furum  atque  avium.  The  meaning 
appears  to  be :  that  the  bees  should  be  in- 
vited by  such  gardens  as  deserve  to  be  under 
the  protection  of  Priapus.  Custos:  in  the 
sense  of  abactrix.  See  Eel.  vii.  33. 

1 12.  Thymum.     This  is  not  our  common 
thyme,  but   the    thymus  capitatus,   which 
grows  in  great  plenty  on  the  mountains  in 
Greece.     The  Attic  honey  was  considered 
the  best,  on  account  of  the  excellence  of 
this  thyme,  which  is  found  in  abundance 
near  Athens. 

114.  Duro  labore:    with  the  hard  labour 
of  transferring  them  from  the  mountains, 
and  planting  them  around  the  hives. 

115.  Irriget :  he  should  sprinkle,  or  pour 
the  friendly  water  upon  them — he  should 
be  careful  to  water  these  plants  when  thus 
transplanted,  that  they  might  flourish  the 
more,  and  afford  more  abundant  food  for 
the  bees. 

116.  Atque  equidem:  and  indeed,  unless 
I  were  furling  my  sails,  now  in  the  con- 
clusion of  my  labors,  &c.     These  are  fine 
lines,  and  lead  us  to  wish  that  the  poet  had 
enlarged   upon   the  subject  of  gardening. 
Traham  vela.    This  is  a  metaphor  taken 


from  sailing.    On  the   approach  to  land, 
they  take  in,  or  furl  their  sails. 

118.  Pingues  hortos.       Some  gardens 
among  the  ancients  were  much  celebrated, 
especially  those  of  the  Hesperides,  of  Ado- 
nis, of  Alcinoiis,  &c. 

119.  Pcesti.    Paestum  was  a  town  of  Lu- 
cania,  where  the  rose  bloomed  twice  in  a 
year ;  in  September  and  May.     Hence  the 
epithet  bifer. 

120.  Intyba :  plu.  endive,  or  succory.  Po- 
tis  rivis :  in  refreshing  streams. 

121.  Apio:  with  parsley.     This  herb  was 
called  apium,  from  apes,  because  the  bees 
were  fond  of  it.    Some  take  it  for  smallage 
or  celery. 

122.  Cucumis    tortus:     the   cucumber, 
creeping  along  the  grass,  swells.     This  is  a 
concise,  but  beautiful   description.     Sera  : 
an  adj.  neu.  plu.  used  as  an  adv.  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Greeks :  in  the  sense  of  sero. 

123.  Narcissum:  the  narcissus  of  the  an- 
cients is  the   herb    we  now  call  daffodil. 
Comantem :  in  the  sense  ofjlorentem.   Acuit* 
thi  :  Acanthus,  the  herb  bears-foot. 

125.  (Ebalice.     This  was  the  city  of  Ta- 
rentum  in  the  eastern  part  of  Italy,  so  call- 
ed from  Phalantus,  a  native  of  CEbalia,  or 
Laconia,  who  rebuilt  it.     It  was  once  in- 
habited by  the  Lacedemonians. 

126.  Galesus:  a  river  in  Calabria, falling 
into  the  gulf  of  Tarentum.      It  is  called 
niger )  either,  on  account  of  the  depth  of  its 
waters,  or  of  its  banks  being  shaded  by 
Flaventia :  yellow  with  ripening  grain. 

va  is  understood. 

127.  Corycium.     Either  the  name  of  the 
old  man,  or,  an  adj.  taken  from  the  place  ot 
his  nativity.     Coryciu  was  the  name  of  a 

18 


13S 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Jugera  ruris  erant  ;  nee  fertilis  ilia  juvencis, 

Nee  pecori  opportuna  seges,  nee  commoda  Baccho. 

130.  Tamen  hie  pre-Hic  rarum  tamen  in  dumis  olus,  albaque  circum       130 
Lilia,  verbenasque  premens,  vescumque  papaver, 
Regum  aequabat  opes  animis  :  seraque  revertens 
Nocte  domum,  dapibus  mensas  onerabat  inemptis.  &M** 

134.  Ille  erat  primus  Primus  vere  rosam,  atque  autumno  carpere  poma  : 
carpere  gt  cum  tristis  hyems  etiam  nunc  frigore  saxa  135 

Rumperet,  et  glacie  cursus  fraenaret  aquarum  ; 
Ille  comam  mollis  jam  tondebat  hyacinthi 
./Estatem  increpitans  seram,  Zephyrosque  morantes. 

139.  Ergo  idem  senex  Ergo  apibus  foetis  idem  atque  examine  multo 


atqUe 


aliis  scriptoribus 
me 


, 

Mella  favis  :  ilh  tiliae,  atque  ubernma  pinus  : 
Quotque  in  flore  novo  pomis  se  fertilis  arbos 
Induerat,  totidem  autumno  matura  tenebat. 
Ille  etiam  seras  in  versum  distulit  ulmos, 
Eduramque  pyrum,  et  spinos  jam  pruna  ferentes, 
Jamque  ministrantem  platanum  potantibus  umbras. 
iim  h?EC  'Pse  ^em,  sPatiis  exclusus  iniquis, 
p6stPraetereo>  atque  ahis  post  commemoranda  relinquo 
Nunc  age,  naturas,  apibus  quas  Jupiter  ipse 


145 


NOTES. 


mountain,  and  city  of  Cilicia  in  Asia  Minor. 
Pompey  made  war  upon  the  Cilicians ;  some 
of  whom  he  brought  and  planted  in  Cala- 
bria near  Tarentum.  The  old  man  here 
mentioned,  might  have  been  one  of  them. 
Relicti :  barren — neglected,  not  worth  tilling. 
Dr.  Trapp  renders  it  hereditary ;  left  him 
by  his  ancestors. 

128.  Nee  ilia  seges  fertilis:  nor  was  that 
land  fit  for  ploughing,  nor  suitable  for  pas- 
ture, nor  proper  for  the  vine.     Fertilis :  in 
the  sense  of  apta,  or  commoda. 

129.  Seges.     This  word  most  commonly 
signifies  the  crop  after  it  is  sown  and  com- 
ing forward  to  maturity.     Here  it  means  the 
soil  or  land  itself. 

130.  Albaque  lilia  circum :  the  white  lilies 
were  most  celebrated,  and  the  best  known 
among  the  ancients. 

131.  Verbenas :  the  herb  vervain.     It  was 
highly  esteemed  by  the  Romans.  Premens  : 
in  the  sense  of  plantans.     Vtscum  papaver : 
the  white  poppy,  called  vescum,  esculent,  or 
eatable ;  because  its  seeds  were  roasted  by 
the  ancients,  and  eaten  with  honey. 

137.  Comam :  in  the  sense  offrondes. — 
Hyacinthi.  This  is  the  reading  of  Heyne 
and  Vossius,  and  of  several  ancient  manu- 
scripts. It  appears  to  be  approved  of  by 
Valpy,  although  he  adopts  the  common 
reading,  acanthi.  Heyne  leaves  out  turn, 
which  is  also  retained  by  some  editors. 

139.  Ergo  idem  primus.  Having  men- 
tioned the  advantage,  which  a  diligent  cul- 
tivation of  his  fields  broujrht  to  the  old  Co- 


rycian,  particularly  in  the  culture  of  bees, 
he  returned  to  his  main  subject.  He  was 
the  first  to  abound,  &c.  Foztis :  in  the  sense 
of foecundis. 

141.  Favis:  the  comb — those  cells  which 
contain  the  honey.     Tilice:  the  linden,  or 
lime-tree. 

142.  Quotque  pomis,  &c.     The  meaning 
is,  that  as  many  blossoms  as  his  fertile  trees 
put  forth  in  the  spring,  so  much  fruit  they 
had  in  autumn.    There  were  no  false  blooms, 
neither  did  they  fail  to  bring  all  to  maturi- 
ty.    Poma  is  to  be  supplied  with  matura. 
The  word  properly  means  apples,  but  it  is 
used  for  all  kind  of  fruit :  as  in  the  present 
case. 

144.  Distulit  ulmos:  he  planted  (trans- 
planted) his  elms  in  rows.     Seras.     Ruseus 
says,  tarde  crescentes,  slow  growing.     But 
the  poet  may  mean,  far  grown,  or  sufficient- 
ly grown  to  be  fit  for  transplanting  ;  as  he 
observes  with  respect  to  the  other  trees  here 
mentioned.     This  is  the  opinion  of  David- 
son and  Valpy. 

145.  Spinos.      Spinus,  is   the   sloe   tree. 
These  were  sufficiently  grown  to  produce 
fruit;  and  the  plane  tree,  to  afford  a  consider- 
able shade,  before  he  transplanted  them. 

147.  Iniquis  spatiis :  narrow  bounds — in- 
sufficient room. 

149.  Nunc  age.  The  poet  now  proceeds 
to  treat  of  the  polity  of  the  bees — the  me- 
thod of  depositing  their  honey — the  regu- 
lar management  of  their  affairs — their  obe- 
dience to  their  sovereign,  &c. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  IV. 


139 


Addidit,  expediam  :  pro  qua  mercede,  canoros 
Curetum  sonitus  crepitantiaque  aera  secutae, 
Dictaeo  coeli  regem  pavere  sub  antro. 
Solas  communes  natos,  consortia  tecta 
Urbis  habent,  magnisque  agitant  sub  legibus  aevum 
Et  patriam  solae,  et  certos  novere  penates. 
Venturaeque  hyemis  memores,  aestate  laborem 
Experiuntur,  et  in  medium  qusesita  reponunt. 
Namque  aliae  victu  in  vigilant,  et  foedere  pacto 
Exercentur  agris  :  pars  intra  septa  domorum 
Narcissi  lachrymam,  et  lentum  de  cortice  gluten, 
Prima  favis  ponunt  fundamina :  deinde  tenaces 
Suspendunt  ceras  :  aliae,  spem  gentis,  adultos 
Educunt  foetus  :  alise  purissima  mella 
Stipant,  et  liquido  distendunt  nectare  cellas. 
Sunt,  quibus  ad  portas  cecidit  custodia  sorti ; 
Inque  vicem  speculantur  aquas  et  nubila  coeli, 
Aut  onera  accipiunt  venientum,  aut,  agmine  faoto, 
Ignavum  fucos  pecus  a  praesepibus  arcent. 
Fervet  opus,  redolentque  thymo  fragrantia  mella. 

Ac  veluti  lentis  Cyclopes  fulmina  massis 
Cum  properant :  alii  taurinis  follibus  auras 


1 50  1 50.  Pro  qua  tanquam 
mercede,  illcB  secutae 
canoros  sonitus 

153.  Hce  solse  omnium 
animalium  habent 

155 


160 


161.  Tanquam  prima, 
fundamina  favis 


165      165.  Sunt  alice,  qui- 
bus custodia 

166.  Qwceque  in  vicem 


170 


NOTES. 


150.  Expediam :  in  the  sense  of  descri- 
bam.  Pro  qua  mercede.  According  to  fable, 
Saturn  intending  to  devour  his  infant  son 
Jupiter,  he  was  concealed  by  his  mother 
among  the  Curetes,  or  Corybantes,  her  priests, 
the  sound  of  whose  brazen  armour  and  cym- 
bals, as  they  revelled,  prevented  his  cries 
from  betraying  him  to  his  father.  It  is  said 
that  Melissus  was  then  king  of  Crete,  whose 
daughters,  Melissa  nourished  Jupiter  with 
the  milk  of  a  goat  and  honey.  Hence  arose 
the  story  of  his  being  nourished  by  a  goat 
called  Amalthea  and  bees,  Melissoz  being  the 
Greek  name  for  bees.  For  which  reason, 
the  goat  was  translated  to  the  heavens,  and 
his  horns  given  to  the  nymphs,  with  this 
quality  added  to  them,  that  whatever  they 
should  ask  for,  should  flow  from  them  plen- 
teously :  and  for  the  service,  which  the  bees 
rendered  on  this  occasion,  they  were  endow- 
ed by  Jupiter  with  an  extraordinary  degree 
of  sagacity  and  wisdom,  as  a  reward. 

152.  DictcKO :  an  adj.  from  Dicte,  a  city 
and  mountain  in  Crete.     On  tliis  mountain, 
it  is  said,  Jupiter  was  brought  up. 

153.  Consortia :  in  the  sense  of  communia. 

154.  Agitant :   in   the   sense   of  ducunt. 
The  poet  here  speaks  of  the  bees  as  living 
in  a  regular,  and  well  organized  society. 

155.  Certos  penates :  in  the  sense  ofjixas 
domos. 

157.  Experiuntur:  they  practise  or  use. 

158.  Victu :  for  Viclui.     See  Eel.  5,  29. 
Invigilanf :  watch  over — have  the  care  of 
providing.    Pacto  fadere :  in  the  sense  of 
ctrta  Ue. 


159.  Exercenlur:  in  the  sense  of  labomnl. 
Septa :  the  enclosures  of  their  hives. 

160.  Narcissi.    The  flower  of  Narcissus, 
or  daffodil,  forms  a  kind  of  cup  in  the  mid- 
dle, which  is  supposed  to  contain  the  tear  of 
the  youth  Narcissus,  who  pined  away  with 
the  love  of  himself.     See  Eel.  ii.  48. 

163.  Educunt  adultos  foetus :  they  nourish 
or  tend  upon  their  young,  till  they  are  full 
grown  :  or,  they  lead  forth  their  full  grown 
young.      Servius  prefers  the  former  sense : 
as  also  RUODUS. 

164.  Liquido :  in  the  sense  ofpuro.  Nec- 
tare :  nectar  here,  evidently,  is  to  be  taken 
for  honey — the  purest,  and  most  refined  part 
of  it. 

166.  »4quas  :  in  the  sense  of  pluviam. 

168.  Fucos:  the    drones,   a   lazy    herd. 
These  are  bees  that  make  no  honey.     They 
have  no  stings,  and  they  do  not  assist  the 
others  in  their  labors.     Pmscpibus.     See 
note,  verse  104.  supra. 

169.  Opusfen-et :  the  work  glows — it  goes 
on  briskly. 

170.  Cum  properant  Cyclopes.     The  Cy- 
clops are  said  to  have  forged  the  thunder- 
bolts of  Jove.     To  this  the  poet  alludes. 
This  comparison  of  the  bees  hi  their  labors, 
with  those  workmen  of  Jupiter  in  their  shops, 
has.  been  censured  by  some.     Properant :  in 
the  sense  offubricantur. 

172.  AUi'accipiunt :  simplv :  some  blow 
the  bull-hide  bellows.  Lacu :  in  the  trough 
of  water. 


140  P.  V1RGILII  MARONIS 

Accipiunt,  redduntque  :  alii  stridentia  tingmit 

/Era  lacu  :  gemit  impositis  incudibus  ^Etna  : 

Illi  inter  sese  magna  vi  brachia  tollunt 

In  numerum,  versantque  tenaci  forcipe  ferrum*  175 

Non  aliter,  si  parva  licet  componere  magnis, 

177.  Habcndi  mella     Cecropias  innatus  apes  amor  urget  habendi, 

178.  Oppida  sun!  curae  Munere  quamque  suo.     Grandasvis  oppida  cune. 
grandsevis  Et  munire  favos,  et  Daedala  fingere  tecta. 

At  fessse  multa  referunt  se  nocte  minores,  180 

181.  Plena  quoad  cru-  Crura  thymo  plenae :  pascuntur  et  arbuta  passim, 
ra  thymo  Et  glaucas  salices,  casiamque,  crocumque  rubentem. 

Et  pinguem  tiliam,  et  ferrugineos  hyacmthos. 

184.  Est  omnibus  una  Omnibus  una  quies  operum,  labor  omnibus  unus. 

I1"88  Mane  ruunt  portis,  nnsquam  mora  :  rursus  easdem     185 

185.  Rursus,  ubi  ves-  y       er  ubi  ^        tu  tanc|em  decedcre  campis 
per   admonuit    easdem  A  ,  r 

apes  esse  tempus  tandem  Admonuit,  turn  tecta  petunt,  turn  corpora  curant. 

decedere  Fit  sonitus,  mussantque  oras  et  lirnina  circum. 

Post,  ubi  jam  thalamis  se  composuere,  siletur 
In  noctem,  fessosque  sopor  suus  occupat  artus.         190 

Nee  vero  a  stabulis,  pluvia  impendente,  recedunt 
Longius,  aut  credunt  coelo,  adventantibus  Euris  : 

193.  Tut®  ab  pluvia  Sed  circum  tutae  sub  moenibus  urbis  aquantur, 
f-t  vcnto  Excursusque  breves  tentant :  et  sospe  lapillos, 

194.  Et  saepe  tollunt  |jt  cymbge  instabiles,  fluctu  jactante,  saburram,  /-'  1J»5 
c7±'  flrS^Tollunt:  his  sese  per  inanianubilu  librant. 

ram,  fluctu  jactante  eas:      Hlum  adeo  placuisse  apibus  mirabere  morem, 
his  (apillis  Quod  nee  concubitu  indulgent,  nee  corpora  segnes 

NOTES. 

175.  In  numerum:  they  raise  their  arms  109.  T/ialamis :  in  the  sense  of  cellis. 

iu  regular  order,  making  a  sort  of  harmony  190.  Suus:  in  the  sense  of  proprius.  Ru~ 

with  the  strokes  of  their  hammers.  seus  says,  conveniens. 

Jamblicus  informs  us  that  the  sound  of  191.  Stabulis.  See  note,  verse  104.  supra, 

the  smith's  hammer  led  Pythagoras  to  in-  192.  Euris.     Eurus,  the  east  wind,  here 

vent  the  monochord,an  instrument  for  mea-  put  for  wind  in  general :  the  species  for  the 

suring  the  quantities,  and   proportions   of  genus. 

sounds  geometrically.  193.  Aquantur.     This  verb  appears  to  be 

177.  Cecropias :  Attic,  or  Athenian  bees,  used  in  the  sense  of  the  middle  voice  of  the 
so  called  from  Cecrops,  the   first   king  of  Greeks :  they  water  themselves.    This  man- 
Athens.      The  Attic  honey  was  much  cele-  ner  of  expression  is  common  with  the  poet, 
brated.  Ruseus  says,  fiauriunt  aquas. 

178.  Quamque  suo  munere:  each  one  in  195.  Saburram:  ballast.      This  is  some 
his  own  office — department.  ponderous  substance,  as  sand,  gravel,  iron, 

179.  DcBdala:    an  adj.  from  Daedalus,  a  &c.that  light  vessels  usually  take  on  board  to 
very  ingenious  artificer  of  Athens.      The  render  them  steady. 

word,  as  here  used,  signifies  any  thing  arti-          198.  JVec  indulgent,  &c.     This  account  of 

ficial,  or  curiously  and  ingeniously  wrought,  the  production  of  bees  here  given  by  the 

180.  Minores:  in  the  sense  of  junior -es.  poet,  is  justly  exploded.     It  is  found  that  no 

181.  P/eficB  crura.    The  hairiness  of  the  animal  is  produced  without  the  concurrence 
legs  of  the  bee  is  favorable  to  the  retention  of  the  sexes.     However  as  this  method  was 
of  the  juices,  which  they  collect  from  the  the  general  received  one  among  the  ancients, 
flowers.  the  poet  might  very  well  adopt  it,  whatever 

182.  Rubentem :  yellow,  or  of  a  golden  his  own  opinion  might  have  been  upon  the 
line.     Ruseus  says,  rufum.  subject.     Pliny  says   of  the   bees:  Foetus 

183.  Ferrugineos:  purple — dark  red.  quonam  modo  progenerarent^  magna  inter 
134.  Operum:  in  the  sense  of  ab  opere.     eruditos,  et  subtilis qucestio fuit :  Apum  enim 

Una :  one  and  the  same  rest.  coitus  visus  est  nusquam.      This,  however, 

188.  Oras :  this  Ruaeus  interprets  by  ves-  modern  philosophers  have  solved  in  a  satis- 

tibulum.    Mussant :  they  buzz — they  make  factory  manner.    They  have  found  that  the 

a  buzzing  noise.  laboring  bees  are  of  neither  sex ;  that  the 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  IV.  HI 

In  Venerem  soivunt,  aut  foetus  nixibus  edunt. 
Verum  ipsae  e  foliis  natos  et  suavibus  herbis 
Ore  legunt :  ipsae  regem,  parvosque  Quirites 
Sufficiunt :  aulasque  et  cerea  regna  refingunt. 
Saspe  etiam  duris  errando  in  cotibus  alas 
Attrivere,  ultroque  animam  sub  fasce  dedere  : 
Tantus  amor  florum,  et  generandi  gloria  mellis. 
Ergo  ipsas  quamvis  angusti  terminus  aevi 
Excipiat,(neque  enim  plus  septima  ducitur  sestas) 
At  genus  immortale  manet,  multosque  per  annos 
Stat  fortuna  domus,  et  avi  numerantur  avorum. 

Prseterea  regem  non  sic  ^Egyptus,  et  ihgens 
Lydia,  nee  populi  Parthorum,  aut  Medus  Hydaspes, 
Observant.     Rege  incolumi,  mens  omnibus  una  est ; 
Amisso,  rupere  fidem :  constructaque  mella 
Diripuere  ips®,  et  crates  solvere  favorum. 
Ille  operum  custos  ;  ilium  admirantur ;  et  omnes        215     215.  Ille  est  custos 
Circumstant  fremitu  denso,  stipantque  frequentes  ;  Q17;;^  corpora  beUo 

Et  sacpe  attollunt  humeris,  et  corpora  bello  P™  iVQuidain  homines 

Objectant,  pulchramque  petunt  per  vulnera  mortem.        inducti  his  signis,  atque 

His  quidam  signis,  atque  hrec  exempla  secuti,  secuti  IKEC  exemplaprK- 

Esse  apibus  partein  divinse  mentis,  et  haustus  22Qdenti(B  aPum  dixere 

.Ethereos  dixere  :  Deum  namque  ire  per  omnes  p^JJj  Namque  dixere 

Terrasquc,  tractusque  maris,  co3lumque  profundum.  223.  Hinc  dixere  pe- 

Hinc  pecudes,  armenta,  viros,  genus  omne  ferarum,       cudes 


200 


205     205.   Est  Mis  tantuH 
amor   florum,   et  tanta, 
207.  Enim  neque  plus 
quam  septima  scstas  du- 
citur ab  illis 

210 


213.  Rege  amisso 


-.. 


drones  alone  have  the  male  organ  of  gene- 
ration, and  that  the  monarch  is  of  the  fe- 
male sex.  She  is  wholly  employed  in  the 
increase  of  her  family,  laying  several  thou- 
sand eggs  every  summer,  in  each  of  which 
is  hatched  a  small  white  worm,  which  in  due 
time,  changes  itself  into  a  drone  or  bee. — 
Concubitu :  for  Concubitui.  See  Eel.  v.  29. 

199.  JVec  soivunt :  nor  do  they  debilitate 
their  bodies  in  lust.    Segues :  in  the  sense  of 
inertes  vel  inutiles.    Edunt:  in   the   sense 
of  parturiunt.    Nixibus :  by  labor,  or  tra- 
vail. 

200.  Foliis :  from  the  leaves  of  flowers. 

201.  Parvos  Quirites :  they  raise  up  a  king, 
and  little  subjects.     The  bees  are  here  called 
Quirites.  by  meton.  taken  from  the  Romans, 
who  were  sometimes  called  Quirites  from 
Romulus,  who  was  also  called  Quirinus. — 
See  jEn.  1.  274. 

204.  Dedtre :  in  the  sense  of  amisserunt. 

207.  Septima  JEstas.   ,  Aristotle  inform  us 
that   bees   live   six,  and  sometimes   seven 
years ;  but  if  the  swarm  subsists  nine  or  ten 
years,  it  is  considered  fortunate. 

208.  At,  in  the  sense  of  tamen. 

210.  JEgyptus.     The  name  of  the  coun- 
try put,  by  meton.  for  the  inhabitants.    The 
./Egyptians  were  very  great  admirers  of  their 
moriarchs,  many  of  whom  they  deified. 

211.  Lydia:  a  country  of  Asia   Minor, 
proverbial  for  its  wealth,  and  the  grandeur 


S. 

, 

of  its  kings.  Populi  Parthorum :  simply,  the 
Parthians.  They  are  said  to  have  been  so 
submissive  to  their  kings,  as  to  kiss  his  feet, 
and  to  touch  the  ground  with  their  lips, 
when  they  approached  him.  Hydaspes :  the 
name  of  a  river  put,  by  meton.  for  the  in- 
habitants of  the  country,  through  which  it 
flowed. 

There  have  been  various  opinions  and 
conjectures  with  a  view  to  reconcile  the  poet 
with  matters  of  fact.  Hydaspes  is  a  river 
of  India,  and  falling  into  the  Indus,  forms 
one  of  its  branches.  How  it  could  be  call- 
ed Median,  with  any  propriety,  does  not 
appear.  There  might  have  been  a  small 
river  by  that  name,  rising  in  Media,  to 
which  the  poet  alludes.  Mr.  Davidson 
thinks  the  river  Choaspes,  which  rises  in 
Media,  and  passes  through  the  province  of 
Susiaria,  near  Susa,  one  of  the  capitals  of 
the  Persian  empire,  is  intended.  However 
this  be,  poets  do  not  always  confine  them- 
selves to  historical  or  geographical  preci- 
sion. 

212.  Observant :  in  the  sense  of  vcneran- 
tur. 

213.  Fidem:  in  the  sense  of  socictatem. 

214.  Crates :     the  structure  or  fabric. 

215.  Custos:  in  the  sense  of  presses. 

216.  Denso  fremitu :  with  loud  buzzing  or 
humming. 

220.  Hanstus:  in  the  sense  of  spirit"*. 


- 


142 


: 


P.  VIRG1L1I  MAKONIS 


Quemque  sibi  teriues  nascentem  arcessere  vitas. 

225.   Deinde   dixvre  Scilicet  hue  reddi  deinde,  ac  resoluta  referri  225 

omnia  resoluta  scilicet  Omnia  .  nec  morti  esse  locum  ;  sed  viva  volare 
i  f  'uui,  ac  reierri  nuc        cy  j     •    •  •>     '  •>  i 

226.  Sed  omnia  viva  Slderis  m  numeruni,  atque  alto  succedere  coelo. 
volare,  quceque  in  nu-  Si  quando  sedem  augustam,  servataque  mella 
merum  Thesauris  relines  ;  prius  haustu  sparsus  aquarum, 

231.  Sunt  duo  tempo-  Qra  fove,  1 umosque  manu  pratende  sequaces.  230 

ra  messis:  unum  siinulr»-  -j  /•  i 

Pleias  Taygete  gravidos  cogunt  foetus,  duo  tempora  messis. 

Taygete  simul  os  terris  ostendit  honestum 

234.  Aut  ubi  eadem  Pleias,  et  Oceani  spretos  pede  reppulit  amnes  : 
Ple'ias  Aut  eadem  sidus  fugiens  ubi  piscis  aquosi, 


NOTES. 


224.  Quemque  nascentem :  that  every  one, 
at  his  birth,  derives  tender  life  to  himself, 
from  him.    Hinc :  from  hence — from  God. 

225.  Scilicet:  in  the  sense  of  certe.  Hue: 
hither — to  God.    Resoluta :  in  the  sense  of 
dissoluta. 

226.  JVcc  locum,  £c.     Virgil   here   gives 
the  opinions  of  those  philosophers,  who  re- 
jected the  doctrine  of  a  vacuum,  and  atoms. 
They  maintained  that  the  universe  was  ani- 
mated :  that  £*4  was  omnipresent :  that  all 
animals  received  existence  from  him :  that 
after  death  they  are  all  returned,  and  car- 
ried back  to  him :  that  there  is  no  room  for 
extinction  (morti)  or  loss  of  existence :  that 
all,  volare  viva,  fly  alive  into  the  order  of  his 
star,  and  take  their  station  in  high  heaven. 
In  other  words,  all  transmigrate  into  other 
beings  in  a  perpetual  round.     This  notion 
was  held  by  many  distinguished   philoso- 
phers of  the  heathen  world.     But  it  was  far 
from  the  truth.     All  irrational  animals  per- 
ish at  their  death.     Man  along'' is  immortal. 
When  unassisted  reason  is  employed  upon  ' 
the  subject  of  a  future  state;'  of  existence,  it 
discovers  its  own  weakness.,   /The  research- 
es of  philosophy  serve  only  to  bewilder  the 
mind.     All  correct  information  ir^on  that 
subject  must  come  through  the  medium  of 
divine  revelation.     Pythagoras  and  his  fol- 
lowers strenuously  maintained  this  doctrine. 
The  Epicurians  maintained  the  doctrine  of 
a  vacuum,  and  the  atomic  theory. 

228.  Si  quando,  &c.  The  poet  now  pro- 
ceeds to  mention  the  proper  seasons  for  open- 
ing the  hives.  He  gives  directions  how  to 
proceed  in  the  business,  and  notices  the  pas- 
sionate temper  of  the  bees  upon  such  occa- 
sions. 

Augustam.  This  is  the  reading  of  the  best 
editions,  and  is  supported  by  ancient  manu- 
scripts. Ruseus,  Davidson,  Valpy,  and  some 
others,  have  angustam.  But  if  the  poet  in- 
tended to  inform  us  that  the  hive  was  small, 
he  might  have  saved  himself  the  pains. 
Besides,  augustam  is,  by  no  means,  an  im- 
proper epithet.  It  is  exactly  in  the  spirit  of 
poetry.  It  is  well  known  that  the  bee  hive 
is  a  most  exquisite  piece  of  architecture, 
whether  we  regard  the  form  of  the  comb, 


ma- 
your 


the  materials  of  which  it  is  composed,  or  the 
manner  of  the  workmanship.  Virgil  em- 
phatically calls  their  hives,  Dwdala  fp.cta. 
Verse  179.  supra.  Heyne  reads  augustam. 

229.  Thesauris :  in  the  sense  of  f avis. — 
Prius   haustu,  &c.  Commentators    do  not 
agree  upon  this  passage  ;  and  it  must  be  con- 
fessed a   difficult   one.     Davidson   follows 
Servius,  who  takes  sparsus  forspargens : 
king  the  meaning  to  be  :  First  hold  in  __ 
mouth  draughts  of  water,  spouting  it  upon 
them.     Dr.  Trapp  rejects  sparsus  for  spar- 
gens,  and  thinks  sparsus  should  be  retained ; 
thus  :  Fove  ore  haustus  aquarum,  take  water 
in  your  mouth;  then  by  an  ellipsis  of  the 
words;  projice  in  modum  pluvice,  spout  it, 
upon  them  in  the  manner  of  rain,  which 
you  cannot  do  without  being  wet  yourself, 
sparsus.  Heinsius,  Ruaeus,  Heyne,  and  some 
others  read :  Prius  haustu  aquarum  ora  fove. 
This,  however,  is   not   without   objections. 
If  we  could  read  haustum  or  haustus  for  haus- 
tu, the  passage  would  be  easier ;  then  ore 
would  be  preferable  to  ora.     But  whatever 
difficulties  may  attend  the  construction,  the 
meaning  is  obvious.     Heyne  takes  Fove  ora 
haustu  aquarum,  in  the  sense  of,  tene  vel  con- 
tine  aquam  haustam  ore. 

Davidson  reads  haustus,  and  ore. 

230.  Fumos :  it  is  customary,  at  the  pre- 
sent day,  to  drive  or  force  the  bees  from  the 
hive  with  smoke. 

231.  Gravidos  fatus :  in  the  sense  of  ple- 
nos  favos.     The  comb  is  properly  the  fatus 
or  production  of  the  bees.     Messis :  gather- 
ing or  taking  the  honey :  here  called  the 
harvest. 

232.  Taygete :  one  of  the  Pleiades,  here 
put  for  the  whole,  by  synec.      This,  and  the 
three  following  lines,  is  a  beautiful  circum- 
locution to  express  the  rising  and  setting  of 
these  stars ;  the  former  is  in  the  latter  part  oi" 
April,  the  latter  about  the  end  of  October, 
or  the  beginning  of  November.     See  Geor. 
1.  138. 

233.  Amnes :  in  the  sense  of  aquas. 

234.  Sidus  aquosi  piscis :  the  constellation 
of  the  rainy  fish.  The  Pisces  here  cannot  be 
meant :  for  the  sun  does  not  enter  that  sign 
till  some  time  in  February.     Probably  tire 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  IV. 


Tristior  hybernas  coelo  desccndil  in  undas. 
Illis  ira  modum  supra  est,  liesrequc  vencnum 
Morsibus  inspirant,  et  spicula  cseca  relinquunt 
Affixae  venis,  animasque  in  vulnere  ponunt. 

Sin  duram  metues  hyemem,  parcesque  future, 
Contusosque  animos  et  res  miserabere  fractas  ; 
At  suffire  thymo,  cerasque  recidere  inanes 
Quis  dubitet  ?  nam  soepe  favos  ignotus  adedit 
Stellio,  lucifugis  congesta  cubilia  blattis  . 
Immunisque  sedens  aliena  ad  pabula  fucus, 
Aut  asper  crabro  imparibus  se  immiscuit  armis  : 
Aut  dirum  tineae  genus,  aut  invisa  Minerva1 
In  foribus  laxos  suspendit  aranea  cusses. 
Quo  magis  exhaustee  fuerint  ;  hoc  acrius  oinnes 
Incumbent  generis  lapsi  sarcire  ruinas, 
Complebuntque  foros,  et  floribus  horrea  texent. 

Si  vero  (quoniam  casus  apibus  qtioque  nostros 
Vita  tulit)  tristi  languebunt  corpora  morbo  ; 
Quod  jarn  non  dubiis  poteris  cognoscere  signis  : 
Continuo  est  segris  alius  color  :  horrida  vultum 


239.    Future  pabulo, 
240  nempe,  melli 


243.  Cubilia  sunt  con- 


245      245.  Se  rum  apibnt 


250 


NOTES. 


Dolphin  may  be  intended,  as  that  constella- 
tion rises  soon  after  the  setting  of  the  Plei- 
ades. 

236.  LCBSCR:  in  the  sense  of  offense. 

237.  CcBca  :  in  the  sense  of  occulta :  mor- 
sibus  :  stings.     Inspirant :  they  infuse. 

238.  Ajfixa:   having  affixed  themselves. 

240.  Farces  futuro :   you    should    spare 
their  future   nourishment,   and   pity   their 
drooping  spirits,  and  afflicted  state. 

Commentators  have  embarrassed  the 
sense  of  this  passage.  The  meaning  is 
plainly  this :  If  you  are  afraid  of  a  hard 
winter,  and  that  the  bees  will  not  be  able  to 
sustain  the  cold,  unless  they  be  well  fed,  you 
should  spare  their  honey,  their  future  nou- 
rishment, and  take  none  of  it  from  them. 

241.  At  quis  dubitet,  &c.  However  you 
may  be  disposed  to  follow  my  direction  in 
leaving  the  honey  untouched,  there  is  one 
thing  that  should  not  be  neglected  in  any 
case ;  and  that  is,  to  fumigate  the  hives,  and 
to  cut  away  the  superfluous  wax. 

243.  Stellio.     This  is  a  small  spotted  li- 
zard, called  also  an  eft  or  swift.  It  creeps  in- 
to holes  and  corners ;  hence  the  poet  calls  it 
ignotus.     Congesta  :  in  the  sense  of  plena. 
Blattis.     The  blatta  is  an  insect  something 
like  a  beetle.     Some  take  it  to  be  the  cock- 
roach.    They  are  called  luciftigis,  because 
they  do  not  appear  in  the  day  time. 

244.  Fucus  immunis.     The    Drones   are 
the  male  bees.     Tl\ey  have  neither  stings, 
nor  those  elastic  teeth  which  the  laboring 
bees  have  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  ho- 
ney.    Their  only  business  seems  to  be,  to 
have  intercourse  with  the  queen  :  they  may 
be  said  to  be  her  husbands :  they  are  seve- 
ral hundred  in  number  in  each  hive.     Aftrr 


they  have  performed  their  office,  they  soon 
die.  Their  way  of  living  is  very  different 
from  the  rest :  they  are  exempt  from  labor, 
and  enjoy  a  most  luxurious  fare,  being  fed 
with  the  best  of  the  honey  :  Immunis  sedens 
ad  aliena  pabula,ma.y  very  properly  be  said 
of  them. 

245.  Crabro :  the  hornet,  a  well  known 
insect.     It  is  larger  and  stronger  than  the 
bee.    Hence  it  is  said  to  engage  them  with, 
imparibus  armis. 

246.  Tinece:    the  moth;  an  insect  very 
injurious  to  clothes.     The  common  reading 
is  durum :  Heyne,  Valpy,  and  some  others, 
read  dirum. 

247.  Aranea  invisa.    Arachne,  daughter 
of  Idmon,  a  Lydian,  is  said  to  have  vied 
with  Minerva  in  the  arts  of  spinning  and 
weaving.     She  performed  her  work  to  ad- 
miration ;  but  being  outdone,  she  hung  her- 
self through  grief;  whereupon  the  goddess, 
out  of  pity,  changed  her  into  the  spider. 
Some  say  she  represented  on  her  work  se- 
veral of  the  crimes  of  the  gods,  which  so 
displeased  the  goddess,  that  she,  in  a  rage, 
destroyed  it.    Hence  invisa  Minerva.     See 
Ovid  Met.  Lib.  5. 

248.  Quo  magis.  The  poet  here  observes, 
the  more  you   drain  the  honey  from  the 
bees,  the  more  industrious  they  will  be  to 
repair  the  loss.  By  being  too  full  fed,  they  be- 
come idle,  and  consequently  less  profitable. 
He  then  proceeds  to  consider  the  diseases 
incident  to  them,  and  the  remedies  proper 
for  earch. 

250.  Horrea:  in  the  sense  of  faros.    Tc.r- 
ent :  they  will  form,  or  make. 

_'.    ;  'if n. :  the  stafp.  or  condition  of  life. 


144 


P.  V1RGILII  MARONLS 


255.  Corpora  ear-urn  Deformat  macies  :  turn  corpora  luce  carentum  255 

carentura  luce  Exportant  tectis,  et  tristia  funera  ducunt : 

Aut  illae  pedibus  connexae  ad  limina  pendent, 
Aut  intus  clausis  cunctantur  in  redibus  omnes  : 
Ignavoeque  fame,  et  contracto  frigore  pigrae. 
Turn  sonus  auditur  gravior,  tractimque  susurrant :     260 
Frigidus  ut  quondam  sylvis  immurmurat  Auster, 
Ut  mare  sollicitum  stridet  refluentibus  undis, 
JSstuat  ut  clausis  rapidus  fornacibus  ignis. 

264.  Suadebo/eincen-Hic  jam  galbaneos  suadebo  incendere  odores, 
<iere  Mellaque  arundineis  inferre  canalibus,  ultro  265 

Hortantem,  et  fessas  ad  pabula  nota  vocantem. 
Proderit  et  tunsum  galla3  admiscere  saporem, 
Arentesque  rosas,  aut  igni  pinguia  multo 
Defruta,  vel  psythia  passos  de  vite  racemos, 
Cecropiumque  tliymum,  et  graveolentia  centaurea.  270 
Est  etiam  flos  in  pratis,  cui  nomen  arnello 
Fecere  agricolse,  facilis  quaerentibus  herba. 
Namque  uno  ingentem  tollit  de  cespite  sylvam, 


NOTES. 


255.  Luce :  in  the  sense  of  vita. 

256.  Ducunt.    Pliny  observes,  that   the 
bees  accompany  the  bodies  of  their  dead 
after  the  manner  of  a  funeral  procession. 

257.  Ill(R  connexcR :  clung  together  by  their 
feet,  they  hang,  &c. 

259.  Contracto.    Ruceus  takes  this  in  the 
sense  of  contrahente.     He   says:    Frigore 
contrahente  membra.     But  it  may  be  taken 
in  its  usual  acceptation,  without  any  impro- 
priety :  for  the  bees  may  be  said  to  contract, 
or  take  cold  ;  and  this  the  poet  mentions  as 
one  of  their  diseases. 

260.  Tractim:  in  a  drawling  mariner — 
one  after  another. 

262.  Sollicitum :  in  the  sense  of  turbatum. 

263.  Rapidus :  intense — excessive.    JEs- 
tuat :  roars. 

264.  Galbaneos:  an  adj.  from  galbanum, 
a  strong-scented  gum,  the  smell  of  which  is 
said  to  drive  away  serpents.     It  is  made  of 
the  juice  of  the  plant  called  ferula. 

The  poet  here  directs  the  bee-master, 
when  his  bees  show  these  symptoms,  to  burn 
galbanum  around  the  hives,  which  will  ex- 
pel the  vermin,  if  any  there  are ;  to  intro- 
duce honey  into  the  hives  through  reeds,  to 
make  up  the  deficiency  of  their  food,  and  to 
use  every  means  to  allure  them  to  partake 
of  it.  But  in  many  cases,  this  would  be 
insufficient.  He  must  add  to  this  honey 
certain  medicinal  substances,  as  remedies  of 
their  diseases. 

266.  Fessas :  in  the  sense  of  languidas, 
and  agreeing  with  apes,  understood.     Sapo- 
rem :  juice. 

267.  Galhe  :  the  nut-gall.     This  possess- 
es  very  powerful  astringent  qualities.     It 
was  very  proper,  therefore,  to  recommend 
the  use  of  it.  to  check  the  looseness    to 


which  the  bees  are  subject  in  the  spring,  oc- 
casioned, says  Coluinella,  by  their  feeding 
greedily  upon  spurge  after  their  winter  pe- 
nury. 

269.  Defruta.    Defrutum  was  a  mixture 
made  of  new  wine,  boiled  away  one  hall', 
or  one  third,  into  which  several  sorts  of 
sweet  herbs  or  spices  were  put.     Pinguia  : 
rich ;    implying   that  it   should  be   boiled 
away,  and  made    thick,  and  enriched   by 
spices.     Passos  racemos  :  properly,  bunches 
of  grapes  hung  up  to  dry  in  the  sun — rai- 
sins.     Hence  by  meton.  put  for  the  wine 
made  of  such  grapes — raisin  wine.      See 
Geor.  ii.  93. 

270.  Cecropium:    Attic,   or    Athenian; 
from  Cecrops,  one  of  the  first  kings  of  Athens. 
Centaurea  :  plu.  the  herb  centaury.     There 
are  two  kinds  of  centaury,  the  greater  and 
the  less.     They    have  no  other  similitude 
than  the  bitterness  of  their  taste.     It  is  said 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  Chiron,  one 
of  the  Centaurs,  whom  it  cured  of  a  wound 
received  by  an  arrow  from  Hercules. 

271.  Amello.     Mella,  or  Mela,  a  river  of 
Cis-alpine  Gaul,  on  the  banks  of  which  the 
flower  here  spoken  of  abounded.     Hence, 
according  to  Servius,  it  was  called  Amellus. 
Mr.  Martyn  thinks  it   the  same  with  the 
purple  Indian  star-wort,  or  Aster  Atticiis. 
Cui  nomen  amello.     This  construction  fre- 
quently occurs  in  Virgil,  and  is  taken  from 
the  Greeks.     It  is  to  be  taken  in  the  sense 
of  cui  amellus  no-mini :  so,  cui  nomen  lulo, 
in  the  sense  of  cui  lulus  nomini:  also,  cm 
nomen  asilo.     See  Geor.  iii.  147. 

272.  Facilis :  easy  to  be  found  by  those 
who  seek  for  it. 

273.  Cespite.     Cespes,  here  must   mean 
the  root  of  the  plant.     Sijk'm  :  in  the  - 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  IV. 


Aureus  ipse  :  sed  in  fbliis,  quse  plurima  circum 
Funduntur,  violae  sublucet  purpura  riigrse.  275 

SaBpe  Deum  riexis  ornatae  torquibus  arae. 
Asper  in  ore  sapor  :  tonsis  in  vallibus  illurn 
Pastores,  et  curva  legunt  prope  fiumina  Mellae. 
Hujus  odorato  radices  incoque  Baccho, 
Pabulaque  in  foribus  plenis  appone  canistris. 
Sed  si  quern  proles  subito  detecerit  omnis, 
Nee,  genus  unde  novae  stirpis  revocetur,  habebit 
Ternpus,  et  Arcadii  memoranda  inventa  magistri 
Pandere,  quoque  modo  cassis  jam  saepe  juvencis 
Insincerus  apes  tulerit  cruor.     Aldus  omnem 
Expediam  prim&  repe.ens  ab  origine,  famam. 
Nam  qua  Pellaei  gens  fortunata  Canopi 
Accolit  effuso  stagnantem  flumirie  Nilum,      / 
Et  circum  pictis  vehitur  sua  rura  phaselis  ;  -\rC 
Quaque  pharetratse  vicinia  Persidis  urget, 
Et  viridem  ./Egyptum  nigra  fcecundat  arena  ; 
Et  diversa  ruens  septern  discurrit  in  ora, 
Usque  coloratis  amnis  devexus  ab  Indis  ; 
Omnis  in  hac  certam  regio  jacit  arte  salutem. 


NOTES. 


277.   Sapor  ejus  til 
asper  in  ore 

280  280.  Apponeque  pa- 
bula  apibus  plenis  canis- 
tris in  foribus  alvearis. 


285     283.  Tempus  est  paj> 
,    dere 


290  290.  Quaque  amnis 
devexus  usque  ab  colo- 
ratis Indis  urget 


of  copiam  caulium.     Fecere :   in  the  sense 
of  dederunt. 

275.  Nigrtz :  deep  coloured.  Funduntur  : 
sprout,  or  shoot  up. 

276.  Nexis:    made,   or   formed   of   this 
amellus. 

279.  Incoque :  boil,  or  simmer. 

281.  Sed  si  quern,  &c.  The  poet  now  pro- 
ceeds to  give  an  account  of  the  method 
practised  by  Aristaeus  for  the  recovery  of 
his  bees,  after  all  his  swarms  were  lost. 
Omnis  proles :  the  whole  stock,  or  race. 

285.  Insincerus :  in  the  sense  ofputridus. 
Altim :  in  the  sense  of  longe.     It  is  to  ,be 
connected  with  repetens. 

286.  Expediam :  in  the  sense  of  narrabo. 

287.  Gens  fortunata:    the    Egyptians. 
They  are  here  called  happy,  or  fortunate, 
on  account  of  the  fertility  of  their  country, 
which  is  occasioned  by  the  annual  inunda- 
tion of  the  river  Nile.     Canopi.     Canopus 
was  a  city  of  Egypt,  near  Alexandria,  found- 
ed by  Alexander  the  Great,  who  was  born 
at  Pella,  in  Macedonia.     Hence   the   city 
Canopus  is  called  Pellwus.     The  city,  by 
meton.   for  the  inhabitants;  who  may  be 
put,  by  synec.  for  all  the  Egyptians. 

288.  Stagnantem :  in  the  sense  of  inun- 
dantem.     Agros  is  understood. 

289.  Vehitur  circum.     During  the  conti- 
nuance of  the  inundation,  the  inhabitants 
pass  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  ano- 
ther in  boats,  or  small  barges ;  here  called 
phaseli.     Vehitur  agrees  with  gens. 

290.  Urget  vicinia.     The   Nile   did   not 
touch,  or  border  upon  the  neighborhood  of 
Persia,  properly  so  called.    But.  we  are  in- 


formed by  Xenophon,  that  the  Persian  em- 
pire under  Cyrus  extended  as  far  west  as 
Egypt.  The  Nile  may  therefore  be  said  to 
press  upon  the  borders  of  Persia,  since  the 
Persians  extended  their  dominions  as  far  as 
Egypt;  which  justifies  the  expression  of  the 
poet.  Vicinia :  plu.  of  vicinium.  The 
Persians  were  famous  for  their  skill  in  ar- 
chery ;  hence  pharetratce  Persidis. 

293.  Amnis :  the  river  Nile.     It  rises  in 
Abyssinia,  in  the  mountains  of  the  Moon, 
in  about  the  lat.  11°  N.  and  runs  in  a  north- 
erly direction ;  and,  after  receiving  a  num- 
ber of  tributary  streams,  it  falls  into  the 
Mediterranean  sea  in  seven  different  chan- 
nels, or  mouths,  in  lat.  32  N.  forming  the 
Delta  of  Lower  Egypt.     The  inundation  of 
the  Nile  occasions  the   fertility  of  Egypt. 
Its  waters  bring  with  them  the  riclmess,  or 
wash  of  the  upper  country,  and  here  deposit 
it.     This  the  poet  calls,  nigra  arena.     The 
rise  of  the  Nile  is  occasioned  by  the  rain 
that  falls  at  a  certain  season  of  the  year  in 
the  mountains  of  Abyssinia.     The  proper 
height  to  which  the  water  should  rise   in 
Egypt  is   16  cubits,  or  24  feet.     If  it  fall 
short  of  that,  a  famine  is  expected ;  if  it 
exceed  it,  an  injury  is  sustained.     By  means 
of  canals,  the  water  is  carried  to  every  part 
of  the  country.     For  an  excellent  descrip- 
tion of  the  Nile,  see  Rollin's  An.  His.  Vol. 
1.     Indis.    Any  country  that  lay  in  a  hot 
climate,  the  ancients   denominated  India, 
and  its  inhabitants  Indi.     Coloratis  :  tawny 
— sun-burnt.  Devexus:  flowing  down  from ; 

294.  Arte :  in  the  sense  of  invent 

in 


146 


P.  VIRG1L1I  MARONTS 


300 


Exiguus  primum,  atque  ipsos  contractus  ad  usus 
Eligitur  locus  :  hunc  angustique  imbrice  tecti 
Parietibusque  premunt  arctis ;  et  quatuor  addunt 
Quatuor  a  ventis  obliqua  luce  fenestras. 
Turn  vitulus,  bima  curvans  jam  cornua  fronte, 

300.  Geminse  nares  Quaeritur  :  huic  geminae  nares,  et  spiritus  oris 
obstruuntur  Multa  reluctanti  obstruitur  ;  plagisque  perempto 

301.  Visceraque  tunsa  rpunga  per  integram  solvuntur  viscera  pellem. 

leni  solvuntur  huic  pe-  ^c  P°situm  in  clauso  liriquunt :  et  ramea  costis 
rempto.  Subjiciunt  fragmenta,  thymum,  casiasque  recentes. 

303.  Sic  linquunt  vitu-  Hoc  geritur,  Zephyris  primum  impellentibus  undas, 
him  positum  in  clauso  ^nte  novis  rubeant  quam  prata  coloribus,  ante 

°C306.  Coloribusrforwm  Garrula  <luam  tig™8  nidum  suspendat  hirundo. 

Interea  teneris  tepefactus  in  ossibus  humor 
*      /  fyl^lt    -     -^Estuat :  et  visenda  modis  animalia  miris, 
P*£A  *  Trunca  pedum  primo,  mox  et  stridentia  pennis 

Miscentur,  tenuemque  magis,  magis  aera  carpunt : 
312.  Donee  erupere  Donee,  ut  aestivis  effusus  nubibus  imber, 
lam  dense,  ut  Erupere  :  aut,  ut  nervo  pulsante  sagittse, 

nt  sa  ittffi*  tam       Se'  Prima  leves  ineunt  si  quando  praalia  Parthi. 

Quis  Deus  hanc,  Musae,  quis  nobis  extudit  artem  ?  315 
ft  Unde  nova  ingressus  hominum  experientia  cepit  ? 

Pastor  Aristseus,  fugiens  Peneia  Tempe, 
Amissis,  ut  lama,  apibus  morboque  fameque, 


310 


uW 


NOTES. 


~!jG.  Hanc  premunt :  they  contract  this 
(still  more)  by  a  narrow  roof  and  confined 
walls — walls  close  together.  Imbrex  is  pro- 
perly the  gutter-tile  of  the  roof,  to  carry  off 
the  water.  Hence  it  may  be  taken  for  the 
roof  itself.  Imbrice  angusti  tecti :  with  the 
covering  of  a  narrow  roof. 

297.  Parictibus:  parities,  properly  the 
walls  of  a  house :  muri,  the  walls  of  a  city. 
Premunt :  in  the  sense  of  contrahunt. 

299.  Bima :  in  the  sense  of  bienni. 

301.  Multa :  in  the  sense  of  multum,  in 
imitation  of  the  Greeks. 

302.  Viscera  tuma,  &c.    The  meaning  is  : 
that  the  entrails  of  the  animal,  as  he  lay 
dead,  being  beaten  with  blows,  are  broken 
in  pieces,  the  hide  remaining  entire.     Vis- 
cera, is  properly  the  whole  animal  within  the 
hide,  as  well  the  flesh  as  the  entrails.     Per- 
empto :  in  the  sense  of  interfecto. 

305.  Geritur :  in  the  sense  of  agitur. 
Zephyris.  The  zephyrs  begin  to  blow,  in 
that  climate,  early  in  the  month  of  Febru- 
ary, according  to  Pliny.  Impellentibus :  in 
the  sense  of  agitantibus. 

307.  Antequam  hirundo.  The  time  of 
the  swallow's  coming  is  said  by  Columella, 
to  be  in  the  latter  part  of  February,  in  that 
climate ;  with  us  it  is  much  later. 

309.  &siuat:  ferments.  Trunca:  desti- 
tute of — wanting.  Miscentur:  mingle — 
swarm.  Carpunt :  in  the  sense  of  tentant. 

312.  Erupere :  in  the  sense  of  evolaverunt. 
Wervo  pulsante:  (flew)  from  the  whizzing 


string.  Nervo:  the  string  or  cord  of  the 
bow.  The  Parthians  were  expert  archers, 
and  usually  commenced  the  fight  by  a  flight 
of  arrows. 

314.  Si  quando :  in  the  sense  of  quando. 

315.  Extudit :  in  the  sense  of  invenit. 

316.  Ingressus :  ace.  plu.  in  the  sense  of 
originem. 

317.  Arista-us.     He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  son  of  Apollo  and  the  nymph  Cyrene, 
the  daughter  of  the  river  god  Peneus,  and 
born  in  the  deserts  of  Lybia.     He  married 
the   daughter   of  Cadmus,   by   the   name 
of  Antonoe,   by    whom  he    had    Acteon. 
Being     enamoured     with    Eurydice,    the 
wife  of  Orpheus,  he  pursued  her  into  the 
fields,  where  a  snake,  laying  in  the  grass 
unobserved,  bit  her ;  of  which  wound  she 
died.     Whereupon,  the   gods  were  angry, 
and,  by  way  of  punishment,  destroyed  his 
bees.     In  this  calamity,  he  applied  to  his 
mother,  who  directed  him  to  apply  to  the 
river  god  Proteus.     He  directed  him  to  ap- 
pease the  Manes  of  Eurydice  by  the  sacri- 
fice of  four  bulls,  and  four  heifers.     It  is 
said  that  he  travelled  over  various  countries, 
teaching  men  the  cultivation  of  the  olive, 
and  the  use  of  bees.     He  visited  Arcadia ; 
hence  he  is  called  Arcadius  magister  apum. 
He  received  divine  honors,  and  was  wor- 
shipped as  a  demi-god.     Tempe:  neu.  plu. 
a   pleasant   valley   of    Thessaly,  through 
which  the  river  Peneus  flows.     Hence  the 

.  epithet  Pencrtn. 


OEORGICA.     LIB.  l\  j^ 

Tristis  ad  extrerai  sacrum  caput  astitit  amnis, 
Mult  a  querens  :  atque  hac  affatus  voce  parentem  :      320 
Mater  Cyrene,  mater,  quas  gurgitis  hujus 

Ima  tenes :  quid  me  praeclara  stirpe  Deorum  322.  Tenes  ima  luca 

(Si  modo,  quem  perhibes,  pater  est  Thymbraeus  Apollo)  hujus  gurgitis :  quidge- 
Invisum  fatis  genuisti  ?  aut  quo  tibi  nostri  ?***  me  inv!s*m  fatis 

Pulsus  amor  ?  quid  me  ccelum  sperare  jubebas  ?  325  rumTTLdo^Thyml 
En  etiain  huric  ipsum  vitse  mortalis  honorem,  bweu's  Apollo,  quern  per- 

Quem  mihi  vix  frugum  et  pecudum  custodia  solers  tubes  meum  patrem^  est 
Omnia  tentanti  extuderat,  te  matre,  relinquo.  U'tf  '•  meus  pater:  aut  <lu°  est 
Quin  age,  et  ipsa  manu  felices  erue  sylvas,  '329^  amor  nostn  pukus 

Fer  stabulis  inimicum  ignem,  atque  interfice  messes :  326.  En,  te  matre, 
Ure  sata,  et  validarn  in  vites  molire  bipennem  :  etiam  relinquo  hunc  ip- 

Tanta  meae  si  te  ceperunt  taedia  laudis.  sum 

At  mater  sonitum  thalamo  sub  fluminis  alti 
Sensit :  earn  circum  Milesia  vellera  Nymphae 
Carpebant,  hyali  saturp  fucata  colore  :       \_  £t<^ 
Drymoque,  Xanthoque,  Ligeaque,  Phyllodoceque,  ' 

Caesariem  effusse  nitidam  per  Candida  colla  ;  337.  Effusae  quoad  ni- 

Nesaee,  Spioque,  Thaliaque,  Cymodoceque,  tidajn 

Cydippeque,  et  flava  Lycorias  ;  altera  virgo,  ^A Her&adhuc v 

Altera  turn  primes  Lucinae  experta  labores  ;  340 

Clioque,  et  Beroe  soror,  Oceanitides  ambae, 

Ambae  auro,  pictis  incinctae  pellibus  ambae  ;  342.  Ambae  incinctae 

Atque  Ephyre,  atque  Opis,  et  Asia  Deiopeia  ;  auro,    amb®    incincta 

Et  tandem  positis  velox  Arethusa  sagittis.  Pictis 

Inter  quas  curam  Clymene  narrabat  inanem  345 

NOTES. 

319.  Ad  sacrum  caput:    at  the  sacred  or  sea-green  colour;  from  a  Greek  word 

source   of  the  remote  river.     Aristeeus  re-  signifying  glass. 

sided  in  the  vale  of  Tempe.     After  the  loss  336.  Drymo.     The  names  of  the  nymphs 
of  his  bees,  he  retired  to  the  source  of  the  here  mentioned  are  taken  from  Homer  and 
river  Peneus,  in  mount  Pindus,  where  his  Hesiod,  and  are  all  of  Greek  derivation, 
mother  had  her  residence.  After  her  amour  337.  Effusa:    in   the   sense   of  diffuse  : 
with  Apollo,  it  is  said  that  god  conveyed  their  hair  hung  loose,    and   flowing  over 
her  to  Africa,  where  she  resided  during  the  their  snow-white  necks, 
period  of  her  gestation  and  delivery.     Her  340.  Experta :  in  the  sense  of  passa.  Lu- 
zon was  brought  up  by  the  Seasons,  and  fed  cince :    child-bearing.      The  name   of   the 
upon  ambrosia.  goddess  of  child-bearing ;  by  meton.  taken 
321.  Gurgitis :  in  the  sense  offontis.  for   child-bearing  itself.    It  is   an   epithet 
323.  Modo  :  in  the  sense  of  certe.  Thym-  both  of  Juno  and  Diana. 
brnus  :  a  name  of  Apollo,  from  Thymbra,  341.  Oceanitides:  daughters  of  the  ocean, 
a  town  of  Troas,  where  he  had  a  magnifi-  See  Eel.  ii.  46. 

cent  temple.     Perhibes:  in  the  sense  of  di-  343.    Deiopeia.     This  nymph   is  called 

£Z5,vel  vocas.  Asian,  because  she  was  of  the  Asian  fen  : 

327.  Custodia  :  in  the  sense  of  cura.  Asia  appellatur  quia  ex  Asia  palude. 

328.  Relinquo  :   in   the  sense   of  arnitlo.  344.  Arethusa.     She  had  been  at  first  a 
Extuderat :  had  provided,  or  procured.  huntress,  and  one  of  Diana's  train ;  but  af- 

329.  Felices:  in  the  sense  of faxundas.  terwards  changed  by  her  into  a  fountain 

331.  Molire  :  in  the  sense  of  immitfe.  nymph.     Hence  the  propriety  of  sagittis  po- 

332.  Toedia :  in  the  sense  of  negiigcntia.      sitis. 

334.  Milesia:  anadj.fromJtfffefttt,  a  city         345.  Inter  quas:  among  whom  Clymene 
in  the  confines-  of  Ionia   and   Caria.     Its  was  relating,  &c.     Venus,  the  wife  of  Vul- 
wool  was  held  in  great  estimation  among  can,  was  taken  in  adultery  with  Mars.  H 
the  Romans.  husband  cast  a  net  over  them,  as  they  were 

335.  Carpebant :  in  the  sense  of  mbant.  in  each  other's  embrace,  and  in  this  situa- 
Fucata :  dyed  with  a  rich  sea-green  colour,  tion  they  were  exposed  to  the  laughter  < 

<ffyali :  gen.  othyaltis :  glass :  also  a  glassy,     all  the  gods.    The  poet  cajls  Vulcan 


148  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

347.  Vulcani  de  custo-  Vulcani,  Martisque  dolos,  et  dulcia  furta, 
^ere,  Aque  Chao  densos  Divum  numerabat  amores. 

Carmine  quo  captae,  dum  fusis  mollia  pensa 
Devolvunt,  iterum  maternas  impulit  aures 
Luctus  Aristaei,  vitreisque  sedilibus  omnes  350 

Obstupere  :  sed  ante  alias  Arethusa  sorores 
Prospiciens,  summa  flavum  caput  extulit  unda. 
353.  Et  procul  dixit :  Et  procul :  O,  gemitu  non  frustra  exterrita  tanto, 
O  soror  Cyrene  Cyrene  soror  ;  ipse  tibi,  tua  maxima  cura, 

Tristis,  Aristaeus,  Penei  genitoris  ad  undam  Si)."» 

Stat  lachrymans,  et  te  crudelem  nomine  dicit. 
357.  Mater  perculsa  Huic  perculsa  nova  mentem  formidine  mater, 
guoadmentem  nova  for-  DUCj  agej  due  ad  nos  :  fas  illi  limina  Divum 

udme   ait  huic  :  age,Tan  ^      gimu]  ^      . .   ^      <]iscedere  late 

due,  due  ilium  ad  nos  :  —,.     °»  >   «  -,i  o/>n, 

fas  est  illi  rlumina,  qua  juvenis  gressus  mferret :  at  ilium 

Curvata  in  mentis  faciem  circumstetit  unda, 
Accepitque  sinu  vasto,  misitque  sub  amnem. 
Jamque  domum  mirans  genitricis  et  humida  regna. 
Speluncisque  lacus  clausos,  lucosque  sonantes, 
Ibat :  et,  ingenti  motu  stupefactus  aquarum,  365 

Omnia  sub  magna  labentia  flumina  terr& 
Spectabat  diversa  locis,  Phasimque,  Lycumque, 
Et  caput,  unde  altus  primum  se  erumpit  Enipeus, 
371   Et  unde  Erida-  Unde  pater  Tyberinus,  et  unde  Aniena  fluenta, 
mis  auratus  quoad  ge-  Saxosumque  sonans  Hypanis,  Mysusque  Caicus,       370 
mina  cornua  Et  gemma  auratus  taurino  cornua  vultu 

NOTES. 

inanem,  vain,  because  it  had  no  effect  to  re-  lows,  was  of  the  opinion,  that  there  was, 
claim  his  wife,  or  because  it  served  only  to  under  the  earth,  a  general  receptacle  or  res- 
propagate  his  own  disgrace :  or  rather,  be-  ervoir  of  water,  from  which  the  rivers  were 
cause  he  was  unable,  with  all  his  care  and  all  fed.  This  they  called  Paratitrum.  By 
watchfulness,  to  prevent  her  from  defiling  lacus  clausos,  &c.  the  poet  means  this  gene- 
his  bed.  Venus  was  a  wanton  dame.  ral  reservoir  of  water. 

346.  Dulcia  furta.     This  alludes  to  the         367.  Diversa :  remote — widely  separated, 
amour  of  Mars  with   Venus :    stolen  em-  Phasim  :  Phasis,  a  noble  river  of  Colchis,  ri- 
braces — sweet  thefts.  sing  in  the  mountains  of  Armenia,  falls  in- 

347.  Chao :  from  the  origin  of  the  world  ;  to  the  Euxine  sea.     It  is  famous  for  the  ex- 
or  from  Chaos,  who,  according  to  fable,  was  pedition  of  the  Argonauts,  who  entered  it 
the  first  of  the  Gods.    Densos :  in  the  sense  after  a  long  and  perilous  voyage.     Lycum  : 
of  frequentes,  vel  multos.  Lycus,  the  name  of  several  rivers,     it  is  not 

348.  Mollia  pensa :  the  soft  yarn.     Car-  certain,  which  one  the  poet  here  intends. 
mine :  song,  story  or  subject.  368.  Caput :  the  source,  whence,  &c.  Eni- 

351.  Ante  :  before  her  other  sisters.  peus  is  a  river  of  Thessally,  watering  the 

353.  Non  frustra :  not  in  vain  alarmed  :  plains  of  Pharsalia,  and  falling  into  the  river 

you  are  alarmed,  and  not  without  reason.  Peneus. 

355.  Undam :  in  the  sense  of  font  em. —         369.  Tyberinus :  the  river  Tyber  in  Italy. 

Peneus,  the  river  God,  was  the  father  of  It  is  called  by  way  of  eminence  pater.    It 

Cyrene.  falls  into  the  Tuscan  sea.     Aniena :  an  adj. 

360.  Inferret  gressus :  might  introduce  his  from  Anio,  the  name  of  a  small  river  in 
foot-steps — might  march  along:  a  phrase.  Italy. 

Flumina :  in  the  sense  of  aquas.  370.  Hypanis :  a  river  of  the  ancient  Sar- 

361.  Curvata :  rolled  or  heaped  up  in  the  matia,  uniting  with  the  Borysthenes  or  Nei- 
form  of  a  mountain.  per,  and  with  it,  flows  into  the  Euxine  sea. 

362.  Misit :  in  the  sense  ofadmisit.  Eum  Hodie,  Bog.     Saxosum :  an  adj.  of  the  neu. 
is  understood.  gen.  used  adverbially — among  the  rocks. 

364.  Speluncis.    There  were  two  opinions  Cateus:  a  river  of  Mysia  major  in  the  Lesser 

among  the  ancients  respecting  the  origin  of  Asia.     It  falls  into  the  jEgean  sea,  nearly 

rivers.     Aristotle  considered  the  sea  to  be  opposite  to  Mitylene  on  the  Island  of 

tho  source :  but  Plato,  whom  Virgil  here  fol-  bos.     Hence  the  epithet  Mysvs. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  IV 


149 


Eridanus,  quo  non  alius  per  pinguia  culta  >  -:    372.  Quo  amne  non 

In  mare    urureum  violentior  influit  amn^  aliu    amnis  influit  vio- 


1  1 O 

In  mare  purpureum  violentior  influit  amnis.,, 

Postquam  est  in  thalami  pendentia"piimice  tecta 
Perventum,  et  nati  fletus  cognovit  inanes 
Cyrene  :  manibus  liquidos  dant  ordine  fontes 
Germanae,  tonsisque  ferunt  mantilia  villis. 
Pars  epulis  onerant  mensas,  et  plena  reponunt 
Pocula  ;  Panchaeis  adolescunt  ignibus  arae. 
Et  mater  :  Cape  Maeonii  carchesia  Bacchi : 
Oceano  libemus,  ait.     Simul  ipsa  precatur 
Oceanumque  patrem  rerum,  Nymphasque  sorores, 
Centum  quae  sylvas,  centum  quae  flumina  servant. 
Ter  liquido  ardentem  perfudit  nectare  Vestam  : 
Ter  flamma  ad  summum  tecti  subjecta  reluxit.         385 
Omine  quo  firmans  animum,  sic  incipit  ipsa : 
Est  in  Carpathio  Neptuni  gurgite  vates, 


** 


--j — m  per- 
ventum  est  in  tecta  tha- 
lami 


380     380.   Et  mater  ait  -. 
Cape 


NOTES. 


372.  Eridanus :  the  river  Po.  This  is  the 
largest  river  of  Italy. 

There  is  a  seeming  difficulty  in  reconci- 
ling what  is  here  said  of  this  river  with  mat- 
ter of  fact.  We  are  told  the  Po  is  not  a 
rapid  river.  It  flows  the  greater  part  of  its 
course  through  a  level  and  highly  cultiva- 
ted country.  This  taken  into  considera- 
tion, no  other  river  perhaps,  under  the  same 
circumstances,  flows  with  greater  rapidity. 
We  are  not  to  understand  the  poet  as  speak- 
ing absolutely,  but  comparatively.  It  falls 
into  the  Adriatic  sea,  or  gulf  of  Venice. 

Taurino  vullu.  The  form  of  a  bull,  is  of- 
ten, by  the  poets,  given  to  rivers,  from  their 
roaring  and  rapid  course  :  the  noise  which 
they  make,  bearing  some  resemblance  to 
the  bellowing  of  that  animal.  They  are 
also  called  cornuti,  or  horned,  from  the  dou- 
ble banks  or  channels,  into  which  they  di- 
vide themselves:  or  perhaps  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  their  being  sometimes  form- 
ed by  the  union  of  two  streams  or  smaller 
rivers.  As  for  example,  the  river  Ohio  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  rivers  Alleghany 
and  Monongahela. 

Hercules  is  said  to  have  broken  off  one 
of  the  horns  of  Achelous.  It  is  thus  ex- 
plained. That  hero  reduced  the  river  to  one 
channel  or  stream.  The  dried  part  or  bro- 
ken horn  of  the  river  was  converted  into 
fruitful  fields  and  gardens.  This  g'ave  rise 
to  the  fable  of  the  cornucopias,  or  horn  of 
plenty.  This  was  given  to  the  nymphs,  and 
by  them  presented  to  the  Goddess  of  Plen- 
ty. The  verb  erumpit  is  to  he  supplied  with 
each  of  the  preceding  nominatives. 

374.  Pendentia :  vaulted,  or  arched  with 
pumice  stone.  Ruteus  says ;  structa  unpcn- 
dente  pumice.     Perventum  est:  imp.   verb, 
used  in  the  sense  of  pervenit. 

375.  Lianes:  rain,  says  Servius,  because 
they  were  excited  by  a  calamity  easy  to  be 
removed. 


376.  Dant :  in  the  sense  of  ferunt.  Liqui- 
dos fontes :  in  the  sense  of  puras   aquas. — 
This  water  was  brought  for  the  use  of  Aris- 
t£eus;  manibus  may  therefore  refer  to  his 
hands — for  washing  his  hands :  or  it  may 
refer  to   the   hands   of  the   nymphs  who 
brought  it — in  their  hands. 

377.  Mantilia:  towels.     It  would   seem 
they  were  made  of  some  shaggy  or  nappy 
cloth,  which  was  sometimes  shorn  for  the 
greater  smoothness  and  delicacy.  Our  nap- 
kins were  probably  of  the  same  sort  for- 
merly, the  word  seeming  to  be  derived  from 
nap.     Tonsis  villis :  the  shag  or  nap  being 
cut  off. 

379.  Pancfueis :  an  adj.  from  Panchcza,  a 
region  of  Arabia,  abounding  in  frankincense. 
Ar(E :  the  altars  burn  with  Arabian  frankin- 
cense. 

380.  Carchesia.    The   carchesium  was  a 
large  oblong  bowl  or  goblet,  flatted  about 
the  middle,  having  handles  reaching  quite 
to  the  bottom.    Mceonii :  an  adj.  from  Mce- 
onitti  the  ancient  name  of  Lydia  in  Asia 
Minor.     It  abounded  in  vines.     Bacchi :  for 
vent. 

383.  Servant:  in  the  sense  of  provident. 

384.  Perfundit :  she  sprinkled — wet.   Ar- 
denlem  Vestam :  the  flaming  fire :  See  ./En.  1. 
292.     Nectare  :  for  vino.     Nectar  was  pro- 
perly the  best  and  purest  wine,  such  as  they 
assigned  to  the  use  of  the  gods. 

385.  Subjecta.     This  RUCDUS  takes  in  the 
sense   of  suppo&ita ;  with   what   propriety, 
however,  does  not  appear.     The  meaning 
plainly  is :  that  when  the  wine  was  poured 
upon  the  fire,  a  flame  arose,  or  blazed,  and 
shone   bright,   as  high  as  the   roof  of  the 
house.     Subjicio,  from  which  subjecta  is  de- 
rived, signifies  to  rise,  or  mount  up.     See 
Eel.  x.  74,  and  &n.  xii.  288.     It  is  here 
used  in  the  sense  of  surgens. 

387.  Carpathio  :  an  adj.  from  Carpathus, 
an  island  in  the  Mediterranean  sea.  between 


150  P.VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Coeruleus  Proteus,  magnum  qui  piscibus  sequor, 
Et  juncto  bipedum  curru  metitur  equorum. 
Hie  nunc  Emathiae  portus,  patriamque  revisit  390 

Pallenen  ;  hunc  et  nymphae  veneramur,  et  ipse 
Grandaevus  Nereus  :  novit  namque  omnia  vates, 

393.  Qusesintjprewen- Quae  s'mi}  quae  fuerint,  quae  mox  ventura  trahantur. 
tia,  qua  fuerint  /wo/«-Quippe  ita  Neptuno  visum  est :  immania  cuju.- 
rita' et  Armenta,  et  turpes  pascit  sub  gurgite  phocasX         395 

Hie  tibi,  nate,  prius  vinclis  capiendus,  ut  omnem 
Expediat  morbi  causam,  eventusque  secundet. 
Nam  sine  vi  non  ulla  dabit  praecepta,  neque  ilium 
Orando  flectes  :  vim  duram  et  vincula  capto  399 

400.  Circum  h&cvin-  Tende  :  doli  circum  haec  demum  frangentur  inanes. 

cula  Ipsa  ego  te,  medios  cum  Sol  accenderit  sestus, 

401.  Ego  ipsaducam  c^       jti     t  herb         t  rf  •  {[  fe          t 
te  in  secreta  sems,  quo  t                                                     ^  <? 

402.  Gratior  pecori  *n  secreta  sems  ducam,  quo  tessus  ab  undis 
quam  herba  Se  recipit ;  facile  ut  somno  aggrediare  jacentem. 

405.  Ilium  correptum  Verum  ubi  correptum  manibus,  vinclisque  tenebis  ; 

Turn  variae  eludent  species,  atque  ora  ferarum.        406 
Fiet  enim  subito  sus  horridus,  atraque  tigris, 
Squamosusque  draco,  et  fulva  cervice  leaena  : 
Aut  acrem  flammae  sonitum  dabit,  atque  ita  vinclis 
Excidet,  aut  in  aquas  tenues  dilapsus  abibit.  410 

Sed  quantd  ille  magis  formas  se  vertet  in  omnes : 
Tanto,  nate,  magis  contende  tenacia  vincla  : 
413.  Qualem  videris  Donee  talis  erit,  mutato  corpore,  qualem 
ilium  Videris,  incepto  tegeret  cum  lumina  somno. 

NOTES. 

Rhodes  and  Crete,  whence  the  neighboring  389.  Metitur :  he  measures,  or  rides  over, 

sea  was  called  Carpathian.     It  is  now  call-  Juncto  :  yoked,  or  harnessed  ;  alluding  to 

ed  Scarpanto.    Neptuni :  Neptunus,  the  god  his  marine  horses,  that  were  harnessed  in 

of  the  sea,  by  meton.  put  here  for  the  sea  his  car. 

itself,  according  to  RUCDUS.     That  common-  391.    Pallenen:    Pallene,  a  penisula   of 

tator  takes  gurgite  in  the  sense  of  slnu;  Macedonia,    whose     original     name    was 

but  it  is  better  to  take  it  in  the  sense  of  Emathia. 

wiari,  and  Neptuni  in  its  usual  acceptation.  393.  Trahantur.  There  is  a  great  pro- 
late* Neptuni :  the  prophet  of  Neptune,  priety  in  the  use  of  this  word,  according  to 
For  Proteus,  it  is  said,  received  from  that  the  heathen  notion  of  fate.  Future  events 
god  the  gift  of  prophecy.  are  said  to  be  drawn,  (trahi^)  because,  in 

388.  Proteus :  a  sea-god.     According  to  that  series,  or  chain  of  causes  and  effects, 

fable,  he  was  the  son  of  Oceanus  and  Te-  they  so  follow  that  one  may  be  said  to 

thys,  and  received  the  gift  of  prophecy  from  draw  the  other. 

Neptune.     He  was  very  difficult  of  access,  395.  Turpes :    in  the  sense  of  immanes. 

and  when  consulted,  he  frequently  eluded  399.  Flectes :  in  the  sense  of  vinces. 

the  answers  by  transforming  himself  into  400.  Tende :  apply  rigid  force  and  chains 

various  shapes,  and  so  making  his  escape,  to   him,  when  seized.     Doli :  tricks — stra- 

Homer  makes  him  an  Egyptian,  and  Hero-  tagems. 

dotus,  a  king  of  Egypt.     Sir  Isaac  Newton,  406.  Ora :  in  the  sense  of  formce.    Elu~ 

finding  him  cotemporary  with  Amenophis,  dent.    [Undent  is  the  common  reading.  Pie- 

or  Memnon,  conjectures  he  was  only  a  vice-  rius  found  in  the  Roman  manuscript  ludent; 

roy  to  that  prince,  and  governed  some  part  in  the  Lombard,  Medicean,  and  most  of  the 

of  Lower  Egypt  in  his  absence.  ancient  manuscripts,  eludent,  which  is  the 

Proteus  is  represented  as  drawn  in  a  car  reading  of  Heyne. 

by  marine  horses ;  that  is,  their  fore  part  408.  Draco :  a  serpent,  or  snake, 

resembling  the  horse,  their  hinder  a  fish.  410.    Excidet:    will   escape.     Dilapsus: 

They  would  consequently  have  only  two  dissolved  into  water,  £c. 

feet,  and  those  before.      Hence  bipedum  412.  Contende:  in  the  sense  of  constringe. 

414.  Tegeret:  in  the  sense  of  claudrrrt. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  IV. 


151 


Haec  ait :  et  iiquidum  ambrosia?  diffudit  odorem,  415 
Quo  totum  nati  corpus  perduxit ;  at  illi 
Dulcis  compositis  spiravit  crinibus  aura, 
Atque  habilis  membris  venit  vigor.     Est  specus  ingens 
Exesi  latere  in  montis  ;  quo  plurima  vento     /^p**         419.  Quo  plurima  un- 
Cogitur,  inque  sinus  scindit  sese  unda  reductos  ;      420  da  cogitur. 
Deprensis  olim  statio  tutissima  nautis. 
Intus  se  vasti  Proteus  tegit  objice  saxi. 
Hie  juvenem  in  latebris  aversum  a  lumine  Nympha 


Collocat  :  ipsa  procul  nebulis  obscura  resistit. 
Jam  rapidus  torrens  sitientes  Sirius  Indos 
Ardebat  coelo,  et  medium  Sol  igneus  orbem 
Hauserat  :  arebant  herba3,  et  cava  flumina  siccis 
Faucibus  ad  limum  radii  tepefecta  coquebant  : 
Cum  Proteus  consueta  petens  e  fluctibus  antra 
Ibat  :  eum  vasti  circum  gens  humida  ponti 
Exultans,  rorem  late  dispergit  amarum. 
Sternunt  se  somno  diversae  in  litore  phocae. 
Ipse  (vulut  stabuli  custos  in  montibus  olim, 
Vesper  ubi  e  pastu  vitulos  ad  tecta  reducit, 
Auditisque  lupos  acuunt  balatibus  agni) 
Considit  scopulo  medius,  numerumque  recenset. 
Cujus  Aristaeo  quoniam  est  oblata  facultas  : 
Vix  defessa  senem  passus  componere  membra, 
Cum  clamore  ruit  magno,  manicisque  jacentem 
Occupat.     II  le  sua3  contra  non  immemor  artis, 
Omnia  transformat  sese  in  miracula  rerum, 
Ignemque,  horribilemque  fer,am,  fluviumque  liquentem. 


423.  Nympha  Cyrtnt 
collocat  juvenem  Aris- 
425  txum 


427.   Et  radii  Solis 
coquebant  cava  flumina 
tepefacta  faucibus  siccis 
430  w?ue  ad 


435 


440 


437.  Quoniara  facul- 
tas capiendi  cujus  oblata 
est  Aristaeo ;  vix 

439.  Ruit  in  eum  cum 


NOTES. 


Somno  incepto :    at  the  beginning   of  his 
sleep. 

415.  Ambrosia.     Ambrosia  was  the  food 
of  the  gods,  and  nectar  their  drink.     But 
the  two  are  often  confounded,  as  here,  liqui- 
dusodor  is  said  of  ambrosia.    Liquidum  odo- 
rem :  a  pure  fragrancy,  or  perfume. 

416.  Perduxit :  in  the  sense  of  perunxit. 
Pierius  found  perfudit  in  the  Roman  MS. 

417.  Aura:  in  the  sense  of  odor.     Illi: 
the  dat.  in  the  sense  of  illius.     This  use  of 
the  dat.  case  is  frequent  with  Virgil.     Com- 
positis :  in  the  sense  of  unctis. 

419.  Exesi :  in  the  sense  of  excavati. 
421.  Olim:    in   the   sense  of  aliquando. 
Deprtns-is :  caught,  or  overtaken  in  a  storm. 

423.  Aversum :  in  the  sense  of  remotum. 

424.  Resistit:  in   the  sense   of  remanet. 
Obscura :  in  the  sense  of  occulta. 

425.  Sirius  :  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude 
in  the  mouth  of  the  dog.     It  rises  about  the 
time  the  sun  enters  the  sign  Leo,  which 
takes    place   in   the    latter   part  of  July, 
causing  what  we  call  the  dog-days.     Tor- 
rens :  pres.  part,  in  the  sense  of  comburens. 
Indos.     This  word  is  here  used  for  the  in- 
habitants  of   any    warm    climate.      Such 
Countries  are  subject  to  long  and  excessive 


droughts :  hence  the  propriety  of  the  epi- 
thet sitientes. 

426.  Igneus  Sol:  the  fiery  sun  had  com- 
pleted (drawn  out)  half  his  course.  This 
is  a  circumlocution  to  denote  the  middle  of 
the  day.  Hauserat :  in  the  sense  of  cu- 
currerat 

428.  Coquebant :  in  the  sense  of  siccabant. 
Faucibus ;  in  the  sense  of  aheis. 

431.  Amarum:   the  bitter  spray.     The 
sea-water  is  bitter  as  well  as  salt. 

432.  Diversa  :    dispersed,  or  scattered 
along  the  shore. 

433.  Stabuli :  in  the  sense  of  armenti,  by 
meton. 

435.  Auditis.  Some  read  auditi,  to  agree 
with  agni :  but  the  sense  leads  to  auditis  : 
the  bleating  of  the  lambs  being  heard.  Mr. 
Davidson  observes,  that  auditis  is  found  in 
the  Roman,  Medicean,  and  Cambridge  ma- 
nuscripts. Heyne  reads  auditis. 

437.  Facultas:  an  opportunity  was  pre- 
sented. 

439.  Manicis :  in  the  sense  of  vimculis. 
Some  manuscripts  read  vinculis. 

441.  Miracula:  in  the  sense  of  prodigia, 
wonderful  shapes,  says  Valpy. 

442.  Liquentem:  in  the  sense offluentw. 


f.  VIRG1L11  MARONIS 

Verum  ubi  nulla  fugam  reperit  fallacia,  victuts 

In  sese  redit,  atque  hominis  tandem  ore  locutus  : 

Nam  quis  te,  juvenum  confidentissime,  nostras         445 

446.  At  ille  Aristaus  Jussit  adire  domos  ?  quidve  hinc  petis  ?  inquit.    At  illc. 
respondit  :    O   Proteu,  Scis,  Proteu,  scis  ipse  :  neque  est  te  tallere  cuiquam. 
SC44ftM\M?  f  n  Sed  tu  desine  velle.  Doiim  praecepta  secuti 

efa  ere  me    yenjmus  nuCj  lapsis  quaesitum  oracuia  rebus. 

450.  Effatus  est  hoc  Tantum  effatus.  Ad  haec  vates  vi  denique  multtl         450 

Ardentes  oculos  intorsit  lumme  gluuco  : 
Et,  graviter  frendens,  sic  falls  ora  resolvit : 
fNon  te  nullius  exercent  numinis  irae  ; 
Magna  luis  commissa :  tibi  has  miserabilis  Orpheus 
Haudquaquam  ob  meritum  pcenas  (ni  fata  resistant) 
Suscitat,  et  rapta  graviter  pro  conjuge  saevit.  456 

457.  Ilia  puella  qui-  Ilia  quidem,  dum  te  fugeret  per  fiumma  pra3ceps, 
demmoritura,dumprae-Immanem  ante  pedes  hydrum,  moritura  puella, 

Servantem  riPas  alt&  non  vidit  in  herba- 
At  chorus  sequalis  Dryadum  clamore  supremos          460 
464     Ipse  Orpheus  Implerunt  inontes  :  flerunt  Rhodopeiae  arces, 

solans  segrum  amorem  Altaque  Pangasa,  et  Rhesi  Mavortia  tellus. 

cava  testudine,  canebat  Atque  Getae,  atque  Hebrus,  atque  Actias  Orithyiu. 

te,  O  dulcis    conjux  ;  ipgej  cava  solaus  aegrum  testudine  amorem, 

canebat  te  secum  in  solo  ,f      dulcig  conjux    te  solo  in  Htore  secum  46r> 

more  :    caneoai  ic,  aie  ,_  .  _,•  j        j  » 

veniente ;  canebat  te,digTe  veniente  die,  te  decedente  canebat. 

decedente.  Tsenarias  etiam  fauces,  alta  ostia  Ditis. 

NOTES. 

443.  Fugam :  escape.     Fallacia :  wiles —  passage.     It  would  be  a  useless  labor  to 

tricks — stratagems.  enumerate  the  various  opinions  of  commen- 

447.  Neque  est  cuique:  nor  is  it  in  the  tators  upon   it.     Dr.   Trapp  observes,  the 
power  of  any  one  to  deceive  you.  parenthesis,  ni  fata  resistant,  is  the  most 

449.  QucEsitum:  to  seek  divine  counsel  difficult   passage   in   Virgil's   works.      To 

in  my  ruined  state — my   adverse   circum-  make  any  sense  of  it,  we  must  supply  the 

stances.   A  supine  in  wm,  put  after  venimus.  words :  and  would  procure  greater  punish- 

451.  Ardentes:  in  the  sense  of  coruscan-  ment.     Ob:  equal — proportionate  to. 

tes.     It  is  to  be   connected   with   lumine  Orpheus  was  the  son  of  CEagrus,  king 

glauco.  of  Thrace,  and  Calliope,  one  of  the  Muses. 

452.  Sic  resolvit.     The  poet  now  proceeds  He  was  distinguished  for  his  skill  in  music 
to  the  answer  of  Proteus,  in  which  he  tells  and  poetry.     He  was  one  of  the  Argonauts. 
Aristseus  that  the  cause  of  his  disaster  was  It  is  said  there  are  some  hymns  of  his  ex- 
the  injury  offered  to  Eurydice,  the  wife  of  tant ;  but  there  is  reason  to  believe  they 
Orpheus.     The  whole  story  is  told  in  so  are  spurious.     See  Eel.  iii.  46. 
beautiful  a  manner,  that  it  does  not  seem  456.   Savit :   and   grieves  immoderately 
unworthy  of  the  mouth  of  a  god.  for. 

453.  Non  nullius  numinis.  Davidson  ren-  461.  Arces:  the  Rhodopean  mountains, 
ders  this  :  of  no  mean  deity.     But  the  or-  See  Geor.  iii.  351. 

dinary  sense  and  meaning  of  th6  words  are  462.  Pangtza :  neu.  plu.  sing.  Pangcevs  : 

to  be  preferred :   of  some  deity.     The  two  a  mountain  in  Thrace,  in  the  confines  of 

negatives    express    affirmatively.      Besides  Macedonia.     Rhesi.     See  7£n.  i.  469. 

the  punishment  of  Aristeeus  was  procured  463.  Geta.   See  Geor.  iii.  462.     Orithyia. 

by  Orpheus  and  the  nymphs,  who  were  in-  See  Eel.  vii.  51. 

ferior  deities.     Ruaeus  and  Heyne  say  ali-  464.    Testudine.      The  lyre  was   called 

cujus  Dei.     Exercent :  in  the  sense  of  per-  testudo,  because  anciently  it  was  made  of 

sequuntur.  tortoise  shell.     It  is  said  that  Mercury  find- 

454.  Commissa :    in  the  sense  of  scelera.  ing  a  dead  tortoise  on  the  banks  of  the 
Miserabitis,  &c.  Unhappy  Orpheus  procures  river  Nile,  made  a  lyre  of  it ;  whence  he  is 
this  punishment  for  thee,  by  no  means  pro-  called,  parens  curves  lyrce. 

portionate  to  thy  deserts,  (and  would  pro-  467.  Ingressus  Tcenarias.  Tanarus,  a 
cure  greater,)  if  the  fates  did  not  oppose,  promontory  of  the  Peloponnessus,  separa- 
This  appears  to  be  the  plain  meaning  of  the  ting  the  Sinus  Messenicus  from  ihe  S 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  I\". 

Kt  caligantem  nigra  formidine  lucum 
Ingressus,  Manesque  adiit,  regemque  tremendum, 
Nesciaque  humanis  precibus  mansuescere  corda.     470 
At  cantu  commotae  Erebi  de  sedibus  imis 
Umbrae  ibant  tenues,  simulacraque  luce  carentum  : 
Quam  multa  in  sylvis  avium  se  millia  condunt, 
Vesper  ubi,  aut  hybernus  agit  de  montibus  imber  : 
Matres,  atque  viri,  defunctaque  corpora  vita  475 

Magnanimum  heroum,  pueri,  innuptaeque  puella?, 
Impositique  rogis  juvenes  ante  ora  parentum. 
Quos  circum  limus  niger,  et  detbrmis  arundo 
Cocyti,  tardaque  palus  inamabilis  unda 
Alligat,  et  novies  Styx  interfusa  coercet.  480 

Quin  ipsae  stupuere  domus,  atque  intima  leti 
Tartara,  caeruleosque  implexae  crinibus  angues 
Eumenides  ;  tenuitque  inhians  tria  Cerberus  ora  ; 
Atque  Ixionii  cantu  rota  constitit  orbis. 

Jamque  pedem  referens,  casus  evaserat  omnes  ;    485 
Redditaque  Eurydice  superas  veniebat  ad  auras, 


471. 
tenues 


l.V* 


Cantu    Orphri 


482.  Eumenides  im- 
plexae quoad  ceruleos 
angues  criuibus 


NOTES. 


Laconicus,  fabled  to  be  the  entrance  of  the 
infernal  regions.  Here  Orpheus  made  his 
descent  to  hell  after  his  Eurydice.  Osfia  : 
the  doors,  or  gates  of  Pluto. 

470.  Corda  nescia:  and  hearts  know- 
ing not  (incapable  of)  to  relent  at  human 
prayers. 

472.  Simulacra :  the  shades  or  forms  of 
those  wanting  life.  Luce :  in  the  sense  of 
vita. 

475.  Corpora :  and  bodies  of  gallant 
heroes  deprived  of  life.  Corpora  is  here 
used  to  denote  the  airy  vehicle,  or  form, 
which  the  ancients  assigned  to  departed 
spirits.  This  is  the  meaning  here. 

479.  Cocyti.     Cocytus,  a  river  of  Italy, 
of  no  great  magnitude,  feigned  by  the  poets 
to  be  a  river  of  hell.     Its  banks  abounded 
in  reeds.     Inamabilis :  in  the  sense  of  odio- 
sa  ;  and  undo,  for  aqua. 

480.  Circum  aliigat  :    surrounds — con- 
fines.    The  parts  of  the  verb  are  frequently 
separated  by  Tmesis,  for  the  sake  of  the 
verse.      Sty.e.     A    fabulous   river   of   hell, 
around  which,  the  poets  say,  it  flowed  nine 
times.     It  may  therefore  be  said  to  restrain 
the  shades,  and  prevent  them  from  return- 
ing  to  the  upper   regions.     See   Geor.  iii. 
551.     Interfusa  :  flowing  between  thcm.and 
the  upper  regions  of  light. 

482.  Tartara :  properly  the  lowest  part  of 
hell — the  place  in  which  the  impious  are 
punished,  according  to  the  poets.     Intima  : 
in  the  sense  of  profundissima.    Lctum,  or 
Lethum,  seems  here  to  be  used  for  the  place, 
or  regions  of  the  dead  in  general. 

483.  Eumenides.    The  furies  were  three 
in  number,  and  represented  with  their  hair 
entwined   with  serpents,  to  render  them 


more  dreadful.  See  Geor.  i.  278.  Cerbe- 
rus :  a  huge  dog  with  three  heads,  the 
door-keeper  of  Pluto. 

484.  Cantu.  Most  copies  have  vento. 
But  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  make  any 
sense  of  that.  Davidson  reads  cantu,  and 
informs  us  that  Pierius  found  cantu  in  se- 
veral ancient  MSS.  This  makes  the  sense 
easy,  and  the  passage  intelligible. 

Commentators  have  shown  a  good  deal 
of  ingenuity  in  attempting  to  render  this 
passage  intelligible  with  rento.  Ruseus 
says :  Orbis  rotes  Ixionioz  quievit  Jlante  vento 
contrario.  Valpy :  that  the  wind  relaxed, 
by  which  the  wheel  was  carried  round  :  or 
it  stood  to  the  wind. 

Heyne  hath  a  long  note  upon  it.  He 
thinks  vento  should  be  taken  in  the  abl. 
The  wind,  by  which  the  wheel  was  carried 
round,  subsiding,  the  wheel  ceased  to  re- 
volve :  yento)  quo  alias  circum  agibatur  rota, 
subsidenle,  subsideret  motus  rotce.  Or,  by 
ventitf,  may  be  understood  the  air  or  wind, 
occasioned  by  the  revolution  of  the  wheel : 
or  lastly,  says  he,  rota  orbis  may  be  taken 
simply  for  the  wheel :  rota  substitit  vento  : 
the  impulse  of  the  wind  ceasing,  venti  im- 
pulsu  cessantc,  the  wheel  stopped. 

The  fable  represents  all  the  infernal  re- 
gions charmed  with  the  music  of  Orpheus. 
The  Furies,  the  depths  of  Tartarus,  Cerbe- 
rus with  his  triple  mouth,  the  wheel  of 
Ixion,  all  stopped  to  listen  to  it.  Ixionii  : 
an  adj.  from  Ixion,  agreeing  with  orbis.  Ix- 
ion was  sentenced  to  be  bound  to  a  wheel, 
that  kept  perpetually  in  motion.  Rota  or- 
bis :  the  rotation,  or  revolution  of  the  wheel ; 
or  simply  for  rota.  See  Geor.  iii.  38. 

486.  Veniebat:  was  just  coming  to  (be 
upper  regions  of  light. 


154 


P.  'VIRGILli    MARONIS 


Pone  sequens  ;  namque  hanc  dederat  Proserpina  legeni, 
Cum  subita  incautum  dementia  cepit  amantem, 
489.  Dementia  quidem  Ignoscenda  quidem,  scirent  si  ignoscere  Manes. 
ignoscenda,  si  Manes     Restitit,  Eurydicenque  suam  jam  luce  sub  ipsa, 

Immemor,  heu  !  victusque  animi,  respexit  :  ibi  omnis 
492.  Rupta  sunl         Effusus  labor  ;  atque  immitis  rupta  tyranni 

Foedera  :  terque  fragor  stagnis  auditus  Avernis. 

494.  Ilia  Eurydice  in-  Ilia,  quis  et  me,  inquit,  miseram,  et  te  perdidit,  Orpheu  ? 
quit:   quis  perdidit  et  Quis  tantus  furor?  en  iterum  crudelia  retro  495 

me  miseram,  et  te,   O  pata  vocant  condilque  natantia  lumina  somnus. 
Orpheu  !     quis    tantus  T  n          .  • 

furor  est  hie?  Jamque  vale  :  leror  ingenti  circumdata  nocte, 

498.  Non  amplius  tua  Invalidasque  tibi  tendens,  heu  !  non  tua,  palmas. 
conjux.    Dixit  :  et  fugit  Dixit  :  et  ex  oculis  subito,  ceu  fumus  in  auras 
diversa  ex  oculis  Orphei  Commixtus  tenues,  fugit  diversa  :  neque  ilium  500 

Prensantem  nequicquam  umbras,  et  multa  volentem 
Dicere,  prseterea  vidit  :  nee  portitor  Orci 
503.  Passus  est  Or-  Amplius  objectam  passus  transire  paludem. 
Pheum  Quid  faceret  ?  quo  se,  raptft  bis  conjuge,  ferret  ? 


Quo  fletu  Manes,  qua  numina  voce  moveret  ? 

Ilia  quidem  Stygia  nabat  jam  frigida  cymba. 

Sep'T  '""TY03  r-'^ent  ex  ordine  menses 
ex  ordine  flevisse  sub     upe  sub  aena,  deserti  ad  Strymoms  undam 
aeria  rupe,  ad  Flevisse,  et  gelidis  haec  evolvisse  sub  antris, 


50 


NOTES. 


487.  Le.ge.rn:  condition. 

488.  Subita  amentia:   a  sudden  frenzy, 
which  put  the  lover  off  his  guard ;  or  caused 
him  to  forget  the  condition  upon  which  his 
Eurydice  was  suffered  to  return. 

489.  Ignoscenda  quidem:  pardonable  in- 
deed, if,  &c.     Orpheus  looked  back  to  be- 
hold his  loved  Eurydice.     This  was  the  fa- 
tal error,  and  not  to  be  blamed  in  a  lover. 
Even  Eurydice  herself  did  not  blame  him, 
for  it  proceeded   from  love  to  her.     Ovid 
says:  Jamque  iterum  moriensnon  est  de  con- 
juge quicquam  questa  suo :   quid  enim  sese 

queretur  amatam  ?    Manes,  here,  is  put  for 
the  infernal  gods. 

490.  Sub  ipsa  luce :  in  the  very  region  of 
light. 

491.  Victus  animi :  not  master  of  his  af- 
fections. Effusus :  in  the  sense  ofperditus  est. 

493.  Fczdera :  the  terms,  or  conditions. 
Avernis:  sing.  Avernus;  plu.  Averna:  a 
lake  of  Campania,  in  Italy,  by  the  poets 
placed  in  the  infernal  regions ;  also,  by  me- 
lon, put  for  the  regions  themselves.  Fra- 
gor. Servius  takes  fragor  to  mean  the  joy 
and  exultation  of  the  shades  at  the  return 
of  Eurydice  among  them  :  a  shout — a  cer- 
tain dismal  and  hollow  sound. 

495.  Furor:  force,  or  violence.  It  is 
plain  that  furor  is  not  to  be  taken  here  in 
its  usual  sense.  It  is  probable  that  it  refers 
to  the  force  or  power  which  prevented  her 
from  following  her  husband,  which  she 
must  have  felt  previous  to  her  second  death, 
or  return  to  the  shades.  This  is  the  opi- 
nion of  Vossius, 


496.  Condit :  in  the  sense  of  claudil. 

497.  Feror  circumdata:     I   am    carried 
away,  encompassed  by  thick  darkness,  and 
stretching,  &c. 

500.  Diversa :  in  the  sense  of,  in  diver- 
sampartem.     It  agrees  with  ilia. 

502.  PrcEterea :  in  the   sense   of  postea. 
Portitor  Orci :  Charon.     He  was  fabled  to 
be  the  son  of  Erebus  and  Nox.     It  was  his 
business  to  ferry  the  souls  of  the  deceased 
over  the  rivers  Styx  and  Acheron,  to  the 
place  of  the  dead.     Hence  he  is  called  por- 
titor orci.     The  fable   of  Charon   and  his 
boat   seems   to   have  originated  from  the 
Egyptians,  who  had  a  custom  of  carrying 
their  dead  across  a  lake  to  a  place,  where 
sentence   was   to  be   passed   upon  them  ; 
and  according  to  their  good  or  bad  actions 
in  life,  they  were  honored  with  a  splendid 
burial,  or  left  unnoticed   in  the  open  air. 
Orci:  Orcus  here" signifies   the  regions  of 
the  dead  in  general — hell. 

503.  Objectam  paludem :   the  intervening 
river — Styx.  Orpheus  had  already  re-cross- 
ed the  Styx,  and  was  approaching  the  re- 
gions  of  light,  when  Eurydice  was  taken 
from  him,  and  hurried  back  to  the  shades. 
The  infernal  river,  therefore,  lay  between 
him  and  the  regions  of  the  dead,  to  which 
Eurydice  was  carried  a  second  time  in  the 
Stygian  boat. 

506.   Ilia:    she— Eurydice,  lifeless,  was 
crossing,  &c. 

508.  Strymonis :  gen.  of  Strymon,  a  river 
of  Macedonia,  on  the  borders  of  Thrace. 

509.  Hcec :  these  misfortunes  of  his. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  TV. 


Mulcenteiu  tigres,  et  agentem  carmine  quercus. 
Qualis  populea  mcerens  Philomela  sub  umbra 
Amissos  queritur  foetus,  quos  durus  arator 
Observans  nido  implumes,  detraxit :  at  ilia 
Flet  noctem,  ramoque  sedens  miserabile  carmen 
Integrat,  et  moestis  late  loca  questibus  implet. 
Nulla  Venus,  nullique  animum  fiexere  hymensei. 
Solus  Hyperboreas  glacies,  Tanaimque  nivalem^  | 
Arvaque  Riphaeis  nunquam  viduata  pruiiiis.,-  l?l 
Lustrabat,  raptam  Eurydicen,  atque  irrita  Ditis 
Dona  querens  :  spreto  Ciconum  quo  munere  matres, 
Inter  sacra  Deum,  nocturnique  orgia  Bacchi, 
Discerptum  latos  juvenem  sparsere  per  agros. 
Turn  quoque  marmorea  caput  a  cervice  revulsum, 
Gurgite  cum  medio  portans  CEagrius  Hebrus 
Volveret,  Eurydicen,  vox  ipsa  et  frigida  lingua, 
Ah  miseram  Eurydicen  !  anima  fugiente,  vocabat : 
Eurydicen  toto  referebant  flumine  ripa3,j 

Haec  Proteus :  et  se  jactu  dedit  sequor  in  altum  ; 
Quaque  dedit,  spumantem  undam  sub  vertice  torsit. 


510 


515 


514.  Flet  per  noctem 
516.  Animum  Orphei 


519.  Raptam  a  se 

520.  Quo  nuptiali  mu- 
521  nere  spreto,  matres  Ci- 
conum 

323.  Turn  quoque  cum 
CEagrius  Hebrus  volve- 
ret  ejics  caput  revulsum 
525  a  marmorea  cervice, 
portans  id  medio  gur- 
gite,  ejus  vox  ipsa,  et 
frigida  lingua,  vocabat 


NOTES. 


510.  Agentem :  in  the  sense  of  ducentem. 

511.  Philomela:    the  nightingale.     See 
Eel.  vi.  78.     This  is  a  most  exquisite  simile, 
not  more  generally  admired  than  beautifully 
conceived.     To  heighten   the  picture,  the 
birds  are  not  only  implumes,  without  fea- 
thers, but  they  are  taken  from  the  nest ;  not 
only  so,  they   are  drawn  from   it   by   the 
hands  of  a  cruel,  hard-hearted  ploughman. 
In  reading  it,  an  emphasis  should  be  placed 
upon  durus  and  detraxit.     It  may  be  ob- 
served that  the  poplar  shade  is  very  judi- 
ciously selected  by  the  poet  to  heighten  the 
image  ;  because   the   leaves  of  the  poplar 
tree,  trembling  with  the  least  breath  of  air, 
make  a  kind  of  melancholy  rustling.     See 
Eel.  vi.  78. 

512.  Queritur :  laments  her  lost  young. 
514.  Miserabile  carmen:  mournful  song. 

Integral :  in  the  sense  of  renovat. 

516.  Venus:  love — person  loved. 

517.  Tanutm :   Tanais,  a  Targe  river  of 
Europe.     It  flows  through  the  ancient  Scy- 
thia,  and  falls  into  the  Palus  McEolis,  or  sea 
of  Azoff,  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  line 
between  Europe  and  Asia.    Hodie,  the  Don. 

518.  Viduata :    free  from — destitute   of. 
Riphwis.     See  Geor.  i.  240. 

520.  Dona  irrita.  This  alludes  to  the 
condition,  on  which  Pluto  consented  to  the 
return  of  Eurydice  to  life.  The  event 
proved  the  favor  to  be  a  useless,  and  una- 
vailing one  to  him.  Qtceren* :  lamenting — 
bemoaning.  Ciconum.  The  Cicones  were 
a  people  of  Thrace  near  mount  Ismarus, 
where  the  feasts  of  Bacchus  were  celebrated. 
Q^o  munere  spreto.  The  Thracian  women, 
as  the  fable  goes,  were  much  in  love  with 
Orpheus.  None,  however,  was  able  to 


make  any  impression  upon  his  mind  except 
Eurydice.  After  her  death,  they  renewed 
their  suit,  which  was  rejected.  To  this  cir- 
cumstance the  words,  quo  munere  spreto, 
may  refer :  which  (whose)  offer  being  de- 
spised. They  may,  however,  refer  to  his 
total  indifference  to  all  female  charms,  and 
his  disregard  of  marriage.  In  tin's  sense, 
Mr.-  Davidson  takes  them.  It  is  said,  verse 
5 16,  supra  :  Nulla  Venus,  et  nulli  Hymencei 
fiexere  animum.  See  Eel.  iii.  46.  Heyne 
reads  spretce,  but  the  sense  determines  in 
favor  of  spreto.  This  disregard  and  indif- 
ference of  Orpheus  to  the  charms  of  the 
Thracian  women,  so  enraged  them,  that 
during  their  revellings  at  a  feast  of  Bacchus, 
they  set  upon  him,  tore  him  in  pieces,  and 
strowed  his  limbs  over  the  Thracian  fields. 
521.  J\"octurni.  The  orgies  of  Bacchus 
were  usually  celebrated  in  the  night ;  hence 
the  epithet  nocturnus,  applied  to  Bacchus. 

523.  Marmorea  :  in  the  sense  of  Candida. 

524.  CEagrius:  an  adj.  from  CEagrus,  a 
king  of   Thrace,  and   father  of  Orpheus. 
Gurgite :  in  the  sense  of  fiuvio,  vel  alveo. 
Hebrus.    It  is  the  principal  river  of  Thrace. 
With  its  tributary  streams,  it  waters  a  con- 
siderable extent v  of  country.     It  falls  into 
the   head   of   the  Archipelago.     Into  this 
river  the  furious  Bacchanals  cast  the  head 
of  Orpheus,  which,  as  it  floated  down  the 
current,  continued  to  repeat  the  name  of 
Eurydice. 

527.  Referebant:  repeated — echoed. 

528.  Dedit :  in  the  sense  of  immisif. 

529.  Torsit   snnmunttm:    he    threw    the 
foaming  water 'over  his  head.    Dr.  Trapp 
observes,  that  although  this  episode  be  ad- 
mirable in  itself,  it  is  obvious  to  observe  that 


156  P.  V1HG1LII  MAHONKS 

530.  At  CyreiiQ  non      At  non  Cyrene  :  namque  ultro  affata  timentem  :     530 
dedit  se  inaltummare:^^^  ncet  tristes  animo  deponere  curas. 
tSffSffSZZ***  omnis  ™rb>  causa  :  hinc  miserable Nympha, 

532.  HSBC  est  omnis  Cum  quibus  ilia  chores  lucis  agitabat  m  altis, 
causa  morbi  apibus  tuis  Exitium  misere  apibus.     Tu  munera  supplex 

Tende,  petens  pacem,  et  faciles  venerare  Napaeas.    535 
Namque  dabunt  veniam  votis,  irasque  remittent. 
Sed,  modus  orandi  qui  sit,  prius  ordine  dicam. 
538.  Primum  delige  Quatuor  exirnios  prsestanti  corpore  tauros, 
quatuor  Qui  tibi  nunc  viridis  dopascunt  summa  Lycrei, 

540.  Earum  cervice  Delige,  et  intacta  totidem  cervice  juvencas.  540 

intacta /wgo  Quatuor  his  aras  alta  ad  delubra  Dearum 

stitue'  ""  Constitue>  et  sacrum  jugulis  demitte  cruorem, 

Corporaque  ipsa  bourn  frondoso  desere  luco. 
Post,  ubi  nona  suos  aurora  ostenderit  ortus, 

545.  Tanquam  infc-  Inferias  Orphei,  lethnea  papavera  mittes,  545 

rias  Orphei  Placatam  Eurydicen  vitula  venerabere  csesn, 

Et  nigram  mactabis  ovem,  lucumque  revises. 

77/f48'  E  Haud  mora  :  continuo  matris  prseccpta  facessit : 

Ad  delubra  venit,  moristratas  excitat  aras, 
Quatuor  eximios  praestanti  corpore  tauros  550 

Ducit,  et  intactS.  totidem  cervice  juvencas. 
554.  Hie  vcro  aspi-  Post,  ubi  nona  suos  aurora  induxerat  ortus, 
ciunt  monstrum    subi-  Inferias  Orphei  mittit,  lucumque  revisit, 
tum,  ac  mirabile  dictu,  Hie  vero  subitum,  ac  dictu  inirabile  monstrum 
?o\7uteTS         erC  m  Aspiciunt ;  liquefacta  bourn  per  viscera  toto  555 

557.    Immensasque  Stridere  apes  utero,  et  ruptis  effervere  costis, 
nubes  carmn  Immensasque  train  nubes  ;  jamque  arbore  summa 

NOTES. 

it  is  introduced  a  little  inartificially.  P"or  Lyc&us.  This  was  a  mountain  in  Arcadia. 
it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  Proteus,  having  where  it  is  said,  Aristseus  sometimes  re- 
been  made  a  prisoner,  and  speaking  by  con-  sided.  Eximios :  in  the  sense  of  insignes. 
straint,  would  tell  this  long  story  to  enter-  ^  Dearum  .  lhe  Nvmphs.  See  Eel.  ii.  46. 
tarn  Ansteus,  who  had  thus  offered  violence  5^  Demi[le:  let  ^^  sacred  blood 
to  him.  It  would  have  been  enough  for  him,  from  tl  :  4},roafs 
to  inform  Arist^us  that  his  misfortunes  were 

occasioned  by  the  death  of  Enrydice,  with-  543<  &esere :  m  tnc  sense  of  *«»»£««• 

out  relating  all  the   circumstances  conse-  545.  Mittes :  you  shall  offer  Lctnrean  pop- 

quent  upon  it.     But  it  may  be  said,  this  re-  pies,  as  a  sacrifice  to  Orpheus  :  i.  e.  to  ap- 

lation  is  more  to  the  point  than  is  usually  pease    the    Manes    of  Orpheus.     Inferw : 

imagined.    These  circumstances  greatly  ag-  properly  were  offerings,  or  sacrifices  to  the 

gravate  the  guilt  of  Aristccus,  and  so  it  was  Gods  below  for  the  dead — to  the   Manes, 

proper  enough,  if  not  necessary,  to  relate  The  poppy  was  usually  offered  in  sacrifice 

them.     However  the  case  may  be,  I  would  on  such  occasions,  because  its  property  is  to 

not,  says  he,  lose  this  episode  to  be  the  au-  cause  sleep,  or  forgetfulness :  sleep  being  a 

thor  of  all  the  best  criticisms  that  were  ever  lively  emblem  of  death.     Ldhtza:  an  adj. 

written  upon  it.    Sub  rertice :  in  the  sense  from  Letkum :  of  Greek  origin. 

of  super  verticem.  549.  Excitat :  in   the   sense   of  erigit.— 

532.  Hinc:  hence,  for  the  cause  or  reasons  Monstratas :  in  the  sense  of  prcr-scriptas. 

which  Proteus  had  just  mentioned.  55°-  Prastanti :  in  the  sense  of  pulchro. 

a   •>  i   ,      •  The  prep,  e  is  understood. 

-    •****""    "'   l"e  f|.  BSa,  in  the  sense  of  offer, 

ro-    m            •      i.  ^54.  Monstrum:  in  the  sense  ofprodigwm. 

5J».  lende:  in  the  sense  of  offer.   JVapw-  555.  Liquefacta:  in  the  sense  of  put 'n- 

as :  Nymphs  of  the  groves,  from  a  Greek  facia : 

word,  signifying  a  grove.     Faciles :  easy  to  556.  Stridere :  to  hum  or  bvat—effcmrr . 

appeased.  in  the  gense  of  erumpere. 

o39.  Summa  viridis :  the  tops  of  verdant  557.  Trahi :  to  be  borne  along. 


GEORGICA.     LIB.  IV. 


Confluere,  et  lentis  uvam  demittere  ramis. 

Haec  super  arvorum  cultu  pecorumque  canebam, 
Et  super  arboribus  :  Caesar  dum  magnus  ad  altum     560 
Fulrninat  Euphratem  bello,  victorque  volentes 
Per  populos  dat  jura,  viamque  afFectat  Olympo. 
Illo  Virgilium  me  tempore  dulcis  alebat 
Parthenope,  studiis  florentem  ignobilis  oti : 
Carmina  qui  lusi  pastorum  :  audaxque  juventa, 
Tityre,  te  patulae  cecini  sub  tegmine  fagi.  y£/* 


563.  Illo  tempore  dul- 
Parthenope   alebat 


NOTES; 


558.  Confluere:  to  collect  together — to 
swarm.  Demittere :  to  hang  from  the  flex- 
ile boughs,  like  a  bunch  of  grapes.  Depen- 
dere  in  modum  uvce,  says  Ruaeus. 

562.  Ajfectat  viam :  he  prepares  his  way 
to  heaven.  By  the  splendor  of  his  actions, 
he  lays  the  foundation  for  divine  honors. 
These  he  afterwards  received  by  a  decree 
of  the  Senate.  From  this  passage,  it  is  in- 
ferred, that  Virgil  continued  the  care  of  the 
Georgics  as  long  as  he  lived ;  for  the  time 
here  mentioned  was  only  the  year  before 
his  death.  At  that  time,  in  the  year  of 
Rome  734,  Augustus  was  at  the  head  of  the 
Roman  army  on  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates, 
and  forced  Pkraates,  king  of  the  Parthians, 
to  restore  the  Eagles,  which  they  had  taken 
from  Crassus,  the  Roman  consul,  in  a  for- 
mer war.  The  neighboring  nations,  and 
even  the1  Indians,  awed  by  the  splendor  of 
his  actions,  made  a  voluntary  submission  to 
him. 

564.  Parthenope:  the  city  Naples.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Chalsidenses,  and  by 
them  called  Parthenope,  from  the  circum- 
stance of  their  finding  the  tomb  of  one  of 
the  Sirenes,  of  that  name ;  who,  because 
she  was  unable  to  allure  Ulysses  on  shore 
with  her  music,  killed  herself.  The}7  how- 


CV9     * 

ever  demolished  it  afterward,  because  it 
proved  an  injury  to  Cwmee,  which  they  built 
in  the  neighborhood.  They  re-built  it  at  the 
command  of  an  oracle,  and  called  it  Neapo- 
lis,  or  the  New  City.  Studiis :  flourishing 
in  the  studies  of  inglorious  ease.  Otium, 
very  properly  denotes  the  peaceful,  and  re- 
tired life  of  a  philosopher :  which  the  poet 
modestly  calls  inglorious,  (ignouilis)  in  com- 
parison of  a  public  life.  Every  other  occu- 
pation besides  war  and  public  affairs,  re- 
ceived from  the  Romans,  the  name  of  Oti- 
um.  Or,  ignobilis  may  here  mean  private, 
retired,  without  noise  and  show.  This  is 
the  sense  in  which  Dr.  Trapp  understands 
it.  Ruaeus  says,  privati  otii.  Otium  is  pro- 
perly opposed  to  labor,  in  signification.  Oil : 
by  apocope  for  otii. 

565.  Lusi :  in  the  sense  of  cecini.  Au- 
dax :  in  the  sense  of  confident.  Virgil  was 
about  twenty-six  years  of  age  when  he  began 
his  Eclogues,  and  finished  them  when  he  was 
about  thirty -three.  Mr.  Wharton  imagines 
these  four  last  lines  are  spurious.  He  thinks 
the  book  naturally  concludes  with  the  words: 
Viamqutaffcctai  Olympo.  For,  says  he,  noth- 
ing can  be  a  more  complete  and  sublime 
conclusion,  than  this  compliment  to  Augus- 
tus. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  book? 

Why  does  the  poet  call  honey  aerial  ? 

What  places  are  proper  for  placing  the 
hives  ? 

What  direction  is  given  for  recalling  the 
swarms,  when  flying  away  ? 

Is  this  practised  by  bee-masters  at  the 
present  day? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  poet's  de- 
scription of  a  battle  between  two  discordant 
swarms  ? 

The  poet  represents  the  leaders  under  the 
appellation  of  kings :  Is  that  strictly  cor- 
rect? 

To  which  of  the  sexes  do  they  belong  ? 

How  many  different  words  dues  the  poet 
use  for  the  hive  ? 

What  arc  they  ? 

Was  Virgil  remarkable  for  this  diversity 
of  style  ? 

Is  the  bee  a  very  sagacious  animal  ? 


Whence  did  they  receive,  according  to 
the  poets,  this  extraordinary  sagacity  ? 

What  was  this  in  consideration  of? 

How  is  this  fable  interpreted  ? 

Why  was  the  goat  transferred  to  heaven, 
and  made  a  constellation  ? 

To  whom  were  his  horns  given  ? 

What  property  was  added  to  these  ? 

Was  the  opinion  of  the  ancients  concern- 
ing the  production  of  the  bee,  incorrect '. 

Is  that  opinion  now  exploded  ? 

How  many  kinds  of  bees  are  there  in  the 
hive  ? 

Of  what  sex  are  the  Drones? 

There  is  only  one  female  bee  in  the  hive  : 
and  what  is  she  called  ? 

What  is  her  employment  ? 

Of  what  sex  are  the  laboring  1" 

Is  the  bee-hive  a  piece  of  exquisite  work- 
manship ? 


158 


P.  VIRGILIi  MARONIS 


What  does  the  poet  emphatically  call  the 
hives  ? 

Where  was  the  city  Canopus  situated  r 

By  whom  was  it  built  ? 

Why  is  it  called  Pellaan  ? 

Why  does  the  poet  call  the  Egyptians, 
Gens  fortunata  ? 

Where  does  the  Nile  take  its  rise  ? 

What  is  the  cause  of  its  overflowing  ? 

What  course  does  it  run  ? 

By  how  many  mouths  does  it  empty  ? 

What  does  it  form  towards  its  mouth  ? 

How  is  the  water  of  the  Nile  conducted 
to  the  different  parts  of  Egypt? 

How  high  must  it  rise  for  that  purpose  ? 

If  it  fall  short  of  that,  what  is  expected  ? 

What  did  the  Romans  call  any  people 
living  in  a  hot  climate  ? 

In  what  sense  may  the  Nile  be  said  to 
have  pressed  upon  the  borders  of  Persia  ? 

Who  was  Aristaeus  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  this  episode  re- 
specting him  ? 

Is  the  production  of  the  bee,  as  here  re- 
lated, fabulous  ? 

Who  was  Proteus  ? 

What  property  did  he  possess  in  an  emi- 
nent degree  ? 

Where  is  he  said  to  have  had  his  place  of 
residence  ? 

Whom  does  Herodotus  make  him  ? 

Whom  does  Sir  Isaac  Newton  consider 
him? 


With  whom  was  he  cotemporary  ~i 

How  is  Proteus  represented  as  drawn ; 

How  many  opinions  were  there  among 
the  ancients  of  the  origin  of  rivers  ? 

What  were  they  ? 

By  what  distinguished  philosophers  were 
these  different  opinions  maintained  ? 

Which  opinion  does  Virgil  follow  ? 

What  was  this  grand  reservior  or  recep- 
tacle called  ? 

Why  were  the  epithets  Taurinus  and 
Cornutus  sometimes  given  to  rivers  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  river  Acheloiis  ? 

Whence  arose  the  fable  of  the  cornu- 
copia ? 

Who  was  Orpheus  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  music  of  his  lyre  ? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  the  shades  be- 
low? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  Pluto  himself? 

Why  did  he  descend  to  the  realms  of 
Pluto? 

What  was  the  issue  of  it  ? 

What  was  the  probable  origin  of  the  fa- 
ble of  Charon  and  his  boat  ? 

What  does  Dr.  Trapp  observe  concerning 
this  episode  of  Aristseus  ? 

Is  there  reason  to  believe  that  Virgil  con- 
tinued to  revise  his  Georgics  as  long  as  he 
lived? 

What  is  that  reason  ? 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE    ENEID. 


THE  ./Eneid  is  a  heroic,  or  epic  poem.  It  takes  its  name  from 
the  son  of  Anchises  and  Venus.  By  his  father  he  was  allied  to  the  royal 
family  of  Troy.  He  was  also  the  son-in-law  of  Priam ;  whose  daughter, 
Creusa,  he  had  married.  ^Eneas  is  the  hero  of  the  poem.  *  Its  subject  is, 
his  removal  into  Italy  with  a  colony  of  Trojans,  and  their  settlement  in  that 
country. 

Virgil  was  forty  years  of  age  when  he  commenced  the  ^Eneid.  He  had 
just  finished  the  Georgics :  and  Augustus,  now  thirty-three  years  old,  had 
undisturbed  possession  of  the  Roman  empire.  And  nothing  appeared  to 
interrupt  the  universal  repose,  so  desirable  after  the  long  civil  wars  that  had 
desolated  the  fairest  portions  of  it.  It  was  at  this  moment,  when  the  minds 
of  the  Roman  people  were  turned  from  the  desolating  scenes  of  war  to  the 
milder  arts  of  peace,  that  the  poet  conceived  the  plan  of  writing  the  ^Eneid, 
a  poem  second  only  to  the  Iliad,  for  the  entertainment  and  instruction  of  his 
countrymen.  There  are  some,  who  think  the  principal  object  of  the  poet 
was  to  flatter  the  pride  and  vanity  of  the  Roman  people,  and  especially 
Augustus,  who  was  now  raised  to  the  highest  temporal  power. 

This  part  of  his  works  is  by  far  the  noblest,  though  not  the  most  perfect 
and  finished.  It  was  his  intention  to  have  revised  it  before  he  published 
it  to  the  world  ;  but  he  died  leaving  it  incomplete,  as  appears  by  several 
imperfect  lines  found  in  different  parts  of  it.  He  bequeathed  the  whole  to 
Augustus,  who  put  the  manuscript  into  the  hands  of  Tucca  and  Varus  for 
publication,  with  an  injunction  not  to  alter,  in  any  way,  the  manuscript, 
nor  to  fill  up  the  imperfect  lines. 

In  the  first  six  books,  Virgil  imitates  the  Odyssey  of  Homer ;  in  the  last 
six.  he  follows  the  Iliad  ;  and  it  is  probable  that  we  should  not  have  had  the 
/Kneid,  if  we  had  not,  at  the  same  time,  the  Odyssey  and  the  Iliad  also. 
Homer  may  be  considered  the  master,  Virgil  the  pupil ;  but  it  must,  at  the 
same  time,  be  acknowledged,  that  the  Roman  excelled  the  Grecian  in  many 
instances,  particularly  in  propriety  and  judgment. 

Paris,  the  son  of  Priam,  an  accomplished  prince,  visited  the  court  of 
Menelaus,  by  whom  he  was  received  with  the  greatest  cordiality.  Here 
he  became  enraptured  with  the  beautiful  Helen,  the  wife  of  his  host,  and 
conceived  the  base  purpose  of  taking  her  with  him  to  Troy.  Taking 
advantage  of  the  absence  of  her  husband,  he  put  his  plan  into  execution. 
This  atrocious  deed  excited  a  general  indignation  through  the  states  of 
Greece  ;  and,  after  sending  an  embassy  to  Troy  upon  the  subject,  to  no 
purpose,  it  was  determined,  as  the  last  resort,  to  declare  war  against  Priam, 
and  with  the  united  forces  of  the  Grecian  princes,  to  avenge  the  perfidious 
act. 

After  a  siege  of  ten  years,  the  city  was  taken  by  stratagem,  and  rased 
to  the  ground.  ^Eneas,  in  the  fatal  night,  after  performing  prodigies  of 
valor,  retired  some  distance  from  the  city,  bearing  his  aged  father  upon 
his  shoulders,  and  leading  his  little  son  bv  the  hand.  He  was  followed  by 


160  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  ,ENEID. 

great  numbers  of  his  countrymen,  who  had  escaped  the  flames  and  the 
sword.  At  Antandros,  a  small  town  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Troy,  he 
built  him  a  fleet  of  twenty  ships,  and  having  furnished  himself  with  all 
things  necessary  for  his  enterprise,  set  sail  in  search  of  a  new  settlement. 
He  visited  Thrace.  Here  he  founded  a  city  which  he  called  JEnos.  He 
abandoned  his  undertaking  at  the  direction  of  the  ghost  of  his  friend. 
Thence  he  sailed  to  Crete,  the  land  of  Teucer,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Trojan  race.  Here  he  attempted  a  settlement,  but  through  the  unhealthi- 
ness  of  the  climate,  was  compelled  to  relinquish  it,  after  losing  a  great 
number  of  his  companions.  In  the  midst  of  his  distress,  he  is  informed  in 
a  vision,  that  Italy,  the  birth  place  of  Dardanus,  was  the  land  destined  to 
him  by  the  Gods.  Upon  this  information  he  left  Crete  ;  and,  after  various 
i'ortunes  by  sea  and  land,  he  arrived  in  Italy  in  about  seven  years  after  his 
departure  from*  his  native  land.  He  was  kindly  received  by  Latinus,  king 
of  Latium,  who  proposed  to  bestow  upon  him  his  daughter  Lavinia,  the 
heiress  of  his  kingdom.  Turnus,  king  of  the  Rutuli,  a  brave  and  valiant 
prince,  had  long  sought  her  in  marriage.  He  opposed  her  connexion 
with  ^Eneas.  This  occasioned  a  bloody  war,  in  which  most  of  the  Italian 
princes  were  engaged,  on  one  side  or  the  other.  It  ended  in  the  death  of 
Turnus,  which  closes  the  ./Eneid. 

^Eneas  afterwards  married  Lavinia,  and  succeeded  Latinus  in  his  king- 
dom. He  built  a  city,  which  he  called  Lavinium,  in  honor  of  his  wife. 
This  he  made  the  seat  of  his  government.  He  was  succeeded  by  Ascanius, 
or  lulus,  who  reigned  thirty  years,  when  he  built  Alba  Longa,  to  which  he 
removed  with  his  court.  Here  the.  government  was  administered  by  a  line 
of  Trojan  princes  for  three  hundred  years,  till  Romulus  arose,  who  founded 
the  city  of  Rome.  After  Romulus,  the  royal  line  was  broken,  and  the 
government  transferred  to  Numa  Pompilius,  a  Sabine. 

The  three  first  books  are  not  arranged  in  the  order  of  time.  The  second 
book,  which  relates  the  downfall  of  Troy,  and  is  the  basis  of  the  poem,  is  the 
first  in  time.  The  third,  which  relates  the  voyage  of  ^Eneas,  till  after  his 
departure  from  Sicily  for  Italy,  follows.  The  first,  which  relates  the  disper- 
sion of  his  fleet,  and  his  arrival  in  Africa,  with  his  kind  reception  by  Dido, 
succeeds  the  third.  The  rest  are  all  in  the  order  of  time.  But  this  change, 
so  far  from  being  a  defect  in  the  poem,  is  an  advantage,  and  shows  the 
judgment  of  the  poet.  He  was  enabled  thereby  to  make  his  hero  relate 
the  downfall  of  his  country,  and  the  various  fortunes  of  his  long  and  event- 
ful  voyage. 

The  poet  hath  contrived  to  introduce  into  his  poem  the  outlines  of  the 
Roman  history,  and  a  number  of  interesting  episodes,  which  add  to  thv 
whole  beauty  and  entertainment. 

For  further  particulars,  see  the  introduction  to  the  several  books. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  kind  of  poem  is  the  ^Eneid  ?  Do  some  suppose  a  different  object  ? 

Who  is  the  hero  of  it  ?  In  what  light  may  the  JEneid  be  consi- 

What  is  its  subject  ?  dered,  in  regard  to  the  Iliad  ? 

What  was  the  age  of  Virgil,  when  he  be-  Did  Virgil  live  to  perfect  the  JSneid  ? 

gan  the  ^Eneid  ?  To  whom  did  he  bequeath  it  ? 

How  long  was  he  engaged  in  it  ?  Under  whose  inspection  was  it  published ; 

Who  was  then  at  the  head  of  the  Roman  What  gave  rise  to  the  Trojan  war  ? 

empire  ?  How  long  was  the  city  besieged  ? 

What  was  the  state  of  that  empire  ?  What  was  the  issue  of  the  siege  ? 

What  probably  was  the  principal  object  What  did  ^Eneas  do  in  the  fatal  nighl 

of  the  poet  in  writing  the  JCneid  ?  From  what  place  did  he  set  sail? 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE 


How  many  ships  had  he  ? 

What  place  did  he  first  visit  ? 

What  city  did  he  found  there  ? 

To  what  place  did  he  next  sail  ? 

Why  did  he  go  to  Crete  ? 

What  befel  him  there  ? 

From  Crete,  to  what  place  did  he  direct 
his  course  ? 

How  many  years  elapsed  before  he  ar- 
rived in  Italy  ? 

Why  was  he  directed  to  go  to  Italy  ? 

How  was  he  received  by  Latinus  ? 

What  prince  opposed  his  connexion  with 
Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  Latinus  ? 


What  was  the  consequence : 

What  was  the  issue  of  the  war  ? 

What  did  he  do  afterwards  ? 

Did  he  build  a  city  ? 

What  did  he  call  it? 

Who  succeeded  him  in  the  government : 

What  city  did  Ascanius  afterwards  build  '. 

How  long  did  it  continue  to  be  the  seat 
of  the  government? 

Do  the  books  of  the  jEneid  follow  each 
other  in  the  order  of  time  ? 

What  books  are  not  placed  in  this  order : 

Did  this  afford  the  poet  any  advantage  ? 


P.  VIRGILII   MAROMs 


LIBER   PRIMUS. 


THIS  Book  is  considered  one  of  the  finest  and  the-  most  perfect  of  the  ^Eneid.  Its  subject, 
and  the  cause  of  Juno's  resentment  being  premised,  it  opens  seven  years  after  the 
embarkation  of  /Eneas.  He  had  now  arrived  in  the  Tuscan  sea,  and  was  in  sight  of 
Italy  ;  when  Juno,  to  avenge  herself  upon  the  Trojans,  repaired  to  .flColus,  and  by  fair 
promises,  prevailed  upon  him  to  let  loose  his  winds.  They  rush  forth  in  every  direction, 
and  cause  a  violent  tempest ;.  which  dispersed  the  Trojan  fleet.  It  sunk  one  ship,  and 
drove  several  others  on  the  shore.  Neptune  assuages  the  tumult  of  the  waves,  and 
causes  a  calm.  Having  severely  rebuked  the  winds  for  invading  his  dominions  without 
his  permission,  he  assists  in  getting  off  the  ships. 

After  this,  jEneas  directs  his  course  southward,  and  arrives  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  Venus 
complains  to  Jupiter  of  the  hardship  of  her  son,  and  prays  that  an  end  may  be  put  to 
his  sufferings.  Whereupon,  he  sends  Mercury  to  procure  him  a  kind  reception  among 
the  Carthaginians.  In  the  mean  time,  jEneas  walks  abroad  to  make  some  discoveries 
of  the  country,  accompanied  by  Achates.  Venus,  in  the  form  and  attire  of  a  virgin 
huntress,  presents  herself  to  him.  Upon  his  inquiry,  she  .nforms  him  to  what  country 
he  had  arrived,  what  were  the  inhabitants,  their  manners,  and  customs.  She  also  gives 
him  a  brief  account  of  Dido,  and  of  the  settlement  of  the  country ;  and,  veiled  in  a 
cloud,  she  conducts  him  to  the  city.  Passing  through  the  crowd  unseen,  he  goes  to  the 
temple.  Here  he  finds  his  companions,  whom  he  expected  to  be  lost.  Here  he  sees 
Dido,  and  is  struck  with  her  majesty  and  grace.  By  a  device  of  Venus,  she  conceives 
a  passion  for  him ;  which,  in  the  end,  proves  her  rum. 

The  poet  hath  introduced  several  interesting  episodes ;  particularly  the  description  of 
Carthage,  the  representation  of  the  Trojan  battles,  the  song  of  lopas,  &c.  The  book 
concludes,  leaving  Dido  inquiring  concerning  Priam,  and  the  Trojan  heroes ;  concern- 
ing Achilles  and  Diomede ;  concerning  the  Trojan  disasters,  the  stratagems  of  the 
Greeks,  and  the  voyage  of  ./Eneas.  These  form  the  subject  of  the  two  following 
books. 

ARMA,  virumque  cano,  Trojae  qui  primus  ab  oris         1-  Qui  profugus  fato, 
Italiam,  fato  profugus,  Lavinaque  venit  Primus.  verf   ab   oris 

Litora :  multum  ille  et  terris  jactatus  et  alto, 

NOTES. 

1.   Virum:  jEneas,  the  hero  of  the  poem,  to  Phrygia,  and  founded  this  city  in  con- 

Vir^  properly  signifies  a   man,  as   distin-  junction  with  Teucer,  whose  daughter  he 

guished  from  a  woman ;  also,  the  male  of  married.     It  was  also  called  Teucria,  from 

any  species  or  kind,  as  distinguished  from  Teucer. 

the  female.     TVo/ce :  Troy,  once  a  famous         2.  Profugus  fato :    driven — impelled  by 

city  of  Phrygia  Minor,  in  the  Lesser  Asia ;  fate.     JEneas  left  his  country  at  the  direc- 

so  called  from   TVos,  one  of  its  kings.     It  tion  of  the  gods ;  and  under  thei^  conduct, 

was  sometimes  called  Ilium,  llios,  or  //ion,  he  came  to  Italy,  and  settled  in  Latium. 

from  Ilus,  the  son  of  Tros ;  Dardania,  from  This  circumstance  the  poet  turns  to   the 

Dardanus,  the  grand-father  of  Tros.  Having  honor  of  >Eneas  and  the  Romans,  whom  he 

killed  his  brother  Janus,  he  fled  from  Italy  makes  to  descend  from  him.    Lovina  •  ?T> 


P.  VIRGILII   MARONIS 


Vi  Superiim,  saevae  memorem  Junonis  ob  iram. 

5.  Et  passus  esl  mul-  Multa  quoque  et  bello  passus,  dum  conderet  urbem, 
la  quoque  Inferretque  Deos  Latio  :  genus  unde  Latinum, 

Albanique  patres,  atque  aittE  moenia  Romas. 

8.  O  Musa,  memora      Musa,  mini  causas  memora  :  quo  numine  laeso, 
carwmre-Quj(jve|(j0|ens  regina  Deum  tot!volvere  casus 
Insignem  pietate  virum,  tot  adire  labores, 
1™?^-   .T^aean,misccBlestibus,ra3?    I 
nomine,  contra  Italiam,       Urbs  antiqua  fuit,  lym  tenuere  coloni, 
Tiberinaque  ostia  longe  Carthago,  Italiam  contra,  Tiberinaque  longe 


mihi   causas 
rum 


10 


NOTES. 


adj.  from  Lavinium,  a  city  built  by  ./Eneas ; 
so  called  from  Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  La- 
tinus,  whom  he  married.  It  was  situated 
about  eight  miles  from  the  shore,  in  lat.  41° 
4(y  north,  and  long.  13°  Iff  east  from 
London. 

4.  Ob  memorem  iram :  on  account  of  the 
lasting  resentment  of  cruel  Juno.  Juno 
was  the  daughter  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  and 
the  sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter.  She  was 
born,  some  say  at  Argos,  but  others  say  at 
Samos.  She  was  jealous  of  her  husband, 
and  implacable  in  all  her  resentments.  She 
was  enraged  against  Paris,  the  son  of 
Priam,  because  he  adjudged  the  prize  of 
beauty,  which  was  a  golden  apple,  to  Venus, 
rather  than  to  herself.  From  that  moment, 
she  became  a  bitter  enemy  to  the  whole 
Trojan  race,  and  even  to  Venus  herself. 
Not  content  with  the  subversion  of  the 
kingdom  of  Priam,  she  used  her  endeavor 
to  destroy  the  few,  who  escaped  the  sword 
and  the  flames. 

Juno  had  sumptuous  temples  dedicated 
to  her  in  various  places.  Among  the  chief 
may  be  reckoned  her  temples  at  Argos,  Sa- 
inos,  and  Carthage.  The  hawk,  the  goose, 
and  the  peacock  were  sacred  to  her.  Va- 
rious names  were  given  her,  chiefly  on  ac- 
count of  her  offices,  and  the  places  where 
she  was  worshipped;  some  of  which  are 
the  following :  Saturnia,  Olympia,  Samia, 
Argiva,  Lacedsemonia,  Lucina,  Pronuba, 
Sospita,  and  Ophegena. 

6.  Unde  Latinum  genus :  hence  (arose) 
the  Latin  race. 

Here  is  some  difficulty.  The  Latins 
could  not  spring  from  ./Eneas ;  for  he  found 
them  in  Italy  on  his  arrival.  Some  refer 
the  word  unde  to  Latium,  taking  the  mean- 
ing to  be  :  from  which  country  sprung  the 
Latin  race.  Servius  would  explain  it  thus  : 
JEneas,  having  overcome  all  opposition,  and 
being  seated  on  the  throne  of  Latinus,  in- 
stead of  changing  the  Latin  name,  as  he 
might  have  done,  in  right  of  his  conquest, 
incorporated  his  Trojans  along  with  his 
subjects  under  the  general  name  of  Latins, 
so  that  he  might  not  improperly  be  called 
the  founder  of  the  Latin  race. 

7.  Albanique  patres.    Ascanius,  who  suc- 


ceeded his  father,  left  Lavinium^,  and  having 
built  Alba  Longa,  made  it  the  seat  of  his 
government.  This  city  gave  birth  to  Ro- 
mulus, who  founded  the  city  Rome.  The 
Albans  may  therefore  be  called  the  fathers 
of  the  Romans.  Jllbani  may  be  either  an 
adj.  or  a  sub. 

8.  Quo  numine  laso :  what  god  being  in- 
jured— what   god  had  he  injured.     Quirf; 
in  the  sense  of  cur.     Dolcns ;  in  the  sense 
of  qff'ensa.  Ruseus  interprets  Iceso  by  riolato. 

9.  Vohcre  casus :  to  struggle  with  mis- 
fortunes   as   with    a  load.      RUERUS   takes 
this  in  the  sense  of  volvi  casibus;  but  it  is 
much  more  poetical  to  take  the  verb  in  the 
active   voice.     Volvere  imports   labor  and 
difficulty,  like    a    person   rolling    a    great 
weight,  or  a  river  bearing  down  before  it  all 
opposition.     Folvere  casus  then   represents 
^neas  resolutely  going  forward,  and  rising 
superior  to  all  difficulties  and  dangers ;  but 
volvi  casibus  would  show  him  overcome  and 
vanquished  by  misfortunes.     But  this  is  not 
the  design  of  the  poet. 

10.  Adire.     This  verb  properly  signifies, 
to  brave  dangers — to  look  an  enemy  in  the 
face — to  undertake    any    tiling   resolutely. 
Labores,  probably  refers  to  the  wars  and 
hardships   which   ./Eneas   underwent  after 
his  arrival  in  Italy  ;  while  casus  may  refer 
to  the  toils,  dangers,  and  misfortunes  which 
he  passed  through  on  his  way  thither.     lm- 
pulerit :  forced,  or  doomed. 

12.  Tyrii :  an  adj.  from  Tyrus,  a  city  in 
Phoenicia,  on  the  shore  of  the  Mediterranean. 
Hodie,  Sur. 

From  this  city,  a  colony  removed  to  Afri- 
ca under  Xorus  and  Carchedon,  and  settled 
at  Utica :  afterwards  Dido  followed  with 
her  wealth,  and  a  great  number  of  her 
countrymen,  and  founded,  or,  as  some  say, 
fortified  Carthage.  See  jEn.  iv.  1.  Tyrii 
coloni:  a  Tyrian  colony.  Tenuere:  inha- 
bited— held. 

13.  Tiberina:    an  adj.  from   Tiber,  the 
name  of  a  river  of  Italy.     Jt  rises  in  the 
Appenines,  and  running  in  a  south  easterly 
direction,  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  sea. 
A  few  miles  above  its  mouth,  Rome  was 
afterwards  built.    It  is  the  second  river  in 
size  in  Italy. 


JSNEIS.     LIB.  'L 


165 


Ostia,  dives  opum,  studiisque  asperrima  belli  : 
Quam  Juno  fertur  terris  magis  omnibus  imam 
Posthabita  coluisse  Samo.     Hie  illius  arma, 
Hie  currus  fuit :  hoc  regnum  Dea  gentibus  esse, 
Si  qua  fata  sinant,  jam  turn  tenditque  fovetque. 
Progeniem  sed  enim  Trojano  a  sanguine  duci 
Audierat,  Tyrias  olim  quae  verteret  arces. 
Hinc  populum  late  regem,  belloque  superbum, 
Venturum  excidio  Libyae  :  sic  volvere  Parcas., 
Id  metuens,  veterisque  memor  Saturnia  belli, 
Prima  quod  ad  Trojam  pro  charis  gesserat  Argis. 
Necdum  etiam  causse  irarum,  saevique  dolores 
Exciderant  animo.     Manet  alt£  mente  repdstum 
Judicium  Paridis,  spretaeque  injuria  formae, 
Et  genus  invisurn,  et  rapti  Ganymedis  honores. 
His  accensa  super,  jactatos  aequore  toto 


15 


21.  Audierat  populuin 
20  regem  late,  et  superhum 
bello,venturura  esse  hinc 
excidio  Libyee  :  audit- 
rat  Parcas  volvere  sic. 
Saturnia  metuens  id, 
memorque 

25  29.  Arcebat  longe  a 
Latio  Troas,  relliquiae 
Danaum,  atque  imniitis 
Achillei,  jactatos  toto 
aequore  :  actique  fatis 
errabant 


NOTES. 


14.  Dives  opum:    abounding  in  wealth. 
Opes  properly  signifies  power  acquired  by 
wealth.     Asperima,  &c.  Dedita  studiis  belli, 
says   Heyne.      Carthage   was  situated   in 
Africa,  near  where  Tunis  now  stands.     The 
Carthaginians    were    a    very    commercial 
people.     They  planted  colonies  in  various 
parts  of  Europe,  and  widely  extended  their 
conquests.     For  a  long  time,  they  disputed 
with  the  Romans  the  empire  of  the  world. 
They  were  brave,  and  much  devoted  to  the 
study  of  the  arts  of  war.     See  JEn.  iv.  1. 

15.  Qw«wi  unam  Juno :  which  one  city, 
Juno  is  reported  to  have  loved  more  than  all 
larids.     Samo  posthabita  :  Samos  being  less 
esteemed,  or  set  by.     Samos  is  an  island  in 
the  icarian  sea,  over  against  Ephesus.  Here 
Juno  was  brought  up  and  married  to  Ju- 
piter.   Here  she  had  a  most  splendid  temple. 

17.  Dea  jam  turn  regnum :  the  goddess 
even  then  both  intended  and  cherished  (the 
hope  that)  it  would  become  the  ruler  over 
the  nations — would  be  the  capital  of  the 
world.  Ruseus  interprets  Hoc  regnum  gen- 
tibus,  by  ilia,  imperat  populis.  Heyne  takes 
the  words  in  the  sense  of  caput  imperil  ter- 
rarum. — Currus.  Juno  had  two  kinds  of 
chariots,  one  in  which  she  was  wafted 
'through  the  air  by  peacocks,  the  other  for 
war,  drawn  by  horses  of  celestial  breed. 
These  last  are  here  meant. 

20.  Olim:  hereafter. 

21.  Populum,  &c.     (She  had  heard)  that 
a  people  of  extensive  sway,  and  renowned 
in  war,  should  coine  hence  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  Lybia.     fiegem   is  plainly   in   the 
sense  of  regentem,  vel  dominantem.     Ruaeus 
interprets  excidio  Lybice,  by,  per  cladem  Ly- 
bicK,   implying  by   the  destruction  of  Car- 
thage, the  chief  city  of  Africa,  Rome  would 
become   powerful   and   renowned   in   war. 
The  sense  1  have  given  is  evidently  in  the 
spirit  of  the  poet,  and  the   best.     Hinc : 
hence — from  Trojan  blood. 


22.  Parcas :  the  fates.     See  Eel.  iv.  47. 

23.  Metuens  id.     In  the  long  and  bloody 
war  which  the  Greeks  carried  on  against 
Troy,  Juno  took  a  very  active  part,  and  ex- 
erted all  her  power  in  favour  of  the  Greeks ; 
and  she  feared  she  should  be  again  involved 
in  a  similar  contest  with  the  Trojan  race,  in 
favor  of  her  beloved  Carthage.     The  id  re- 
fers to  the  whole  preceding  sentence.     Ar- 
gis.    Argos  was  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
Greece.     Here  Juno  had  a  particular  resi- 
dence :  put,  by  synec.  for  Greece  in  general. 

24.  Prima:  an  adj.  agreeing  with  Satur- 
nia.    It  appears  to  be  used  here  in  the  sense 
of  princeps,  the   chief  or  principal  hi  the 
business. 

23.  Dolores:  grief — resentment.     Ruaeus 
says,  indignatio.     Sazvi :  cruel — unrelenting. 

27.  Judicium  Paridis :  the  judgment,  or 
decision  of  Paris.  See  verse  4,  supr  a,and  nom . 
prop,  under  Paris.  Repdstum :  by  syn.  for  re- 
positum.    FormcB  :  beauty.  Injuria :  affront. 

28.  Genus  invisum.     In  addition  to  the 
decision  of  Paris,  Juno  hated  the  Trojans 
on  account  of  Dardanus,  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  their  race.     He  was  the  son  of  Ju- 
piter and  Electra,   the  daughter  of  Atlas. 
All  her  husband's  illegitimate  children  wero 
the  objects  of  her  bitter  resentment.     Ho- 
nores rapti  Ganymedis  :  the  honors  of  (con- 
ferred upon)  stolen  Ganymede.     The  office 
of  cup-bearer  to  the  gods  was  taken  from 
Hebe,  the  daughter  of  Juno,  and  conferred 
upon  Ganymede,  a  beautiful  youth,  the  son 
of  Tros,  king  of  Troy.     He  was  taken  up 
to  heaven  by  Jupiter  in  the  form  of  an  eagle, 
when  he  was  upon  mount  Ida.     This  was 
another  cause  of  her  resentment. 

29.  Accensa  super  his :  inflamed  at  these 
tilings;  namely,  the  amour  of  her  husband 
with   Electra,   the  honors  conferred   upon 
Ganymede,  and  the  decision  of  Paris-  in  fa- 
vor of  Venus.     The  fear  of  the  future  de- 
struction of  her  favorite  Carthage,  and  tli* 


166 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Troas,  relliquias  Danaum  atque  immitis  Achillei, 
Arcebat  longe  Latio  :  multosque  per  annos 
Errabant,  acti  fatis,  maria  omnia  circum. 

33.  Condere   Roma-  Tantae  molis  erat  Romanam  condere  gentem. 
nam  gentem,  erat  opus      yix  ^  conspectu  giculge  tellurig  •     ^t 
tantee  molis  Tr  ,      ,   , 

35.   Vix  Trojani  Iseti  v  ela  dabant  iaetl>  et  spumas  sails  afire  ruebant ; 
clabant  vela  Cum  Juno,  aeternum  servant  sub  pectore  vulnus, 

37.  Volvebat  heec  se-  Haec  secum  :  Mene  incepto  desistere  victam, 
cum  :  Me-ne  victam       Nec  posse  Italia  Teucrorum  avertere  regem  ? 
Quippe  vetor  fatis.     Pallasne  exurere  classem 
Argivum,  atque  ipsos  potuit  submergere  ponto, 
Unius  ob  noxam,  et  furias  Ajacis  Oilei  ? 


35 


40 


NOTES. 


recollection  of  her  past  war,  in  which  she 
had  encountered  so  many  difficulties,  do  not 
appear  the  only  cause  of  her  procedure. 
They  contributed,  no  doubt,  with  the  other 
particulars  just  mentioned,  to  increase  the 
flame  in  her  breast. 

30.  Achillei :  gen.  of  Achilles.  He  was 
the  son  of  Peleus,  king  of  Thessaly, 
and  Thetis, a  Goddess  of  the  sea.  While 
he  was  an  infant,  his  mother  dipped 
him  all  over  in  the  river  Styx,  to  ren- 
der him  invulnerable,  except  the  heel  by 
which  she  held  him.  He  was  concealed 
among  the  daughters  of  Lycomedes,  king  of 
the  island  of  Scyros,  in  female  apparel,  that 
he  might  not  go  to  the  siege  of  Troy. 
While  there,  he  deflowered  Deidamia,  one 
of  the  princesses,  who  bore  him  Pyrrhus. 
He  was,  however,  discovered  by  Ulysses  ; 
and  afterward  went  to  Troy.  He  slew 
Hector  in  single  combat,  and  drew  his  dead 
body,  behind  his  chariot,  seven  times  around 
the  walls  of  Troy,  in  revenge  for  his  friend 
Patroclus,  whom  Hector  had  slain  in  battle. 
And  he  was  himself  slain  by  Paris,  with  an 
arrow,  which  pierced  his  heel,  while  he  was 
in  the  temple  of  Thymbrian  Apollo.  He  is 
sometimes  called  Pelides,  from  Peleus  his 
father  :  also  JEacides,  from  his  grand-fa- 
ther JEacus.  He  is  represented  t  •  have 
been  of  a  cruel  and  vindictive  temper,  but 
at  the  same  time,  very  brave. 

33.  Molis:  magnitude— labor— difficulty. 

34.  Sicula .   an  adj.  from  Sicilia.     Sicily 
is  the  largest  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
lying  to  the  south  of  Italy,   and  separated 
from  it  by  the  straits  of  Messina. 

35.  J£,re, :  with  the    brazen  prow.     The 
beaks  of  their  ships  were  of  brass,  or  over- 
laid with  brass. — Dabant :  spread. 

36.  Vulnus  (Bternum :    a   lasting   resent- 
ment.   The  same  as  memorem  iram,  verse  iv. 
supra.  Servans  ;  feeding,  cherishing. 

37.  Me-ne  victam :  shall  I  overcome,  de- 
sist from  my  purpose,  nor  be  able,  &c. — Me 
victam :  the  ace.  after  the  verb  volvebat,  or 
some  other  of  the  like  import,   understood. 
.TVc,  when  joined  to  a  verb,  is  generally  inter- 
rogative, as  in  the  present  case.    When  it 


does  not  ask  a  question,  it  either  is  a  nega- 
tive particle,  or  expresses  some  circumstance 
or  condition  of  an  action. 

38.  Teucrorum.  The  Trojans  were  some- 
times called  Tettcri)  fr°m  Teucer,one  of  their 
founders.  See  note  1.  supra.  By  Regem 
Teucrorum  we  are  to  understand  ./Eneas.  It 
seems  now  to  be  the  purpose  of  Juno  to 
prevent  the  settlement  of  the  Trojans  in 
Italy  ;  and  by  that  means,  counteract  the 
purposes  of  the  Gods  concerning  their  fu- 
ture grandeur  and  power  ;  to  destroy  them 
utterly,  if  it  be  possible,  and  disperse  them 
over  the  deep.  To  this  end,  she  applies  to 
^Eolus  to  raise  a  tempest  on  the  sea,  as  the 
most  likely  way  to  effect  her  object. 

40.  Argivum :   for  Argivorum^   by  syn. 
properly  the  citizens  of  Argos  :  but  by  sy- 
ntc.  put  for  the  Greeks  in  general,  or  any 
part  of  them.     Here  it  means  the  Locrians, 
who,  with  Ajax,  their  king,  returning  home 
from  Troy,  were  shipwrecked.     Ajax   was 
struck  by  Pallas  with  a  thunderbolt  for  ha- 
ving  ravished    Cassandra,  the  daughter  of 
Priam,  in  the  temple  of  Pallas.    But  Homer 
gives  us  a  different  account.     He  says,  that 
Ajax  was  drowned  by  Neptune,  for  having 
impiously  boasted  that  he  would  escape  the 
dangers  of  the  sea,  even  against  the  will  of 
the  Gods. 

The  Greeks  are  sometimes  called  Danai, 
from  Da,naus,one  of  their  kings.  He  led  a 
colony  from  Egy;>t  into  Greece;  and, for  his 
services  am;  talents,  was  held  in  high  esti- 
mation through  all  the  Grecian  states. 

41.  AjacisOllei.  There  were  two  persons 
at  the  siege  of  Troy,  by  the  name  of  Ajax. 
The  one  here  meant  was  the  son  of  O'ileus, 
king  of  the  Lociians.     He  went  with  forty 
ships  against  Troy.      The  other  was  the 
son  of  Talemon  king  of  Salamis,  an  island 
in  the  Sinus  Saronicus*  between  Attica,  and 
the  Morea,  or  Peloponnessus.     it  is  said  he 
fell  upon  his  own  sword,  because  the  armour 
of  Achilles  was  adjudged  to  Ulysses  rather 
than  to  himself.    jVoxam  et  furias.    These 
both  refer  to  the  crime  committed   by  him 
upon  Cassandra.    He  offered  violence  to  her 
during  the  sack  of  Troy. 


JENEIS.     LIB.  I.  lt$? 

Ipsa,  Jovis  rapidum  jaculata  e  nubibus  igriem, 
Disjecitque  rates,  evertitque  aequora  ventis  : 
Ilium  expirantem  transfixo  pectore  flammas 

Turbine  corripuit,  scopuloque  infixit  acuto.  45     45.  Turbine  corripuit 

;  Ast  ego,  quae  Divurn  incedo  regina,  Jovisquej  ulum  expirantem  tiam- 

Et  soror  et  conjux,  uria  cum  gente  tot  annos 
Bella  gero  :  et  quisquam  numen  Junonis  adoret 
Praeterea,  aut  supplex  aris  imponat  honorem  ? 

Talia  flammato  secum  Dea  corde  volutans,  50 

Nimborum  in  patriam,  loca  fceta  furentibus  Austris, 

jEoliam  venit,     Hie  vasto  rex  JEolus  antro  52.  H;c  rex  ^Eolus  in 

Luctantes  ventos,  tempestatesque  sonoras  vasto  antro  premit  im- 

Imperio  premit,  ac  vinclis  et  carcere  fraenat. 
Illi  indignantes  magno  cum  murmure  montis  55 

Circum  claustra  fremunt.     Celsa  sedet  ^Eolus  arce, 
Sceptra  tenens  ;  mollitque  animos,  et  temperat  iras^ 
Ni  facial,  maria  ac  terras  eodumque  profundura  « 

Quippe  lerant  rapidi  secum,  verrantque  per  auras.          cum  maria 
Sed  pater  omnipotens  speluncis  abdidit  atris,  60 

Hoc  metuens  :  molemque  et  monies  insuper  altos 

Imposuit  ;  regemque  dedit,  qui  fcedere  certo  62.  Qui  jussus  sciret 

Et  premere,  et  laxas  sciret  dare  jussus  habenas.  et  Premere  ecucerto  foe- 

Ad  quern  turn  Juno  supplex  his  vocibus  usa  est  :  habenas  ****  **'*  l*™* 

^Eole,  (namque  tibi  Divum  pater  atque  hominum  rex  65 
Et  mulcere  dedit  fluctus,  et  tollere  vento.) 

NOTES. 

42.  Ipsa  jaculata.  Beside  Jove,  several  of  for   wind    in  general  :  the  species  for  th« 

the  Gods  and  Goddesses    could   hurl   the  genus. 

thunder  of  heaven.     Here  Pallas  is  said  to  52.  In  JEoliam  venit  :  she  came  into  JEo- 

do  it,  to  burn  the  ships  of  Ajax,   to  drown  lia,  the  country  of  storms. 

their  crews,  and  to  pierce  his  breast  with  a  The  ^lolian  islands  are  seven  in  number. 

stream  of  lightning.  situated  between    Italy  and    Sicily  on    the 

46.  Qwce  incedo  :  I  who  walk  the   Queen  west-  Tnev  were  sometinu  s  called  Vulcani(t% 

of  the  Gods,  and  both  the  sister  and  wife  and  Hephwstiades.     The  chief  of  which  are 

of  Jove,  carry  on  war,  &c.  Lipara,  Hiera,  and  Sirongyle.     Here  jEolus 

Servius  observes  that  the  verb  Incedo  sig-  the  son  of  Hippotas  reigned.     He  is  said  to 

nines  to  walk  with  dignity,  and   in  state  :  nave  invented  sails,  and  to  have  been  a  great 

Cum  dignitate  aliqua  ambulare  :  and  is  pro-  astronomer,  and  observer  of  the   winds.  — 

perly  applied  to  persons  of  rank,  and  dis-  Hence  the  poets  make  him  the  god  of  the 

tinguished  characters.  winds.  Homer  tells  us  that  he  gave  to  Ulvs- 


49.  Prefer**  :  beside-in  addition  to  the  "'  ' 


.  -  0  K  f 

reasons  already  given.     If  I  shall  show  my-  Jt  haca,  confined  m   a  bag  ;    but 

self  un-Vole  to  effect  my  purpose,  and  satiate 
my  revenge-if  I  shall  let  them  alone  :  who 


The  whole  of  this  speech  of  Juno  is  ani-  naf  f  S  ^S  feed/  ^Perio  :  P°7er' 
mated,  full   of  pride  and  haughtiness      If         81<  Molemet  altos  ^ontes:  for  molem  allo- 

Pallas',  a  goddess  of  inferior  Lnor  d%nity  ™  m0ntl™?  **  h^,diadis  :  th°  w~«ht.  of 

and  power,  could  destroy  the  fleet  of  Aiax  •     /  mountains-     This  mode  of  expression 

drown  his  followers,  an/  kUl  their  leader  1S   fre^ent   ^    VirgiL-/««Ver  :  in  the 

surely  I,  who  am  both  the  sister  and  wife  se^oiP^erea. 

of  Jove,  am  able  to  destroy  these  few  fugi-  T        Premere  :  m  die  sense  of  cohibere.- 

tire  Trojans,  and  their  king.  Jllssus  ;  comrnandedl>y  Jove.    Here  again 

is  a  metaphor  taken  from  the   rider  :    Dare 

51.  Auslris  furentibus  :  places  pregnant  laxas  habenas  :  to  give  loose  rem*-to  let 

with  furious  winds,    duster  properly  signi*  the  horse  go  at  full  speed.—  Fadere 

fies  the  south  wind  ;  but  it  frequently  is  put  rule. 


168  P.  VIRGILII  MAROiMS 

Gens  inimica  mihi  Tyrrhenum  navigat  sequor. 
Ilium  in  Italian!  portans,  victosque  Penates. 
Incute  vim  ventis,  submersasque  obrue  puppes  : 

70.  Aut  age  eas  mAut  age  diversas,  et  disjice  corpora  ponto.^.  70 

dT8QuPaTum  jungam  ^unt  mihi  bis  f  Ptem  Pr8esta»"  corpore  Nymphs  : 
tibi    stabili     connubio  Quarum,  quae  forma  pulcherrima,  Deiopeiam 
Deiopeiara,  quee  est  pul-  Connubio  jungam  stabili,  propriamque  dicabo  : 
cherrima  earum  omnium  Omnes  ut  tecum  meritis  pro  talibus  annos 
forma,   dicaboque  earn  Exigat,  et  pulchrk  faciat  te  prole  parentern.  75 

SesTnios*    "^      ^°lus  h*c  c^tra  :  Tuus,  6  regina,  quid  optes, 

76.   Contra    Molus  Explorare  labor  :  mihi  jussa  capessere  fas  est. 
respondit  haec :  O  regi-  Tu  mihi,  quodcunque,  hoc  regni,  tu  sceptra,  Jovemque 
na,  tuus  labor  est  Concilias  :  tu  das  epulis  accumbere  Divum, 

hJ^iTuodc^ue  Nimborumque  facis  tempestatumque  potentem.  80 

est:  t\i  concilias  Haec  um  dicta,  cavum  converse  cuspide  montem 

81.    Ubi  heec  dicta  Impulit  in  latus  ;  ac  venti,  velut  agmine  facto, 
irapulit   cavum  Qua  data  porta,  ruunt,  et  terras  turbine  perflant. 

c^bulTe    mari Incubuere  mari>  totumque  a  sedibtis  imis 

Em-usque™  ^notusque  ^n^  Eurusque  Notusque  ruunt,  creberque  procellis     85  r 
Africusque  creber  pro-  Africus,  et  vastos  volvunt  ad  litora  fluctus.* 
cellis,  unaque  ruunt  to-  Insequitur  clamorque  virum,  stridorque  rudentum. 
Eripiunt  subito  nubes  ccelumque,  diemque, 
Teucrorum  ex  oculis  :  ponto  nox  incubat  atra. 
Intonuere  poli,  et  crebris  micat  ignibus  aether  :       „  J-Mi 
Praesentemque  viris  intentant  omnia  mortem. 

Extemplo  JEneze  solvuntur  frigore  membra. 
Ingemit,  et  duplices  tendens  ad  sidera  palmas. 
Talia  voce  refert :  O  terque  quaterque  beati. 

NOTES. 

t>7.  Tyrrhenian  mare.     That  part  of  the  be.   Servius  thinks  no  more  is  meant  by  2£o- 

Mediterranean  between  the  islands  of  Cor-  las'  receiving  his  kingdom  and  sceptre  from 

sica,  Sardinia  and  Sicily,  was  called  the  Tus-  Juno,  than  that  "  the  winds  are,  air  put  into 

can  Sea.  motion  ;  which  is  sometimes  called  Juno." 

68.  Ilium:   Troy;   by    meton.   for  the  80.  Potentem:  the  present  part,  used  as  a 
Trojans — those  that  survived  the  catastro-  substantive  :    ruler  of  storms  and  tempests, 
phe  of  the  city.     See  note  1.  supra. — Pena-  82.  Jlgmine  facto:  in  a  formed  battalion 
tes  ;  see  Geor.  2.  505.  — or  a  battalion  being  formed. — Impulit : 

69.  Incute  vim :  add  force  to  your  winds,     he  struck. 

and  overwhelm  their  ships  sunk  in  the  sea.          84.  Incubuere:  the  perf.  in  the  sense  of" 

71.  Pr&stanti  :  in  the  sense  ofpulchro.         the  pres.  they  rest  upon. 

73.  Dicabo  propriam  :  I  will  consecrate  87.  Rudentum :  in  the  sense  offuniinn. 

her  (to  be)  your  own — your  peculiar  pro-  90.  Poli.  Polus  is  properly  that  part  oi' 

perty.     This  passage  is  in  imitation  of  Ho-  the  heavens,  called  the  pole.     By  synec.  pul       v 

mer.     Iliad  14.  301.  for  the  whole  heavens.     Poll:  the  heavens 

77,  Labor:  concern — business. — Fas  cst,  thundered. — Ignibus:  lightning. — JFdhzr  : 
in  the  sense  of  cequum est.  in  the  sense  of  A'ir. 

78.  Tu  concilias,  &c.  The  meaning  of  the         92.  Solvuntur  :  shudder are  unnerved. 

passage  appears  to  be:  I  owe  to  thy  favor  Duplices:  in  the  sense  of  ambas. 

and  kind  offices  the  empire  of  the  winds,  and  93.  Ingemuit :  he  groaned.  Not  indeed  at 

the  power  and  axithority  of  a   king,  which  the  fear  of  death  absolutely  considered,  but 

thou  didst  obtain  of  Jove  for  me.    Through  at  the  prospect  of  dying  an  inglorious  death 

thy  favor  also,  I  sit  at  the  table  of  the  Gods,  among  the  waves. 

Both  duty  and  gratitude,   therefore,   impel  94.  Refert :  he  says,  or  pronounces  such 

me  to  comply  with  your  request,  to  do  thy  like    words.      O  terque,    quaterquo   beati : 

commands. — Regni :  gen.  sing,  governed  by  Simply  :  O  thrice  happy  they,  to  whom  it 

hoc.    It  is  best  translated  as  if  it  were  of  the  happened  to  die  before  the  faces,  &c.     This 

same  case  with  hoc.  Concilias  hoc  regm,&c.  mode  of  expression  denotes  the  highest  state 

You  procure  for  me  this  power,  whatever  it  of  felicity.    Or,  if  we  suppose  it  an  apo- 


JENEIS.    LIB.  I. 


J  HJ .» 


96>  °  Tydide,  fortis- 


Uueis  ante  ora  patrum,  Trojae  sub  moenibus  altis,      95 

Contigit  oppetere  !  6  Danaum  fortissime  gentis 

Tydide,  mene  lliacis  occumbere  campis  o 

IN  on  potuisse     tuaque  animam  hanc  effundere  dextra  ?yjcumbere  lliacis 

Sa3vus  ubi  ^Eacida?  telo  jacet  liector,  ubi  ingens 

Sarpedon  :  ubi  tot  Simois  correpta  sub  undis      • 

Scuta  virum,  galeasque,  et  fortia  corpora  volvit. 

Talia  jactanti  stridens  Aquilone  procella 
Velum  adversa  ferit,  fiuctusque  ad  sidera  tollit. 
Franguntur  remi  :  turn  prora  avertit,  et  undis 
Dat  latus  :  insequitur  cumulo  pramptus  aquse  mons.  Not 

Hi  summo  in  fluctu  pendent:  his  unda  dehiscens     106tres  naves  abreptas  in 
Terram  inter  fluctus  aperit  :  furit  sestus  arenis. 
Tres  Notus  abreptas  in  saxa  latentia  torquet  ; 
Saxa,  vocant  Itali,  mediis  qua?  in  fluctibus  Aras, 
Dorsum  immane  mari  summo.    Tres  Eurus  ab  alto 
In  brevia  et  syrtes  urget,  miserabile  visu  ; 


100.  Ubi  Simois  vol. 
JQQ  vit  sub  undis  tot  scuta, 
galeasque,  et  fortia  cor- 
pora virum 

102.  Procella  stridens 
ab  aquilone,  adversa  illi 
jactanti  talia,  ferit  ve- 
lum 


latentia  saxa,  ilia  saxa. 
quffi  in  mediis  fluctibus, 
Itali  vocant  aras ;  quo- 


urget  tres  naves  ab  alto 


NOTES. 


strophe  to  those,  who  fell  on  the  plains  of 
Troy,  fighting  for  their  country,  we  may 
render  it".  O  thrice  happy  ye,  to  whom,  &c. 
This  last  is  the  more  animated  and  poeti- 
cal. The  former  is  the  sense  of  Ruaeus. 

97.  Tydide.  Diomede,  the  son  of  Tydeus, 
king  of  jEtolia.    He  was  wounded  by  JCne- 
as  in  a  combat.    Me-ne  potuisse :  the  ace. 
after  the  verb  refert,  or  some  other   of  the 
same  import,  understood :  why  could  I  not 
have  fallen  on  the  Trojan  plains  ?  £c. 

98.  Effundere :  in  the  sense  of  amittere. — 
Jeicet:  lies  slain, 

99.  S&vus  Hector :  valiant   Hector.     He 
was  the  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba,  and  the 
bravest  of  all  the  Trojans.     He  was  at  last 
slain  by  Achilles,  and  his  dead  body  drawn 
behind  his  chariot  around  the  walls  of  Troy, 
and  the  tomb  of  Patrodus,  whom  Hector 
had  slain  some  time  before.     It  was  after- 
wards ransomed  by  Priam  at  a  great  price, 
and  honorably  buried.    JEacidai :  Achilles. 
See  note  30.  supra. 

100.  Sarpedon.   He  was  the  king  of  Ly- 
cia,  and  came  to  the  assistance  of  Priam. — 
He  was  slain  by  Patroclus.     It  is  said  that 
he  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  by  Laodamia. 

Simois :  a  river  in  Troas,  rising  out  of 
Mount  Ida,  and  flowing  into  the  Scamrnan- 
der,  and  with  it  into  the  Hellespont,  near 
the  promontory  of  Sigeum.  Correpta  :  car- 
ried— hurried  down  its  current.  Virum,  by 
syn.  for  virorum :  of  heroes.  The  poet  here 
alludes  to  the  bloody  battle  fought  on  the 
banks  of  this  river,  between  the  Greeks  and 
Trojans,  related  by  Homer ;  in  which  the 
latter  suffered  a  signal  defeat. 

102.  froeella :  properly,  a  storm  at  sea . 
Hyems,  a  cold  storm  in  the  winter.  Nim- 
bus, a  storm  of  rain  with  black  angry  clouds 
and  wind  ;  a  squall.  Imber,  a  gentle  show- 
er of  rain.  They  are,  however,  not  always 


used  with  this  discrimination.  Jactanti: 
in  the  sense  ofdicenti. 

103.  Adversa :  an  adj.  agreeing  withpro- 
cella.  As  ./Eneas  was  steering  toward  Italy, 
a  north  wind  would  be  in  his  face,  or  against 
him. 

105.  Insequitur.  Nothing  can  exceed  this 
picture  of  a  rolling  billow.  It  follows  (sequi- 
tur)  rolling  along,  constantly  on  the  increase, 
(cumulo)  till  it  becomes  a  broken  and  rug- 
ged mountain  of  water :  prtBruptus  mons 
aqua. 

107.  Ape.rH  terrain.      So  high  did   the 
waves  roll,  that  between  them  the  sand  or 
bottom  of  the  sea  appeared  visible.     This 
may  not  appear  incredible,  when  it  is  con- 
sidered that  they  were  near  shore,  and  on 
shallows.     Dehiscens :  opening.  Ruaeus  in- 
terprets unda,  by  mare.    JEstus :  the  tide,  er 
current. 

108.  Saxa.     These  rocks  are  generally 
supposed  to  be  the   JEgates,  three   Islands 
not  far  from  the  western  promontory  of  Si- 
cily, where  the  Romans  and  Carthaginians 
made  a  treaty,  which  ended  the  first  Punic 
war.     They  received  the  name  of  altars, 
from  the  oaths  that  were  then  made  by  the 
contracting  parties.     There  is  a  difficulty  in 
this  interpretation.  For  it  is  said  their  huge 
back  was  in  the  surface  of  the  water,   and 
in  the  preceding  line  they   are  called    la- 
tentia saxa.    Abreptas :  driven — forced. 

111.  Brevia  et  Syrtes :  shoals  and  quick- 
sands. Syrtis  is  properly  a  large  bank  of 
sand  made  by  the  action  of  the  water.—- 
There  were  two  of  these  banks,  or  Syrtes  on 
the  coast  of  Africa,  called  the  Syrtis  Major, 
and  the  Syrtis  Minor :  the  former  lay  to  the 
east  of  Carthage,  at  a  considerable  distance ; 
the  latter  nearly  opposite.  Urge t :  in  the 
sense  of  impellit.  Miserabile:  shocking-— 
distressing.  Vim.  is  pither  th« 


I7U 


P.  VTRGILII  MARONIS 


llliditque  vadis,  atque  aggere  cingit  arenae. 

114.  Ingens  pontus, Unam'  quae  Lycios  fidumque  vehebat  Orontem, 
ante  oculos  JEnea,  ip-  Ipsius  ante  oculos  ingens  a  vertice  pontus 
sius,feritavesticeunam  In  puppim  ferit  •  excutitur  pronusque  magister          115 
navem  in  puppim,  qu»  Volvitur  in  caput :  ast  illam  ter  fluctus  ibidem 
Veil6aAstcircumaffens  Tor(luet  agens  c'ir™™>  et  rapidus  vorat  aequore  vortex. 
fluctus  torquet  illam  na-  Apparent  ran  nantes  in  gurgite  vasto  : 
vem  ter  ibidem  Arma  virum,  tabulaeque  et  Troia  gaza  per  undas. 

118.  Homines  appa-  Jam  validam  Ilionei  navem,  jam  fortis  Achatae ;      ^129 
rent  rari  nantes  in  vasto  £t  qu£  vectug  Abas    et  qugL  <rrand33vus  Alethes, 

fueg^PParentqU°'Tlc{i  ftyems:  laxis  laterum  compagibus  omnes 

120.  Hyems  vicit  jam  Accipiunt  inimicum  imbrem,  rimisque  fatiscunt. 
validam  navem  Ilionei ;      Interea  magno  misceri  murmure  pontum, 
jam  navem  fortis  Acha-  Emissamque  hyemem  sensit  Neptunus,  et  imis         125 

Abksf'viZr^tt  S  Stagoa  refusa  vadis :  ,«""*«  commotus,  et  alto 
vem,  in  qua  rrospiciens,  summa  placidum  caput  extuht  unda. 

125.  Neptunus  sensit  Disjectam  ^Eneae  toto  videt  aequore  classem, 
pontum  Fluctibus  oppressos  Troas,  coelique  ruina. 

ess^e'x  Stagna   r0fUSa  Nec  latuere  doli  fratrem  Junonis,  et  me.  130 

129.  Et  Troas  oppres-  ^urum  ad  se  Zephyrumque  vocat :  dehinc  taliafatur  ; 
sos  esse  fluctibus  Tantane  vos  generis  tenuit  fiducia  vestri  lt 

133.  Jam  audetis,  O  Jam  ccelum  terramque,  meo  sine  numine,  venti, 


NOTES. 


to  be  seen;  or,  for  visui,  the  dat.  of  virus, 
to  the  sight.     See  Eel.  5. 29. 

112.  Vadis:  against  the  bottom.  Vadum 
is  properly  a  shallow  part  of  the  sea  ;  or  a 
part  of  a  river  that  may  be  forded.  Aggere  : 
a  bank  of  sand. 

113.  Lycios:  The  Lycians  were  a  people 
of  Asia  Minor,  who  came  to  assist  Priam. 
After  the  death  of  Sarpedon  their  king,  they 
chose  to  accompany  JEneas.     Orontes  took 
the  command  of  them. 

114.  Pontus :  here  put  for  a  wave  of  the 
sea,  by  synec.  It  was  so  great  that  it  seem- 
ed as  if  the  whole  ocean  was  breaking  upon 
the  ship.     A  vertice.     Some  understand  by 
this,  the  head  or  prow  of  the  ship.  The  com- 
mon acceptation  of  the  word  is   the  best : 
from  above.    It  was  so  high  that  it  appear- 
ed to  fall  down  upon  the  ship. 

115.  Pronus.    I  take  this  to  denote  the 
posture  of  the  helmsman,  bending  or  stoop- 
ing forward,  in  order  to  stand  more  firmly. 
The  helmsman  (magister)  is  thrown   from 
his  feet,  and  tumbled  headlong  into  the  sea. 

117.  Circumagens  fluctus  :   the  whirling 
water. 

118.  Rari:  scattered  here  arid  there. — 
Gurgite :  in  the  sense  of  mari. 

119. -Gaza:  this  word,  signifies  all  kinds 
of  valuable  furniture,  as  well  as  treasures  of 
gold  and  silver. 

122.  Compagibus :  the  seams  or  streaks 
of  the  sides  being  loosened,  they  all  let  in 
the  hostile  water.  Imber^  though  properly 
a  shower  of  rain,  is  here  used  for  icater  in  ge- 


neral. Hyems,  in  the  sense  of  tempestas.  Fa- 
tiscunt  rimis :  gape  open  in  cracks,  or  leaks. 

126.  Stagna  :  plu.  ofstagnum,  the  bottom 
or  deep  part  of  the  sea.     Alto :  alium,  the 
deep,  or  open  sea — out  of  sight  of  land. — 
Fretum,  a  strait,  or  narrow  sea.    Peiagus, 
the  sea  near  the  land.     But  they  are  not  al- 
ways used  with  this  discrimination. 

127.  Placidum.   This  must  refer  either  to 
Neptune's  natural  character — to  liis  mild- 
ness in  regard  to  the  Trojans,  or  to  the  ef- 
fect, which  his  countenance  had  upon  the 
raging  sea.     For  he  was   greatly   moved, 
graviter  commotus,  at  the  winds,  for  invading 
his  realms  without  his  permission. 

129.  ftuinucwli:  with  the  ruin  of  heaven. 
These  words  strongly  denote  the  violence 
of  the  tempest — the  floods  of  rain — the  thun- 
derings  and  lightnings  :  all  which  seemed 
to  threaten  the  destruction  of  the  world. 

130.  Doli  Junonis :  the  wiles  of  Juno,  and 
her  anger,  did  not  lie  concealed  from  her 
brother — had  not  escaped  the  knowledge  of 
her  brother.     Neptune  and  Juno  were  chil- 
dren of  Saturn  and  Ops.     See  Geor.  i.  14. 

132.  Tanta-ne  Jiducia:   hath   so   great 
confidence  of  your  race    possessed   you? 
The   winds  were  the   offspring  of  Aurora 
and  Astrseus,   one   of  the   Titans.      Nep- 
tune  here   intimates,  that  if   they   imita- 
ted the  rebellion  of  the  Giants,  their  ances- 
tors, they  must  expect  to  share  in  fteir  pun- 
ishment. ;  or,  at  least,  they  could  not  expect 
to  escape  with  impunity. 

133.  Numine:  in  the  sense  of  auctoritatc, 
vel  voluntate.    Moles :  in  the  sense  offluctvs. 


.     LIB.  1. 


171 


Venti,    miscere  ccolum 
J^terraraque 


138.  Iraperium  pelagi, 
ssevumque  tridentem 
non  datum  esse  illi,  sert 


Miscere,  et  tantas  audetis  tollere  moles  ? 
Quos  ego — Sed  motos  prrestat  componere  fluctus. 
Post  mihi  non  simili  poana  commissa  luetis. 
Maturate  fugam,  regique  haec  dicite  vestro : 
Non  illi  imperium  pelagi,  saevumque  tridentem, 
Sed  mihi  sorte  datum :  tenet  ille  immania  saxa, 
Vestras,  Eure,  domos  :  ilia  se  jactet  in  aula 
jEolus,  et  clauso  ventorum  carcere  regnet. 

Sic  ait :  et  dicto  citius  tumida  aequora  placat, 
Collectasque  fugat  nubes,  Solemque  reducit. 
Cymothoe  simul,  et  Triton  adnixus,  acuto 
Detrudunt  naves  scopulo  :  levat  ipse  tridenti,  145 

Et  vastas  aperit  syrt.es,  et  temperat  aequor ; 
Atque  rods  summas  levibus  perlabitur  undas.^j 
Ac,  veluti  magno  in  populo  cum  saepe  coorta  est 
Seditio,  saevitque  animis  ignobile  vulgus ; 
Jamque  faces  et  saxa  volant ;  furor  arrna  ministrat :   150 
Turn,  pietate  gravem  ac  meritis  si  forte  virum  quern          151  .Turn,  si  forte  con- 
Conspexere,  silent,  arrectisque  auribus  adstant :  spexere    quem    virum 

Ille  regit  dictis  animos,  et  pectora  mulcet. 

Sic  cunctus  pelagi  cecidit  fragor :  aequora  postquam        "153.  me  vir  regit  ani- 
Prospiciens  genitor,  creloque  invectus  aperto,  155m0s 

Flectit  equos,  curruque  volans  dat  lora  secundo. 

rk  /•      •   WV       j  •        iv  158.  Contendunt  pe- 

Defessi  ^Eneadae,  quae  proxima  htora  cursu  tere  iitora^  quffi   ^f 

Contendunt  petere,  et  Libyae  verturitur  ad  oras.  ^  proxima  in  cursu 


NOTES. 


135.  QMOS  ego.     Here  puniam,  or  some 
word  of  the   like   import,  is  understood : 
whom  I  will  punish,'  or  chastise.     But  it  is 
better  to  still  the  raging  waves,  before  I  do 
it. 

136.  Post  non  luetis  mihi :  hereafter  ye 
shall   not   atone   to  me   for  your   offences 
with  a  like  punishment.     Neptune  here  in- 
timates it  to  be  a  matter  of  clemency  in  him 
in  permitting  them  to  escape ;  but  they  must 
beware ;  the  next  time  they  thus  presume, 
he  shall   chastise  them  in   an   exemplary 
manner. 

138.  Imperium  pelagi.     In  the  division  of 
the  world  between  the  sons  of  Saturn,  the 
sea  fell  to  Neptune,  the  heavens  and  the 
earth  to  Jupiter,  and  the  regions  below  to 
Pluto.     Scevum:  in  the  sense  of  potent  em. 

139.  Tenet  immania :    let   him   possess 
those  wild  and  uncultivated  rocks,  thy  ha- 
bitations, O  east  wind.     Immania  saxa  are 
the  realms  of  ^Eolus,  mentioned  verse  52, 
supra. 

140.  Jactet  se:  boast,  or  glory.     Aula: 
in  the  sense  of  regia. 

142.  Citius  dicto :  sooner  than  said.  The 
comp.  citius  governs  dicto^  in  the  abl.  Pla- 
cat: calms. 

144.  Cymothoe :  a  nymph  of  the  sea,  the 
daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris.  Triton: 
the  son  of  Amphitrite.  His  upper  part  was 
like  a  man,  and  his  lower  part  like  a  fish. 
He  was  very  powerful  among  the  sea-gods. 


and  could  calm  and  embroil  the  sea  at  his 
pleasure.  Many  of  the  marine  gods  were 
called  Tritons,  but  the  name  is  properly  ap- 
plicable to  those  only  that  were  half  man 
and  half  fish.  Levat :  assists — lightens. 

148.  Ac  veluti  cum  :  as  when  in  a  great, 
crowd,  a  tumult  often  rises,  and  the  ignoble 
throng  rages  in  their  minds,  &c. 

This  comparison  is  extremely  beautiful, 
as  well  as  just.  Nothing  can  be  more  pro- 
per to  represent  the  disorder  and  havoc  of 
a  violent  hurricane,  than  the  rage  and  the 
desolation  occasioned  by  an  incensed  mob. 
The-suddenness,  with  which  the  noisy  waves 
subside,  and  sink  into  a  calm,  as  soon  as 
Neptune  surveys  them,  is  finely  marked  by 
the  awe  and  silence,  with  which  the  sedi- 
tious multitude  is  immediately  struck,  at 
the  sight  of  a  man  of  superior  merit  and 
authority. 

150.  Arma :  in  the  sense  of  tela.  Gra- 
rem :  in  the  sense  of  insignem.  Arrectis : 
with  listening,  or  attentive  ears. 

155.  Coslo.    Ccelum  here  means  simply, 
the  air.    He  was  wafted  hi  the  open  air, 
just  above  the  surface  of  the  ocean.    Fra- 
gor :  the  raging,  or  tumult. 

156.  Curru :    the  dat.   for  currui.    See 
Eel.  v.  29.     Secundo :  light — easy-moving. 

157.  jEneadce:    the   Trojans;   so  called 
from  jEneas,  their  leader.      Content 
they  strive  to  reach,  or  get  to  the  nearer t 
shore. 


in  P.  VIRGILII  MARON13 

Est  in  secessu  longo  locus  :  insula  portum 
160.- Quibus  laleribus  Efficit  objectu  laterum  :  quibus  omnis  ab  alto  160 

omnis  unda  veniens  ab  Frangitur,  inque  sinus  scindit  sese  unda  reductos. 

aue  JsengltUr'  Hinc  atque  hinc  vast*  rupes,  gemimque  minantur 

In  co3lum  scopuli :  quorum  sub  vertice  late 
jEquora  tuta  silent :  turn  sylvis  scena  coruscis 
Desuper,  horrentique  atrurn  nemus  imminet  umbra. 
endenttous  sco^uHs  **  Fronte  sub  advers^  scopulis  pendentibus  antrum  :     166 

Pei67niitus^dulcesllltus  a(luae  dulces>  vivoque  sedilia  saxo  ; 

aquee,  sediliaque  e  vivo  Nympharum  domus  :   hie  fessas  non  vincula  naves 

saxo:  videtur domus      Ulla  terient ;  unco  non  alligat  anchora  morsu. 

Hue  septem  ^Eneas  collectis  navibus  omni  170 

Ex  numero  subit :  ac  magno  telluris  amore 
Egressi,  optata  potiuntur  Troes  arena, 
Et  sale  tabentes  artus  in  litore  ponunt. 
Ac  primum  silici  scintillam  excudit  Achates. 

175.  Circumdedit  an-  gUSCepitque  ignem  foliis,  atque  arida  circum  175 

Nutrimenta  dedit,  rapuitque  in  fomite  flammam. 
Tum  Cererem  corruptam  undis,  Cerealiaque  arma 
Expediunt  fessi  rerum :  frugesque  receptas 
Et  torrere  parant  flammis,  et  frangere  saxo.  . 

./Eneas  scopulum  interea  conscendit,  et  omnem     180 
Prospectum  late  pelago  petit,  Anthea  si  qua 
Jactatum  vento  videat,  Phrygiasque  biremes, 
Aut  Capyn,  aut  celsis  in  puppibus  arma  Caicu 

NOTES. 

159.  Longo  secessu :  in  a  long  or  dark  re-     drenched  with  salt  water — dripping  witu 
CBSS.      This  description   of   the   port  and     saltwater. 

harbor  is  beautiful  in  itself,  and  seasonably  176.  Arida  nutrimenta:  dry  fuel.  Ignem: 

introduced  to  relieve  the  reader,  and  com-  the  spark  struck  from  the  flint.     Rapuit ' 

pose  his  mind,  after  having  dwelt  upon  the  he  quickly  kindled  a  flame  among  the  fuel, 

former  images  of  horror  and  distress.  177.  Cererem  corruptam  :  their  grain  da- 

160.  Objectu :  in  the  sense  of  opposite.  maSed  by  &G  water— wet.     For  Ceres,  sec 
,„„     n                       -i  Eel.  v.  79.     Arma:  properly,  the  mstru- 
162.    Rupes:    properly    a   precipice,   or  ments  Or  tools  of  any  art  or  profession.   Ce- 

broken  rock.     Scopulus,  a  high,  sharp  rock.     ^^  therefore,  will  be  the  instruments 

Saxwn,  any   rock,  or  stone.      Minanlur:     or  uten6Us  used  in  breaking  corn,  and  pre- 
reach,  or  extend  to  heaven.  paring.it  for  eating 

164.  Scena  sylvis:  an  arbor  formed  of  178.  Fessi  rerum:  weary  of  their  misfor- 

waving  trees,  and  a  grove  dark  with  its  awful  tunes — their  toils — their  dangers.  Fruges 

shade,  hangs  over  it  from  above.  Ruaeus  receptas  :  the  grain  saved.  The  same  with 

interprets  scena  by  umbraculum.  Cererem,  just  mentioned. 

166.  Sub  adversa  fronte.  This  cave  was  179.  Parant  torrere.  Ruaeus  takes  torrere 

right  in  front,  or  opposite  to  them,  as  they  in  the  sense  of  coquere ;  and  in  that  case  it. 

entered  the  harbor,  arid  approached  the  follows  frangere,  which  must  be  connected 

shore.  Pendentibus :  its  r^of  was  arched  withfruges  receptas :  they  prepare  to  break 

with  rocks.  Ruseus  says  sn>pensis,  for  pen-  the  corn,  and  to  bake  it  into  bread.  But 

dentibus.  torrere  may  be  taken  for  the  act  of  drying 

169.  Non  ulla  vincula  Icnent.     The  mean-  the  corn  that  had  been  wet,  and  partially 
ing  is :  the  harbor  was  so  safe  and  secure,  dam  aged  by  the  water ;  which  must  pre- 
that  ships  needed  neither  cables  nor  anchors,  cede  its  being  broken,  or  prepared  for  mak- 
Mornt :  the  fluke.  ing   bread.     Expediunt :    they  unlade,  or 

170.  Hue  JEne.as :  here   ^neas  entered  fetch  it  out  of  their  ships. 

with  seven  ships,   collected,  &c.     He  left  181.  Anthea:  a  Greek  ace.  of  Antheus. 
Troaa  with  twenty  ships.     One  he  had  just  182.  Biremes :  biremis  is  properly  a  gal- 
lost,   and  the  rest  were  scatterred  in  the  ley  of  two  banks  of  oars.     See  jEn.  v.  119. 
storm,  but  ,.—«  not  lost.  183.  Arma   Caici:  the  arms  of  Caicus: 
173.   Artus  tabentes  sale:   their   limbs  that  is,  Ca'icus  himself. 


.    LIB.  I. 


173 


Navem  in  conspectu  nullam  ;  tres  litore  cervos 
Prospicit  errantes :  hos  tota  armenta  sequuntur 
A  tergo,  et  longum  per  valles  pascitur  agmen. 
Constitit  hie,  arcumque  manu  celeresque  sagittas 
Corripuit,  fidus  quae  tela  gerebat  Achates. 
Ductoresque  ipsos  primiim,  capita  alta  ferentes 
Cornibus  arboreis,  sternit :  turn  vulgus,  et  omnem 
Miscet  agens  telis  nemora  inter  frondea  turbam.^ 
Nee  prius  absistit,  quam  septem  ingentia  victor 
Corpora  fundat  humi,  et  numerum  cum  navibus  sequet. 
Hinc  portum  petit,  et  socios  partitur  in  omnes. 
Vina,  bonus  quae  deinde  cadis  onerarat  Acestes 
Litore  Trinacrio,  dederatque  abeuntibus  heros, 
Dividit,  et  dictis  mcerentia  pectora  mulcet : 
O  socii,  (neque  enim  ignari  sumus  ante  malorum) 
O  passi  graviora :  dabit  Deus  his  quoque  finem. 
Vos  et  ScyllEeam  rabiem,  penitusque  sonantes 
Accestis  scopulos ;  vos  et  Cyclopea  saxa 
Experti :  revocate  animos,  mcBStumque  timorem 
Mittite  :  forsan  et  hsec  olim  meminisse  juvabit. 
Per  varios  casus,  per  tot  discrimina  rerum, 
Tendimus  in  Latium  ;  sedes  ubi  fata  quietas 
Ostendunt :  illic  fas  regna  resurgere  Trojae. 
Durate,  et  vosmet  rebus  servate  secundis. 

Talia  voce  refert :  curisque  ingentibus  O3ger, 
Spem  vultu  simulat,  premit  altum  corde  dolorem 
Illi  se  praedae  accingunt  dapibusque  futuris. 


185      185.  Hos  tres  ductores 
a  tergo 


190 


195  195.  Deinde  dividit 
vina,  quae  bonus  Aces- 
tes onerarat  in  cadis 
Trinacrio  litore,  heros- 
que  dederat  illis  abeun- 
tibus 

200  1^9.  O  vos  passi  gra- 
viora 

202.  Vos  expert!  estia 


205 


210 


NOTES. 


186.  A  tergo.  This  might  seem  'mere 
tautology,  but  it  is  consistent  with  the 
purest  Latin.  Cicero  says :  Adolescens  cursu 
a  tergo  insequens.  Longum  agmen:  the 
long,  or  extended  herd. 

189.  Ferentes  altct^  bearing  their  lofty 
heads  with  branching  horns.  The  poet 
finely  describes  the  leaders.  They  move 
with  a  degree  of  majesty,  having  their 
heads  erect,  and  their  horns  branching  out 
like  trees.  Gerebat :  in  the  sense  offerebat. 

191.  Agens  telis  vulgus:  pursuing  with 
his  weapons  the  herd  and  the  rest  of  the 
throng,  among  the  leafy  groves,  he  disperses 
them — he  puts  them  into  confusion  by 
breaking  their  ranks.  The  word  misceo,  as 
here  used,  is  beautiful  and  expressive.  Om- 
nem turbam :  in  the  sense  of  reliquam  mul- 
titudinem. 

194.  Partitur:   he  divides  them  among 
all  his  companions.     He  had  killed  seven 
huge  deer,  so  that  there  was  one  for  the 
crew  of  each  ship. 

195.  Acestes'.     See^En.v.35.     Onerdral: 
had  put  in  casks,  and  given  them. 

196.  Trinacrio :  an  adj.  from   Trinaeria, 
a  name  of  Sicily,  derived  from  its  triangu- 
lar form.     Its  three  promontories  are  :  Pa- 
rhynum,  on  the  south;    Lilybceus,  on  the 
west ;  and  Pelorus,  on  the  north. 


198.  Ante  malorum  :  of  past  evils,  or  dis- 
tresses. RUSRUS  takes  ante  here  in  the  sense 
of  prcRteritorum.  Or  perhaps,  malorum  qua 
fuerunt  ante. 

200.  P^os  accestis :  ye  have  approached 
both  the  rage  of  Scylla,  and  the  rocks  roar- 
ing within.  See  Eel.  vi.  74,  and  Aln.  iii. 
420.  Opposite  the  rock  of  Scylla  is  Cha- 
rybdis,  a  dangerous  whirlpool ;  which,  taken 
together,  render  the  passage  of  the  straits 
between  Sicily  and  Italy  very  hazardous. 
Hence  arose  the  proverb  :  Incidit  in  Scyitym, 
qui  vuU  vitare  Charybdem.  This  Chary  bdis, 
as  fable  says,  was  a  voracious  old  woman, 
who  stole  the  oxen  of  Hercules.  For  which, 
being  struck  by  the  thunder  of  Jove,  she 
was  turned  into  this  whirlpool.  Acctstis : 
by  syn.  for  accessistis. 

203.  Olim:  hereafter.  Discrimina:  in 
the  sense  of  pericula. 

207.  Secundis  rebus :  preserve  yourselves 
for  prosperity.     Durate :  persevere. 

208.  wEger  ingentibus:    oppressed  will i 
heavy   cares,    (full   of   anxious    solicitude 
for  his  friends,)  he  dissembles  hope  on  hirf 
countenance,  but  represses,  &c.    Refert :  in 
the  sense  of  dicit. 

210.  Accingunt  se:  they  prepare  them- 
selves for.  Tergora :  the  skins  or  hides  o</ 
the  slain  deer. 


174 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


Tergora  diripiunt  costis,  et  viscera  nudant  : 
Pars  in  frusta  secant,  verubusque  trementia  figunt. 
Litore  ahena  locant  alii,  flammasque  mimstrant. 
Turn  victu  revocant  vires  :  fusique  per  herbam, 

215.   Figunt  frusta  Implentur  veteris  Bacchi,  pinguisque  ferinae.  .  215 

adhuc  trementia  veru-      Postquam  exempta  fames  epulis,  mensaeque  remotse  : 
bU216  Exemnta  est        Amissos  long°  socios  sermone  requirunt, 
218.  Seu  credant  eos  sPemque  metumque  inter  dubii  :  seu  vivere  credant, 

Sive  extrerna  pati,  nee  jam  exaudire  vocatos. 

220.  .ffineas  gemit  se-  Praecipue  pius  ./Eneas,  nunc  acris  Orontei,  220 

cum  nunc  casum  acris  Nunc  Amyci  casum  ffemit,  et  crudelia  secum 
Orontei  :   nunc    casum  »,»•*_*  r 

Amyci  Fata  Lyci,  fortemque  Gyan,  fortemque  Cloanthum. 

Et  jam  finis  erat  :  cum  Jupiter  aethere  summo 
Despiciens  mare  velivolum,  terrasque  jacentes, 

227.   Atque    Venus  Litoraque,  et  latos  populos  ;  sic  vertice  coeli  225 

tri8tior,et8uffu8a9MoadConstitit,  et  Libyse  defixit  lamina  regnis. 


229.  O  /«,  qui  regis  Tnstior,  et  lachrymis  oculos  suffusa  nitentes, 
res  hominumque        '    Alloquitur  Venus  :  O,  qui  res  hominumque  Deumque 


NOTES. 


211.  Viscera:  neu.  plu.  of  viscus,  or  vis- 
cum.    It   properly  signifies  all  the  parts  of 
the  animal  within  the  skin.     Here  it  means 
thefiesh. 

212.  Pars  secant :  a  part  cut  into  pieces. 
Nouns  of  multitude  may  have  verbs  in  the 
singular  or  plural. 

213.  Ahena :  n%u.  plu.  brazen  dishes  or 
vessels.     An  adj.  taken  as  a  substantive. — 
Ministrantflammas :  tend  the  fires. 

215.  Implentur.  This  is  in  imitation  of 
the  Greeks,  with  whom  verbs  of  filling  go- 
vern the  genitive.  Bacchi  :  in  the  sense  of 
mni. 

217.  Requirunt :  they  inquire  after  their 
lost  companions — converse  about  them. 

219.  Pati  extrema:    to   suffer    death- 
death  being  the  last  of  all  earthly  things. — 
Pati :  the  present  in  the  sense  of  the  perf. 
Vocatos  nee  jam:  being  invoked,  should  not 
now  hear.    This  alludes  to  a  custom  among 
the  Romans,  of  calling  the  dead  three  times 
by  name  :  which  was  the  last   ceremony  in 
funeral  obsequies.     After  which,  the  friends 
pronounced  the  word   Vale,  three  times,  as 
they  departed  from  the  tomb.     The  same 
was  observed   of  those,  who   perished    by 
shipwreck,  or  otherwise,  when  their  bodies 
could  not  be  found. 

220.  JEneas  gemit :  ^Sneas  laments  now 
the  fate  of  brave  Orontes,  now.  &c.     The 
most  exalted  and  heroic  minds  are  the  most 
susceptible  of  humanity  and  compassion. — 
Virgil  therefore  says :  Prcecipue  pius  JEneas 
gemit.     But  at  the  same  time,   he  conducts 
his  grief  with  prudence,  and  carefully  avoids 
whatever  would  tend  to  discourage  the  rest; 
and  therefore  it  is  said,  that  he  grieves  pri- 
vately, secum,  keeping  his  sorrow  and  grief 
m  his  own  bosom :  and  showing  to  his  com- 


panions an  exampl«  of  magnanimous  forti- 
tude only,  which  rises  superior  to  dangers 
and  misfortunes. 

224.  Velivolum :  navigable.  Jacentes  ter- 
ras :  the  earth  may  be  said  to  be  lying  (ja- 
cens)  still,  dead  and  at  rest,  in  opposition  to 
the  sea,  which   is  always  in  motion.     The 
poet  considers  here  the  sails  of  a  ship  under 
the  notion  of  wings,  by  which  it  flies   over 
the  sea,  as  a  bird  moves  through  the  air. — 
Ruseus  takes  jacentes  in  the  sense  of  humi- 
les :  low — lying  low.  Populos  :  in  the  sense 
of  gentes. 

225.  Vertice :   the  pinnacle   of  heaven  : 
the  zenith,  or  point  over  our  heads. 

226.  Defixit  oculos.     Dr.  Trapp  observes, 
that  notlu'ng  to  him  breathes  the  soul  of  po- 
etry, particularly  Virgil's,  more   than   this 
delightful  passage,  in  which  the  majesty  of 
Jupiter,  and  the  beautiful  grief  _of  Venus  are 
so  finely  contrasted.     She  still  remembers, 
in  all  the  abruptness   of  extreme  sorrow, 
that  she  is  addressing  the  almighty  Thun- 
derer, and  yet  maintains  all  the  sweetness 
of  female  complaint,  and  tender  expostula- 
tion.    Jactantem :   in  the  sense  of  volven- 
tem. 

228.  Suffusa  oculos :  wet,  as  to  her  shi- 
ning eyes,  with  tears.     See  Eel.  i.  55.  Fe- 
male beauty  never  appears  so  engaging,  and 
makes  so  deep  an  impression  upon  the  be- 
holder, as  when  suffused  with  tears,  and  ma- 
nifesting a  degree  of  anxious  solicitude.— 
The  poet  therefore  introduces  Venus  in  tha« 
situation,  making  suit  to  her  father.     The 
speech  is  of  the  chastest  kind,  and  cannot 
fail  to  charm  the  reader. 

229.  Venus.  The  Goddess  of  beauty  and 
love.     She  is  said  to  have  sprung  from  the 
foam  of  the  sea,  near  the  island  of  Cyprus; 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  J. 


jEternis  regis  imperils,  et  fulmine  terres, 
Quid  meus  jEneas  in  te  committere  tantum, 
Quid  Troes  potuere  ?  quibus  tot  funera  passis, 
Cunctus  ob  Italiam  terrarum  clauditur  orbis  ? 
Certe  hinc  Romanos  olim,  volveritibus  annis, 
Hinc  fore  ductores,  revocato  a  sanguine  Teucri, 
Qui  mare,  qui  terras  omni  ditione  tenerent, 
Pollicitus  :  quae  te,  genitor,  sententia  vertit  ? 
Hoc  equidem  occasum  Trojse  tristesque  ruinas 
Solabar,  fatis  contraria  fata  rependens. 


230  230.  Terres  mundum 
fulmine:  quid  tantum 
sceluspotuit  raeus^neas 
committere  in  te  ! 

234.  Certe1  pollicitus 

oo  e  M  Roman0s  orituroseue 

4>6b  hinc  olim,  annis  volven- 

tibus,  fore  ductores  hinc 

a    revocato     sanguine 

Teucri,  qui  tenerent 

238.    Equidem    hoc 
promisso  solabar  occa- 


NOTES. 


or  according  to  Hesiod,  near  the  island  of 
Cythera.  She  was  taken  up  to  Heaven, 
when  all  the  Gods  were  struck  with  her 
beauty,  and  became  jealous  of  her  superior 
attractions.  Jupiter  attempted,  in  vain,  to 
gain  her  affection ;  arid  as  a  punishment  to 
her,  for  the  refusal,  bestowed  her  upon  his 
deformed  sonTulcan.  She,  however,  had 
many  intrigues  with  Mars,  Mercury  and 
Bacchus.  Her  partiality  for  Adonis,  indu- 
ced her  to  leave  Olympus.  She  also  had 
an  affection,  it  is  said,  for  Anchises,  and  for 
his  sake,  often  visited  the  Groves  of  Mount 
Ida.  By  him  she  had  ./Eneas. 

Venus  possessed  a  mysterious  girdle  or 
cestus,  which  gave  to  any,  however  ugly  and 
deformed,  beauty,  elegance  and  grace.  Her 
worship  was  universally  established.  The 
rose,  the  myrtle,  and  the  apple,  were  sacred 
to  her.  The  dove,  the  swan,  and  the  spar- 
row, were  her  favorite  birds. 

She  had  various  names,  derived  chiefly 
from  the  places  where  she  was  worshipped ; 
or  from  some  property  or  quality  she  was 
thought  to  possess.  Some  of  which,  are  the 
the  following  :  Cypria,  from  the  island  Cy- 
prus :  Paphia,  from  Paplios  :  Cytherea,  from 
the  island  Cythera ;  in  each  of  which  places 
she  had  splendid  temples.  She  was  also 
called  Telepegema,  because  she  presided  over 
marriage  :  Verlicordia,  because  she  turned 
the  Ixearts  of  women  to  chastity  :  Etaira, 
because  she  was  the  patroness  of  courtezans  : 
Acidalia,  from  Acidalus,  a  fountain  in  Beo- 
tia  :  Basilea,  because  she  was  the  queen  of 
love :  Myrtea,  because  the  myrtle  was  sa- 
cred to  her :  Libertina,  on  account  of  her 
inclinations  to  licentious  amours:  Pontea, 
Marina,  Lemnesia,  and  Pelagea,  because  she 
sprung  from  the  sea.  The  word  Venus  is 
often  taken  for  beauty  and  love ;  also  for 
the  object  of  love — the  person  loved.  It  is 
used  sometimes  for  any  sensual  passion,  or 
lust  -the  intercourse  of  the  sexes.  Imperils : 
in  the  sense  ofpotentia. 

233.  Quibus  passis :  against  whom,  suf- 
fering so  many  deaths,  the  whole  world, 
&c. 

234.  Hinc  :  hence— from  the  Trojans.  Duc- 
tores :  probably,  as  Heyne  observes,  we  are 
to  understand  Julius  Caesar,  and  Octavius. 


235.  Revocato,  &c.      Commentators  are 
divided  in  opinion,  on  these  words.     Corra- 
dus  takes  sanguine  Teucri,  for  the  Trojans, 
the  offspring  of  Teucer ;  and  revocato,  in  the 
sense   of  restitute.     Ruaeus  rejects  this  in 
part.     By  sanguine  Teucri,  he  understands 
the  Trojans  ;  and  by  revocato,   their  return 
into   Italy,  whence  Dardanus,  the  founder 
of  their  race,  originated.  The  blood  of  Teu- 
cer, and  that  of  Dardanus,  were  united  hi 
the  Trojans,  their  descendants.     Revocato  : 
recalled — called  back  to  take  possession  of 
the  land  of  their  ancestor. 

236.  Ditione:    sway — authority.     Ttne.- 
rent :  in  the  sense  of  regerent.     Sententia  : 
in  the  sense  of  consilium. 

238.  Hoc   quidem:  with  this  promise,  I 
was   mitigating  the  fall,  and  sad  catastro- 
phe of  Troy  : — I  was  consoling  myself,  at, 
£c. 

239.  Fatis  rependens  contraria  :  to  these 
fates    balancing,    (or   placing)  fates   con- 
trary, or  of  an  opposite  nature.     Fatum,  as 
here  used,  may  mean,  either  the  purposes  of 
the  Gods  concerning  the  Trojans,  or  simply, 
their  fortune  or  destiny.     Their  city  had 
been    rased,  and  a   numerous  train   of  ills 
had  befallen  them.  These,  we  are  to  under- 
stand by  fatis.      By  fata    contraria,  it  is 
plain,  we  are  to  understand  prosperity,  or  a 
state  of  things  different  from  their  former 
one.     Or,  if  fata  be  taken  for  the  purposes 
of  the  Gods  toward  them,  the   interpreta- 
tion will  be  the  same. 

The  downfall  of  Troy  was  a  very  afflict- 
ing circumstance  to  Venus.  She  strove 
hard  to  prevent  it.  And  after  the  event,  she 
consoled  herself  with  the  consideration,  that 
Troy  was  destined  to  rise  again — that  their 
race  was  to  be  restored  to  the  land  of  Dar- 
danus, and  there  become  the  rulers  of  the 
world.  This  lightened  her  sorrow,  and  as- 
suaged her  grief.  Here,  perhaps,  it  may  be 
asked,  if  she  knew  that  the  future  glory  of 
the  Trojan  race  had  been  decreed  and  fixed 
by  fate ;  why  does  she  appear  to  express  so 
much  anxiety  and  solicitude  upon  that  sub- 
ject? It  may  be  said,that  the  opposition  wliich 
Juno  made  to  it,  might  make  her  doubt,  and 
her  mind  waver.  For,  Jupiter  alone  had  a 
perfect  insight  into  futurity,  and  the  rest  of 


176 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


sum,  tristesqiie  ruinas  Nunc  eadem  fortuna  viros  tot  casibus  actos  240 

^242.  Antenor  elapsus  Inse(luitur  :  <?uem  das  finem>  rex  magne,  laborum,  ? 
mediis  Achivis    potuit  Antenor  potuit,  mediis  elapsus  Achivis, 
tutus  penetrare  Illyricos  penetrare  sinus,  atque  intima  tutus 

Regna  Liburnorum  et  fontem  superare  Timavi : 
Unde  per  ora  novem  vasto  cum  murmure  montis      245 
It  mare  proruptum,  et  pelago  premit  arva  sonanti. 
Hie  tamen  ille  urbem  Patavi  sedesque  locavit 
Teucrorum,  et  genti  nomen  dedit,  armaque  fixit 
Troia  :  nunc  placid&  comp6stus  pace  quiescit. 

250.  Nos,  quibus  tu  NOSj  tua  progenies,  cceli  quibus  annuis  arcem,         250 
tinnuis  arcem  coeli,  na-  XT      *L       /•    /•     j       \         •     • 
vibus,    O     infandum  !  Navibus  (mfandum)  amissis,  umus  ob  iram 
amissis  prodimur  peri-  Prodimur,  atque  Italis  longe  disjungimur  oris. 
culia   ob    iram  Junoni  Hie  pietatis  honos  ?  Sic  nos  in  sceptra  reponis  ! 
11111118  Olli  subridens  hominum  sator  atque  Deorum, 

£™,  ?'CS  *°n°S  Vultu>  9UO  c«lum  tempestatesque  serenat,  255 

Oscula  libavit  natse  :  dehinc  talia  fatur : 


nostrcz  pietatis  ?  sic 


NOTES. 


the  Gods,  knew  no  more  than  he  was  plea- 
sed to  reveal  to  them.     See  ^En.  iii.  251 . 

It  is  said,  by  some,  that  Virgil  makes  even 
Jupiter  subject  to  fate  or  destiny.  But  from 
several  passages,  it  will  appear,  that  his  no- 
tion of  fate  was  truly  philosophical.  He 
makes  fate  to  be  nothing  more  than  the  de- 
crees, purposes,  or  counsels  of  Heaven,  pro- 
nounced by  the  mouth  of  Jove  ;  as  the  ety- 
mology of  the  word  implies.  He  often  calls 
destiny  Fata  deorum,  which  can  mean  no- 
thing else  than  the  Divine  decrees,  or  coun- 
sels. And,  if  he  give  to  fate  the  epithets,  m- 
cxpugnabile  and  inexorabile,  he  must  mean 
that  the  laws  and  order  of  nature  are  fixed 
and  unchangeable,  as  being  the  result  of  In- 
finite wisdom  and  foresight,  and  having 
their  foundation  in  the  Divine  mind,  which 
is  subject  to  none  of  those  changes  that  af- 
fect feeble  and  erring  mortals. 

242.  Antenor.     He  was  a  noble  Trojan. 
After  the  sack  of  Troy,  he  led  a  colony  of 
Trojans,  and  Henetes,  a   people  who  came 
to  assist  Priam,  and  lost  their  king,  in  quest 
of  a  settlement.  After  various  toils  and  dis- 
asters, he  arrived  at  the  head  of  the  Adri- 
atic, and  having  expelled  the  Eugancs,  a 
people  inhabiting  between  the  Alps  and  the 
sea,  he  took  possession  of  their  country. — 
He  built  a  city  called  Antenorea,  after  his 
own  name.     Some  say  he  built  Patavium, 
now  Padua.     The  whole  nation  was  called 
Veneti. 

243.  Illyricos  :  an  adj.  from  Illyricum,an 
extensive   country    on   the   borders  of  the 
Adriatic,  over  against  Italy,  including  the 
ancient  Liburnia  and  Dalmalia.  Penetrare. : 
in  the  sense  of  intrare. 

244.  Superare  fontem  Timavi :  to  pass  be- 
yond the  fountain  of  Timavus.  We  are  told 
by  Servius,  on  the  authority  of  Varro,  that 
the   Timavus  was  a  large  river,  and  the 


neighboring  people  gave  to  it  the  name  of 
sea.  It  was  formed,  says  he,  by  the  con- 
fluence of  nine  streams,  issuing  from  a  moun- 
tain. It  is,  however,  at  the  present,  a  small 
and  inconsiderable  stream,  falling  into  the 
Adriatic,  near  Istria. 

245.  Unde:  whence — from  the  fountain. 
The  nonem   ora,  I  take  to  mean  the  nine 
streams  which  formed  the  river,  and  not  so 
many  channels,  through  which  it  fell  into  the 
sea.     Os  signifies  the  fountain,  or  head  of  a 
river,  as  well  as  its  mouth. 

246.  //:    it   pours   along.     Proruptum: 
rough — swollen.     Premit :    overflows — de- 
luges.    Thompson   has  finely  imitated,  in 
his  "  Winter,"  this  description  of  the  Ti- 
mavus. 

249.  Compostus :  by  syn.  for  compositus  : 
settled.  Fixit :  in  the  sense  of  suspendit. 
Nos.  Here  Venus  speaks  in  the  person  of 
./Eneas  to  show  how  nearly  she  had  his  in- 
terest at  heart.  Annuis :  in  the  sense  of 
promittis.  Thou  hast  promised  that  after 
death  he  should  be  received  among  the 
gods — should  be  deified.  Arcem  cadi:  the 
court  or  palace  of  heaven. 

251.  Infandum.  This  word  is  tlirown  in 
like  an  interposing  sigh,  when  she  comes  to 
the  most  moving  part  of  her  complaint ; 
and  the  artful  pauses  in  this  and  the  two 
following  lines,  together  with  the  abrupt 
manner  in  which  the  speech  breaks  off,  show 
her  quite  overpowered  by  the  tide  of  her  grief. 
Unius :  of  one,  to  wit,  Juno.  Prodimur : 
we  are  given  up  to  destruction — we  are 
doomed  to  toils,  misfortunes,  and  dangers, 
through  the  resentment  and  influence  of 
Juno. 

253.  Honos  :  reward — recompense. 

254.  Olli :  for  illi,  by  antithesis.     Sator  : 
in  the  sense  of  pater. 

256,  Libavit :  he  kissed  the  lips  of  hi? 


LIB. 


Parce  metu,  Cytherea :   mancnt  immota  tuorum 
Fata  tibi :  cernes  urbem  et  promissa  Lavini 
Mcenia,  sublimemque  feres  ad  sidera  coeli 
Magnanimum  JSneam ;  neque  me  sententia  vertit. 
Hie  (tibi  fabor  enim,  quando  haec  te  cura  remordet 
Longius  et  volvens  fatorum  arcana  movebo) 
Bellum  ingens  geret  Italia,  populosque  feroces 
Contundet,  rnoresque  viris  et  mcenia  ponet : 
Tertia  dum  Latio  regnantem  viderit  aestas, 
Ternaque  transierint  Rutulis  hyberna  subactis.% 
At  puer  Ascanius,  cui  nunc  cognomen  liilo 
Additur  (IIus  erat,  dum  res  stetit  Ilia  regno) 
Triginta  magnos,  volvendis  mensibus,  orbes 
Imperio  explebit,  regnumque  ab  sede  Lavini 
Transferet,  et  longam  multa  vi  muniet  Albam. 
Hie  jam  tercentum  totos  regnabitur  annos 
Gente  sub  Hectorea  ;  donee  regina  sacerdos 
3farte  gravis,  geminam  partu  dabit  Ilia  prolem. 


177 


261.  Hie  geret  ingens 
bellum  in  Italia 


265 

267.  A&  puer  Asca- 
nius,  cui   nunc  cogno- 
men liilo  additur,  exple- 
bit     imperio      triginta 
_  magnos  orbes,  mensibus 


273.  Donee  Ilia,  re- 
gina  sacerdos,  gravis 
Marte  dabit 


NOTES. 


daughter.  The  name  Venus  was  given  to 
several.  The  one  here  meant,  is  the  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter  and  Dione,  but  is  often  con- 
founded with  her,  who  sprung  from  the  froth 
of  the  sea.  See  229.  supra. 

257.  Metu  :  for  metui.     See  Eel.  v.  29. 
Cytherea:  Venus. 

261.  Fabor:  in  the  sense  of  dicam. 

262.  Movebo  arcana :    I  will  unfold  the 
secrets  of  the  fates,  tracing  (volvens)  them 
down  to  a  great  distance  of  time.     Remor- 
det :  troubles  you. 

264.  Contundet :  in  the  sense  of  domabit. 
Mores  :  in  the  sense  of  leges. 

265.  Dum  tertia   oztas :   until  the  third 
year  shall  see  him,  &c.  The  meaning  is,  that 
three  years  were  to  be  .spent   in  the  wars 
with  Turnus  and  the  Rutuli ;  at  the  expira- 
tion of  which,  having  subdued  his  enemies, 
JEneas  should  commence  his  government  in 
Latium.     Dum :  in  the  sense  of  donee. 

266.  Terna  hyberna  :   three  winters  shall 
have  passed,  the  Rutuli  being  conquered. 

267.  Cui  nunc  cognomen :  to  whom  now 
the  sir-name  of  lulus  is  added.     This  cir- 
cumstance is  thrown  in  to  show  the  origin 
of  the  Julian  family,  and  the   occasion   of 
changing  the  name  of  II us,  to  lulus  or  Julius. 
The   poet  designs  this  as  a  compliment  to 
the  Caesars.     lulus  succeeded  his  father  in 
the  government,  and  reigned  thirty  years  at 
Lavinium.  He  built  Alba  Longa,  and  made 
it  the  seat  of  his  government.     The  throne 
was  filled  for  three  hundred  years  by  a  suc- 
cession of  Trojan  princes,  down  to  the  time 
of  Romulus.  He  founded  Rome,  and  chang- 
ed the  seat  of  government  from  Alba  Longa 
to  the  new  city.     At  his  death,  the  line  of 
succession  was  changed,  and  Numa  Pompi- 
lius,  a  wise  and  virtuous  prince  of  the  Sa- 
buies,  filled  the  throne. 


268.  Ilia  -res :  theTrojan  state.  Ilia :  an  adj. 
from  Ilium,  a  name  of  Troy.  See  1.  supra. 

269.  Orbes :  in  the  sense  of  annos. 

270.  Imperio :  government — reign.     La- 
vini :  by  apocope  for  Lavinii.     See  2.  su- 
pra.    Vi:  labor — strength. 

273.  Hectorea  gente  :  under  a  Trojan  line. 
After  the  building  of  Rome,  Alba  continued 
for  a  considerable  time  an  independent  go- 
vernment, and  was  a  rival  of  the  new  city. 
It  was  finally  destroyed  by  the  Romans,  and 
its  inhabitants  transferred  to  Rome. 

274.  Ilia :  a  daughter  of  Numitor,  king 
of  Alba  Longa.     She  is  called  regina,  on 
account  of  her  royal  descent.     She  was  one 
of  the  vestal  virgins,  and  for  that  reason 
called  sacerdos,  or  priestess.     Being  preg- 
nant (gravis)   by  Mars,  as  it  is  said,  she 
brought  forth  twins,  Romulus  and  Remus. 

Amulius,  having  expelled  his  brother  Nu- 
mitor, commanded  one  Faustus,  a  shepherd, 
to  expose  the  children  to  wild  beasts,  that 
they  might  perish.  Instead  of  which,  he 
took  them  home,  where  they  were  nourished 
by  liis  wife,  whose  name  was  Lupa.  This 
gave  rise  to  the  story  of  their  being  brought 
up  by  a  wolf,  lupa  being  the  name  of  that 
animal. 

The  children  grew  up,  and  when  they 
became  acquainted  with  the  conduct  of  their 
uncle,  they  collected  a  band  of  men,  at- 
tacked him  in  his  palace,  slew  him,  and  re- 
stored Numitor  to  the  tlirone.  Afterwards, 
it  is  said,  each  of  the  brothers  began  to 
build  a  city.  Remus  leaped  over  the  walls 
of  the  city  founded  by  Romulus ;  where- 
upon, being  angry,  he  slew  him.  He  called 
the  city  Rome,  after  his  own  name.  Ro- 
mulus was  sometimes  called  Qtiirinuf,  from 
Quirt,  a  Sabme  word,  which  signifies  a 
spear.  Geminam  prolem :  simply,  twin*. 


178 


.  VIRGILIi   MARON1S 


275.   Inde  Remulus  Inde  lupae  fulvo  rmtricis  tegmine  laetus 
ljetusfulvotegminenu-Romulus  excipiet  gentem,  et  Mavortia  condet 


277.  Dicet  incolas  Ro-  His  ego  nee  metas  rerum,  nee  tempora  pono  : 
manos  Imperium  sine  fine  dedi.     Quin  aspera  Juno, 

Quae  mare  nunc  terrasque  metu  coelumque  fatigat, 
Consilia  in  melius  referet,  mecumque  fovebit  281 

Romanes  rerum  dominos,  gentemque  togatam. 
Sic  placitum.  /Veniet,  lustris  labentibus,  aetas, 
Cum  domus  Assaraci  Phthiam  clarasque  Mycenas 
Servitio  premet,  ac  victis  dominabitur  Argis.  28I» 

Naseetur  pulchra  Trojanus  origine  Caesar, 
Imperium  Oceano,  famam  qui  terminet  astris, 
288.  Itle  erit  Julius,  Julius,  a  magno  demissum  nomen  liilo.^ 
women  Hunc  tu  olim  ccelo,  spoliis  (Mentis  onustum, 

Accipies  secura  :  vocabitur  hie  quoque  votis.  290 

Aspera  turn  positis  mitescent  saecula  bellis. 
Cana  Fides,  et  Vesta,  Remo  cum  fratre  Quirinus, 


NOTES. 


270.  Mavodiu:  an  adj.  from  Mavors,  a 
name  of  Mars :  warlike — martial.  Mainia : 
in  the  sense  of  urbem. 

278.  JYec  pono  metas  :  I  place  (prescribe) 
to  them,  neither  bounds  nor  duration  of 
dominion.  The  Romans  had  a  belief 
that  their  empire  would  always  continue, 
while  other  governments  would  be  unstable 
and  fluctuating. 

280.  Metu :  through  fear  that  the  Trojans 
would  rise  to  power,  and  become  dangerous 
to  her  dear  Carthage  and  Argos.     Fatigat  : 
in  the  sense  of  commovet. 

281.  In  melius.     This  is  taken  adverbial- 
ly :  for  the  better.     Referret :  shall  change. 

282.  Gentem  togatam :  the  nation  of  the 
gown.     The  toga,  or  gown,  was  the  distin- 
guishing badge  of  the  Romans',  as  the  pal- 
iium  was  that  of  the  Greeks.     Rerum.  Res 
signifies  power — rule — dominion.     In   the 
present  case  it  signifies,  the  world. 

283.  Sic  placitum  :  thus  it  pleases  me — 
this  is  my  pleasure — it  is  my  decree.     The 
verb  est  is  to  be  supplied.    JEttas  venil :  the 
time  shall  come,  years  having  passed  away, 
when,  &c.    Lustrum :  properly  the   period 
of  four  years.     It  is  often  put  for  time  in 
general.     JEtas:   in   the   sense   of  tempus, 
and  lustris :  for  annis. 

284.  Domus  Assaraci.     By  this  we  are 
to  understand  the  Romans.    Assaracus  was 
the  son  of  Tros,  and  brother  of  Ilus.     He 
was  the  father  of  Capys,  and  Capys  the 
father  of  Anchises,  the  father  of  ^Eneas, 
from  whom  the  Romans  descended.  Pkthi- 
am.     This  was  a  city  of  Thessaly,  the  royal 
scat  of  Achilles.    Mycenas — Argis.    These 
were  cities  of  the  Peloponnesus,  over  which 
Agamemnon    reigned,    put,   by  synec.  for 
Greece  in  general.     This  prophecy  was  ful- 

under  the  Roman  generals  Muramius, 


who  conquered  Achaia  ;  and  Paulus  /Kmi- 
lius,  who  subdued  Macedonia  and  Thessaly. 
Argis :  in  the  sing.  Argos,  neu. ;  in  the  plu. 
Argi,  mas.  It  was  situated  about  two  mites 
from  the  sea,  on  the  Sinus  Argolicus.  It 
was  founded  by  Inachus,  1856  years  before 
Christ.  Its  inhabitants  were  called  Argo- 
lici  and  Argivi :  by  synec.  put  for  the  Greeks 
in  general.  Premet :  shall  subject  to  servi- 
tude— shall  subdue. 

286.  Pulchra :  in  the  sense  of  illustriu : 
Caesar,  a  Trojan  of  illustrious  origin. 

288.  Nomtn  demissum :  a  name  derived 
from,  &c. 

289.  Tu  secura :  you,  sure,  shall  receive 
him  hereafter.     Caesar  was  honored  with 
four  triumphs  on  four  successive  days.     To 
this,  refer  the  words  :  Onustum  spoliis  ori- 
entis.     Csesar  received  divine  honors  by  a 
decree  of  the  senate. 

291.  Aspera  seecula.     Here  is  an  allusion 
to  the  golden  age ;  or,  at  least,  to  the  uni- 
versal peace  which  took  place  in  the  reign 
of  Augustus,  when  the  temple  of  Janus  was 
shut.     Mitescent:  shall  grow  mild — soften. 
Aspera :  in  the  sense  of  dura. 

292.  Cana  Jides.     The  meaning  is :  that 
the  fidelity  of  former  times  should  return — 
that  men  should  devote  more  of  their  time 
to  the  service  of  the  gods — that  there  should 
be  no   more  civil  wars,  in  which  brother 
should  be  armed  against  brother.     The  epi- 
thet cana  alludes   to   the   figure  of  faith, 
which  was  represented  with  hoary  locks,  to 
denote  that  it  was  the  peculiar  virtue  of 
former  times — the  golden  age.  By  the  word 
Festa,  Servius  says,  we  are  to  understand 
religion.    Vesta  was  the  daughter  of  Saturn 
and  Ops,  the  goddess  of  fire,  and  patroness 
of  the  vestal'  virgins.     ^Eneas  was  the  first 
who  introduced  her  mysteries  into  Italy 


dabunt :  diree  ferro  et  compagibus  arctis 
Claudentur  belli  portas  :  Furor  impius  intus  294 

Sseva  sedens  super  arma,  et  centum  vinctus  ahenis 
Post  tergum  nodis,  fremet  horridus  ore  cruento. 

HiEC  ait :  et  Maia  genitum  demittit  ab  alto  ; 
Ut  terrse,  utque  no  vee  pate  ant  Carthaginis  arces 
Hospitio  Teucris  :  ne  fati  nescia  Dido 
Finibus  arceret. '    Volat  ille  per  aera  magnum          300 
Remigio  alarum,  ac  Libya?  citus  adstitit  oris  : 
Et  jam  jussa  facit :  ponuntque  ferocia  Po3ni 
Corda,  volente  Deo  :  imprimis  Regina  quietum 
Accipit  in  Teucros  animum  mentemque  benignam.. 

At  pius  ^Eneas,  per  noctem  plurima  volvens,         305 
Ut  primum  lux  alma  data  est,  exire,  locosque 
Explorare  novos ;  quas  vento  accesserit  oras, 
Qui  teneant  (nam  inculta  videt)  hominesne,  ferine, 
Quaere  re  constituit,  sociisque  exacta  referre. 
-Classem  in  convexo  nemorum,  sub  rupe  cavata,       310 
Arboribus  clausam  circum  atque  horrentibus  umbris, 
Occulit  i  ipse  uno  graditur  comitatus  Achate, 
Bina  manu  lato  crispans  hastilia  ferro. 
Cui  mater  media  sese  tulit  obvia  sylva, 
Virginis  os  habitumque  gerens,  et  virginis  arma       315 
Spartanae  :  vel  qualis  equos  Threissa  fatigat 


295.  Et  vinctus  post 
tergum,  cum  centum 
ahenis  nodis,  fremet 


305.  Volvens  anvmo 

306.  Constituit 
explorareque  novos  lo- 
cos, et  quserere  ad  quas 
oras   accesserit   vento ; 
qui  teneant  e&s,  homi- 
nes-ne,    ferse-ne    (aam 
videt  loca  inculta)  refer- 
reque  exacta  sociis.  Oc- 
culit classem 

314.  Cui  mater  obvia 
tulit  se  media  sylva, 
gerens  os,  habitumque 

316.  Vel  erat  talis  qua- 
lis Threissa. 


NOTES. 


The  Palladium  of  Troy  was  supposed  to  be 
preserved  in  her  temple  ;  where  a  lire  was 
continually  kept  burning  by  certain  virgins, 
who  dedicated  themselves  to  her  service. 
*  There  was  another  goddess  of  the  same 
name,  but  generally  confounded  with  Cere*, 
Cybelle,  Tellus,  &c.  The  word  Vesta  is  fre- 
quently used  for  fire,  by  meton. 

293.  Arctis  compagibus :  with  close  joints 
— bound  fast  with  bars  of  iron. 

294.  Porte.     The  gates,  or  doors  of  the 
temple  of  Janus  were  open  in  time  of  war, 
and  shut  in  time  of  peace.     This  happened 
only  three  times  during  a  period  of  seven 
hundred  years,  so  constantly  engaged  were 
the  Romans  in  the  work  of  death  !     Impius 
furor.       This,    Turnebus    thinks,    alludes 
to  the  image   of  warlike   rage   drawn  by 
Apelles,  and  dedicated  by  Augustus  in  the 
Forum.     But   Germanus  thinks  it  alludes 
to  the  statue  of  Mars,  which  the  Spartans 
had  in  their  city,  bound  in  this  manner,  in 
chains  of  brass.     Nodis:    in  the  sense  of 
catenis. 

297.  Genitum  Maid:   the  son   of  Maia. 
Mercury  was  the  son  of  Jupiter,  and  Maia, 
the  daughter  of  Atlas.     See  Geor.  i.  336. 

298.  Arces.     This  appears  to  be  used  in 
the  sense  of  urbs :  that  the  country  and  city 
of  New  Carthage  might  open  in  hospitality 
to  the  Trojans — might  receive  them  kindly, 
and  treat  them  with  hospitality. 

301.  Remisio  fid-rum :  bv  the  motion  of 


his  wings.  Utens  alis  quasi  remw,  says  Ru- 
seus.  The  motion  of  his  wings  is  beauti- 
fully expressed :  it  was  like  the  motion  of 
oars  in  propelling  a  boat  forward. 

302.  Peera.  The  Carthaginians  were 
sometimes  called  Poem,  or  P/icem,  from 
Phcenicia,  the  country  from  which  they 
came.  Corda :  hi  the  sense  of  animos. 

304.  Quietum  animum :  a  friendly  mind, 
and  a  benevolent  disposition,  or  temper. 

306.  Data  est :  in  the  sense  of  orta  esf. 

309.  Exacta:  neu.  plu.  the  particulars  of 
his  discovery. 

310.  In  convexo.  The  place  where  JEncas 
moored  his  fleet,  lay  in  a  circular  form, 
nearly  surrounded  by  a  grove.    Here  • 
could  be  in  safety,  without  fear'of  discovery. 

,  The  words  convexus  and  concavus  are  some- 
times used  for  each  other,  which  seems  to  be 
the  case  here ;  the  former  properly  signify- 
ing the  exterior  of  a  round  surface ;  the 
latter  the  interior.  Horrentibus:  deep — 
tliick  shades.  Uno :  in  the  sense  of  sofa. 
Sec  jEn.iv.  451. 

313.  Crispans  :  in  the  sense  of  qua^ 
Lato  ferro :  of  a  broad  barb,  or  point. 

316.    Spartanos.      The   Spartan   virgins 
were  trained  to  all  kinds  of  manly  « 
cises,  such  as  running,  wrestlrrfg,  throwing 
the  quoit  and  javelin,  riding  and  hun; 
which  is  the  reason  that  the  poet  at: 
Venus  in  their  habit,  or  dress.     &«  •'  jv 
sense  of 


180 


P.  V1RG1LU  MARONLS 


Harpalyce,  volucremque  fuga  praevertitur  Eurum. 
Namque  humeris  de  more  habilem  suspenderat  arcuns 
Venatrix,  dederatque  comam  diffundere  ventis  ; 
Nuda  genu,  nodoque  sinus  collecta  fluentes.  320 

321.  Ac  ilia  prior  in-  Ac  prior,  Heus,  inquit,  juvenes,  monstrate,  mearum 
quit  :    Heus,    juvenes,  Vidistis  si  quam  hie  errantem  forte  sororum 


325 


sis  felix 


rorum  errantem  hic^ud  Au*  sP"raanti»  »Pri  ciireum  clamore  prementem. 

cinctam  pharetra  Sic  Venus  :  at  Veneris  contra  sic  filius  orsus  : 

Nulla  tuarum  audita  mihi,  neque  visa  sororum, 
327.  Mortalis  vultus  O,  quam  te  memorem,  Virgo  ?  narnque  haud  tibi  vultus , 

haud  est  tibi,  nee  tua  Mortalis,  nee  vox  hominem  sonat.     O  J)ea  certe  :     J 

An  Phoebi  soror,  an  Nympharum  sanguinis  una  ? 

330.^  Queecunque  es,Sis  felix,  nostrumque  leves  quuecunque  laborem  :      330 
Et  quo  sub  ccelo  tandem,  quibus  orbis  in  oris 
Jactemur,  doceas  :  ignari  hominumque  locorumquo 
Erramus,  vento  hue  et  vastis  fluctibus  acti. 
Multa  tibi  ante  aras  nostru  cadet  hostia  dextra. 

Turn  Venus :  haud  equidem  tali  me  dignor  honore. 
Virginibus  Tyriis  mos  est  gestare  pharetram,  33(> 

Purpureoque  alte  suras  vincire  cothurno. 
Punica  regna  vides,  Tyrios,  et  Agenoris  urbom  : 
8ed  fines  Libyci,  genus  intractabile  bello. 


NOTES. 


317.  Harpatyce:  a  celebrated  Amazon, 
said  to  have  rescued  her  father,  who  had 
been  taken  in  battle  by  the  Getce.  The 
comparison  here  is  simply  between  the  ha- 
bits of  Venus,  and  those  of  Harpalyce. 
Eurum.  Many  copies  read  Hebrum;  but 
there  appears  a  manifest  incongruity  in  it. 
It  can  hardly  be  supposed,  that  the  poet, 
describing  the  swiftness  of  her  speed,  should 
say  that  she  could  outride  the  course  of  a 
river,  however  rapid  it  might  be.  In  that 
there  could  be  no  difficulty.  Besides,  the 
epithet  volucrem,  is  not  very  applicable  to  a 
river.  Eurum  is  certainly  the  best  reading ; 
it  is  the  language  of  poetry,  while  Hebrum 
is  not.  Fuga :  in  the  sense  of  cursu. 

320.  Nuda  genu,  &c.    This  is  a  Grecism : 
naked  as  to  her  knee,  and  collected  as  to  her 

flowing  robe  in  a  knot.  See  Eel.  i.  55.  The 
meaning  is,  that  she  had  her  knee  naked, 
and  her  flowing  robe  collected  in  a  knot. 
Sinus :  the  folds  of  a  garment ;  also  the 
garment  itself,  by  synec.  JVbdo  :  nodus  is 
properly  any  thing  that  binds  or  ties. 
Hence,  a  girdle,  or  belt — a  knot,  &c. 

321.  Quam:  in  the  sense  of  aliquam. 
323.  Tegmine.     It  was  a  custom  among 

the  ancients  for  hunters  to  wear  the  skin  of 
some  one  of  the  animals,  they  had  killed. 
Prementem :  pursuing. 

326.  Orsus :  part,  of  the  verb  ordior :  he 
began.     The  verb  est  is  understood. 

327.  Qatun  te  memorem?  whom  shall  I 
call  you  ? 

328.  Nee  vox  sonat :  nor  does  your  voice 


sound  (like)  a  human  being — it  does  not 
indicate  you  to  be  mortal.  Homo,  is  proper- 
ly either  a  man  or  woman — a  human  being. 

329.  An  soror    Ph&hi:    art    thou    the 
sister  of  Phoebus,  or  one  of  the  blood  of  the 
nymphs?     See  Eel.  iv.  10.     The  verb  «  is 
to  be  supplied. 

330.  Felix  :  kind — propitious.     Oris :  in 
the  sense  of  regione.     Orbis :  of  the  world, 
or  earth. 

334.  Multa  hostia :  many  a  victim  shall 
fall  for  you  before  the  altars. 

335.  Haud  me  dignor :  I  do  not  consider 
myself  worthy,  &c. 

338.  Urbem  Agenoris :  Carthage,  founded 
by  Dido,  a  descendant  of  Agenor.     Punica 
regna  :  the  kingdom,  or  realm  of  Carthage. 
It  is  distinguished  from  the  city,  which  is 
called    Urbs  dgenoris.     Punica :    an   adj. 
from  Pceni,  or  Phceni. 

339.  Fines  Libyci :  the  country  is  Africa. 
Libyci :     an  adj.  from  Libya,  agreeing  with 

fines.  Libya  was  properly  that  part  of 
Africa  bordering  upon  Egypt  on  the  west ; 
but  is  frequently  used  for  any  part  of  Africa, 
or  Africa  in  general.  Genus  intractabile: 
a  race  fierce  in  war.  The  Carthaginians 
extended  their  conquests  with  unexampled 
rapidity,  and  were  the  only  people  that  ap- 
peared to  dispute  the  empire  of  the  world 
with  the  Romans.  Their  misfortunes,  and 
final  ruin,  were  owing  more,  perhaps,  to 
party  spirit  and  civil  cabals,  than  to  the 
arms  of  the  Roman?.  See  Rol,  An.  Hi*. 
Art.  Cartilage. 


32NEIS.     LIB.  I. 


IW1 


fmperium  Dido  Tyria  regit  urbe  profecta, 
Germanum  fugiens  :  longa  est  injuria,  longae 
Ambages  :  sed  summa  sequar  fastigia  rerum. 
Huic  conjux  Sicha3us  erat,  ditissimus  agri 
Phoenicum,  et  magno  miserse  dilectus  amore  : 
Cui  pater  intactam  dederat,  primisque  jugarat 
Ominibus :  sed  regna  Tyri  germanus  habebat 
Pygmalion,  scelere  ante  alios  immanior  omnes. 
Quos  inter  medius  venit  furor  :  ille  Sichaeum, 
Impius  ante  aras,  atque  auri  caecus  amore, 
Clam  ferro  incautum  superat,  securus  amorum 
Germana? :  factumque  dm  celavit ;  et  aegram, 
Multa  malus  simulans,  vanti  spe  lusit  amantem. 
Ipsa  sed  in  somnis  inhumati  venit  imago 
Conjugis,  ora  modis  attollens  pallida  miris  : 
Crudeles  aras,  trajectaque  pectora  ferro 
Nudavit,  caecumque  domus  scelus  omne  retexit. 
Turn  celerare  fugam,  patriaque  excedere  suadet : 
Auxiliumque  vise  veteres  tellure  recludit 
Thesauros,  ignotum  argenti  pondus  et  auri. 
His  commota,  fugam  Dido  sociosque  parabat. 
Conveniunt,  quibus  aut  odium  crudele  tyranni, 
Aut  metus  acer  erat :  naves,  quae  forte  paratae, 
Corripiunt,  onerantque  auro  *  portantur  avari 
Pygmalionis  opes  pelago  :  dux  fioemina  facti. 


340 


344.  Dilectus  magno 
045  amore  miser®  Didonis 

345.  Dederat  earn  in- 
tactam 


349.  Ille  impius  atque 
o50  caecus  amore  auri,  clam 
superat  Sichseum  ferro 
ante  aras  incautum 

352.  Ilk  malus  simu- 
lans multa  lusit  aegram 
amantem 
355 


358.  Recluditque  ve- 
teres thesauros,  depositos 
360  in  tellure  tanquam  aux- 
ilium  vise,  ignotum  pon- 
dus 

361.  Omnes  conveni- 
unt,  quibus  erat,  aut, 
crudele 


NOTES. 


340.  Dido :  the  name  of  a  Tyrian  prin- 
cess, implying  beautiful,  or  well-beloved. 
See  ./En.  iv.  1.  Regit  imperium :  manages 
the  government. 

342.  Ambages  longai :  the  circumstances 
are  long  and  tedious.  Sequar  summa  fasti- 
gia rerum:  1  will  mention  only  the  chief 
heads  of  the  business — I  will  trace  only  the 
outlines  of  the  affair.  RUIBUS  takes  sequar 
in  the  sense  of  perstringam. 

345.  Primis  ominibus:  with  the  first 
omens.  This  alludes  to  a  custom  among 
the  Romans  of  consulting  the  omens  in  all 
the  important  concerns  of  life,  before  they 
entered  upon  them,  to  see  if  they  would 
prove  successful  or  not.  Jugarat :  by  syn. 
for  jugaverat.  Cui :  to  whom,  to  wit,  Si- 
chsBus.  Intactam :  adhuc  virginem,  says 
Ruseus. 

347.  Immanior  scelere  ante:     great   in 
wickedness  above  ail  others.     The  comp.  is 
here  used  in  the  sense  of  the  pos. 

348.  tiicnccurn.     He   was  the    priest  of 
Hercules,  an  office  in  dignity  next  to  royal- 
ty.    It  appears  that  Pygmalion  came  upon 
Sichceus  unexpectedly,  while  he  was  officia- 
ting at  the  a:tar,  and  slew  him.     Tins  cir- 
cumstance greatly  adds  to  the  atrocity  of 
the  deed.     Furor :    in  the  sense  of  odium. 
Inter  quos :    between   Sichaeus   and    Pyg- 
malion. 

350.  Securus :  regardless  of  the  love  of 
his  sister.  Superat :  in  the  sense  of  inter  fid  f. 


352.  JEgram  amantem:  the  afflicted,  or 
disconsolate  lover.    Lusit:    deceived — de- 
luded. 

353.  Inhumati.     According  to  their  sys- 
tem of  religion,  the  shades  of  those,  who 
were   unburied,  must   wander   a   hundred 
years,   before  they  could  be  at  rest.     The 
circumstance  of   Pygmalion's  leaving  the 
body  of  Sichaeus   unburied,  in  this  view, 
greatly  heightens  the  enormity  of  the  crime 
first   committed.     Imago :  in   the  sense  of 
umbra. 

354.  Conjugis.     Conjux  is  either  a  hus- 
band or  a  wife  ;  here  the  former.     Pallida 
pale  in  a  wonderful  manner.     Os:  in   th» 
sense  of  vultum. 

356.  Nudarit :  laid  bare  the  cruel  altars, 
at  which  he  was  slain.  Rdexit:  disclosed 
— brought  to  light. 

358.  Recludit:  shows,  or  opens  to  her, 
&c.  Justin  tells  us  that  Sichaeus,  for  fear 
of  the  king,  buried  liis  money  in  the  earth, 
fearing  to  keep  it  in  his  house  ;  but  no  ono 
knew  the  place  of  its  deposit  duruu 
life. 

362.  Para/a.  Tyre,  being  a  great  com- 
mercial city,  .n  the  ordinary  course  of  busi- 
ness, many  ships  might  be  prepared  and 
ready  for  sea.  The  verb  sunt  is  to  be  sup- 
plied*. 

364.  Opes  Avari,  &c.  Either  the  wealth 
of  Sichffius,  which  Pygmalion  now  imagined 
his  own  ;  or  along  with  her  husband  R  mo- 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIfc 


365.  Illi  devenere  ad  Devenere  locos,  ubi  nunc  ingentia  cernes 
10  367  UMercati  sunt  so  Moenia'  siirgentemque  novae  Carthaginis  arcem  : 
lum,  dictum  Byrsam  de"  Mercatique  solum,  facti  de  nomine  Byrsam,    . 
nomine    facti,    tantum  Taurino  quantum  possent.  circumdare  tergo. 
spatii,  quantum  possent  Sed  vos  qui  tandem  ?  quibus  aut  venistis  ab  oris  ? 

369.  Sed  tandem,  qui  Qu6ve  tenetis  iter  ?  Queerenti  talibus  ille 

^370°Snie  suspirans,^u!I)irans'  imo(}ue  trahens  a  pectore  vocem  : 
trahensquevocemapec-U  Vea,  si  prima  repetens  ab  origine  pergam, 
tore  imo  respondet  eiEt  vacet  annales  nostrorum  audire  laborum  ; 
quaerenti  in  talibus  ver-  Ante  diem  clause  componet  vesper  Olympo.v 

^375.  Tempestas   sua*OS'  Tr°J*  ant.!^.  si  V6StraS  fortd   Per  aures 
forte  appulitLibycis  oris  L  ro)&  nomen  lit,  diversa  per  aequora  vectos, 
nos  vectos  per  diversa  Forte  sua  Libycis  tempestas  appulit  oris. 
tequora  ab  antiqua  Tro-  Sum  pius  ./Eneas,  raptos  qui  ex  hoste  Penates 
J^>  si  Classe  veho  mecum,  farna  super  aethera  notus. 

380.  Meum  genus  est  Italiam  quaBro  patriam  ;  et  genus  ab  Jove  summo. 
at)  Bis  denis  Phiygium  conscendi  navibus  aequor, 

Matre  Dea  monstrante  viam,  data  fata  secutus  : 
Vix  septem  convulsae  undis  Euroque  supersunt. 
Ipse  ignotus,  egens,  Libyae  deserta  peragro, 

385.  Nee  Venus  passa  Europa  atque  Asia  pulsus.     Nee  plura  querentem 
fs/eMmquerentumpluraPassa  Venus  :   rnedio  sic  interfata  dolore  est : 


370 


375 


380 


385 


NOTES. 


ney,  Dido  took  the  treasure  of  her  brother, 
and  fled  with  it  to  Africa. 

367.  Mercati  solum,  &c.  This  passage 
hath  been  differently  interpreted.  Donatus 
explains  it,  of  the  money  being  made  of 
bull's  leather,  with  which  she  purchased  the 
ground  (soluni)  for  the  city.  Others  say, 
that  she  cut  the  hide  into  very  small  strings, 
and  by  connecting  them  together,  surround- 
ed twenty-two  stadia,  or  furlongs.  Neither 
of  these  appears  to  be  the  true  solution. 
The  language  of  the  Phoenicians  was  a  di- 
alect of  the  Hebrew,  in  which  language  the 
word  Bosra  means  a  fortification,  or  forti- 
fied place.  The  Greeks,  mistaking  this 
meaning  of  the  word,  or  overlooking  it, 
supposed,  frorn  the  similarity  of  the  words, 
that  it  was  the  same  with  their  Byrsa,  which 
means  a  bull's  hide.  Virgil  followed  the 
common  received  opinion.  Mercati:  they 
bought  the  ground,  which  they  called  Byrsa, 
from  the  name  of  the  deed,  &c.  This  story 
of  the  bull's  hide,  Mr.  Rollin  observes,  is 
now  generally  exploded.  It  appears,  how- 
ever, that  Dido  was  to  pay  the  Africans  an 
annual  tribute,  as  a  quit  jent,  for  the  land 
which  she  purchased.  This  the  Carthagi- 
nians afterwards  refused  to  do.  which  was 
the  cause  of  the  first  war  in  which  they 
were  engaged.  See  ,/En.  iv.  1. 

373.  Et  vacet :  and  there  should  be  lei- 
sure to  you  to  hear,  &c. 

374.  Annales :  in  the  sense  of  historiam. 
Componet :  the  evening  star  shall  shut  up  the 
day,  before  I  shall  have  done  my  story.  This 
is  an  allusion  to  the  opinion  that  night  shut 
or  sealed  up  the  gate  of  heaven,  and  the  day 


opened  it.  Clauso  Olympo:  heaven  being- 
closed.  Olympus  is  a  mountain  in  Thessa- 
ly.  The  ancients  supposed  its  top  touched 
the  heavens  :  from  which  circumstance,  the 
poets  placed  upon  it  the  court  of  heaven. 
It  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  high.  Olym- 
pus is  often  put  for  heaven. 

376.  lit :  hath  reached,  or  come  to. 

377.  Sua  forte.     Ruams  says,  solito  rasit. 
Sua  vi,  says  Minelius. 

378.  Penates:  properly,  household  gods. 
See   Geor.  ii.  505.     In  the  sack  of  Troy, 
jEneas  saved  his  Penates  from  the  hands  of 
the  Greeks,  and  took  them  as  companions 
of  his  adventures.  See /En.  ii.  717.     JEthe- 
ra  :  a  Greek  ace.  in  the  sense  of  Ccclum. 

380.  Quiero   Italian. :    I   seek  Italy,  my 
country  :  my  descent  (genus)  is  from  Jove 
supreme.     Dardanus  was  an  Italian,  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Trojan  race.  HP 
was  the  son  of  Jove. 

381.  Bis  denis  navibus:    with    twenty 
ships.  JEquor :  in  the  sense  of  mare :  pro- 
perly, any  level  surface,  whether  land  or 
water. 

382.  Secutus  fata  data  :  following  the  de- 
crees of  the  gods  made  in  my  favour — obey- 
ing the  decrees,  &c. 

383.  Convulsa  :  in  the  sense  of  concusses 
agreeing   with   naves,  understood.    .Euro  • 
the   east  wind,  put  for  wind  in  general : 
the  species  for  the  genus. 

384.  Ignotus  :  a  stranger. 

386.  Interfata  est :  she  thus  interrupted 
him  in  the  "midst  of  his  grief:  she  could 
boiir  the  nitrous  storv  no  longer 


LIB.  I. 


183 


Quisquis  es,  hand  credo,  invisus  coelestibus  auras  387.  Quisquises,haud 

Vitales  carpis,  Tyriarn  qui  adveneris  urbem.  credo,  ut  tu  carpis  vita- 

Perge  modo,  atque  hinc  te  Reginae  ad  limina  perfer.^  j^^™ 

JNamque  tibi  reduces  socios  classemque  relatam       390     390.  Nuntio  tibi  socios 

Nuntio,  et  in  tutum,  versis  Aquilonibus,  actam  : 

Ni  frustra  augurium  vani  docuere  parentes. 

Aspice  bis  senos  laetantes  agmine  cycnos, 

^Etherea  quos  lapsa  plaga  Jovis  ales  aperto 

Turbabat  ccelo  :  nunc  terras  ordine  longo 

Aut  capere,  aut  captas  jam  despectare  videntur.   , 

Ut  reduces  illi  ludunt  stridentibus  alis, 

Et  coetu  cinxere  polurn,  cantusque  dedere  : 

Haud  aliter  puppesque  tua?,  pubesque  tuorum 

Aut  portum  tenet,  aut  pleno  subit  ostia  velo. 

Perge  modo,  et,  qua  te  ducit  via,  dirige  gressum. 

Dixit :  et  avertens  rosea  cervice  refulsit, 
Ambrosiaeque  comae  divinum  vertice  odorem 
Spiravere  ;  pedes  vestis  defluxit  ad  imos, 
Et  vera  incessu  patuit  Dea.+  Ille,  ubi  matrem 
Agnovit,  tali  fugientem  est  voce  secutus  : 
Quid  natum  toties  crudelis  tu  quoque  falsis 
Ludis  imaginibus  ?  cur  dextrse  jungere  dextram 
Non  datur,  ac  veras  audire  et  reddere  voces  ? 
Talibus  incusat,  gressumque  ad  mcenia  tendit.  . 
At  Venus  obscuro  gradientes  aere  sepsit, 
Et  multo  nebulae  circum  Dea  fudit  amictu  : 


esse  reduces,  classemque 
relatam  esse,  et  actam 
in  tutum  locum 

394.  Quos  ales  Jovis 
395  lapsa  ex  aetherea 
turbabat 


400 


405     , 

407.  t^uid  tu  quoque, 
O  crudelis  mater,  toties 
ludis  natum  falsis 

410.  Ille  incusat  earn 
41()talibus  verbis 


NOTES. 


387.  Ccelestibus :  in  the  sense  of  superis. 

388.  Carpis :  you  breathe  the  vital  air,  &c. 
390.    Reduces:    returned   safe — brought 

back. 

392.  Ni  parentes  vani  :  unless  my  parents 
vainly  taught  me  divination  in  vain — to  no 
purpose.  Unless  through  a  love  of  vanity 
and  ostentation,  they  taught,  &c.  Heyne 
observes,  that  a  person  may  be  called  vanus, 
who  promises  what  he  cannot  perform,  or 
professes  a  false  or  useless  doctrine.  Actam  : 
in  the  sense  of  provectam. 

394.  Ales  Jovis  :  the  bird  of  Jove — the 
eagle.  JE,therta  plaga :  from  the  etherial 
region,  Agminc:  in  a  flock.  Turbati: 
pursued — chased. 

396.  JVime  videntur :    now   they    seem 
to  choose  the  ground  where  to  alight,  in  a 
long  train :  or  to  look  down  upon  it  chosen 
and  selected.     By  alighting,  they  would  be 
out  of  danger  from  their  pursuer. 

397.  Reduces :  in  the  sense  of  tuti.    Stri- 
dentibus :    flapping — making   a    whizzing 
noise. 

398.  Dedere :  in  the  sense  of  emiserunt. 
Pubes  tuorum:  the  same  in  sense  with  tui 
socii.     Cinxere  polum  :    and  have  made  a 
circle  in  the  heavens  in  company.     Polus, 
is  properly  the  pole ;  but  by  synec.  is  often 
put  for  the  whole  heaven,  or  any  part  there- 
of.   Fowls  in  a  flock  usually  fly  around,  ma- 
king one  or  more  circles  in  the  air  before 


they  alight.  By  doing  this,  they  descend 
with  more  ease  and  safety. 

403.  Ambrosial :  an  adj.  from  ambrosia, 
the  food  of  the  gods,  according  to  the  poets : 
perfumed  with  ambrosia.  Pert  ice :  in  the 
sense  of  capite.  Spiravere :  in  the  sense  of 
emiserunt. 

405.  Patuit  vera  Dea.  The  poet  here 
mentions  four  characteristics  of  divinity ; 
her  rosy-coloured  neck — her  ambrosial  locks 
— her  long  flowing  robe,  (which  she  had 
gathered  up  in  a  knot  to  prevent  discovery,) 
and  her  gait,  or  motion.  It  was  the  opi- 
nion of  the  ancients  that  their  divinities  did 
not  move  upon  the  ground,  but  glided  along- 
the  surface  with  a  regular  motion.  By 
these  signs,  ^Eneas  knew  her  to  be  Venus, 
whom  he  had  hitherto  taken  for  a  Lybian 
virgin.  Voct :  in  the  sense  of  verbis. 

408.  Ludis:  in  the  sense  of  decipis. 
Imaginibus:  forms — figures.  Veras:  true 
— real — not  dissembled. 

411.  Gradienles:  eos  is  understood.    The 
poet  here  hath  in  his  view  that  passage  of 
the  Odyssey,  where  Pallas  spreads  a  veil  of 
air  around  Ulysses,  and  renders  him  invi- 
sible. 

412.  Circumfadit.       The   parts  ot 
verb  are  separated  by  Tmesis,  for  the  sake 
of  the    verse  :  she  surrounded  them  with 
the  thick  garment  of  a  cloud,  that  no  one 


184 


P.  VIRGILII  MAHONIS 


Cernere  ne  quis  eos,  neu  quis  contingere  posset, 
Molirive  moram,  aut  veniendi  poscere  causas. 
Ipsa  Paphum  sublimis  abit,  sedesque  revisit 

416.  Ubi  erf  lemplum  Laeta  suas  ;  ubi  templum  illi,  centumque  Sabseo 
Thure  calent  arae,  sertisque  recentibus  halant. 

Corripuere  viam  interest,  qua  semita  monstrat. 
Jamque  ascendebant  collem,  qui  plurimus  urbi 
Imminet,  adversasque  aspectat  desuper  arces 
Miratur  molem  ^Eneas,  magalia  quondam  : 
Miratur  portas,  strepitumque  et  strata  viarum. 

423.  Pars  instat  du-  Instant  ardentes  Tyrii  :  pars  ducere  muros, 

Molirique  arcem,  et  manibus  subvolvere  saxa  : 
Pars  optare  locum  tecto,  et  concludere  sulco. 
Jura  magistratusque  legunt,  sanctumque  senatum.  ^ 
Hie  portus  alii  eflbdiunt  :  hie  alta  theatris 
Fundamenta  locant  alii,  immanesque  columnas 

:2upibus  excidunt'  sceif  decr  alta  futuris- 

bus,  qua  tint  alta          Qualis  apes  asstate  nova  per  florea  rura 

430.  Eorum  labor  est  Exercet  sub  sole  labor,  cum  gentis  adult 
talis,  qualis  exercet  apes  Educunt  fetus,  aut  cum  liquentia  mella 

Stipant,  et  dulci  distendunt  nectare  cellas  ; 

Aut  onera  accipiunt  venientum,  aut,  agmine  facto, 

Ignavum,  fucos,  pecus  a  praesepibus  arcent. 

Fervet  opus,  redolentque  thymo  fragrantia  mella. 


420 


430 


435 


NOTES. 


414.  Moliri :  to  cause — make. 

415.  Paphum :  a  city  of  Cyprus,  an  isl- 
and in  the  north-eastern  part   of  the  Medi- 
terranean sea,  dedicated  to  Venus.     Verbs 
of  motion  to  a  place  have  the  ace.  after 
them. 

416.  SabcBO  thure:   with  Arabian  frank- 
incense.     Sab&o :    an   adj.   from  Saba,   a 
country    of   Arabia    Felix,   abounding   in 
frankincense.    Illi:   for  her — in  honor  of 
her. 

417.  Halant :  emit  odour  from  fresh  gar- 
lands— wreaths  of  flowers.     Calent :  burn 
— are  hot. 

419.  Collem.  This  hill  was  probably  near 
the  city,  from  the  top  of  which  the  whole 
city  appeared  in  full  view.  It  seems  that  it 
rose  above  the  walls,  so  that  you  looked 
down  upon  it  from  above.  Imminet:  im- 
pends— overlooks.  Plurimus  :  in  the  sense 
of  valde,'  or  maxime.  Arces :  in  the  sense 
of  turres. 

421.  Miratur  molem:  he  wonders  at  the 
magnitude  of  the  city,  where  there  were 
once  only  cottages. 

422.  Strata  viarum:  the  paved  work  of 
the  streets — causeways. 

423.  Ardentes.     An  adj.  or  part,  closely 
connected  with  a  verb   is  more  elegantly 
translated   by    its    corresponding    adverb. 
Tyrii  ardentes  instant :  the  Tyrians  eagerly 
push  on  the  work.     The  ardentes  strongly 
marks  their  zeal  and  activity.    Ducere :  in 
the  sense  of  extender r. 


424.  Moliri :  to  erect — build. 

425.  Para  aptare :  a  part  (instat,  public? 
on)  to  select  the  ground  for  building  houses, 
and  to  mark  it  out  by  a  furrow — to  arrange 
and  lay  off  the  streets  and  squares  of  the  city. 

426.  Legunt:    in   the  sense  of  eligunt. 
Jura :  by  meton.  the  courts  of  justice — the 
place  where  justice  is  administered.     They 
choose  the  place  for  the  courts  of  justice,  &c. 

427.  Tkeatris :  for  the  theatres — buildings 
for  public  exhibitions. 

429.  Excidunt :  they  cut,  or  hew. 

430.  Nova  (Estate:    in  the  beginning  of 
summer. 

431.  Sub  sole:  for  per  diem,  says  Heyne. 
Educunt:    lead   out.      Liquentia:   in   the 
sense   of  pura.    This  fine  comparison  of 
the  industry  of  the  Carthaginians  in  erect- 
ing the  buildings  of  their  city,  and  other 
works  of  improvement,  to  the  zeal  and  as- 
siduity of  the  bees  in  collecting  honey,  and 
arranging  the  business*  of  the  hive,  is  taken 
from  Homer,  who  compares  the  movements 
of  the  Grecian  troops  from  their  ships  and 
tents,  to  the  issuing  of  bees  from  their  hives. 

433.  Stipant :  they  lay  up  the  pure  honey. 
Cellas :  the  comb. 

435.  Arcent :  they  drive  from  the  hives 
the   drones,  an  idle  herd.     These  are  the 
male  bees.  See  Geor.iv.  200.  Agmine  facto: 
a  battalion  being  formed. 

436.  Opus  fervet :  the  work  goes  briskly 
on.    It  is  a  metaphor  taken  from  the  boiling 
of  water 


JENEIIS.     Llli.  I. 


O  ibrtunati,  quorum  jam  mcenia  surgunt ! 

/Eneas  ait :  et  fastigia  suspicit  urbis. 

Infert  se  septus  nebula,  mirabile  dictu, 

Per  medios,  miscetque  viris  :  neque  cernitur  ulli.      440 

Lucus  in  urbe  fuit  media,  laetissimus  umbra ; 
Quo  primum  jactati  undis  et  turbine  Poeni 
Effodere  loco  signum,  quod  regia  Juno 
Monstrarat,  caput  acris  equi :  sic  nam  fore  bello 
Egregiam,  et  facilem  victu  per  saecula  gentem.         445 
Hie  templum  Junoni  ingens  Sidonia  Dido 
Condebat,  donis  opulentum  et  numine  Diva)  : 
./Erea  cui  gradibus  surgebant  limina,  nexseque 
./Ere  trabes  :  foribus  cardo  stridebat  alicnis.  ^ 
Hoc  primum  in  luco  nova  res  oblata  timorem*          450 
Leniit :  hie  primum  jEneas  sperare  saiuf  em 
Ausus,  et  afflictis  melius  contidere  rebus. 
Namque,  sub  ingenti  lustrat  dum  singula  ternplo, 
Reginam  opperiens  ;  dum,  quae  fortuna  sit  urbi, 
Artificumque  rnanus  inter  se  operumque  laborem  ,  455 
Miratur  ;  videt  Iliacas  ex  ordine  pugnas, 
Bellaque  jam  famst  totum  vulgata  per  orbem  ; 
Atridas,  Priamumque  et  saBvum  ambobus  Achillem. 
Constitit,  et  lachrymans :  Quis  jam  locus,  inquit;  Achate, 


442  Quo  loco  Poem 
jactati  undis,  et  turbine 
primum  effod^re  sig- 
num, nempe  caput  acrir 
equi 

444.  Nam  sic  monstra- 
vit  gentem  fore  egregi- 
arn  bello,  et  facilem  vic- 
tu per  secula 


NOTES. 


445.  Nam  sic  fore :  for  thus  (by  this  sign) 
she  showed  that  the  nation  should  be  illus- 
trious in  war,  and  victorious  through  ages 
— easy  to  conquer  through  ages.     Ruaous 
inter prets/adZem  victu,  by  aptam  vivere  (Bter- 
nafama,  deriving   victu  from  vivo,  I   live. 
Others,  with  more  propriety,  derive  it  from 
vinco,  I  conquer ;  making  the  meaning  to 
be :  easy  to  conquer  through  ages — victo- 
rious.    The  supine  in  u  hath  both  an  ac- 
tive  and   passive  signification ;    but  most 
frequently  the  latter.     The  former  is   the 
meaning  in  this  place. 

446.  Sidonia :  an  adj.  from  Sidon,  a  fa- 
mous city  of  Phoenicia,  not  far  to  the  north 
of  Tyre,  subject  to  the  same  government. 
Hodie,  Sayd. 

447.  Numine  Diva :  with  the  presence  of 
the  goddess.    By  this  we  are  probably  to 
understand  some  rich  statue  of  the  goddess, 
that  was  set  up  in  the  temple. 

448.  Cui  area  limina  :  to  which  the  bra- 
zen   threshold   rose   in  steps,  &c. — whose 
brazen  threshold,  &c.     Cui :  in  the  sense  of 
cujus  ;  this  is  common  with  Virgil. 

449.  Trabes :  these  most  probably  were 
the  door  posts,  which  were  framed  or  fas- 
tened together  with  brass. 

452.  Confidere :  in  the   sense  of  sperare, 
says  Ruoeus.  Ctepitnunc  habere  magisjidu- 
ciam  suce  fortunes,  bene  de  ea  sperare,  says 
Heyne. 

453.  Singula.      Singuli  properly  means 
c ft,  taken  one  by  one,    Omnis  signifies  all, 


collectively  or  individually.  Cunctus,  all 
by  parts,  and  universus,  the  whole. 

454.  Opperiens :  waiting  for  the  queen. 
Dum  miratur  :  while  he  wonders  at  the 
fortune  of  the  city  ;  and  at  the  skill  of  the 
artists,  and  the  difficulty  of  the  work,  (inter 
se,')  by  turns.  Ruseus  refers  the  inter  se 
to  the  hands  of  the  workmen,  agreeing 
with  one  another,  mantis  artificum.  In  this 
case  the  sense  will  be  :  he  contemplates 
the  skill  displayed  in  the  workmanship  and 
the  magnitude  of  the  work  by  turns — he 
compares  them  together.  But  La  Cerda 
observes,  that  by  manus  arliftcum,  the  skill 
of  the  artists,  we  are  probably  to  understand 
the  paintings  of  the  Trojan  battles,  and  the 
other  events  of  that  war,  which  /Enoas  saw 
OH  liis  entering  the  temple,  and  which  or- 
namented its  walls  :  while  operum  laborem, 
may  refer  to  the  temple  itself— the  magni- 
tude, and  difficulty  of  rearing  such  a  mag- 
nificent edifice.  Fortunes  :  tins  Ruseus  in- 
terprets by felicitas.  Manus:  properly  the 
hand :  by  meton.  art,  skill. 

456.  Videt  Iliacas  pugnas.  Dr.  Trapp, 
observes,  there  never  was  a  finer  picture 
of  a  picture  than  this.  Virgil  in  a  few  verses, 
selects  the  most  striking,  and  beautiful 
scenes  in  the  Iliad,  proper  for  the  painter. 

458.  Atridas :  ace.  plu.  ofdtrid<r,  the  sons 
of  Atreus,  Agamemnon  and  Menelaus. — 
Against  the  former,  Achilles  had  a  quar- 
rel on  account  of  the  beautiful  Bri*sds,  a 
captive.  He  withdrew  with  his  troops,  and 
refused  to  take  any  purt  with  the  Greeks. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Quse  regio  in  terris  nostri  non  plena  laboris  ?  460 

Ea  Priamus  :  sunt  hie  etiam  sua  prsemia.laudi  : 
Sunt  lachrymse  rerum,.et  mentem  mortalia  tangunt. 
Solve  metus  :  feret  haec  aliquam  tibi  fama  salutem. 
Sic  ait  :  atque  animum  pictura  pascit  inani, 
Multa  gemens,  largoque  humectat  fliimine  vultum.     465 

Namque  videbat,  uti  bellantes  Pergama  circum 
467.    Uti   bellantes  Hac  fuge/ent  Graii,  premeret  Trqjana  ju  vent  us  ; 
Oraii  fugerent  hac  <:ir-  j££c  Phryges,  instaret  curru  cristatus  Achilles.  ' 

±;N.c  procS  h.nc  Rhesi  niVeis  teJ.Joria  velis 

eos;    ac     ryges  /Mge-  Agnoscit  lachrjrmans  :  primo  quae  prodita  jsomno  %    470 
rent,     dum     cristatus  Tydides  multa  vastabat  caede  cruentus  : 
Achilles  instaret  its  e  Ardentesque"  avertit  ecjuos  iiitcasfra,  priusquam 
Cl472'CastraGrac0rMmPabul^-Sus^ssentTroJ8e,  Xanthumque  fiibissent. 

'  ' 


P,riusquarn. 


tpra  palmis 


Parte  ali&  fugiens  amissis  Tro'ilus  armis,.' 

Infelix  puerx  atque  impar  congressus  Achilli,  .  475 

Ferlur  ecjuis,  curruque  hoeret  resupinus  inani, 

Lora  tenenstamjpn;  huic  cervixque  comaeque  trahuntur 

Per  terram,  et  versa  pulvis  inscribitur  hasta. 

Interea  ad  tem/lum  non  ssqusc  Palladis  ibant   ' 

^"n'bus  JliadjCs  passis,  peplumque  ferebant  480 

Sjuppliciter  tnstes,  -et  tunsae  pectora  palmis. 


NOTES. 


till  after  the  death  of  Patroclus,  whom  Hec- 
tor slew  in  battle.  Some  copies  haVe  Atri- 
den,  which  appears  to  be  the  more  correct;  for 
we  have  no  account  that  Ach  illes  had  any 
disagreement  with  Menelaus.  The  ambobus 
refers  to  Agamemnon  and  Priam.  Achilles 
afterwards  slew  Hector,  and  ignominiously 
treated  his  dead  body.  He  refused  to  restore 
it  to  Priam,  till  he  received  a  large  sum  of 
money  as  a  ransom. 

460.  Nostri  labores :  our  sufferings,  cala- 
mities. 

461.  Laudi:  in  the  sense  here  of  vir- 
tuti. 

462.  LachrymtR  rerum  :  tears  for  our  af- 
flictions— compassion  for  our  calamities  or 
sufferings.    Mortalia  :  an  adj.  neu.  plu.  ta- 
ken as  a  sub.  human  calamities. 

465.  Largo  Jlumine:   a   large  flood   of 
tears. 

466.  Pergama:    neu.    plu.  In   the  sing. 
Pergamus,  properly   the    citadel  of  Troy, 
built  on  the   highest   ground,   whence  the 
whole  city  could  be  seen.     Here,  and  in  ma- 
ny other  places,  put  for  the  city   itself;  by 
«ynec.     Bellantes  :  valiant — warlike. 

468.  Cristatus :  plumed—wearing  a  plume. 
Instaret:  in  the  sense  of  premeret. 

469.  Rhesi.  Rhesus,  king  of  Thrace,  and 
reputed  son  of  Mars.  When  he  came  to  as- 
sist the  Trojans,  it  was  reported,  as  a  decree 
of  the  Gods,  that  if  his  horses  should  drink 
of  the  water  of  the  river  Xanthus,  or  taste 
the  gjniss  of  Troy,  the  city  should  not  be 
takeri/y  On  his  arrival,  he  encamped  on  the 
shore,  when  he  was  betrayed  by  one  Dolon 
to  Diomede,  and  Ulysses,  who  slew  him  on 


the  first  night  of  his  arrival,  and  carried  oft* 
his  horses  to  the  Grecian  camp. 

470.  Qaceprodita:  which  being  betray- 
ed in  the  first  night,  &c.  Somno  :  in  the 
sense  of  node.  See  ^En.  11.  242. 

472.  Ardenles :  in  the  sense  of  acres. 

473.  Xanthum :  a  river  of  Troas,  rising 
out  of  mount  Ida,  and  flowing  into  the  Hel- 
lespont. It   is  the  same  with  the  Scaman- 
der. 

474.  Trotlus.     A  son  of  Priam.     Virgil 
calls  him  puer,  probably  on  account  of  his 
age.     He  was  slain  by  Achilles. 

475.  Impar  congressus  ^chilli :  an  une- 
qual match  for  Achilles : — or  meeting  Achil- 
les, an  unequal  match  is  drawn,  &c.  Resu- 
pinus :  on  his  back,  he  hangs  from  his  emp- 
ty chariot. 

478.  Hasta  versa.    The  dust  is  not  mark- 
ed with  the  spear  of  Tro'ilus  ;  but  with  the 
spear  of  Achilles,  which  had  pierced  his  bo- 
dy ;  and  as  he  lay  on  his   back,  might  be 
said  to  be  inverted  ;  its  point   being  down- 
ward.    Huic :  in  the  sense  of  hujus. 

479.  JVon  (squce  Palladis  :  of  Pallas,  un- 
kind— offended  ;  on  account  of  the  decision 
of  Paris,  in  the  contest   of  beauty  between 
her,  Juno  and  Venus. 

480.  Iliades:  the  Trojan  matrons  with 
dishevelled  hair,  went,  &c.     Homer  informs 
us  (Iliad.    6.  302.)  that    after    the    great 
slaughter  of  the  Trojans,  Hecuba  and  the 
Trojan  matrons  went  in  solemn  procession, 
with  every  external  sign  of  sorrow,  to  the 
temple  of  Pallas,  carrying  the   richest  pre- 

in  hope  to  render  her  favourable  to 


S.    LIB.  1. 


Diva  solo  fixos  oculos  aversa  tenebat. 

Ter  circum  Iliacos  raptaverat  Hectora  muros, 

Exanimumque  auro  corpus  vendebat  Achilles. 

Turn  vero  ingentem  gemitum  dat  pectore  ab  imo, 
Ut  spolia,  ut  currus,  utque  ipsum  corpus  amici,          486 
Tendentemque  manus  Priamum  conspexit  inermes. 
Se  quoque  principibus  permixtum  agnovit  Achivis, 
Eoasque  acies,  et  nigri  Memnonis  arma. 
Ducit  Amazonidum  lunatis  agmina  peltis  490 

Penthesilea  furens,  mediisque  in  millibus  ardet, 
Aurea  subnectens  exertae  cingula  mammae, 
Bellatrix,  audetque  viris  concurrere  virgo.  » 

Haec  dum  Dardanio  ^Eneae  miranda  videntur, 
Dum  stupet,  obtutuque  haeret  defixus  in  uno ;  495 

Regina  ad  templum,  formal  pulcherrima  Dido, 
Incessit,  magna  juvenum  stipante  caterva. 
Qualis  in  Eurotae  ripis,  aut  per  juga  Cynthi 
Exercet  Diana  choros,  quam  mille  secutae  499 

Hinc  atque  hinc  glomerantur  Oreades  :  ilia  pharetram 
Pert  humero,  gradiensque  Deas  supereminet  omnes  : 
Latonas  taciturn  pertentant  gaudia  pectus. 


493.  Virgoque  sub- 
nectens  aurea  cingula 
exertae  mammae,  utpote 
bellatrix,  audet 


NOTES. 


their  cause.  Peplum :  this  was  the  richest 
of  vestments,  embroidered  by  the  Sidonian 
women  in  the  most  costly  manner,  and 
brought  by  Paris  from  Sidon.  This  they 
carried  to  the  Goddess,  hoping  she  would 
be  moved  by  it  to  regard  their  sufferings. 
Passis :  a  part,  of  the  verb  pandor,  spread, 
or  hanging  loose. 

482.  Aversa  :  in  the  sense  of  ojfensa. 

483.  Achilles  raptaverat.   See  ^n.  2.  542. 

486.  Ut  spolia  conspexit:  as   he  beheld 
the  spoils ;  as  he  beheld  the  chariot,  &c.  The 
verb  conspexit  is  to  be  repeated   with  each 
nom.  as  is  plain,  from  the  repetition   of  the 
ut.  This  verse  is  of  the  same  tender  nature 
with  Eel.  viii.  41.    Ut  vidi,  &c/  It  plainly 
shows  the  skill  of  the  poet.  Any  other  would 
have  used  the  conjunction  et  or  que.  But  by 
the  repetition  of  the  ut,  he  shows   YEneas 
tracing  these  several  affecting  objects,  and 
every  now  and  then  fetching  a   deep   sigh. 
Corpus  amici  :  the  body  of  Hector,  we  are 
to  understand. 

487.  Inermes:    unarmed — suppliant.     Of 
in,  negativum,  and  arma. 

489.  Memnonis.  Mernnon  the  son  of  Au- 
rora and  Tithonus,  the  son  of  Laomedon, 
king  of  Troy.  He  came  to  the  assistance  of 
the  Trojans  with  many  troops  from  India 
and  Ethiopia.  He  was  slain  by  Achilles. 
Nigri:  swarthy — alluding  to  his  colour. 
Eoas  acies  :  eastern  troops. 

491.  Pentkesilea.  She  was  queen  of  the 
Amazons,  who  came  to  the  aid  of  the  Tro- 
jans after  the  death  of  Hector.  Her  troops 
were  armed  with  bucklers  in  the  form  of  a 
•orescent,  or  half-jnoon.  Azminn.  hmali* 


peltis:  her  troops  (armed)  with  c'resceiit 
shields.  She  was  slain  by  Achilles ;  some 
say  by  his  son  Neoptolemus.  Furens :  eager 
— courageous. 

493.  Bellatrix  virgo :  the  warlike  virgin, 
binding  a  golden  girdle  under  her  naked 
breast,  dares,  &c.     It  was  a  custom  of  the 
Amazons  to  cut  or  scar  one  of  their  breasts 
that  it  might  be  no  hindrance  to  their  shoot- 
ing or  darting  of  the  javelin ;  the  other  they 
bound  with  a  girdle.     The  word  Amazon  is 
compounded  of  the  Greek  alpha  negativum, 
and  a  word  which  signifies  a  breast :  imply- 
ing that  they  had  only  one  breast.    See  nonj. 
prop,  under  Amazon. 

494.  Miranda :  wonderful — worthy  of  ad- 
miration.    It  is  to  be  taken  with  the  verb 
videntur.     Obtutu :  posture.    Hozret :  hi  the 
sense  ofstat. 

497.  Incessit :  approached.  See  46.  supra,. 

498.  Quails    Diana  txercet:   as   Diana 
leads  the  dance  on  the  banks  of  Eurotas,  or 
over  the  tops  of  Cynthus,  whom  a  thousand 
mountain  nymphs  surround,  &c.     Eurotaf, 
a  river  of  Laconia,  near  Sparta,  a  country 
famous  for  hunting.     Cynthi  :  Cynthus  was 
a  mountain  in  the  island  of  Delos,  the  birtu 
place  of  Diana.     Glomerantur  :  in  the  sense 
ofglomerant.     See  Eel.  iv.  10. 

500.  Oreades  :  mountain  nyrnphs ;  from  a 
Greek  word  which  signifies  a  mountain.  Set- 
Eel.  ii.46. 

502.  LatoncB.  Latona,  the  mother  of  Di- 
ana and  Apollo.  Joy  pervaded  her  silent 
breast  at  the  sight  of  tho  ffra.cn 
of  her 


188  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Talis  erat  Dido,  talem  se  laeta  ferebat 
Per  medios,  instans  operi  regnisque  futuris. 
Turn  foribus  Divse,  media,  testudine  templi,  505 

Septa  armis  solioque  alte  subnixa,  resedit. 
Jura  dabat  legesque  viris,  operumque  laborem 
Partibus  aequabat  justis,  aut  sorte  trahebat :  * 
Cum  subito  ^Eneas,  concursu  accedere  magno 
Anthea  Sergestumque  videt,  fortemque  Cloanthum,  510 
Teucrorumque  alios  :  ater  quos  sequofe  turbo 
Dispulerat,  penitusque  alias  avexerat  oras. 
Obstupuit  simul  ipse,  simul  perculsus  Achates 
514.^m6oavidiarde-  Laetitiaque  metuque  ;  avidi  conjungere  dextras 

bant  .Ardebant :  sed  res  animos  incognita  turbat.  515 

Dissimulant,  et  nube  cava  speculantur  amicti, 
517.  Quse  fortuna  sit  Quae  fortuna  viris,  classem  quo  litore  Hnquant, 

v*ris  Quid  veniant :  cunctis  nam  lecti  navibus  ibant 

518  06quidveniant;0rantes  yeni         et  templum  damore  petebant. 

nam  homines  •    ,  .r  »       j   ,  •     /•     j-    F^OA 

520.  Introgressi  sunt,      Postquam  mtrogressi,  et  coram  data  copia  landi,  o 

et  copia  fandi  coram  re-  Maximus  Ilioneus  placido  sic  pectore  ccepit : 

gina  data  est  illis  Q  regina,  novam  cui  condere  Jupiter  urbem, 

Justitiaque  dedit  gentes  fraenare  superbas  ^ 
524.JV<MmiseriTroes,  Troes  te  miseri,  vends  maria  omnia  vecti, 

vmtipar  Oramus :  prohibe  infandos  a  navibus  ignes ;  5*2;  > 

Parce  pio  generi,  et  propius  res  aspice  nostras. 
Non  nos  aut  ferro  Libycos  populare  Penates 
Venimus,  aut  raptas  ad  litora  vertere  praedas. 
Non  ea  vis  animo,  nee  tanta  superbia  victis. 

NOTES. 

503.    Tails  eral  Dido:   such  was  Dido.  512.  Avexerat:  had  carried  to  other  shores 

The  comparison  here  between  Diana  and  far  remote. 

Dido  is  taken  from  the  Odyssey.     Probus  516.  Speculantur:  they  conjecture  what 

considered  the  passage  to  be  copied  unhappi-  is  the  fortune   of  their  friends;   on  what 

ly  by  Virgil.     The  comparison,  according  to  coast  they  had  left  their  fleet ;  for  what  pur- 

Scaliger,  lies  in  these  particulars :  Quemad-  pose  they  came  thither.  For  men  chosen,  &c. 

modum  Diana  in  montibus  ita  Dido  in  urbe  :  y              peace-favor.      Clamore : 

^Ua^nter  nymphas,  hoc  inter  matronas :  ilia  ^     Cry,' lamenting  the  hardness  of  their 

instans  venatonbus,  ruzc  urtn.  f    . 

505.  Foribus  Diva.     In  the  interior  part 

of  the  temples,  there  was  a  place  separated  521.   Maximus:    the  chief,  or   principal 

from  the  rest  by  a  wall,  or  vail,  called  the  speaker.  Placido  pectore :  from  his  composed 

Adytum  or  Ptnetrale.     Here  the  poet  sup-  breast.     A  composed  breast,  or  mind,  regu- 

poses  Juno  to  have  had  an  image  or  statue,  lates  the  voice  and  speech.     Copia :  leave 

or  some  symbol  of  her  presence.     The  door  — liberty. 

or  gate  that  led  to  it  he  therefore  calls  the  *  523.  Fra.nare :  to  restrain  proud  nations 

door  of  the  goddess.   Media  testudine :  under  with  justice — with  laws.  By  superbas  gentes^ 

the  middle  of  the  arch,  or  canopy.     Subnixa  we    may  understand  the  Numidians,  and 

alte  :  raised  high  on  a  throne,  she  sat  down,  other  warlike  nations  of  Africa,  her  neigh- 

Foribus :   fores,   properly   folding    doors —  bors.     For  superbas,  Rueeus  says,/erocw. 

opening  on  both  sides.     It  has  no  singular.  525     Prohlbe  .    aVert-turn  away.    In- 

506.  Septa  arrms:    surrounded    by   her  faMos:  direful_crueh 
guards,  warmw,  by  meton.  tor  the  men  bear-  * 

ing  them.  627-  Libycos  Penates :  the  African  terr; 

507.  Dabat  jura:  dispensed  justice.   Jus,     toi7'  or  settlements:  or,  simply,  the  African 
properly  a  natural  law,  or  right :  Lex,  a  •  g°ds. 

written  or  statute  law :  fas,  a  divine  law.  528.  Vertere. :  in  the   sense  of  abducere. 

509.  Concursu:  a  crowd.  Multitudinc,  Raptas  pra:das :  the  plundered,  or  seized 

says  Ruffius.  booty. 

511.  Mdi:  eager.  See  423.  supra.  Ar-  529.  Vis  :  in  the  sense  of  violent™ ,  The 

tkbctnf :  in  the  sense  of  cupiebartf.  verb  esf  is  understood. 


LIB.  I. 


Est  locus,  Hesperiam  Graii  cognomine  dicunt :        530 

Terra  antiqua,  potens  armis  atque  ubere  glebae  : 

(Enotrii  coluere  viri ;  nunc  fama,  minores 

Italiam  dixisse,  duels  de  nomine,  gentem. 

Hue  cursus  fuit. 

Cum  subito  assurgens  fluctu  nimbosus  Orion  535 

In  vada  caeca  tulit,  penitusque  procacibus  Austris 

Perque  undas,  superante  salo,  perque  invia  saxa 

Dispulit :  hue  pauci  vestris  adnavimus  oris. 

Quod  genus  hoc  hominum  ?  quaeve  hunc  tarn  barbara 

Pemittit  patria  ?  hospitio  prohibemur  arenae  :      [morem 


532.  Nunc  fama  est 
minores 


Bella  cient,  primaque  vetant  consistere  terra.  ^         541 

Si  genus  humanum  et  mortalia  temnitis  arma  ; 

At  sperate  Deos  memores  fandi  atque  nefandi. 

Rex  erat  JEneas  nobis,  quo  justior  alter 

Nee  pietate  fuit,  nee  bello  major  et  armis :  545 

Quern  si  fata  virum  servant,  si  vescitur  aura 


536.  Procacibusque 
Austris  dispulit  nos  pe- 
nitus  perque  undas, 
perque  invia 

539.  Quod  genus  ho- 
minum est  hoc?  quaeve 
patria  tarn  barbara  per- 
mittit 

543.  Sperate    Deos 
essc  memores 

544.  Quo  nee  fuit  al- 
ter  justior   in  pietate, 
ncc  major  bello 


NOTES. 


530.  Hesperiam.    Italy  hath  been  called 
by   various   names :  Hesperia,  (which   was 
the  name  also  sometimes  given  to  Spain,) 
from  Hesperus  the  brother  of  Atlas,  king  of 
Mauritania,  in  Africa;  or  from   Hesperus, 

( the  name  of  the  star  Venus,  when  it  goes 
behind  the  sun,  and  signifies,  a  setting,  or 
the  west.  From  which  circumstance,  the 
Greeks  to  the  eastward  of  those  countries 
called  Italy  Magna  Hesperia,  and  Spain, 
Hesperia  Minor :  (Enotria,  from  (Enotrus, 
a  king  of  the  Sabines,  or  from  a  son  of 
Lycaon,  king  of  Arcadia,  of  that  name : 
Ausonia,  from  the  Ausones,  an  ancient  peo- 
ple of  that  country ;  and  lastly,  Italia,  from 
Italus,  a  king  of  Sicily ;  or,  as  some  say, 
from  a  Greek  word  signifying  cattle,  because 
they  abounded  there.  Dicunt:  in  the 
sense  of  vacant. 

531.  Ubere:    richness — fertility.     Cogno- 
mine :  in  the  sense  of  nomine. 

532.  (Enotrii  viri  :  simply  the  GEnotrians 
inhabited  it.     Minores :  their  descendants. 

535.  Orion:  a  constellation  in  the  hea- 
vens. It  rises  with  the  sun  in  the  month  of 
July,  and  was  supposed  to  have  an  influence 
upon  the  weather ;  hence  the  epithet  nim- 
bosus. It  will  appear  hence,  that  the  time 
of  Eneas'  arrival  at  Carthage,  was  some 
time  in  that  month.  He  remained  there 
till  the  latter  part  of  the  following  winter, 
when  he  set  sail  for  Italy,  where  he  arrived, 
as  Sagrais  supposes,  some  time  in  the  spring. 
Fluctu  :  in  the  sense  of  mari. 

'536.  Austris  procacibus  :  by  violent  wind?, 
duster  is  here  put  for  wind  in  general,  and 
not  for  the  south  wind,  which  would  have 
driven  him  from  Africa.  Tulit:  carried,  or 
drove.  Caca  :  in  the  sense  of  latcnfiv. 

537.  Salo :  in  the  sense  of  mari.  For 
procacibus,  Heyne  says  vehement ibus. 

540.  Prohibitnur:  we  ate  prohibited  from 
the  enjoyment,  of  the  shwe. 


543.  At  sperate  :  but  expect  that  the  gods 
are  mindful  of  right  and  wrong.     Fandi  at- 
que nefandi:    gerunds  in  di,  of  the  verb 
for ;  in  the  sense  of fas  and  nefas :  for  what 

is  right  and  just  may  be  spoken ;  but  what 
is  unjust,  we  may  not  speak. 

The  meaning  of  the  passage  is :  if  ye 
despise  the  human  race,  and  fear  not  the 
just  punishment  from  men,  which  this  sa- 
vage and  barbarous  conduct  deserves,  know 
that  the  gods  are  mindful  of  right  and 
wrong,  and  will  not  fail  to  reward  or  pu- 
nish accordingly.  Mortalia  arma  :  Ruseus 
says,  vindictam  hominum,  the  vengeance  of 
men. 

544.  QMO  justior  alter,  &c.  Here  we  have 
a  summary  of  ^Eneas'  character,  piety  and 
valor.     The  first  comprehends  devotion  to 
the  gods,  and  all   the   moral  virtues.      It 
shows  him  a  tender  son,  an  affectionate  fa- 
ther, and  husband.    He  bore  his  father  upon 
his  shoulders,  and  led  his  little  son  through 
the  flames  of  Troy  to  a  place  of  safety. 
And   having   lost    his   wife   in   the    gene- 
ral confusion  of  that  fatal  night,  he  ven- 
tured into  the  midst  of  enemies  in  search 
of  her ;  nor  did  he  cease,  till  her  ghost  ap- 
peared to  him,  and  bade  him  to  desist :  and 
on  all  occasions,  Ascanius  appears  the  darling 
of  his  soul.    .(Eneas  was  also  a  patriot,  and 
firmly  attached  to  the  interests  of  lu's  coun- 
try.    In  valor  and  prowess  in  war,  he  ap- 
pears on  all  occasions  the  real  hero.  Homer 
represents  him  second  only  to  Hector.     He 
was  the  first  to  resist  Achilles  on  his  return 
after  the  deatli  of  Patroclus.     He  did  not 
engage  him,  but  he  manifested  a  calm  and 
determined  courage.    We  see  then  how  just- 
ly lie  is  characterized  by,  nee  bello  major  ct 
armis.  But  his  piety  and  moral  virtues  havo 
ennobled  his  character  more  than  all  his 
deeds  of  valor. 

546.    Vffritirr:    in  the  sen«!e    of 


190  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


^Etherea,  neque  adhuc  crudelibus  occubat  umbris  ; 

548.  Non  sit  metus  Non  metus,  officio  nee  te  certasse  priorem 
nobis,  nee  poeniteat  te  p^niteat.     Sunt  et  Siculis  regionibus  urbes, 

pnorem  (  ,lo  Armaque)  Trojanoque  a  sanguine  clarus  Acestes.     550 

551.  Liceatnofrwsub-Quassatam  ventis  liceat  subducere  classem,. 
ducere  ad  terram  clas- Et  sylvis  aptare  trabes,  et^stringere.remos. 
sem  quassatam  gj  datur  Italiam,  sociis  et,  rege  recepto, 

554.  Ut  laeti  petamus  Tendere,  ut  Italiam  laeti  Latiumque  pctamus  : 
d±^±TJi  |in  absumpta  salus,  et  te,  pater  optime  Teucrftm,     555 
sum  ad  Italiam,  sociis,  et Pontus  habet  Libya?,  nee  spes  jam  restat  lull, 

555.  Sin  salus  absump- Ut  freta  Sicanise  saltern  sedesque  paratas, 
ta  est,  et  pontus  Libyae  Unde  hue  advecti,  regemque  petamus  Acesten. 

habet  te,  O  optime        Talibus  Ilioneus  :  cuncti  simul  ore  fremebant 

557.  Ut  saltern  peta-  n      i      -Am  rnA 

nrns  freta   SicamaT  pa-  Dardanidae.  .  —  560 

ratasque  sedes,    unde      Turn  breviter  Dido,  vultum  demissa,  profatur  : 
advecti  sumus  hue         Solvite  corde  metum,  Teucri,  secludite  curas. 
560.  Ilioneus  orabat  Res  dura,  et  regni  novitas  me  talia  cogunt 

ta561*  Dremissa     uoad  M°liri'  Ct  lat6  fmeS  CUSt°de  tueri' 

vultum  Quis  genus  ^Eneadum,  quis  Trojse  nesciat  urbem  ?    565 

Virtutesque,  virosque,  et  tanti  incendia  belli  ? 
Non  obtusa  adeo  gestamus  pectora  Poeni : 
Nee  tarn  aversus  cquos  Tyria  Sol  jungit  ab  urbe. 
569.  Seu  vos  optatis  Seu  vos  Hesperiam  magnam,  Saturniaque  arva, 
magnam  Sive  Erycis  fines,  regemque  optatis  Acesten ;  570 

Auxilio  tutos  dimittam,  opibusque  juvabo.  • 
Vultis  et  his  mecum  pariter  considere  regnis  ? 
Urbem  quam  statuo,  vestra  est ;  subducite  naves  : 
Tros  Tyriusque  mihi  nullo  discrimine  agetur. 

NOTES. 

Occubat :  lies   dead — yields  up   his  life  to  567.  Pan?  gestamus :  we  Carthaginians 

the  cruel  shades.  do  not  carry  with  us  hearts  so  insensible, 

549.  Et :  in  the  sense  of  etiam,  or  quoque.  as  to  disregard  the  sufferings  of  our  fellow 

550.  Acestes.     See  ^En.  v.  30.  men. 

552.  Et  aptare :  and  to  fit  (procure)  spars         568.  JVec  tarn  aversus  :  nor  does  the  sun 
in  the  wood,  to  supply  the  place  of  those     so  far  from  the  Tyrian  city  join  his  steeds 
that  had  been  broken,  or  lost  in  the  violence     to  his  chariot. 

of  the  storm  and  waves.     Stringere  remos  :          This  is  an  allu.sion  to  an  opinion  of  the 

to  cut  our  oars — to  cut  timber,  of  which  to  ancients,  that  the  inhabitants  of  cold  cli- 

make  oars.  •  mates  are  less  susceptible  of  the  tender  and 

557.  Freta.    Fretum  is  properly  a  nar-  humane  feelings,  than  those  of  warm  cli- 

row  sea,  or  strait ;  here  used  for  the  sea  in  mates. 

ijeiieral.      Ut.     Most  copies   have   a/,  but         569.  Saturnia  arva :  the  lands  of  Saturn 

ilie  former  is  preferable,     ddvecti:  in  the  — Italy.     See  Eel.  iv.  6.     Magnam:  pow- 

isease  of  pulsi.  erful,   or    great ;     to   distinguish   it   from 

560.  Fremebant  ore :  they  applauded  with  Spain,  which  was  sometimes  called  Hespc- 

their  mouth — they  expressed  their  approba-  ria  Minor. 

tion  of  his  speech.     DardanidcB :  the  Tro-          570.  Fines  Erycis :  the  coast  of  Eryx — 

jans ;  so  called  from  Dardanus.    They  were  Sicily,  where  Eryx  reigned.    See  jEn.  v.  24. 
also  called  Teucri,  from  Tcucer,  both  foun-         571.    Opibus.     This  refers  to  the  assist- 

ders  of  Troy.     See  1,  supra.  ance  which  Dido  would  afford  them  by  her 

563.  Dura  res :  the  difficult  state  of  my  wealth.     Pariter :  on  equal  terms,  or  con- 
affairs.     Moliri  :  in  the  sense  of  facere.  ditrens.     Et :  in  the  sense  of  etiam. 

565.  Genus  JEneadum :  the   ancestry  of         573.  Urbem  quam :  urbem,  for  urbs,  by 
the  Trojans — the   stock   from   wluch  they  antiptosis.      Some   take   the   words   thus : 
sprung.       JEneadto:     the   Trojans;    from  quam  urbem  statuo:  which  city  I,build;  if, 
JEneas,  their  leader.  is  yours. 

566.  Virtute.9 :  illustrious  actions.    Virna :         574.  Agetur :  shall  be  treated. 
Jherops.  mine:  difference — distinction. 


585 


JENEIS.     LIB.  I. 

Atque  utiiiaiu  rex  ipse  Noto  cornpulsus  eodem 
Afforet  vEneas  !  Equidern  per  litora  certos 
Dirnittum,  ct  Libyae  lustrare  extrema  jubebo  ; 
Si  quibus  ejectus  sylvis  aut  urbibus  errat. 

His  animum  arrecti  dictis,  et  fortis  Achates, 
Et  pater  ^Eneas,  jamdudum  erumpere  nubem 
Ardebant :  prior  JEneam  compellat  Achates  : 
Nate  Dea,  quae  nunc  animo  sententia  surgit  ? 
Omnia  tuta  vides,  classem,  sociosque  receptos. 
Unus  abest,  medio  in  fluctu  quern  vidimus  ipsi 
Submersum  :  dictis  respondent  caetera  matris.  ^. 
Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  cum  circumfusa  repento 
Scindit  se  nubes,  et  in  aethera  purgat  apertum. 
Restitit  ^Eneas,  claraque  in  luce  refulsit, 
Os,  humerosque  Deo  similis  :  namque  ipsa  decoram 
Caesariem  nato  genitrix,  lumenque  juventa?  590 

Purpureum,  et  lastos  oculis  afflarat  honores. 
Quaie  maims  addunt  ebori  decus,  aut  ubi  flavo 
Argentum  Pariusve  lapis  circumdatur  auro. 

Turn  sic  reginam  alloquitur,  cunctisque  repente       \ 
Improvisus  ait :  Corani,  quern  quasritis,  adsum 
Troius  jEneas,  Libycis  ereptus  ab  undis. 
O  sola  infaiidos  Trojae  miserata  labores  ! 
Qua)  nos,  relliquias  Danaum,  terraeque  marisque 
Omnibus  exhaustos  jam  casibus,  omnium  egenos,, 
Urbe,  domo  socias.  ••'.  Grates  persolvere  dignas 
Non  opis  est  nostrce,  Dido :  nee  quicquid  ubique  est 
Gentis  Dardaniae,  magnum  quae  sparsa  per  orbem  : 
Di  tibi(si  qua  pios  respectant.numina,.si  quid. 
Usquamjustiti£u'est,  et.mens  sibi  conscia  recti,) 


m 


575     575.  Utinara 

ipse,  vester  rex,  afforet, 
compulsus  eodem  noto  I 

578.  Si  forte  ille  ejec- 
tus errat  in  quibus  syl- 

580  vi 


589.    Similis     Deo, 
quoad  os,  humerosque 


N     595. 

595  adsum     coram     vobis, 
quern  quaeritis 

597.  O  tu  sola  misera- 
ta es 

598.  QueB  socias  nos 
in  vestra  urbe,  et  domo, 

600  relliquias  Danaum,  ex- 
haustos jam  omnibus 

60 1.  Nee  est  opis  Dar- 
daniae gentis,  ubique 
quicquid  ejus  est,  quae 
sparsa  est  per  magnum 


NOTES. 


570.  Certos :  in  the  sense  ofjidos.  The 
word  fwminesis  understood. 

577.  Extrema:  the  farthest,  or  extreme 
parts  of  Africa. 

579.  Arrecti  animum :  animated — encou- 
raged in  mind.  A  Grecism. 

584.  Unus  abest :  one  is  wanting.     This 
was  Orontes,  mentioned  verse   113,  supra. 
His  ship  and  crew  were  lost. 

585.  Cotter  a  respondent :  the  rest  answer 
to,  &c.     See  390,  supra,  et  seq. 

587.  Purgat  in  apertum:  it  clears  up 
(dissolves)  into  pure  air.  Circumfusa  nubes  : 
the  surrounding  cloud — the  cloud  that  hith- 
erto had  encompassed  them.  Here  Virgil 
imitates  Homer,  Odys.  vii.  143. 

589.  Namque  genitrix :  for  his  mother 
had  breathed  upon  her  son  graceful  locks, 
and  the  bright  bloom  of  youth,  and  a  spark- 
ling lustre  to  his  eyes.  Honores :  grace — 
beauty. 

592.  Quale  decus:  such  beauty  art  gives, 
&c.     Manus :    by  melon,  the  skill  of  the 
workman. 

593.  Parius  lapis:    the   Parian   marble. 
Parus,  an  island  in  the  .flSgean  sea,  famous 


for  its  white  marble.  Circumdatur:  en- 
compassed— ench  ase d . 

597.  Labores:  disasters — calamities. 

599.  Exltaustos:  worn  out — having  un- 
dergone. Socias :  in  the  sense  of  recipis. 

601.  JV<m  est  nostroz  opis:  it  is  not  in  our 
power  to  render  you,  O  Dido,  suitable 
thanks,  nor  is  it  (in  the  power)  of  the  Tro- 
jan nation,  wherever  any  of  it  is,  which,  &c. 

603.  Di  tibiferant :  may  the  gods  grant 
you  suitable  rewards.  Siqua  numina:  if 
there  be  any  powers  above  that  regard,  &c. 
These  words  are  not  designed  to  express 
any  doubt  hi  the  mind  of  the  speaker  upon 
the  subject.  They  put  an  acknowledged 
truth  in  the  form  of  a  supposition,  the  more 
to  strengthen  the  conclusion.  You  shall  be 
rewarded,  as  sure  as  there  are  any  gods 
above — as  sure  as  there  is  any  justice  among 
men,  and  any  mind  conscious  to  itself  of 
virtue  and  worth.  Ruseus  concludes  the 
parenthesis  at  the  verb  est.  The  meaning 
will  then  be  :  may  the  gods  and  your  own 
mind,  conscious  of  its  own  rectitude,  re- 
ward you.  Others  extend  it  to  embrace 
recti.  Heyne  has  no  parenthesis. 


192 


P.  V1RGILII  MAROJNIS 


Prsemia  digna  ferant.     QuaB  te  tarn  laeta  tulerunt     605 
Saecula.?  qui  tanti  talem  genuere  parentes  ? 
In  freta.dum  fluvii  current,  dun\  montibus  umbrae 
Lustrabunt  conyexa,  pqlus  duni  sidera  pascet ; 
jSemper  honos,  nomenque  tuum,  laudesque  manebunt : 
610.  Quuecunque  ter- Quae  niCxCunque  vqcant  terjrae.     Sic  fatus,  amicum  610 
'Yl^P^r         r    Iliopea  petit  dextra',  laeyaque  Serestiim; 
fortemque  '  P          *  'Post'  ali^s>  fortemque  Gyan,  fortemque  Clqanthura. 

Obstupuit  primo  aspec.tu  Sidonia^Dido, 
Casu.deinde  vjri  tanto ;  et  sic.ore  loputa  est :  „ 
Quis  te*  riate  Dea,  per.  tanta  pericula.casus  , 
Irisequitur  ?  quae  vvis  immanibus.  applications  I 
617.    Tu-ne  es  ille  Tu-ne.  ille^neas,  quern  .Dardanio  Anchisae  . 

quern    Alma  Alma  Venus  Phrygji  gemiit  Simqentis  ad.undamj 
Darda-  ^tque  equidem  Teucrum  memini  Sidona  venire, 
Finibus  expulsum  patriis,  nova'regna  petentem 
Auxilio  Beli.     Genitor  turn  Belus  opimam 
623.  Casus  Trojame  Vastabat  Cyprum,  et  victor  ditione  tenebat. 

.p'^t  Temporc  jam  ex  illo  casus  mihi  cognitus  urbis 
via  hostis  ferebat  Teu-  IrojanaB,  nomenque  tuum,  regesque  Pelasgi. 
cros  Ipse  hostis  Teucros  insigni  laude  ferebat, 


Venus 
nio 


615 


620 


625 


NOTES. 


This  word  signifies  virtuous  men  in  gener- 
al; especially  the  kind,  beneficent,  and  ge- 
nerous. 

605.  Lceta :  in  the  sense  of  felicia.  See- 
cula  :  in  the  sense  of  tempora. 

607.  Dum  umbrae, :  while  the  clouds  shall 
move  around,  or  encompass  the  mountains. 
Ruaeus  says,  umbrce  arborum :  the  shades  of 
trees.     But  with  what  propriety  the  shades 
of  trees  can  be  said  to  move  round,  or  en- 
compass the  mountains,  doth  not  appear. 
It  certainly  is  not  the  meaning  of  the  poet. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  tops  of  high 
mountains  rise  above  the  clouds ;  and  the 
region,  or  elevation  of  the  clouds  will  be  a 
greater  or  less  distance  below  the  summit, 
according  to  the  height  of  the  mountain, 
and  the  density  of  the  atmosphere.  Con- 
vexa :  properly  the  exterior  of  any  round, 
or  circular  body.  It  may  then  very  proper- 
ly denote  the  top,  or  curved  surface  of  a 
mountain ;  also  its  sides.  Montibus :  in  the 
sense  of  montium.  Convexa  montibus :  the 
tops  of  the  mountains.  The  dat.  among  the 
poets,  is  often  used  in  the  sense  of  the  gen. 

608.  Dumpolus:  while  the  heav.en  feeds 
(sustains)   the  stars — while  there  are  any 
stars  in  the  heavens.     Polus,  properly    the 
pole ;  by  synec.  the  whole  heavens. 

611.  Ilionea :  a  Greek  ace.  of  Ilioneus. 
He  was  a  Trojan,  the  son  of  Phorbas.  The 
penult  syllable  is  naturally  short,  but  it  is 
made  long  for  the  sake  of  the  verse.  No- 
thing is  known  of  Serestes,  Gyas,  and  C7o- 
cinthus,  further  than  Virgil  informs  us. 

614.  Casu :  calamity — misfortune,    De- 


inde  :  in  the  next  place.    It  has  reference  tu 
pritnb,  in  the  preceding  line. 

615.  Quis  casus:  what  fortune.  Qua  vis: 
what  power  drives  you,  &c. 

618.  Genuit :  in "the  sense  of  peperit. 

619.  Memini  quidem.     Thi*  Teucer  was 
the  son  of  Telamon,  king  of  the  island  of 
Salamis,  and  Hesione,  daughter  of  Laome- 
don,  king  of  Troy.     On  his  return  from  the 
Trojan  war,  he  was  banished  by  his  father, 
for  not  preventing  the  death  of  his  brother 
Ajax,  who  slew  himself,  because  the  arms 
of  Achilles  were  adjudged  to  Ulysses  rather 
than  to  him.     This  unnatural  treatment  of 
his  father,  led  him  to  disclaim  all  relation- 
ship to  him,  and  to  reckon  his  lineage  from 
his  mother.     The  poet,  by  concealing  this 
circumstance,  hath  made   it  reflect  much 
honor  upon  the  Trojans. 

621.  Belus.     See  y£n.  iv.  1. 

622.  Cyprum :  an  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean sea,  sacred  to  Venus.     Here,  it  is 
said,  she  was  born,  and  had  a  splendid  tem- 
ple.    Hence  she  was  sometimes  called  the 
Cyprian  Goddess.     Opimam:    rich — fertile. 
Belus  had  been  at  war  with  the  inhabitants 
of  the  island,  and  ut  that  time  it  was  sub- 
ject to  him. 

624.  Pelasgi.     These   were  a   people  of 
Thessaly  so  called  from  Pelasgus,  a  son  of 
Lycaon,  king  of  Arcadia,  from  whom  they 
were   descended.       They  were  frequently 
taken  for  the  Greeks  in  general.     Here,  and 
in  some  other  places,  used  as  an  adj. 

625.  Ferebat  Teucros:    he  extolled  the 
Trojans  with  distinguished  praise 


LIB.  I 


(99 


•Seque  oitum  antiqua  Teucrorum  a  stirpe  volebat. 
Quare  agite,  6  tectis,  juvenes,  succedite  nostris ! 
Me  quoque  per  multos  similis  forturia  labores 
Jactatam,  hac  demum  voluit  consistere  terra. 
Non  ignara  inali,  miseris  succurrere  disco. 
Sic  memorat,  simul  ^Enean  in  regia  ducit 
Tecta,  simul  Divum  templis  indicit,  honorem. 
Nee  minus  interea  sociis  ad  litora  mittit 
Viginti  tauros,  magnorum  horrentia  centum 
Terga  suum,  pingues  centum  cum  matribus  agnos  : 
Munera,  loetitiamque  Dei. 

At  domus  interior  regali  splendida  luxu 
Instruitur,  mediisque  pararit  convivia  tectis. 
Arte  laboratae  vestes,  ostroque  superbo  : 
Ingens  argentum  mensis,  coelataque  in  auro 
Fortia  facta  patrum,  series  longissima  rerum 
Per  tot  ducta  viros  antiquse  ab  origine  gentis. 

jEneas  (neque  enim  patrius  consistere  mentem 
Passus  amor)  rapidum  ad  naves  praemittit  Achaten, 
Ascanio  ferat  ha3c,  ipsumque  ad  moania  ducat. 
Omnis  in  Ascanio  chari  stat  cura  parentis. 
Munera  pra3terea,  Iliacis  erepta  ruinis, 
Ferre  jubet,  pallam  signis  auroque  rigentem, 


u'28.  Similis  forturia 
voluit  me  quoque  jacta- 
tarn  per  multos  laboreg 
consistere 


633.  Mittit  munera 
sociis  ad  litora,  ntmpc 
viginti  tauros.  centum 


636 


639.  Hie  sunt  vestes 
640  laboratce  arte 


645.  Ul  ferat  haec  As- 
645  cam°i  duscatque 

647.  Jubet  Ascanium 
ferre  secum  munera 
erepta  ex  Iliacis  minis, 
nempe  pallam 


NOTES. 


626.  Volebatque  se :  and  he  wished  (it  to 
be  considered)  that  he  sprang  from  the  an- 
cient stock  of  the  Trojans.  He  sprang 
from  that  stock  by  Hesione,  the  daughter 
of  Laomedon,  who  was  the  fifth  from  Teu- 
cer  and  Dardanus,  the  founders  of  Troy. 
See  Geor.  iii.  35.  For  volebat,  Ruaeus  says 
aiebaf. 

628.  Labores :  in  the  sense  of  casus. 

630.  Mali.  This  is  a  fine  verse.  The 
sentiment  is  worthy  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed character.  Memorat:  in  the  sense  of 
loquitur. 

632.  Indicit  honorem :  she  orders  an  of- 
fering (to  be  made)  in  the  temples.     Jt  was 
an    ancient  custom   to    offer  libations   to 
Jove,  as  being  the  god  of  hospitality,  upon 
the    arrival    of  si  rangers.     Scrvius    thinks 
the  words,  indicit  honorem,  mean,  that  she 
orders  contributions  to  be  made  in  honor  of 
the  gods ;  but  this  is  questionable.     He  ob- 
serves that  the  aucienls,  from  their  poverty, 
were  obliged  to  make  collections  from^^s 
people,  for  their  sacrifices:  they   iilsojf- 
plied  to  that  use  the  property  of  convict  - 
malefactors.  Hencu  stipplwiu,  punishments, 
came  to  signify  prayers,  supplications,  and 
thanksgivings.     So  ako  KUCKT  came  to  sig- 
nify both  holy,  and  accursod. 

633.  Nee  minus  :  in  the  sense  of  quoque, 
or  nee  non. 

634.  Centum  horrentia  terga :  a  hundred 
bristly  backs  of  huge  swine  ;  simply,  a  hun- 
dred large   swine.     Ter^a  :  the  backs,  by 
synec.  put  for  the  whole  bodies,  or  carcasses. 


636.  LcBtitiam  Dei :  the  joy  of  the   god 
(Bacchus — wine.)     This  is  a  beautiful  cir- 
cumlocution.    The  opinions  of  commeta- 
tors  upon  this  passage  are  various.     The 
sense,  however,  is  easy.     The  queen  sent 
them  presents  (munera)  of  twenty  bulls,  a 
hundred  swine,  and   wine   to   cheer  their 
hearts. 

637.  Interior  domus  :  the  inner  part  of  the 
palace,  itself  splendid,  was  furnished  with 
royal  magnificence. 

-  639.  Superbo  :    rich— costly.     Laboratce  : 
finely  wrought. 

640.  Ingens  argentum :  much  silver  (was) 
upon  the  tables,  and  the  mighty  deeds  of 
her  ancestors  carved  in  gold,  a  very  long 
series  of  history,  traced  down  through  so 
many  heroes  from  the  origin  of  their  an- 
cient family.  Ingens  argentum :  by  this  we 
are  to  understand  a  great  quantity  of  plate., 
and  Is  of  various  descriptions, 

on  which  were  carved  the  noble  actions  oj* 
her  ancestors. 

044.  Pmmittit :  in  the  sense  of  miltit. 
the  compound  for  the  simple  word.  Or  re- 
ice  may  be  had  to  the  entertainment 
which  Dido  had  ordered  upon  the  occasion. 
He  sends  Achates  before  supper,  to  bear  the 
news  to  Ascanius,  and  to  bring  him  to  the' 
city.  He  suffers  no  time  to  be  lost,  before 
he  communicates  to  his  son  the  tidings  of 
their  kind  reception.  Servius  takes  Pra- 
mitiil  rapidum,  for  miltit  prccrapidum.  Ra- 
p  id-am :  in  the  sense  of  celc.- 

648.  Riiff.nffm  fipm's  am-ow  :  stift  with 


194 


.  VIRGIL1I  MARONI3 


Et  circumtextum  croceo  velamen  acantho  : 
650.  Quos  ilia  extu-  Ornatus  Argivae  Helena,  quos  ilia  Mycenis,  650 

Mycems'  Cum  Pergama  cum  peteret,  inconcessosque  Hymenaeos, 
S53    Prseterea   jubet  Extulerat  :  matris  Ledae  mirabile  donum. 
eum    firre     sceptrum,  Preeterea  sceptrum,  Ilione  quod  gesserat  olim 
quod  Ilione  maxima       Maxima  natarum  Priami,  colloque  monile 

Baccatum,  et  duplicem  gemmis  auroque  coronam.     655 
656,  Achates  celerans  Hasc  celerans,  iter  ad  naves  tcndebat  Achates. 
ferre  hsec  At  Cytherea  novas  artes,  nova  pectore  versat 

658.  Ut  Cupido  mu-  Consilia  :  ut  faciem  mutatus  et  ora  Cupido 
tatus  quoad  faciem,  et  — 


Ora  vemat  pro 


Pro  dulci  Ascanio  veniat,  donisque  furentem 
Incendat  reginam,  atque  ossibus  implicet  ignem.      660 
Quippe  domum  timet  ambiguam,  Tyriosque  bilingues. 
Urit  atrox  Juno,  et  sub  noctem  cura  recursat. 
Ergo  his  aligerum  dictis  affatur  Amorem : 

664.  O  nate,  mess  vi-Nate,  meae  vires,  mea  magna  potentia  ;  solu.s, 
res,  mea  magna  poten-  Nate,  patris  sunnni  qui  tela  Typhoea  ternnis  :  (•(»."> 

tia;  0  nate,  qui  solus  ^d  te  confugio,  et  supplex  tua  numina  posco.  . 

tem£}8  T/  ,  Frater  ut  ^Eneas  pelago  tuns  ornnia  circuin 

oo/.  H(Rc  not  a   sunt  T  .  .  T-     i  ... 

tibi,    Ut     tuus     frater^ltora  jactetur,  odus  Juiioius  miqiuc, 

yErteas  jactetur  pelago  Nota  tibi :  et  nostro  doluisti  saape  dolore. 


NOTES. 


figures,  and  with  gold — with  golden  figures, 
by  Hendiadis.  Vdamen  circumlextum :  a 
vail  Woven  round. 

650.  Ornatus  Argivoz :  the  ornaments  of 
Grecian   Helen.     According   to  the   poets, 
Helen   was  the   daughter  of  Jupiter,  and 
Leda,  the  wife  of  Tyndarus,  king  of  La- 
conia.     She  produced  two  eggs :  from  one 
of  them  sprung  Pollux  and  Hellen ;  from 
the  other,  Castor  and  Clytemnestra.     Ho- 
race says  that  Castor  and  Pollux  were  from 
the  same  egg.     Helen  married  Menelaus, 
the  brother  of  Agamemnon,  king  of  My- 
cenae and  Argos.     Having  become  son-in- 
law   to   Tyndarus,   he    succeeded    to   the 
throne  of  Laconia,  after  the  death  of  Cas- 
tor  and  Pollux.     Helen  is  called   Argiva, 
either  on  account  of  her  relationship  to  the 
royal  family  of  Argos,  or  because  the  Greeks 
in  general  were  sometimes  called  Argiri. 
Jflycenis*    Mycenae  and  Argos,  the  two  prin- 
cipal cities  of  Greece,  are  sometimes  put 
for  Greece  hi  general,  by  synec.     Sec  also 
nom.  prop,  under  Helen. 

651.  Pergama:  Troy.     See   466,  supra. 
Inconcessos  Hymenceos :   unlawful  match — 
marriage. 

653.  Ilione :  the  eldest  (maxima  natanmi) 
of  the  daughters  of  Priam.     She  was  mar- 
ried to  Polymnestor,  king  of  Thrace,  and 
was  invested  with  royal  dignity. 

654.  Baccatumque  monile :  a  pearled  col*- 
lar  for  the  neck — a  necklace  set  with  pearl. 
Coronam  duplicem:  a  crown   double  with 
gems  and  gold — set  with  a  double  row  of 
golden  gems ;  by  Hend. 

657.  Cyth-rro-a :   Venus ;    so  called  from 


Cythera,  an  island  in  the  Peloponncsu .- . 
cred  to  that  goddess. 

659.  Furentem  rtgmam :  the  loving  queen. 
The  queen  already   in  love   with  jSCncas. 
Cupid  was  a  celebrated  deity,  the  god  of 
love,  from  the  verb  cupio.     The  one  here 
spoken  of  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Venus, 
and  consequently  was  half  brother  to  tineas. 
There  were  two  others  of  the  same  name 
among   the   ancients.      Furentem :    in   the 
sense  of  amantem.     Furens  signifies,  being 
transported   with   an    inordinate    passion, 
Whether  of  love,  or  anger. 

660.  Implicet :  should  apply  the  fire  (of 
love)    to   her    bones — should    entwine   it 
around  them. 

661.  Ambiguam  domum :  the  equivocating 
race,  and  double-tongued  Tyrians.     Bilin- 
gues,  either  alludes  to  their  speak  ng  both 
the  Phoenician  and  Libyan  languages,  or  to 
their  notorious  perfidyi     Punica  Jides,  was 
proverbial  for  deceit  and  perfidy.     Domum : 
in  the  sense  of  gcntem. 

662.  Urit :  troubles  her. 

663.  Amorem :  Cupid.    He  is  represented 
lEriflk  winged  infant,  naked,  and  armed  with 
a  TOW  and  quiver  full  of  arrows. 

665.  Typhoea:  an   adj.  from    Typhoeus, 
one  of  the  giants  that  made  war  against  the 
gods.     Jupiter  struck  him  with  a  thunder- 
bolt, and  laid  him  under  mount  jEtna.    Ty- 
pftoca   arma :    the   thunder-bolts  of   Jove. 
These  words  very  forcibly  express  the  irre- 
sistible power  of  love. 

666.  Numina :  in  the  sense  of  o/?cm,  vel 
aux  ilium. 

6GB.  IniqucB :  in  the   sense  of  iratce..  vet 
in  fen  see,     See  /-  and  27.  supra. 


.     LIB.  I. 


Hunc  Phoemssa  tenet  Dido,  blandisque  moratur        070 
Vocibus  :  et  vereor,  quo  so  Junonia  vertant 
Hospitia  :  baud  tanto  cessabit  cardine  rerum. 
Quocirca  capere  ante  dolis  et  cingere  flamma 
Reginara  meditor  :  ne  quo  se  numine  mutet ; 
Sed  magno  JEHneee  mecum  teneatur  amore.  675 

Qua  facere  id  possis,  nostram  nunc  accipe  montem., 
Regius,  accitu  chari  genitoris,  ad  urbem 
Sidoniam  puer  ire  parat,  mea  maxima  cura, 
Dona  ferens  pelago  et  flammis  restantia  Troja3. 
Hunc  ego  sopitum  somno,  super  aita  Cythera,          680 
Aut  super  Idalium,  sacrata  sede  recondam  : 
Ne  qua  scire  dolos,  mediusve  occurrere  possit.T 
Tu  faciem  illius,  noctem  non  amplius  unam, 
Falle  dolo :  et.notos  pueri  puer  indue  vultus, 
Ut,  cum  te  gremio  accipiet  leetissima  Dido,  685 

Regales  inter  mensas  laticemque  Lyaeum, 
Ciim  dabit  am  plexus,  atque  oscula  dulcia  figet ; 
Occultum  inspires  ignem,  fallasque  veneno. 
Paret  Amor  dictis  charoe  genitricis,  et  alas 
Exuit,  et  gressu  gaudens  incedit  liili.  690 

At  Venus  Ascanio  placidam  per  membra  quietem 
Irrigat :  et  fotum  grernio  Dea  tollit  in  altos 
lucos,  ubi  mollis  amaracus  ilium 


677.  Regius  puer,  meu 
maxima  cura,  parat  ire 
ad 


684.  Tu  puer  indue 
notos  vultus  pueri,  utj 
cum  Dido 


688.    Fallasque 
veneno  amoris 


692.  Et  Dea  tollit  emit, 
fotum  in  altos 


NOTES. 


070.  PJuen-issa :  Dido.  She  is  here  call- 
ed a  Phoenician,  or  woman  of  Phoenicia. 
This  was  a  country  extending  along  the 
eastern  shore  of  the  Mediterranean,  inclu- 
ding Tyre  and  Sidon.  The  Phoenicians 
were  among  the  earliest  navigators,  and 
are  said  to  have  been  the  inventors  of  let- 
ters. Blandis  :  kind — smooth  words.  Tenet : 
in  the  sense  of  detinet. 

671.  Quo  Junonia.  The  hospitality  and 
friendship  which  ^Eneas  received  at  Car- 
thage, are  here  called  Junonian ;  either  be- 
cause Juno  may  be  considered  the  goddess, 
as  well  as  Jupiter  the  god,  of  hospitality ; 
or  because  she  was  the  special  guardian  and 
protectress  of  Carthage.  Venus  fears  lest 
this  hospitality  of  Juno  may  turn  to  the  de- 
struction of  ./Eneas  and  his  friends. 

674.  Tanto  cardine  rerum :  in  so  great  a 
crisis,  or  juncture  of  affairs. 

674.  Meditor  antecapere :  I  contemplate 
to  take  possession  of  the  queen  befgre- 
hand  by  stratagem,  and  to  besiege  her  with 
the  flame  of  love.  This  is  a  metaphor  ta- 
ken from  the  manner  of  blocking  up  a  town, 
by  planting  fires  around  the  walls  to  pre- 
vent any  from  making  their  escape.  JVe 
mutet :  lost  Dido  should  change  herself 
through  the  influence  of  any  god — should 
change  her  mind  through  the  influence  of 
Juno. 

676.  Jlccipe :  hear  my  opinion. 

678.  Sidoniam:  an  adj.  from  Sidon,  a 
city  of  Phoenicia,  belonging  to  Tyre,  Dido 


and  the  Carthaginians  were  a  colony  from 
Tyre.  Hence  Sidonia  vel  Tyria  urbs,  for 
Carthage. 

679.  Restantia :  in  the  sense  of  servata. 

680.  Recondam  hunc :  I  will  conceal  him 
in  a  sacred  place,  laid  in  sleep,  &c.  Cythera ; 
neu.  plu.  an  island  lying  southward  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  sacred  to  Venus.     Idalium, 
or  Idalia :  a  town  and  grove  in  the  island 
of  Cyprus,  sacred  to  Venus.     Hence  she  is 
sometimes  called  Idaloza. 

682.  Nequa  possit :  lest  by  some  means, 
he  could  know  the  deceit,  or  intervene,  to 
prevent  the  success  of  the  plan. 

684.  Falle  dolo :  counterfeit,  through  arti- 
fice, his  appearance  for  one  night,  and  no 
more. 

686.  Lyceum    laticem:     simply,    wine, 
Lyseus,  a  name   of  Bacchus,  derived  from 
the  Greek.    Mensas :  in  the  sense  ofepulas, 
vel  dapes,  by  meton. 

687.  Figet :  and  she  shall  give  you  sweet 
kisses — shall  press  your  sweet  lips.     Inspi- 
res :  in  the  sense  ofinsinues,  Fallas  veneno. 
Heyne  takes  these  words  in  the  sense  of; 
per  fraudem  instilles  venenum. 

692.  Irrigat  placidam :  diffuses  a  placid 
rest  through,  &c.    Fotum  gremio :  pressed 
to  her  bosom. 

693.  Amaracus :  the  herb  marjoram.     It 
was  said  to  be  baneful  to   serpents,  and 
therefore  a  very  proper  bed  for  Ascanius.  It- 
abounded  in  Cyprus.    Mottis:  in  " 

of  dulcif- 


196 


P.  VIRGILII  MAROiMS 


Floribus  et  dulci  aspirans  complectitur  umbra. 
Jamque  ibat  dicto  parens,  et  dona  Cunido 
Regia  portabat  Tyriis,  duce  laetus  Achate. 
Cum  venit,  aulaeis  jam  se  Regina  supcrbis 
Aurea  composuit  sponda,  mediamque  iocavit.    . 
Jam  Pater  ^Erieas,  et  jam  Trojana  juventus  * 
Conveniunt,  stratoque  super  discumbitur  ostro. 
Dant  famuli  manibus  lymphas,  Cereremque  canistris 
Expediunt,  tonsisque  ferunt  mantilia  villis. 

703.  Intus  erant  quin-  Quinquaginta  intus  famula:,  quibus  ordine  longo 
quaginta  famulro,  qui-  Cura  penum  struere,  et  flammis  adolere  Penates  : 
bus  erat  cura  ^^  Centum  aliaR,  totidemque  pares  aetate  ministri, 
Pe7oT  °ErantT centum Qui  dapibus  mensas  onerent,  et  pocula  ponant. 
alire/amwte,  totidemque  Necnon  et  Tyrii  per  limina  laeta  frequentes 
minietri  Convenere,  toris  jussi  discumbere  pictis. 

Mirantur  dona  ^Eneae,  mirantur  lulum, 
Flagrantesque  Dei  vultus,  simulataque  verba : 
712  Pracipue  infelix  Pa^am(lue  et  pictum  croceo  velamen  acantho. 
Phienissa  devota  future  Prsecipue  infelix,  pesti  devota  future}1, 
pesti  nequit  Expleri  mentem  nequtt,  ardescitque  tuendo 


695 


700 


705 


710 


NOTES. 


694.  Aspirans :    sending  forth   a  sweet 
smell — odoriferous. 

695.  Cupido  parens  dicto :  Cupid  obeying 
the  command,  &c.     As  Cupid  personates 
Ascanius,  he  may  be  said  to  obey  the  com- 
mands  of   ./Eneas,   delivered  by  Achates. 
This  is  the  sense  given  to  the  words  by  Ru- 
ceus.     Davidson  refers  them  to  Venus. 

697.  Regina  jam  composuit.  The  couch- 
es were  calculated  for  three  persons  each. 
The  middle  couch  was  considered  the  most 
honorable,  and  of  the  seats,  the  middle  one 
of  the  middle  couch.  Here  Dido  sat  down. 
Locavitque  medium  :  and  placed  herself  in 
the  middle,  between  YEneas  and  Cupid,  sup- 
posed to  be  Ascanius. 

It  was  usual  to  have  three  of  these  couch- 
es at  table.  Hence  triclinium  came  to  sig- 
nify a  dining  room.  Aulceis  may  mean  the 
rich  tapestry  and  curtains  that  were  sus- 
pended over1  the  couch  on  which  Dido  sat ; 
or  the  rich  coverings  of  the  couch  itself. 
This  appears  to  be  the  opinion  of  Rueeus  : 
In  aurea  sponda,  et  magnificis  tapetibus,  says 
he. 

700.  Discumbitur:  a  verb  imp.  they  sit 
down  upon  a  couch  richly  ornamented  with 
purple.  Ruauis  says,  in  purpureis  lectis. 
Ostrum :  the  purple  colour  itself,  taken  as 
an  adj. 

702.  Mantilia  tonsis :  towels  of  soft  nap 
— smooth  and  soft  towels ;  the  prep,  em  ex 
being  understood.     Or,  tonsis  villis  may  be 
put   absolutely:    the  shag,  or  nap    being 
cut  off,  would  render  them  smooth.     It  was 
a  custom  to  wash  before  meals ;  hence,  dant 
lymphas  manibus.    Lymphas :  in  the  sense 
of  aqaam. 

703.  Famutaz.    These  were  female  ser- 


vants. They  are  'distinguished  from  the 
male  servants,  who  are  called  ministri. 

704.  Penum :  properly  all  kinds  of  pro- 
visions and  stores.     Here  the  word  is  taken 
in  a  more  limited  sense,     Adolere  Penates 

flammis:  to  worship  the  Penates  by  fire — 
to  burn  incense  to  the  Penates.  See  Geor. 
ii.  505. 

The  business  of  the  female  servants  seems 
to  have  been  to  cook  ami  dress  the  provi- 
sions, and  to  arrange  the  several  dishes  be- 
fore they  were  brought  upon  the  table. 
The  other  servants  spread  die  table,  brought 
forward  the  several  dishos  when  prepared. 
and  waited  upon  the  guests  at  supper, 
Struere  penum  :  instruere  et  adurnare  edulia 
ac  cibos,  says  Heyne. 

705.  Pares  (Ktate :  equal  in  age — of  equal 
age.     Pocula :  by  meton.  for  wine. 

707.  JVcc   non:    also — in   like   manner. 
Frequentes  :  in  crowds — in  great  numbers. 

708.  Pictis    toris :     upon     ornamented 
couches. 

709.  lulwn :    Cupid,  who   came   in  the 
form  of  lulus,  or  Ascanius. 

710.  Flagrantcs  :  fresli — glowing.   Simu- 
lator in  the  sense  ofjicla. 

711.  Pictum  :  Rutsus  says,  intextum.    It 
is  to  be  taken  after  velamen.  When  any  cir- 
cumstance depends  upon  the  adj.  it  is  to  be 
taken  after  the  noun. 

712.  Devota  futwa, :   devoted   to  future 
love.     It  was  the  plan  of  Venus  all  along, 
that  Dido  should  fall  in  love  with  .SSneas ; 
she  may  therefore  be  said  to  have  been  de- 
voted to  it.     Pestis  very  strongly  marks  the 
nature  and  destructive  effects  of  love,  when 
indulged  beyond  due  bounds. 

713.  Expleri :  the  pass,  in  the  sense  of 


ENEIS.     LIB.  L 


Phcenissa  :  et  pariter  puero  donisque  movetur.  ^ 
Ille,  ubi  complexu  ^Eneae  colloque  pependit, 
Et  magnum  falsi  implevit  genitoris  amorem, 
Reginam  petit :  haec  oculis,  haec  pectore  toto 
Haeret ;  et  interdum  gremio  f'ovet,  inscia  Dido, 
Insideat  quantus  miserae  Deus  :  at  memor  ille 
Matris  Acidalise,  paulatim  abolere  Sichaeum 
Incipit,  et  vivo  tentat  praevertere  amore 
Jampridem  resides  animos  desuetaque  corda. 

Postquam  prima  quies  epulis,  mensaeque  remotao 
Crate ras  magnos  statuunt,  et  vina  coronant. 
Fit  strepitus  tectis,  vocemque  per  ampla  volutant 
Atria  :  dependent  lychni  laquearibus  aureis 
Incensi  :  et  noctem  flarnmis  funalia  vincunt. 
Hie  Regina  gravem  gemmis  auroque  poposcit, 
Implevitque  mero,  pateram  ;  quam  Belus,  et  omnes 
A  Belo  soliti.  ..Turn  facta  silentia  tectis  : 
Jupiter,  (hospitibus  nam  te  dare  jura  loquuntur) 
Hunc  laetum  Tyriisque  diem  Trojaque  profectis 
Essc  velis,  nostrosque  hujus  meminisse  minores. 
Adsit  loetitiae  Bacchus  dator,  et  bona  Juno : 


720 


717.  Hffic    haeret   in 
eum  cum  oculis,  hsec  h(R~ 
ret  in  eum  cum  toto  pec- 
tore 

718.  Tnterdum   Dido 
fovet  eum  gremio,  inscia 

719.  Memor  mandato- 
rum  matris 

721.  Prcevertere  vivo 
amore  JE,nt<R  resides 
animos  reginoi 

724.  Ministri  statuunt 


pateram  gravem 

729.  Quam  Belus,  et 
omnes  a  Belo  soliti  sunt 
implere 

731.  Turn  silentia 
facta  sunt  totis  tectis, 
730  Dido  inquit :  O  Jupiter, 
(nam  homines  loquuntur 
te  dare  jura  hospitibus) 
velis  hunc  diem  essc 
laetum  Tyriisque  tisque 
profectis  a  Troja 


NOTES. 


the  act.  explere.  Or  expleri  quoad  mentem, 
a  Grecism.  To  be  satisfied  as  to  her  mind 
— to  satisfy  her  mind.  Ardescitqne:  and 
she  is  inflamed  with  love,  while  she  gazes 
upon  him. 

715.  Falsi  genitoris :   his  pretended,   or 
fictitious  father. 

717.  Hozc   hozret:    she   sticks   upon  him 
with  her  eyes — she  sticks  upon   him  with 
her  whole  heart.  This  very  strongly  marks 
the  steadfast  attention,  with  which  Dido 
observed,  and  gazed  upon  him. 

718.  Fovet :  she  hugs  him  to  her  bosom. 

719.  Insideat :  lies  in  wait  for  her,  un- 
happjr  (ill-fated)  woman.     This  word  very 
forcibly  expresses  the  insidious  designs  of 
Cupid. 

720.  Acidalm.     Venus,  so  called  from  a 
fountain  of  that  name  in  Beotia,  dedicated 
to  the  Graces,  the  daughters  of  Venus  and 
Bacchus.     Abolere  Sichwum :  to  obliterate  or 
efface  from  her  mind  the  memory  of  Sichse- 
us.     He  had  been  the  husband  of  Dido  ;  to 
whom  she  had  sworn  inviolable  constancy. 

721.  Prcevertere:  he  endeavors  to  preoc- 
cupy her  languid  affections,  with  an  ardent 
love  for  uErieas,  and  her  heart  long  since 
accustomed  to  love :  lest  Juno  should  in- 
fapire  her  with  hatred  toward  him,  and  his 
friends.     Vivo  amore.     Some  commentators 
understood  by  these  words :  a  love  for  a  liv- 
ing object,  in  opposition  to  one  that  is  dead, 
as  was  Sichceus.     RUCBUS  takes  vi.ro  in  the 
sense   of  vehementi ;  and  pr  avert  ere,  in  the 
sense  of  praoccupare.     lleyne  has  this  re- 
mark :  Quod  occupamus,  in  eo  simul  prcever- 
tere  alias  (we  prevent  others)  ne  occupent. 


723.  Menscc:  the  tables,  by  melon,  the  food 
upon  them.     Postquam  prima;    when   the 
first  rest  was  to  the  feast— when  the  first 
course  or  service  was  ended.  It  was  custom- 
ary among  the  Romans  to  divide  the  feast 
into  two  courses,  and  sometimes  into  three. 
Hence  we  find :  prima  mensa,  and  secunda 
mensa. 

724.  Coronant  vina.     By  this  we  are  to 
understand  that  they  filled  the  bowls  or  gob- 
lets to  the  brim.     Some  understand  by  it 
their  dressing  or  adorning  of  the  bowls  with 
garlands ;  which  was  a  custom  among  the 
Romans  on  certain  occasions.     Folutant :  in 
the  sense  of  mittunt. 

726.  Incensi  lychni :  lighted  lamps  hung- 
from  the  golden  ceiliugn. 

727.  JYoctetn:    the  darkness.     Funalia: 
torches  Kghted.     Flammis :  in  the  sense  of 
luce. 

728.  Gemmis  auroque:  in  the  sense  of  an- 
r&s  -gemmis,  by  Hiud. 

729.  Belus.     This  cannot  be  the  father  of 
Dido,  but  some  one  of  her  ancestors ;  per- 
haps the  founder  of  her  family.     For  other- 
wise there  can  be  no  propriety  in  the  words : 
omnes  a  Belo  :  all  after  Belus.     Mero  :  pro- 
perly new  wine.     Here  wine  in  general. 

733.  Minores :  descendants.  Bona :  pro- 
pitious— kind. 

736.  Libari,'.  This  libation  or  offering 
consisted  in  pouring  some  drops  of  wine  up- 
on the  table  at  feasts,  or  upon  the  altar  at 
sacrifices,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  tho 
bounty  of  the  gods.  Laticum  :  gen.  plu.  of 
latex,  in  the  sense  of  vim. 


198 


P.  VIROILII  MARONLS 


Et  vos,  6  ccetum,  Tyrii,  celebrate  laventes. 

Dixit :  et  in  rnensam  laticum  libavit  honorem 
737.  &'oquo  libato,  ilia  Primaque  libato,  summo  tenus  attiffit  ore. 
,rna    attigit  reliquumTum  B^  dedit  increpitans  .   iHe  fmplger 

Spurnantem  pateram,  et  pleno  se  proluft  auro  : 
740.  Post  alii  proceres  Post  alii  proceres.     Cithara  crinitus  lopas  7 10 

'™  Mnnde  ^nus  ho-  Personat  aurata>  docTult  1U8e  maximus  Atlas. 

_..  „,/«»,  I/,  et       Jf ic  camt  errantem  Lunam,  Solisque  labores  : 

744.  Canit  Arcturum  Unde  nominum  genus,  et  pecudes :  unde  imber,  et  ignes  : 
Arcturum,  pluviasque  Hyadas,  geminosque  Triones  : 
Quid  tantum  Oceano  properent  se  tingere  solos        7-15 
Hyberni,  vel  quae  tardis  mora  noctibus  obstet.  -r 

748.  Vario    sermone  Ingeminant  plausum  Tyrii,  Troesque  sequuntur. 
cum  Mnea  Necnon  et  vario  noctem  sermone  trahebat 

751.  Quibus  armis  fi.  Infelix  Did      iongumque  bibebat  amorem  ; 
hus  Auroras  venisset  ad  »»   ,  V»  .  . 

Trojam  :   nunc    quales  Multa  suPer  Pnarno  rogitans,  super  Hectore  multu  : 
essent  equi  Diomedis      Nunc,  quibus  Aurora3  venisset  films  armis  :  751 

753.  Age,  O  hospes,  Nunc,  quales  Diomedis  equi :  nunc,  quantus  Achilles. 
etdicnobisaPrimaori-lmni5  ag6)  et  a  prima>  diC)  hospes,  originc  nobis 
*755.  Nam  jam  septi-  J?8idias,  inquit,  Danaftm,  casusque  tuorum, 
ma  sestas  portat  te  er-  Erroresque  tuos  :  nam  te  jam  septima  portat  755 

rantem  omnibus  terris.    Omnibus  errantem  terris  et  fluctibus  acstas. 


NOTES. 


737.  Attigit :  she  just  touched  it  with  her 
lips.  Tenus:  in  the  sene  of  tantummodb. 
The  Roman  ladies  were  not  permitted  to 
drink  wine  except  at  religious  ceremonies. 
Dido,  therefore,  takes  it,  but  she  does  not 
drink  deep.  She  touches  it  with  her  lips : 
she  just  tastes  it,  and  no  more.  Summo  ore  : 
the  extremity  of  her  mouth — her  lips.  Hau- 
sit :  in  the  sense  of  potavit.  Betias  drank 
oft'  the  bowl  with  so  much  haste  and  eager- 
ness, that  he  wet  himself  {proluit  se,)  by 
spilling  some  of  the  wine,  which  ran  down 
his  chin  and  clothes.  Auro :  properly  gold. 
Hence  by  meton.  any  thing  made  of  gold. 
Here  the  golden  bowl  out  of  which  he  drank. 

741.  Atlas.     See  ^n.  4.  247. 

742.  Labores  solis:    eclipses  of  the  sun. 
Personal :   he  sings — plays  upon  his  lyre. 
Ignes:  lightning. 

744.  Arcturum:  a  star  in  the  constellation 
Bootes,  near  the  tail  of  the  Great  Bear. 
Hyadas :  these  were  seven  stars  in  the  front 
of  the  Bull.     See  Geor.  1.  138.     Geminos 
Triones.     These  were  two  Northern  signs ; 
formerly  called,  sometimes,  the  greater  and 
less  Plough,  because  the  stars  were  thought 
to  be  in  the  form  of  a  team  of  oxen,  before  a 
plough.  Flavian  :  in  the  sense  of  imbriferas. 

745.  Quid  hyberni  soles  :  why  the  winter 
suns  hasten  so  much  to  touch  themselves  in 
the  ocean,  or  what  delay  retards  the  blow 
nights.     Simply :  why  the  winter  days  arc 
so  short,  and  those  of  summer  so  long. 

The  summer  nights  may  be  said  to  be  slow 


in  their  coming  on,  because  of  the  length  of 
the  day.  They  seem  to  be  tardy  and  reluc  • 
tant,  as  if  unwilling  to  arrive. 

This  song  of  lopay  is  imitated  from  the 
Odyssey  of  Homer.  Virgil,  however,  has 
surpassed  his  master.  The  subject  of  Ho- 
mer's song  is  the  actions  of  Ulysses.  But 
this  of  Virgil  is  of  the  sublimest  kind,  com- 
prehending the  most  profound  subjects  of 
philosophy. 

749.  Infclix  Dido:  unhappy  Dido  dffew 
out  the  night  in  various  conversation,  and 
drank  large  draughts  of  love.     Virgil,  says 
Davidson,  is  always  very  happy  in  setting 
objects  in  contrast  to  one  another.     Here 
the  anxious  situation  of  Dido's  lovesick  mind 
is  seen  in  a  fine  light  in  opposition  to  the 
general  mirth.     While  Tyrians  and  Trojans 
give  loose  to  joy,  and  are  making  the  roofs 
resound  with  their  repeated  acclamations, 
^Eneas  alone  engages  Dido's  thoughts  and 
attention.    She  relishes  neither  the  pleasures 
of  the  feast,  nor  of  the  song  ;  and  can  listen 
to  no  music,  but  the  charms  of  his  voice. 
Bibebat  quasi  longo  haustii,  says  Heyne. 

750.  Filius  Aurora.    Memnon.     See -18!?. 
supra.     Su.j/er  :  about  or  concerning. 

753.  Die:  by  Apocope  for  dice,  in  th •  • 
sense  of  narra. 

755.  Septima  ozsLas :  the  seventh  summer. 
The  meaning  seems  to  be  :  the  seventh  sum- 
mer now  brings  you  hither,  after  you  have- 
wandered  on  every  land,  and  on  every  sc-a. 
Flitctibus :  in  the  sense  of  maribus. 


KNEIS.     LIB.  J. 


199 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  character  of  this  book? 

When  does  it  open  ? 

Where  was  ./Eneas  at  that  time  ? 

What  prevented  him  from  proceeding  to 
Italy? 

Who  caused  the  storm  ? 

At  whose  instigation  was  it  raised  ? 

What  damage  did  the  fleet  of  ^Eneas  sus- 
tain ? 

Who  assuaged  the  storm  ? 

Did  he  render  the  Trojans  any  other  as- 
sistance ? 

Where  did  JEneas  then  direct  his  course  ? 

After  his  arrival,  how  was  he  received  ? 

Who  conducted  him  to  Carthage,  and 
gave  him  an  account  of  the  country  ? 

Having  entered  the  city,  to  what  place 
does  he  go  first  ? 

Whom  does  he  see  there  ? 

What  effect  had  the  appearance  of  Dido 
upon  him  ? 

Are  there  any  episodes  in  this  book  ? 

How  many  can  you  mention  ? 

Who  were  the  founders  of  Troy  ?  x 

Wiiat  are  its  several  names  ? 

And  from  whom  derived  ? 

Who  was  Dardanus? 

Of  what  country  was  he  a  native  ? 

Of  what  country  was  Teucer  a  native  ? 

After  ^Eneas  arrived  in  Italy,  whom  did 
he  marry  ? 

What  city  did  he  build? 

What  did  he  call  it? 

Where  was  it  situated  ? 

Who  was  Juno  ? 

What  is  said  of  her  ? 

What  are  some  of  her  names  ? 

What  were  the  causes  of  her  resentment 
against  the  Trojans? 

Where  was  Carthage  situated  ? 

Who  was  the  Guardian  Goddess  of  that 
city  ? 

What  was  the  prize  of  beauty  ? 

To  whom  was  it  adjudged? 

By  whom  was  it  adjudged  ? 

Where  did  ^Eolus  reside  ? 

How  do  you  understand  the  fable  of  his 
being  the  god  of  the  winds  ? 

In  the  division  of  the  world  between  the 
sons  of  Saturn,  to  whom  did  the  empire  of 
the  sea  fall  ? 

What  is  Neptune  represented  as  bearing 
in  his  hand  ? 

What  is  the  difference  between  jwocdla, 
hi/cms,  nimbus i  and  -imber  / 

Are  they  sometimes  used  indiscriminately 
for  each  other? 

Why  was  Sicily  called  TYinacria  ? 


What  are  the  names  of  its  promontories? 

Is  the  passage  between  Sicily  and  Italy 
dangerous  ? 

What  is  the  cause  of  it  ? 

Can  you  explain  the  fables  of  Mo  and 
Charybdis? 

Who  was  Venus? 

What  is  said  of  her? 

What  are  some  of  her  names? 

For  what  is  the  word  taken,  by  melon.  ? 

What  part  did  she  take  in  the  affairs  of 
the  Trojans  ? 

Does  the  poet  represent  her  as  making  any 
speech  in  their  favor,  after  their  arrival  in 
Africa  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  that  speech  ? 

W-iat  does  Dr.  Trapp  say  of  it? 

Who  was  Antenor  ? 

What  did  he  do? 

What  city  did  he  build  ? 

Who  succeeded  tineas  in  the  govern- 
ment ? 

What  city  did  Ascanius  build  ? 

How  long  was  this  city  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment ? 

Who  was  the  mother  of  Romulus  ? 

WThose  daughter  was  she  ? 

How  were  itomulus  and  his  brother  Re- 
mus brought  up  ? 

What  is  the  fabulous  account  ? 

What  is  the  more  probable  account  ? 

What  was  their  mode  of  life? 

What  did  Romulus  do  as  soon  as  he  came 
to  years  of  maturity  ? 

Where  did  Romulus  found  his  city  ? 

What  was  the  end  of  Remus  ? 

What  gave  rise  to  the  quarrel  between  the 
brothers  ? 

What  other  name  had  Romulus? 

From  what  is  it  derived  ? 

Who  were  the  Amazons  ? 

From  what  is  the  name  derived  ? 

Are  they  supposed  to  have  been  altoge- 
ther a  fabulous  people? 

Who  was  their  queen  in  the  time  of  the 
Trojan  war? 

What  were  the  several  names  of  Italy : 

From  what  were  they  derived  ? 

Who  were  the  Pelasgi  properly  ? 

For  whom  is  the  word  sometimes  used  i 

What  was  Pergama  properly  ? 

For  what  was  the  word  used  by  synec. : 

What  is  the  last  episode  in  this  book  ? 

What  are  the  subjects  of  that  song? 

From  whom  is  it  imitated  ? 

What  are  the  subjects  of  Homer's  song :' 

How  does  this  book  conclude  ? 


L.IBER    HECUNDUS. 


DIDO  having  desired  /Eneas  to  relate  to  her  the  sufferings  of  his  countrymen,  he  proceeds 
to  the  mournful  subject.  He  informs  her  that  the  city  was  taken  after  a  siege  often 
years,  through  the  treachery  of  Smon,  and  the  stratagem  of  a  wooden  horse :  that  it 
was  his  determination  not  to  survive  the  ruins  of  his  country,  till  otherwise  advised  by 
Hector's  ghost,  and  the  appearance  of  his  mother  Venus  :  that  he  then  conceived  the 
plan  of  leaving  his  country,  and  seeking  a  settlement  in  another  land.  He  then 
informs  her  of  his  carrying  his  aged  father  upon  his  shoulders,  while  his  little  son  fol- 
lowed by  his  side,  and  his  wife  Creiisa  at,  some  distance  behind :  that  when  he  came  to 
the  place  of  general  rendezvous,  he  found  a  great  concourse  of  people  ready  to  engage 
in  any  enterprise  :  that  here  he  misses  his  wife,  and,  frantic  with  despair,  he  resolved  to 
rescue  her,  at  the  peril  of  his  life.  For  this  purpose  he  returned  to  the  city ;  but,  in  the 
adventure,  her  ghost  appeared  to  him,  quieted  his  mind,  and  informed  him  of  the  land 
destined  to  him  by  fate.  He  also  relates  the  particulars  of  his  own  adventures  in  that 
fatal  night,  when  the  powerful  kingdom  of  Priam  fell  to  the  ground.  This  book  may 
justly  be  considered  the  most  interesting  one  of  the  whole  iEneid ;  and  was  one  of  the 
jsix  which  the  poet  himself  read  in  the  presence  of  Augustus  and  Octavia. 

CONTICUERE  omnes,  intentique  ora  tenebant. 
Inde  toro  pater  Ericas  sic  orsus  ab  alto  : 
Infanclum,  Regina,  jubes  renovare  dolorem : 
4.  JVarromtoutDanaiTrojanas  ut  opes,  et  lamentabile  regnum 

Eruerint  Danai  ;  quaeque  ipse  mi/serrima  vidi,  5 

7.  AutfuwmilesMyr-  EL  quorum  pars  magna  fui.   ,  Quis  talia  fando, 
midonum  Myrmidonum,  Dolopumve,  aut  duri  miles  Ulyssei, 

NOTES. 

2.  Toro :  the  couch  on  which  he  sat  at  he  sowed  with  salt.     But  he  was  detected 
supper.      Orsus :    began.     From    the   verb  by  Pelamidcs,  a  wise  and  eminent  statesman, 
nrdior.     Est  is  to  be  supplied.  in  this  manner.     He  took  his  son  Telema- 

3.  Ut :  in  the  sense  of  quoniodo.    Opes :  in  chus,  then  a  child,  and  laid  him  before  the 
the  sense  ofpotentiam.     Lamentabile:  in  the  plough  of  his  father,  who  turned  it  aside  to 
sense  of  plorandum.  save  his  son.    He  was  obliged  to  go  to  Troy, 

f>.  Danai:    the  Greeks,   so  called  from  where  he  distinguished  himself  both  by  his 

JDanaws,  one  of  their  kings.    Qu&que  miter-  valor,  his  prudence,  and  his  sagacity.     By 

rima  ipse :  both  what   things  (scenes)   the  his  means,  Achilles  was  discovered  among 

most  pitiable  I  myself  saw,  and  those  of  the   daughters   oi  Lycomedes,  king  of  the 

which  I  was  a  principal  part.  island  of  Scyros,  under  whose  guardianship 

7.  Myrmidonum.  The  Myrmidons  were  his  mother  had  placed  him ;  and  Philoctetes 
the  troops  of  Achilles.  Dolopum.  The  Do-  was  obliged  to  leave  Lemnos,  and  take  with 
lopians  were  the  troops  of  Phenix ;  or,  as  him  the  arrows  of  Hercules;  without  which 
some  say,  of  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of  Achilles,  it  wus  said  Troy  could  not  be  taken. 
Ulyssei.  Ulysses  was  the  son  of  Laertes,  and  He  performed  many  daring  achievements, 
Anticlea,  king  of  the  islands  of  llhica  and  and  executed  many  hazardous  enterprises. 
Dulachiuun,  He  married  Penelope,  the  After  the  death  of  Achilles,  he  was  reward- 
daughter  of  Icarus,  a  virtuous  and  amiable  ed  with  the  arms  of  that  hero.  On  his  re- 
woaian,  with  whom  he  lived  fora  time  in  turn  home,  he  was  exposed  to  manj  dangers, 
great  happiness  and  domestic  enjoyment.  hardships,  and  misfortunes,  during  the  space 

After  the  rape  of  Helen  by  Paris,  he  was  of  ten  years.     After  an  absence  of  twenty 

summoned  by  the  other  princes  of  Greece,  years, he  arrived  in  his  kingdom,  to  the  great 

to   the    war  that  had   been  resolved  upon  joy  of  his  constant  wife.     He  is  said  to  have 

against  Troy.     Unwilling  to  leave  his  king-  been  slain  by  Telegonus,  a  son  of  his  by  the 

dom  and  beloved  wife,  he  pretended  to  be  sorceress  Circe. 

insane  :  and  yoking  an  ox  and  an  horse  to-  During  his  absence,  his  wife  had  many 

gether.  he  went  ploughing  the  shore,  which  suitors,  whom  she  put  off  by  telling  them 


.     LIB.  II. 


-it)  I 


Temperet  d  lachrymis  ?  et  jam  riox  humida  coelo 
Praecipitat,  siiadentque  cadentia  sidera  somnos. 
Sed,  si  tanius  amor  casus  cognoscere  nostros, 
Et  breviter  Trojae  supremum  auchre  laborem  ; 
Quanquam  animus  meminisse  horret,  luctuque  refugit, 
Incipiam.     Fracti  bello,  fatisque  repulsi 
Ductores  Danaum,  tot  jam  labentibus  annis, 
Instar  mentis  equuni,  divina  Pallidis  arte, 
./Edificant :  sectaque  intexunt  abiete  costas. 
Votum  pro  reditu  simulant :  ea  fama  vagatur. 
Hue  delecta  virum  sortiti  corpora  furtim 
Includunt  cseco  lateri :  penitusque  cavernas 
Ingentes,  uterumque  armafo  milite  complent.  f 

Est  in  conspectu  Tenedos,  notissima  fama 
Insula,  dives  opum,  Priami  dum  regna  manebant 


10     10. 

til  irf 


Si 


15 


17.  Simulamt 

case   votum   pro   redit 
do  mum 

18.  Illi.  sortit.i 


NOTES. 


that  she  could  not  comply  with  their  wishes, 
until  she  had  finished  a  piece  of  work  which 
was  then  in  her  loom  ;  but  which  she  was 
careful  not  to  do  :  for  she  undid  in  the  night 
what  she  did  in  the  day.  By  this  device 
she  continued  faithful  to  her  husband. 

The  re  turn  of  Ulysses  to  his  native  land, 
and  the  adventures  of  Telemachus  in  search 
of  his  father,  form  the  basis  of  the  Odyssey. 

9.  Cadentia  sidera.  In  the  language  of 
poetry,  the^stars  may  be  said  to  set,  when 
they  disappear  at  the  approach  of  day; 
and  they  are  said  to  rise,  when  they  become 
visible,  at  the  approach  of  night.  From 
this,  we  are  to  understand  that  it  was  near 
morning,  when  ./Eneas  entered  upon  the 
mournful  subject.  Suadent :  invite  to  sleep. 

11.  Laborem:    struggle.      Heyne   says, 
cladem,  ipsum  excidium  urbis. 

12.  Horret :  shudders  at,  or  dreads,  the 
recollection.     Refugit  Imtu.  The  verb  here 
is  in   the   perfect  tense.     As  soon  as  his 
mind  was  turned  to  the  mournful  subject,  it 
shrunk  back,  and  revolted  from  it.     This 
change  of  ten^e  is  an  elegance :  it  marks 
the  quickness  of  the  impression  upon  his 
mind.     The  verb   refugio  forms  the   third 
person  of  the  present  and  perfect  of  the  in- 
dicative, refugit.     The  penult  of  the   for- 
mer is  short,  of  the  latter  long,  as  in  the 
present  case.     Some  read  Luctumquc  refu- 
git :  declines  the  mournful  task  ;  which  is 
the  same  sentiment. 

13.  Repulsi.     The  Greeks  are  hero  said 
to  be  repulsed  by  the  fates,  because  it  was 
decreed  that  Troy  could  not  be  taken  till 
the  expiration  of  ten  years,  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  siego.     Fracti:  disheart- 
ened. 

15.  lusiar  mantis.  It  hath  been  objected 
that  this  story  of  the  horse  has  not  proba- 
bility enough  to  support  it;  that,  besides 
the  hardiness  of  the  enterprise,  it  is  not  to 
*»n  supposed  th;»t  thr  Trojans  would  receive 


within  their  walls  so  enormous  and  si 
cious  an  engine  with  so  implicit  credulity. 
But  the  poet,  as  Mons.  Segrais  observes. 
has  finely  contrived  the  matter,  so 
render  it  not  only  plausible,  but  in  a  man- 
ner necessary  and  unavoidable. 

The  Trojans,  having  heard  the  story  of 
Sinon,  and  seeing  so  strong  a  confirmation 
of  the  truth  of  it  in  the  terrible  disasters- 
that  befel  Laocoon  and  his  sons,  had  even- 
reason  to  believe  the  machine  was  an  offer- 
ing sacred  to  Minerva,  and. that  all  who  of- 
fered violence  to  it  should  feel  the  ven- 
geance of  heaven,  as  Laocoon  and  his  sons 
had  done  ;  and  therefore  they  could  not  act 
otherwise  than  the  poet  supposes  them  to 
have  done,  consistently  with  their  religion. 
and,  system  of  belief.  As  to  the  hardiness 
of  the  undertaking  on  the  part  of  the  Greeks, 
M.  Segrais  observes,  that  modern  history 
furnishes  examples  of  equally  hardy  enter- 
prises, undertaken  and  executed  with 
cess.  He  instances  the  Hollanders,  foi 
whom  ventured  to  conceal  themselves 
vessel,  seemingly  laden  with  turf,  and  un- 
derwent those  examinations  which  are  usu- 
ally made  for  contraband  goods,  and  hav- 
ing landed,  retook  the  town  of  Breda  fron* 
the  Spaniards. 

16.  Intexunt:  they  line  or  cover  tlicribf-'. 
Costas.     These  wore  the  timbers  thai 
form  and  figure  to  the  horse — the  h 
Secta  abide:  with  sawn  fir — with  plank?  o1 
boards  of  iir. 

17.  Fama:  in  the  sense  of  rumor. 

18.  So  titi  deleeta  corpora  :  havi. 

a  select  body  of  men,  they  privnioiy  :>!iu! 
them   up,   &c.     Sorfili:    properly,  h 
chosen  by  lot. 

19.  Peniti's:  in  its  inmost  refcos 

21.  Tcnedoa:  an  island  lyi'ig  opp 
Troy,  not  far  from  the  promontory  o. 
gaum,  and  about  forty  stadia  fr^mtta1  \ 
land. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Nunc  tantum  sinus,  et  static  malefida  carinis  : 

24.  Duciores  Danaum  Hue  se  provecti  deserto  in  litore  condunt.f 

pr^eCii?  Nos  abiisse  rati,  et  vento  petiisse  Mvcenas.  25 

25.  Nos  rati  sumus  eos  ^  i  •*       m         •     i 
abiisse                           Ergo  omms  longo  solvit  se  leucna  luctu  : 

Panduntur  portae  :  juvat  ire,  et  Dorica  castra, 
Desertosque  videre  locos,  litusque  relictumi 

30  Hie  era/  locus        ^c  Dolopum  manus,  hie  saevus  tendebat  Achilles  : 
31.  Pars  nostrum  stu-  Classibus  hie  locus  :  hie  acies  certare  solebant.          30 
pet  Pars  stupet  innuptse  donum  exitiale  Minervae, 

Et  molem  mirantur  equi  :  primusque  Th}  mretes 
Duci  intra  muros  hortatur,  et  arce  locari  ; 

34.  Sive  faciebat  id  Sive  dolo,  seu  jam  Trojge  sic  fata  ferebant. 

dolo,  seu  At  Capys,  et  quorum  melior  sentcntia  menti,  35 

35.  Capys,  eU7ft  quo-  Aut  pel  ago  Danaum  insidias  suspectaque  dona. 
rum  menti   trat  melior  T,       r.    .  & 

sententia,   jubent    aut  Prsecipitare  jubent,  subjectisve  urcre  flammis  : 
prsecipitare  Aut  terebrare  cavas  uteri  et  tent  are  latebras. 

Scinditur  incertum  studia  in  coruraria  vul£iis. 

40.  Ibi  Laocoon  pri-  Primus  ibi  ante  omnes,  magna  comitante  caterva,       40 
mus  ante  omncs  decur-  Laocoon  ardens  summa  decurrit  ab  arce  : 
11  AO   Ft  .  „  Et  procul  :  O  miseri,   quae  tanta  insania,  cives  ? 

Tt-6«     X!jL     UiOCUl     CXCltl-     -^.          -  .    .  \  .. 


-«  -  j-^.          -|  .    .  i  .. 

mat:  quje  tauta  insania  ^reditis  avectos  hostes  ?  aut  ulla  putatis 
est  rnhh  Dona  carere  dolis  Danaum  ?  sic  notus  Ulysses  ? 

44.  duett  Ulyssessic  Aut  hoc  inclusi  ligno  occultantur  Achivi  :  45 

otus  vobis  Aut  ngec  m  nostros  fabricata  est  machina  muros, 


NOTES. 

23.  Mahjida  :  unsafe  for  ships.    Carinis  :  35.  At  Capys  :  but  Capys,  and  others,  to 

the  keels  :  by  synec.  the  whole  ships.  whose  mind  there  was  a  better  judgment, 

26.  Omnis  T  ucria  :  all  Troy  :  the  name  advised,  &c. 

of  the  place  put,  by  meton.  for  the  inhabi-  Ca        accompanied  ^Encas  on  his  voy- 

o7S-  n       'En'  *'  L  age,  and  was  one  of  his  chief  men.      He 

~7.  Uonca  :  an  adj.  from  Doris,  a  coun-  afterwards  founded  Capua,  in  Italy,  which 

Greece,   situated   between   ^toha,  was  a  long  time  a  rival  of  Rome,  in  wealth 

Phocis,  and  Thessaly  ;  by  synec.  for  Greece  and  Bpiendor 
in  general. 

29.  Tendebat  :  pitched  his  camp.     Rusus  37,  .  Subjective.     The   common  reaC 
says,  habebat  tenioria.    Manus  Dolopum  :  ^sutyectisque.     The  former  is  to  be  prefei 
simply,  the  Dolopians.  ed-     ValPy  reads  subjeclis-ve. 

30.  Acits  :  is  properly  an  army  drawn  up  38.  Terebrare  :  to  lay  open  and  examine 
in    order  of  battle  :    ashmen,   an   army  in  the  hollow  recesses  of  the  womb. 

order  of    march,  from  ago  :   exercitus,    an  39.  Incertum  :   fickle—  inconstant.     Con- 

army   m   order   of  exercise,   from   ezerc  o.  (raria  studta  :  into  different  sentiments,  or 

But  they  are  often  used  indiscriminately.  opinions.     Some  were  in  favor  of  the  mea- 

32.  ThymKtcs.     It  is  said  he  married  the  sure  proposed,  others  were  against  it. 


u  ^'  40.  Ante.  Ru»«s  interprets  this  by  coram, 

°ie  Sa  the  presence  of  all.     Davidson  thinks  it 


i  a    d  so 

_i,-  _i,n,,,  ,  ,  '      ."L     ,    .        '  opal  (tmrma)  person  among  tnose  w 

nt  rn   ?  TT          <  ^stractlon,  posed  L  admission  of  the  horn  into  the 

mterPreted  "/P"1!*  tf°  so"  of  city.    Heyne  thinks  we  are  to  understand 

u.  "     Lan  r 


.  other  of  Aneh.es;  othersaay  he  was 

.,      •   C             f,          »_,  me  son  of  Priam,  and  priest  of  Apollo. 
the  inf.  pass,  of  dvcor.  •  Equum 

is  understood  before  it.  41.  Ardens  :  eager.     Ruceus  says  celcr. 

34.  Fata:    destiny  —  fate.     Fercbmnt  :   in  43.  Avectos:  in  the   sense   of  prqfecto*t 

the  sense  of  vslcbent.  The  v«rb  ^e  is  understoed. 


is.   LIB.  ii. 


Inspectura  domos,  venturaque  desuper  urbi ; 
Aut  aliquis  latet  error :  equo  ne  credite,  Teucri. 
Quicquid  id  est,  timeo  Danaos  et  dona  ferente- 
Sic  tatus,  validis  TrigerTtem  viribus  hastam  50 

In  latus,  inque  feri  curvam  compagibus  alvum 
Contorsit :  stetit  ilia  tremens,  uieroque  recusso 
Irisonuere  cavse  gemitumque  dedere  cavernse. 
Et,  si  fata  Deum,  si-mens  non  lasva  fuisset, 
Impulerat  ferro  Argolicas  foedare  latebras  : 
Trqjaque,  nunc  stares,  Priamique  arx  alta,  maner< 

Ecce  manus  juvenem  interea  post  terga  revmctum 
Pastores  magno  ad  regem  clamore  trahebant 
Dardanidae  :  qui  se  ignoturn  venientibus  ultro, 
Hoc  ipsum  ut  strueret,  Trojamque  aperiret  Achivis,  60 
Obtulerat :  fidens  animi,  atque  in  utrumque  paratus, 
Seu  versare  -lotos,  sou  C"i1a3  occumbere  morti. 
Undique  vin^ii'li  studio  Trojana  juventus 
Circumfusa  ruit,  certantquc  iliuiere  capto.. 
Accipe  nunc  Danaum  insidias  ;  et  crimine  ab  uno      65 
Disce  omnes.'   » 

Na*mqu"e7  uFconspectu  in  medio  turbatus,  inermis 
Constitit,  atque  oculis  Phrygia  agmina  circumspexit : 
Heu,  quas  nunc  tellus,  inquii,  q-iae  me  aequora  possunt 
Accipere  !  aut  quid  jam  raise ro  mihi  denique  restat !    70 
Cui  neque  apud  Danaos  usquam  locus ;  insuper  ipsi 


50.  Sic  iatus,  validis 
viribus  contorsit  ingen- 
tem 


54.  Si  fata  Deum  non 
adversa 
le  impulerat  nod 


57.  Ecce,  interea  Dar- 
dartidse  pastores  magno 
clamore  trahebant  ad 
regem  juvenem  revinc- 
tum  quoad  manus  post 
terga  ;  qui  ultro  obtule- 
rat  se  ignotum  illis 

63.  Visendi  illiiis 


MJt  Si  non  constitit 


NOTES. 


47.  Inspectura :    about  to  overlook  our 
houses,  and  to  come  down  upon  the  city. 
It  was  higher  than  the  walls  and  houses, 
and  might,  with  propriety,  be  said  to  over- 
look them,  and  to  come  down  upon  the  city 
—to  make  an  attack  upon  it. 

48.  Error :   guile,   deceit,    or   trick.     It 
properly  signifies  whatever  is   opposed  to 
truth. 

49.  Et :  in  the  sense  of  etiam  :  I  fear  the 
Greeks  even  offering  presents.     There  is  a 
peculiar  emphasis  to  be  placed  upon  the  et 
in  this  instance. 

51.  Feri:  the  horse.  Ferus  does  not  al- 
ways signify  a  wild  beast,  or  beast  of  prey  : 
it  signifies  a  tame  or  domesticated  animal 
also.  He  struck  that  part  of  the  horse, 
where  the  timbers  or  ribs  arose  from  their 
horizontal  to  a  perpendicular  position.  Cur- 
vam  compagibus :  bending  out  in  seams  or 
joints.  Juncturis,  says  Ruaeus.  Recusso : 
in  the  sense  of  repercusso. 

53.  Gemitum.     This  groan  probably  was 
made  by  the  Greeks  within,  who  now  began 
to  be  alarmed  at  their  situation. 

54.  Fata:    decrees,   or  purposes   of  the 
gods. 

55.  Argolicas :  an  adj.  from  Argos,  a  city 
of  Greece,  situated  in   the  Peloponnesus ; 
by  synec.  sometimes  put  for  Greece  in  ge- 
neral.    Latebras:  hiding   places — recesses. 
Trojaque,  &c.     This  is  a  happy  apostrophe : 
Iiad  we  taken  his  advice — had  our  minds 
,'.n*  been  stupid  and  infatuated:    now.  O 


Troy,  thou  wouldst  be  standing1,  and  thou, 
lofty  citadel  of  Priam,  wouldst  be  remain- 
ing !  Fc&dare :  in  the  sense  of  excindere. 

59.  DardanidoB :  the  Trojans ;  so   called 
from  Dardanus,  one  of  their  founders.     It 
is  here  used  as  an  adj. 

60.  Strueret :  in  the  sense  of  effi.ce.rtt. 

61.  Fidetis  animi  :  bold — daring  of  soul, 
and  prepared  for  either  event ;  to  carry  into 
execution  his  purpose,  (versare  dolos ;)  or, 
in   case   of  discovery,   to  yield  to  certain 
death.     He  threw  himself  a  stranger,  and 
unknown,  in  the  way  of  these  shepherds, 
on  purpose  that  they  might  take  him,  and 
bring   him   before   Priarn  and  the  Trojan 
chiefs,  the  better  to  effect  his  purpose,  to 
persuade  them  to  admit  the  horse  within 
their  city. 

64.  Circumfusa:    surrounding   him — en- 
compassing him  on  every  side :  a  part,  from 
circumfundor.     Capto :  in  the  sense  of  cap' 
tiro. 

65.  Accipe:    in   the  sense  of  audi.    Ab 
uno  crimine:    from   one   criminal   person, 
(namely,  Sinon,)  learn  the  character  of  all 
the  Greeks.     This  appears  to  be  the  sense 
in  which  Heyne  takes  the  words.     Valpy 
says :  "  From   this  instance  of  deceit  and 
treachery,"  &c.      Davidson  :    "  From   one 
crime,  take  a  specimen  of  the  whole  nation." 
Crimen:  properly   a  crime;   by  melon,  a 
criminal,  or  villainous  person. 

66.  In  medio  conspcctu  •  in  tlm  mid 
the  gazing  ero*v<! 


2U4 


P.  VIRGIL1I  MARGMS 


Dardanidse  infensi  poenas  cum  sanguine  poscuut. 

73.  Quo  geniitu  nos-  QUO  gemitu  conversi  animi,  compressus  et  omnis. 
in  aim  >rsi,  lm^U3  .   hortamur  fari;  quo  sanguin€  cretus  ; 

74.  JEum  fari,  f.r  quo  Quidve  forat,  memoret,  quae.sit  fiducia  capto. 
sanguine  cretus  sit;  me-  Ille  ha3C,  deposita  tandem  formidine,  Ikt'i1  : 
moret,quid  feratquae-ve  Cuncta  equidem  tibi,  Rsx,  fuerint  qua'cunque,  fateboi\ 
\rloli^IC  creium'esse  de  Vera,  inquit  :  ueque.  me  Argolica  de  gente  negabo  ; 

'  ' 


79.  Hoc  est  primum  :     o  nee,  si  miserum  fortuna  Sinonem 

nee,  si  improba  fortuna  Finxit,  vanuin  etiam  finendaoernque  improba  finget.-  80 
(inxit  Sinoneiu  Fando  aliquid.  si  forte  teas  pervenit  ad  aures 

U3.   Quem  insontem  Belidse  nomen  Palamcdis,  et  inclyta  tama 
SXISLTS:  Gloria:  quern  falsa  su^ro.litione  Pelasgi  . 
fando  Insontem,  mtando  indicio,  quia  bolla  vetabat. 

85.  Jit  nuuc  lugont  Demisere  neci  ;  mine  jc'assnm  lumine  Jngent  : 
'•'«'"  llli  me  comitem,  et  consanguinit.ate  propinquum, 

.Mn,  pater  pauper  pauper  in  arma  pater  primis  huc  misit  ab  anniSo 
imsit  me  comitem  ilh,  et  ~ 

88.   Dum  Palamides  Dum  stabat  regno  mcolumis,  regmmiquc  vigebat 
Consiliis,  et  nod  aliquod  nomenque  decusque 


85 


NOTES. 


7*1.  Lu.ue.ius  :  fury — violence.  Compres- 
rostrained.  The  verb. est  is  understood. 

7.j.  Jr'L  i:\oret:  in  tlie  sense  of  dicat.  Qtii'rf 
.  what  message  or  news  ho  brought,  or 
what  confidence  there  might  be  placed  in 
him,  a  captive.  This  is  the  sense  usually 
given  to  the  words ;  but  Valpy  gives  them 
another  turn :  "  What  he  might  have  to  re- 
late in  his  own  defence,  and  what  ground 
he  had  for  hoping  for  mercy,  now  he  was  a 
prisoner/' 

77.  Cuncta  vera :  the  whole  truth — all 
things  true.  Heyne  and  Valpy  read,  quod- 
cttnque  fuerit,  for  quozcunque,  fcc. 

8§.  Vanum :  in  the  sense  of  fallacem. 
'Finxit:  hath  made,  or  rendered.  Improba: 
in  the  sense  of  adversa. 

i>l.  Siforie,fando  aliquid:  if  by  chance, 
by  common  report,  the  name  of,  &c.  Fando 
aliquid :  the  same  as  dum  aliquid  dicitur. 
JYarratione  aliorum,  says  Heyne. 

8.2.  Belidce  Palamedis.  Palamedes  was 
Ihe  son  of  Nauplius  king  of  Euboea,  an  isl- 
and in  the  ^Egean  sea,  and  descended  from 
Bdus,  a  king  of  Africa,  by  Jlmymone,  the 
daughter  of  Danaus.  Ulysses,  to  avoid 
going  to  the  Trojan  war,  pretended  to  be 
insane  ;  but  the  deception  was  discovered  by 
Palamedes.  See  note  7,  supra.  This, 
Ulysses  never  forgave,  and  finally  he 
wrought  his  ruin,  by  accusing  him  of  hold- 
ing a  correspondence  with  Priam.  To  sup- 
port this  charge,  he  forged  letters  from 
Priam  to  Palamedes,  which  he  pretended  to 
have  intercepted.  He  also  conveyed  gold 
to  his  tent,  pretending  it  was  sent  from  Priam 
as  a  bribe.  Upon  which  Palamedes  was 
accused  of  treason,  and  stoned  to  death. 

The  whole  of  Sinon's  speech  is  artful, 
and  calculated  to  impose  upon  his  audience, 


of  falsehood.  What  he  says  of  himself  is» 
downright  falsehood  ;  what  he  says  of  Pa- 
lamedes is  in  substance  true.  His  death 
might  have  been  known  to  the  Trojans  by 
common  report,  (fando  aliquid^)  though 
the  circumstances  of  it  might  not  have  been. 
By  relating  them,  therefore,  he  could  not 
fail  of  becoming  interesting,  of  gaining  a 
favorable  reception,  and  of  preparing  the 
way  for  the  accomplishment  of  his  purpose. 

83.  Sub  falsa  proditione:  under   a  false 
accusation    of   treachery — treason.      Thin 
alludes  to  the  letters,  which  Ulysses  forged, 
mentioned  above.     Pelasgi.  See  <En.  i.  624. 

84.  Infando  indicia.     This  alludes  to  the 
gold,  which  Ulysses  conveyed  to  his  tent, 
and  pretended  to  have  been  .sent  him  by 
Priam.      This   was   adduced   in   evidence 
against  him  :  we  may  therefore  render  in- 

fando  indicio :  upon  an  iniquitous  evidence. 
Quia  vetabat  bella.  This  was  false:  so  far 
from  Palamedes  being  opposed  to  the  war 
against  Troy,  that  he  was  among  the  first 
to  promote  it. 

85.  Cassum  lumine:  deprived  of  the  light 
of  life.      Demisere:    they  condemned    to 
death. 

86.  llli  me  comitem.      Here,  too.  Sinon 
speaks  falsely.     So  far  from  his  being  a  re- 
lation of  Palamedes,  he  was  the  relation  of 
Ulysses,  whose  mother   was   the  sister  of 
jEsinus,  the  father  of  Sinon. 

87.  Ab  primis  annis  :  not  from  his  infan- 
cy, but  from  the  first  years  of  his  bearing 
arms,  which  among  the  Romans  was  at  the 
age  of  seventeen.     Anna :  by  meton.  war. 

88.  Regno.    Rcgnum  may  either  mean 
the  kingdom  of  Euboea,  where  his  father 
reigned ;     or   the   confederate   power   and 
council  of   the   Grecian   states,  that   had 
leagued  toother  for  the  destruction  of  Trov 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  II. 


Gessimus  :  invidia  postquam  pellacis  UJyssei  90 

(Haud  ignota  loquor)  superis  concessit  ab  oris  ; 
Afflictus  vitam  in  tenebris  luctuque  trahebam, 
Et  casum  insontis  mecum  indignabar  amici. 
Nee  tacni  demens  :  et  me,  fors  si  qua  tulisset, 
Si  patrios  unquam  remeassem  victor  ad  Argos, 
Promisi  ultorem,  et  verbis  odia  aspera  movi.-v 
Hinc  mihi  prima  mali  labes  :  hinc  semper  Ulysses 
Criminibus  terrere  novis  :  hinc  spargere  voces 
In  vulgum  ambiguas,  et  quaerere  conscius  arma. 
Nee  requievit  enim,  donee  Calchante  ministro — 
Sed  quid  ego  haec  autem  nequicquam  ingrata  revolvo  ? 
Quidve  moror  ?  si  omnes  uno  ordine  habetis  Archives, 
Idque  audire  sat  est ;  jamdudum  sumite  pcenas. 
Hoc~ithacus  velit,  et  magno  mercentur  Atridae. 

Turn  vero  ardemus  scitari,  et  quaerere  causas, 
Ignari  scelerum  tantorum  artisque  Pelasgae. 
Prosequitur  pavitans,  et  ficto  pectore  fatur ; 
Scepe  fugam  Danai  Troja  cupiere  relicta 


92.  Ego  afflictus  tra- 
hebam vitam 

94.    Et  promisi   me 
95 fore  ultorem,  si  qua  fors 
tulisset,  si  unquam 

97.  Hinc  Ulysses  coep/f 
semper 

100 


104.    Magno    pretw. 
105  Turn     vero  nos  ignari 
tantorum 


NOTES. 


90.  Gessimus  aliquod :  I  also  bore  some 
reputation  and  honor.     Et :  in  the  sense  of 
etiam.     Nos :  for  ego. 

91.  Ab  superis  oris :  from  the  upper  re- 
gions— this  upper  world.     Concessit :  in  the 
sense  of  decessit. 

93.  Indignabar :  I  grieved,  or  repined  at 
the  death  of  my  innocent  friend. 

94.  Demens  nee  tacui :  I,  a  fool,  did  not 
hold  my  peace.     Demens,  compounded  of  de 
and  mens.     Si  qua  fors  :  if  any  opportunity 
or    hance  should  present.     Tulisset :  in  the 
sense  of  obtulisset. 

95.  Remeassem :  in  the  sense  of  rediissem. 

97.  Hinc  mihi  prima:    hence  the   first 
source  of  misfortune  to  rue.     Labes,  pro- 
perly signifies  a  stain,  or  blemish.     An  al- 
lusion is  here  made  to  the  first  appearance 
of  a  piague  or  contagious  disease  breaking 
out  upon  the  surface  of  the  body  in  spots. 
Sinon's  declaration  that  he  would  avenge 
the   death  of  Palamedes  roused  the  bitter 
resentment  of  Ulysses  ;  and  from  that  time, 
(hinc^)  he  began   to   plot  his   destruction. 
Labes:  in   the   sense   of  origo,  vel  causa. 
F'i.it  is  understood. 

98.  Wovis  cnminibus :  with  new  charges 
or   accusations,      foces:    in   the   sense   of 
rerba,  vel  sermones. 

99.  Conscius  :  conscious,  (of  his  crime — 
that  he  was  guilty  of  the  death  of  Palame- 
des,) he  bewail  to  ?eek  the  means  of  de- 
stroying me  also.    Arma  .  the  means  or  im- 
plements by  which  any  thing  is  done.  Valpy 
.says  :  the  means  of  defence  against  Sinon. 

100.  Calchante  ministro :    Calchas  being 
his   assistant — being   employed.      Calchas 
was  a  famous  soothsayer  in  the   Grecian 
•"••imp.  and  nothinsr   OT  riny   morn^rr    wns 


done  without  his  being  consulted.  Thi^ 
sudden  pause  and  transition  are  very  artful- 
ly contrived,  and  show  the  great  judgment 
of  the  poet  in  the  management  of  his  sub- 
ject. Requierit :  in  the  sense  of  cessavit. 
Enim :  in  the  sense  of  equidem. 

101.  Autem:  here  is  an  expletive;  or 
used  in  the  sense  of  vere,  vel  equidem.  Re- 
rolvo :  in  the  sense  ofnarro.  Nequicquam  : 
in  vain — to  no  purpose :  because  the  rela- 
tion of  those  unpleasant  topics  would  not 
save  his  life.  Habetis :  if  ye  regard  or  con- 
sider. Uno  ordine :  on  one  footing — in  the 
same  state,  or  condition  of  enemies. 

103.  Jamdudum.     This  is  to  be  taken  in 
the  sense  of  jam.     Or  we  must  suppose,  as 
Dr.  Trapp   observes,  something  to  be   un- 
derstood.    Sumite  poznas  jamdudum  debetas. 
or  the  like. 

104.  Ithacus.     Ulysses  is  so  called  from 
Ithaca,  a  barren  and  rocky  island  in  the 
Ionian  sea,  where  he  was  born,  and  where 
his  father  Larries  reigned.    Sinon  gives  this 
appellation  to   him  by  way  of  contempt. 
AtridaR :  Agamemnon  and   Menelaus,   the 
sons   of  Atreus.     Their   religion  required 
that   a   devoted   victim  that  had    escaped 
from   the   altar,   should   be   put   to   death 
wherever  found  :  and   Sinon  having  been 
destined  as  a  victim  to  the  gods,  to  procure 
favorable  winds  for  their  return,   nothing- 
could  afford  the  Greeks  in  general,  and  the 
Jeaders  in   particular,  greater  joy,  than  to 
hear  that  the  Trojans  had  put  him  to  death. 
Hoc   velit:  this,  Ulysses   wishes,  and    the 
sons  of  Atreus  will  purchase  it  at  a  greaf 
price. 

106.  .4rfis:  in  the  sense  offraudis.     P^ 


206 


P.  VIRGILII    MARONIS 


ponti 


Moliri,  et  longo  fessi  discedere  bello. 
110.  Aspera    hyems  Fecissentque  utinam  !  Saepe  illos 

rSSS5Si±*  'nterclusil  hPmS'  «  temi,  Auster 

Praecipue,  cum  jam  hie  trabibus  contextus  acernis 
Staret  equus,  toto  sonuerunt  aethere  nimbi. 
Suspensi  Eurypylum  scnatum  oracula  Phoebi 
Mittimus  :  isque  adytis  hoec  tristia  dicta  reportat  : 
110.  O  Danai,  uos  pla-  Sanguine  placastis  ventos,  et  virgine  caesa, 

Cum  primum  Iliacas,  Dmiai,  vcnistis  ad  oras  : 
-  Sanguine  quaerendi  reditus,  animaque  litandum 
mutquevoxvenit  Argolica.     Vulgi  quae  vox  ut  venit  ad  aures, 

Obstupuere  ariimi,  gelidusque  per  ima  cucurrit 
121.  Omnes  mnt  soli-  O«sa  tremor  ;  cui  fata  parent,  quern  poscat  Apollo. 
citi  noscere  cui  fata  pa-  Hie  Ithacus  vatem  magno  Calciianta  tumultu 
rent  mortem  Protrahit  in  medios  :  quae  sint  ea  numina  Divum, 

Flagitat  :  et  mihi  jam  multi  crudele  canebant 
Artificis  scelus,  et  taciti  ventura  videbant.j_  125 

Bis  quinos  silet  ille  dies,  tectusque  recusat 
Prodere  voce  sua  quemquam,  aut  opponere  morti. 
Vix  tandem  magnis  Ithaci  clamoribus  actus, 
Composite  rumpit  vocem,  et  me  destinat  ara?. 


110 


11 


120 


NOTES. 


100.  Molifi  J\igam :  in  the  sense  of  ejl- 
cere  fugam. 

110.  Aspera  hyems:  a  violent  storm  at 
sea. 

112.  Contextus:  framed,  or  built  of  ma- 
ple timber.     Some  part  of  the  horse  might 
have  been  built  of  maple,  others  of  fir  and 
pine :  so  that  the  poet  may  be  consistent 
in  what  he  says  of  this  same  machine,  verse 
15:  Intexunl  costassectd  abide  ;  and  also  in 
verse   258,  infra,  where   he  calls  it,pinea 
daustra. 

113.  Sonuerunt:  raged — roared.  Nimbi: 
urbines,s&ys  Heyne.     See  jEn.  i.  102. 

114.  Suspensi :  in  suspense  we  send  Eu- 
rypulus.     Homer  informs  us  that  he  was  a 
famous  augur,  and  brought  with  him  forty 
ships  to  the  Trojan  war.    Scitatum :  to  con- 
sult ;  a  sup.  in  um,  from  the  verb  scitor,  put 
after  mittimus,  a  verb  of  motion. 

115.  Adytis.     Adytum  was  the  most  se- 
cret, as  well  as  the  most  sacred  place  of  the 
temple,  and  where  the  images  of  the  gods 
were  placed — the   shrine  from   which   the 
responses  were  delivered.     It  is  governed  by 
the  proposition  a  or  ab,  understood. 

116.  Placastis  ventos :  ye  appeased   the 
winds  with  blood,  and  a  virgin  slain,  when, 
&c. 

The  Greeks,  on  their  way  to  the  siege  of 
Troy,  came  to  Aulis,  a  port  of  Beotia,  where 
Diana,  incensed  against  Agamemnon  for 
killing  one  of  her  favorite  deer,  withneld  the 
wind.  Upon  which  Calchas  was  sent  to 
consult  the  oracle  upon  the  subject.  He 
brought  back  the  answer  that  Jphigenia,  the 
daughter  of  Agamemnon,  must  be  sacri- 
iked  to  appeasjc  the  angrer  of  the  goddess. 


When  the  virgin  was  broughfto  the  altar, 
he  informed  them  that  Diana  was  satisfied 
with  that  act  of  submission  ;  but  demanded 
that  the  Virgin  should  be  transported  to 
Tauris,  and  there  serve  her  in  capacity  of 
priestess.  The  virgin  was  slain  in  intention, 
and  saved  only  by  the  interposition  of  the 
goddess."  This  warrants  the  expression  of 
the  poet,  Virgine  ccrsa. 

118.  Litandum:  a  ger.  in  dum  of  the  verb 
lito :  an  atonement  must  be  made  with  the 
life  of  a  Greek.  Ruseus  interprets  it  by  sa- 
crificandum.  But  it  implies  more  than  sim- 
ply to  offer  sacrifice ;  it  includes  the  idea  of 
expiation,  or  atonement.  The  gerund  in 
dum  has  a  peculiar  signification.  While  it 
has  the  form  of  a  noun,  it  retains  the  nature 
of  the  verb  ;  and  implies  the  necessity,  duty, 
or  obligation,  to  do,  or  perform  an  action. 

123.  Numina  Divum :  the  will,  purpose,  or 
response  of  the  gods.   Numen,  from  the  verb 
nuo  :  I  express  my  will  by  a  nod. 

124.  Et  jam  :  and  now  many  foretold  to 
me  the  atrocious  design,  or  plot,  of  the  vil- 
lanous  man. 

125.  Taciti:  not  silent;  for  that  would 
contradict   what  is  said  just   before :   but 
quiet,  content,  well  satisfied.     Ventura :  in 
the  sense  of  res  venturas.     The  best  reason 
why  canere  came  to  signify  to  prophesy,  or  to 

foretell,  is,  that  the  responses  of  oracles  were- 
at  first  delivered,  and  written  in  verse. 
1:26.  Tectus  :  in  the  sense  of  occultatus. 

127.  Prodere :  in  the  sense  of  designarc- 
Opponere. :  in  the  sense  of  damnare. 

128.  Tandem  rix  actus:  at  length,  with 
dilficulty  forced  or  compelled,  &c. 

129.  Rumpii  'wcf-w  :  ho  opens  his  mouth. 


JENEIS.     LIB.  II. 


Assenscre  omnes  :  et,  quae  sibi  quisque  timebat,       130 

Unius  in  iniseri  exitium  conversa  tulere. 

Jamque  dies  infanda  aderat :  mihi  sacra  parari, 

15t  salsae  fruges,  et  circum  tempora  vittae. 

Eripui,  fateor,  leto  me,  et  vincula  rupi : 

Limosoque  lacu  per  noctern  obscurus  in  ulva  135 

Delitui,  dum  vela  darent,  si  tone  dedissent. 

Nee  mihi  jam  patriam  antiquam  spes  ulla  videndi, 

Nee  dulces  natos  exoptatumque  parentem  : 

Quos  illi  fors  ad  poenas  ob  nostra  reposcent 

Effugia,  et  culpam  lianc  miserorum  morte  piabunt.^140 

Quod  te,  per  Superos  et  conscia  numina  veri ; 

Per,  si  qua  est,  quse  restat  adbuc  mortalibus  usquam. 

Intemerata  tides,  oro  ;  miserere  laborum 

Tantorum  ;  miserere  animi  non  digna  ferentis. 

His  lachrymis  vitam  damus,  et  miserescimus  ultro. 
Ipse  viro  primus  manicas  atque  arcta  levari  146 

Vincla  jubet  Priarnus  ;  dictisque  ita  fatur  amicis  : 
Quisquis  es,  amissos  liinc  jam  obliviscere  Graios. 
Noster  cris  :  mibique  baec  edissere  vera  roganti : 
Quo  molem  bane  immanis  equi  statuere  ?  quis  auctor  ? 
Quidve  petunt  ?  quae  relligio  ?  aut  quae  machina  belli  ? 
Dixerat.     Ille,  dolis  instructus  et  arte  Pelasga, 
Sustulit  exutas  vinclis  ad  sidera  palm  as  : 


131.  Conversa  esse  in 
exitium 

132.  Sacra  cceperunt 
parari 


141.  Quod  oro  te,  per 
Superos,  et  numina  con- 
scia vfiri ;  per  Jidem,  si 
qua  est  intemerata  fides, 
quae 


146.     Priam  us 
primus  jubet 


ipse 


151 .  Quce  religio  est  in 


NOTES. 


130.  Et,  tulere  qua  :  they  permitted  (were 
content  to  have)  what  every  one  feared  to 
himself,  to  be  turned  to  the  destruction  of 
one  unhappy  being.  Tulere  conversa  :  sim- 
ply for  converterunt,sa.ys  Heyne. 

133.  Salsa  fruges :  the  salted  cakes.  This 
cake  was  made  of  bran,  or  meal,  mixed  with 
salt,  and  called  mold.     They  sprinkled  it 
upon  the  head  of  the  victim,  the  fire  of  the 
altar,  and  upon  the  sacrificing  knife.  •  The 
ceremony  was  called  inimolatio :  hence  the 
verb  immolare  came  to  signify,  to  sacrifice 
in  general.  Vittae, :  these  were  fillets  of  white 
wool,  with  which  the  temples  of  the  victim, 
and  also  the  priest,  and  statues  of  the  gods, 
were  bound. 

134.  Rupi   vincula.     The   victims   were 
loose  and  unbound  when  they  were  brought 
forward  to  the  altar.     But  even  so.  it  is  not 
probable  that  Sinon  could  have  made  his 
escape  from  the  guards  and  spectators,  that 
would  accompany  him.     By  rupi  rincula, 
we  may  understand  that  he   broke  the  pri- 
son in  which  he  was  confined  against  the 
day  of  sacrifice,  and  made  his  escape.     Any 
thing  that  binds,  holds,  or  restrains  another, 
may  be  called  vinculum.     Eripui:  rescued 
or  delivered. 

135.  Delituique  obscunis :  and  I  lay  con- 
cealed or  hid.     Lacu.     Lacus  here  means  a 
fen,  or  marshy  ground.     Ulva  :    weed's,  or 

rushes. 

137.  Antiquam:  dear  country:  or  anti- 
quam  may  be  used  in  the.  sense  of  veteran* 


138.  Natos :  in  the  sense  of  liberos,     Er- 
optatum :  dear — greatly  beloved. 

139.  Qtfo.y  illi  fors :  whom  they,  perhaps, 
will  demand  for  punishment  on   account  of 
my  escape ;  and  will  expiate  this  fault  of 
mine  by  the  death  of  those  innocents. 

Here  the  poet  alludes  to  an  ancient  law 
among  the  Romans,  which  subjected  chil- 
dren to  suffer  for  some  particular  crimes, 
committed  against  the  state  by  their  parents. 

143.  Intemerata:  inviolable — pure — holy- 
Laborum  :  sufferings. 

144.  Jlnimi :    animus,   the  soul,   is  here 
used  by  melon,  for  the  wow,  viz.  Sinon.    Pi- 
ty me  bearing  such  undeserved,  or  unmerif- 
ted  treatment.     .Yon  digna  :  in  the  sense  of 
incKgna. 

146.  Manicas  :  hand-cuffs.  Arcta  vincla  ; 
tight  cords. 

149.  Edissere :  declare — speak.      Vern  : 
plu.  of  rerum,  truth. 

150.  Qf/o  statuere :  for  what  purpose  did 
they  erect  this  mass  of  a  huge  horse  ?    \\  ho 
was  the  author  of  it  ?     The  following  inter- 
rogatories, as  Mr.  Davidson   observes,  aro 
elliptical      They  are  thus  supplied  : 
petunt. f     What  do  they  intend?     Is 
fulfil  some  duly  of  religion  ?     If  it  b« 
qua:  religio  ?    What  duty  or  motive  oj 
gion  led  to  it :     Or  is  it  an  engine  of  war  : 
If  so,  quic  machina  belli  ?     What  engine  of 
war  is  it  ? 

153.  AV ,  •   £er-  fr°™  °° 

fetter*. 


208 


?.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


154.  Ait  :  Tester  vos,  Vos,  aeterni  ignes,  et  non  violabile  vestrum 

vos     oTestor  numen>  ait>  vos»  arae>  ensesque  nefandi, 

" 


at®,  infandique 


^uos  fu&  »  vittseque  Deum,  quas  hostia  gessi  : 
Fas  mihi  Graiorum  sacrata  resolvere  jura  ; 
Fas  odisse  viros,  atque  omnia  ferre  sub  auras, 

158.    Fas   est   mihi  Si  qua  tegunt  :  teneor  patriae  nee  legibus  ullis.    *• 
Tu  modo  promissis  maneas,  servataque  serves 

Tr°Ja  fidera  =  «  ™™  f™™>  *  "»P»  "pend-m. 
raissis  /MM,  Omnis  spes  Danaum,  ct  crept!  fiducia  belli, 

164.  Sed  enim  ex  quo  Palladis  auxiliis  semper  stetit.     Impius  ex  quo 
tempore  impius  Tydides  sed  enim,  scelerumque  inventor  Ulysses, 

earth  ertUSlqUe    5im/  Fatale  aggressi  sacrato  avellere  templo 

169.   Ex  illo  tempore  Palladium,  caesis  summae  custodibus  arcis, 
spes  Danaum  sublapsa  Corripuere  sacram  effigiem  ;  manibusque  cruentis 
ccepit  fluere  Virgineas  ausi  Divas  contingere  vittas  : 

O.£omm  vires  frac-  Ex  illo  fluere,  ac  retro  sublapsa  referri 
to!72?Vix  simulacrum  SPes  Danaum  ;  fract  se  vires,  aversa  Deae  mens. 
fuit  positum  in  castris,  ^ec  dubiis  ea  signa  dedit  Tritonia  monstris. 

Vix  positum  castris  simulacrum  :  arsere  coruscae 


155 


160 


165 


170 


cum  corusc® 


NOTES. 


154.  Tutor  vos:  ye  eternal  fires,  I  call 
you,  and   your  inviolable  divinity,  to  wit- 

•  ness. 

Some  think  this  is  an  allusion  to  the  fire 
of  the  altar.  But  Servius,  with  more  pro- 
priety, thinks  the  sun,  moon,  and  other  hea- 
venly luminaries  are  meant :  which  the  an- 
cients thought  to  be  globes  of  fire,  to  shine 
with  their  own  proper  lustre ;  and  to  be  in- 
habited by  divinities.  The  fire  of  the  altar 
could  hardly  be  called  eternal,  unless  there 
be  an  allusion  to  the  tire  of  Vesta. 

155.  Nefandi  ensei:  ye  horrid  instruments 
of  death,   which  I  escaped.     I  take  enses 
here  for  the  implements  used  in  offering  the 
sacrifice,  such  as  the  axe,  knife,  &c. 

156  Vitt&que  Deum :  and  ye  fillets  of  the 
gods,  which  as  a  victim  I  wore. 

In  order  to  excite  their*  compassion  the 
more,  and  to  show  the  horrid  apprehensions 
he  had  of  the  act,  he  speaks  as  if  he  had 
actually  been  brought  to  the  altar,  and  as  if 
that  had  been  actually  put  in  execution, 
which  had  only  been  intended  against  him. 

157.  Sacratajura :  sacred  obligations.  Jus 
properly  signifies  a  natural  right,  law,  duty, 
or  obligation.     It   differs  from  /a*,  which 
properly  signifies  a  divine  right,  law,  &c. 
Any  thing  that  the  laws  of  God  permit  may 
be  called  fas. 

158.  Sub  auras :  into  light. 

159.  Siqua  tegunt :  if  any  lie  hid.     JWc 
ullis  legibus i  &c.     He  is  no  longer  bound  by 
any  ties  of  his  country.     He  is  at  liberty  to 
broak  or  dissolve  his  allegiance,  and  place 
himself  under  the  protection  of  th?  Trojans. 
Their  barbarous  treatment  had  cancelled  all 
his  obligations  to  them :  the  urte  on  which 
he  was  to  have  been  slain — the  enses  nefan- 
di. bv  which  he  was  to  have  been  slain — the 


viltcp,,  with  which  he  was  to  have  been  bound, 
were  so  many  witnesses  that  he  was  now 
under  no  obligations  to  regard  the  interests 
of  the  Greeks,  who  had  withdrawn  all  pro- 
tection from  him. 

161.  Siferam  vera:  if  I  relate  the  truth, 
if  I  repay  thee  largely — great  things. 

164.  Enim :  in  the  sense  of  equadem. 

166.  Fatale  Palladium.  The  Palladium 
was  a  statue  of  Pallas  with  a  small  shield  and 
spear,  it  was  said  to  have  fallen  from  hea- 
ven near  the  tent  of  //iw,  when  he  was  build- 
ing the  citadel  of  Troy.  Some  say  it  was 
made  of  the  bones  of  P clops.  All,  however, 
agree  that  it  was  a  pledge  of  the  safety  of 
Troy. ' 

Ulysses  and  Diomede  entered  the  temple 
where  it  stood,  and  carried  it  away  to  the 
Grecian  camp,  having  slain  the  guards.  It 
is  called  fatalc,  because,  on  the  safe  keeping 
of  it,  the  preservation  of  Troy  depended. 

169.  Ex  illo :  from  that  time,  the  hope  of 
the  Greeks,  tottering,  began  to  slip,  and  to 
be  carried  backward. 

This  is  a  metaphor  taken  from  a  person 
standing  on  a  slippery  place,  and  with  diffi- 
culty maintaining  his  position.  The  least 
movement  of  his  body  destroys  his  equilibri- 
um. At  first  he  totters,  and  reels  to  and 
fro  in  order  to  recover  himself.  Unable  to 
do  it,  he  is  borne  away,  and  hurried  along 
with  accelerated  motion. 

171.  Tritonia.     This  was  a  name  of  Pal- 
las or  Minerva,  taken  from  a  lake  in  Africa. 
called   rfr>'ona,  where  she   is  said  to  have 
been  born  :  or,  at  least,  wh?re  who  first  made 
her  appearance  on  eartli.     Mo.istris :  pro- 
digies— indications  of  her  anger. 

172.  Comsat  Jiamma :  sparkling  flames 
flashed  from  her  steady  eyes,     Thn.  si«ns 


3ENEIS.     LIB. 


Luminibus  flummas  arrectis,  salsusque  per  artus 

Sudor  iit,  terque  ipsa  solo,  mirabile  dictu  ! 

Emicuit,  parmamque  ferens  hastamque  trementem.  ^ 

Extemplo  tentanda  fuga  canit  aequora  Calchas:        1?6    176. ^Equora tentandt 

Nee  posse  Argolicis  exscindi  Pergama  telis, 

Omina  ni  repetant  Argis,  numenque  reducant, 

Quod  pelago  e?  curvis  secum  advexere  carinis. 

Et  mine  quod  patrias  vento  petiere  Mycenas  ;  180 

Anna  Deosque  parant  comites,  pelagoque  remenso, 

Improvisi  aderunt :  ita  digerit  omina  Calchas. 

Hanc  pro  Palladio  moniti,  pro  numine  laeso, 

Effigiem  statuere,  nefas  quae  triste  piaret ; 

Hanc  tamen  immensam  Calchas  attollere  molem      185 

Roboribus  textis,  creloque  educere  jussit : 

Ne  recipi  portis,  aut  duci  in  mcenia  possit ; 

Neu  populum  antiqua  sub  relligione  tueri. 

Nam  si  vestra  manus  violasset  dona  Minervae  ; 

Turn  magnum  exitium  (quod  Di  prius  omen  in  ipsum 

Convertant)  Priami  imperio  Phrygibusque  futurum  : 

Sin  manibus  vestris  vestram  ascendisset  in  urbem, 

Ultro  Asiam  magno  Pelopeia  ad  mosnia  bello 

Venturam,  et  nostros  ea  fata  manere  nepotes.v\. 

Talibus  insidiis,  perjurique  arte  Sinonis,  1 

Credita  res :  captique  dolis,  lachrymisque  coactis 


183.  Illi  moniti  sta- 
tuere hanc  effigiem  equi* 
quee 

185.  Tamen  Calchas 
jussit  eos  attollere 


189.  Nam  dicebat,  si 
189  vestra 

193.  Dicebat  Asiam 
ultro  venturam  esse 

196.  JVbs-que,  quos 
neque  Tydides,  nee  La- 
rissams  Achilles  domuit ; 
nos,  quos  decem  anni 
non  domuere ;  quos  mille 
carinse  non  domucrc, 
capti  sunt  dolis 


NOTES. 


here  mentioned  are  truly  ominous  ;  and  suf- 
ficient to  have  excited  in  the  minds  of  the 
Greeks  fear  and  alarm. 

174.  Ipsa:  the  goddess — the  image  of  the 
goddess.     Emicuit:  in  the  sense  of  salivit. 

175.  Parmam — hastam :    the   shield   and 
brandished  spear.     These  were  the  arms  by 
which  the  Palladium  was  distinguished. 

176.  Canit ;  in  the  sense  of  declarat.    Ca- 
no  is  properly   applied  to  oracles  and  pre- 
dictions.    It  implies  that  Calchas  spoke  by 
inspiration,  and  declared  it  to  be  the  will  of 
the  gods,  that  the  sea,  &c.     Exscindi :   be 
rased — destroyed. 

178.  JVi  repetant :  unless  they  should  re- 
peat the  omens  at  Argos,  and  bring  back 
the  goddess,  which,  £c. 

This,  Servius  observes,  alludes  to  a  cus- 
tom of  the  Romans,  when  they  were  unsuc- 
cessful in  war,  to  return  home,  and  again 
consult  the  omens  :  or,  if  they  were  too  far 
for  that  purpose,  they  used  to  appropriate  a 
part  of  the  enemy's  territory,  and  call  it 
Rome,  where  they  renewed  the  omens.  Nu- 
men:  the  Palladium — the  image  or  symbol 
of  Pallas'  divinity ;  which  feinon  would 
make  the  Trojans  believe  had  been  carried 
to  Argos  :  and  in  the  mean  time,  until  they 
should  return,  as  an  atonement  or  offering 
to  the  offended  goddess  (numine  laso,)  the 
Greeks  had  built,  and  consecrated  to  her, 
this  horse. 

101.    Armn  :   troops — forces,  by    melon. 


Omina.  Some  copies  have  omnia.  Di- 
gerit :  interprets — explains. 

184.  QMCB  piaret:  which  might  expiate 
the  horrid  crime  of  carrying  off  the  Palladi- 
um from  her  temple. 

186.  Roboribus  textis :  with  compacted  or 
joined  timber.  Robur  properly  signifies  the 
heart  of  the  oak.  Hence  it  may  signify 
timber  in  general,  and  all  wooden  materials, 
as  planks,  boards,  <fcc.  Immensam:  very 
high.  Molem  :  for  equum. 

188.  Neu  tueri:  nor  defend  the  peo- 
ple under  their  ancient  religion — under  the 
religious  patronage  and  protection  of  their 
ancient  guardian  goddess,  Pallas,  or  Miner- 
va. 

190.  In  ipsum:  which  omen  may  the 
gods  rather  turn  upon  him,  to  wit,  Calchas. 
It  would  be  more  emphatical,  if  it  were  in 
ipsos^  meaning  upon  the  Greeks.  Some  co- 
pies have  in  ipsos. 

193.  dsiam.     Asia  Minor,  or  Natolia,  in 
which  Troy  was  situated.     It  is  put,  by  me- 
ton.  for  'he  inhabitants.     Uttrb.     Servius 
explains  this  by  statim.     But  the  usual  ac- 
ceptation of  the  word   is  easier,  and  more 
emphatic.    Pelopeia  mcenia  :  the  city  Argos, 
where    Pelops  reigned  :  by  synec.  put  for  ^ 
Greece  in  general.     See  Geor.  iii.  7. 

194.  Eafata:  the  same  fate  or  destiny. 

195.  Insidiis :  in  the  sense  offraudibus. 

196.  Coactis  lachrymis :  by  his  feigned  or 
forced  tears.     Some  copies  rend  cw//',  ir? 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Quos  neque  Tydides,  nee  Larissseus  Achilles. 

Non  anni  domuere  decem,  non  mille  carinae. 
199.  Hie  aliud  majus      Hie  aliud  majus  miseris  multoque  \remendum 
prodigium       mult6queQbjicitur  magis   alque  improvida  pectora  turbat.       200 
maefis  tremendum  T  j  XT  i 

Laocoon,  ductus  iNeptuno  sorte  sacerdos, 

Solennes  taurum  ingentem  mactabat  ad  aras. 
Ecce  autem  gemini  a  Tenedo  tranquilla  per  alta 
204.  Gemini  angues  (Horresco  referens)  immensis  orbibus  angues 

venientes  a  Tenedo  per  lncumbunt  pelago,  pariterque  ad  litora  tendunt :        205 
Pectora  quorum  inter  fluctus  arrecta,  jubaeque 
Sanguineee  exsuperant  undas  :  pars  caetera  pontum 
Pone  legit,  sinuatque  immensa  volumine  terga. 
Fit  sonitus  spumante  salo  :  jarnque  arva  tenebant, 
210.  Suffecti  quoad  Ardentesque  oculos  suffecti  sanguine  et  igni,  210 

ardentes  Sibila  lambebant  linguis  vibranfibus  ora.  ^ 

Diffugimus  visu  exsangues :  illi  agmine  certo 
Laocoonta  petunt :  et  primuin  parva  duorum 
Corpora  natorum  serpens  amplexus  uterque 


NOTES. 


tb.6  nom.  agreeing  with  nos,  meaning  the 
Trojans.  But  this  is  not  so  easy  and  natu- 
ral ;  nor  does  it  so  well  agree  with  the  sub- 
ject. The  poet  uniformly  represents  Sinon 
as  an  impostor,  a  cheat,  and  all  his  words 
and  tears  feigned  and  dissembled.  Servius 
strongly  insists  upon  coactis.  Valpy  reads 
coacti.  Heyne,  coactis. 

197.  LarisscEus :  an  adj.  from  Larissa,  a 
town  of  Thessaly,  near  Phthia,  the  place 
where  Achilles  was  born. 

198.  Mille  carince.     Homer  makes  1186 
ships  in  all,  that  went  in  the  Trojan  expedi- 
tion.    Carina,  the  keel,  put,  by  synec.  for 
the  whole  ship.     The  poets  often  use  a  de- 
finite number  for  an  indefinite,  particularly 
if  the  number  be  very  large. 

199.  Hi  c  aliud :  here  another  greater  pro- 
digy, and  one  much  more  to  be  dreaded,  is 
presented  to  our  sight,  nobis  miseris. 

200.  Improvida :    improvident — not    ex- 
pecting any  thing  of  the  kind.     Pectora :  in 
the  sense  of  animos. 

201.  Laocoon.     The   priest  of  Neptune 
having  been  put  to  death,  because,  by  liis 
prayers  and  sacrifices,  he  did  not  prevent 
the   arrival  of  the  Greeks,  Laocoon  was 
chosen  by  lot  to  sacrifice  to  that  god  upon 
the   departure  of  their  enemies.     He  was 
the  priest  of  Apollo  Thymbrceus.     Some  say 
he  was  the  brother  of  Anchises ;  others  that 
he  was  the  son  of  Priam. 

Hyginus,  who  relates  the  story,  says  the 
crime  for  which  Laocoon  was  thus  severely 
punished,  was  his  having  married,  and  had 
children,  contrary  to  the  orders  of  Apollo : 
and  that  the  Trojans  construed  this  calami- 
ty, which  befel  him,  as  an  act  of  vengeance 
of  the  gods  for  his  having  violated  the  offer- 
ing of  Minerva.  Virgil,  therefore,  judicious- 
ly introduces  this  event,  not  only  as  it  is  a 
fine  embellishment,  of  his  poem ;  but  also 


as  it  gives  the  greater  probability  to  the 
episode  of  the  wooden  horse,  and  accounts 
for  the  credulity  of  the  Trojans. 

202.  Solennes  aras  :  the  appointed  altars. 

503.  Tenedo.  Tenedos  is  here  mentioned 
to  signify,  as  Servius  says,  that  the  ships 
were  to  come  from  hence  to  the  destruction 
of  Troy.  Per  tranquilla  alta :  over  the 
smooth  or  calm  sea.  This  circumstance  is 
mentioned,  because  it  would  afford  the  Tro- 
jans an  opportunity  the  better  to  view  the 
whole  progress  of  the  serpents,  to  hear  their 
dreadful  hissings,  and  every  lash  they  gave 
the  waves :  it  adds  much  terror  to  the  hi- 
deous spectacle. 

204.  Referens:  in  the  sense  of  narrans. 
Orbibus  :  in  tne  sense  of  spirts. 

205.  lncumbunt:  with  their  immense  folds 
they  rest  (swim)  upon  the  sea  ;  and  equally 
(abreast,   head   and  head)  stretch   to  the 
shore. 

208.  Sinuat :  winds  their  huge  backs  in 
folds.  Their  necks  down  to  their  breast, 
were  raised  above  the  water  ;  the  other  part 
of  them  swept  the  sea  behind.  Juboz :  necks 
— crests.  Salo :  in  the  sense  of  mart.  Ar~ 
va :  in  the  sense  of  litus. 

210.  Suffecti  ardentesque:  spotted  as  to 
their  glaring  eyes  with  blood  and  fire,  they 
licked  their  hissing  mouths.  Vibrantibus: 
in  the  sense  of  motantibus.  Naturalists  ob- 
serve that  no  animal  moves  its  tongue  with 
so  much  velocity  as  the  serpent. 

212.  Certo  agmine :  in  the  sense  of  recto 
cursu.  Agmtn  here  denotes  the  spiral  mo- 
tion of  a  serpent,  shooting  forward,  fold  af- 
ter fold,  in  regular  order,  like  a  body  of  men 
marching  in  military  array. 

214.  Uterque  serpens:  each  serpent  em- 
bracing, twines  around  the  bodies  of  his  two 
sons,  and  mangles  their  wretched  limbs  with 
their  teeth, 


LIB.  II. 


Implicat,  et  miseros  morsu  depascitur  artus. 
Post,  ipsum  auxilio  subeuntem  ac  tela  ferentem 
Corripiunt,  spirisque  ligant  ingentibus  :  et  jam 
Bis  medium  amplexi,  bis  collo  squamea  circum 
Terga  dati,  superant  capite  et  cervicibus  altis. 
Ille  simul  manibus  tendit  divellere  nodos, 
Perfusus  sanie  vittas  atroque  venerio  : 
Clamores  simul  horrendos  ad  sidera  tollit  : 
Quales  mugitus,  fugit  cum  saucius  aram 
Taurus,  et  incertam  excussit  cervice  securim. 
At  gemini  lapsu  delubra  ad  summa  dracones 
Effugiunt,  SEevseque  petunt  Tritonidis  arcem  : 
Sub  pedibusque  Dea3,  clypeique  sub  orbe  teguntur. 
Turn  vero  tremefacta  novus  per  pectora  cunctis 
Insinuat  pavor  :  et  scelus  expendisse  merentem 
Laocoonta  ferunt  ;  sacrum  qui  cuspide  robur 
Laeserit,  et  tergo  sceleratam  intorserit  hastam. 
Ducendum  ad  sedes  simulacrum,  orandaque  Divee 
Numina  conclamant. 

Dividimus  muros,  et  moenia  pandimus  urbis. 
Accingunt  omnes  operi  :  pedibusque  rotarum 
Subjiciunt  lapsus,  et  stupea  vincula  collo 


3411 


215 


216.  Post,  corripiunt 
ipsum  subeuntera  aux- 
ilio natorum 


220 


225 


223.  Tales  mugitus, 
quales  taurus  tollit,  cum 
saucius 


229.  Insinuat  sc  nobi* 
230  cunctis 


235 


NOTES. 


Dr.  Trapp  renders  depacituf,  devours; 
but  there  is  no  necessity  of  this  ;  for  it  often 
signifies  no  more  than  to  mangle,  prey  upon, 
waste,  or  consume  away.  Beside,  we  can 
hardly  suppose  that  the  serpents  devoured  or 
eat  up  the  bodies  of  his  sons,  'and  then  laid 
hold  upon  the  father,  to  satiate  their  hunger. 

There  was  a  statue  in  the  palace  of  Ves- 
pasian, representing  this  story,  (as  mention- 
ed by  Pliny,)  which  showed  Laocoon  en- 
twined by  the  serpents,  and  his  sons  dead  on 
the  ground.  It  is  probable  that  Virgil  took 
this  description  from  that  statue. 

215.  Morsu  :  teeth — fangs. 

218.  Bis  amplexi.  The  serpents  embrace 
him  twice  about  the  middle ;  then  rising  up- 
ward, they  bind  their  scaly  backs  twice  about 
his  neck ;  and  holding  him  in  that  situation, 
elevate  their  heads  and  bloody  crests  above 
the  head  of  their  unhappy  victim.  Circum- 
dati.  The  parts  of  a  compound  verb  are 
sometimes  separated  by  Tmesis,  for  the  sake 
of  the  verse.  This  word  is  either  to  be  ta- 
ken actively,  in  the  sense  of  circumdantes, 
and  governing  squamea  terga;  or  we  must 
take  the  expression  as  a  Grecism.  See  Eel. 
i.  55. 

220.  Tendit:    in   the   sense  of  conatur.% 
Nodos :  the  folds  of  the  serpent. 

221.  Perfusus:  smeared, or  stained,  as  to 
his  fillets. 

224.  Incertam  securim:  the  erring  blow 
— the  axe  struck  with  an  erring  blow. 

225.  Deluora.    Deiubrum  was  properly 
the  place  before  the  temple,  or  near  the  altar, 
where  they  washed  before  they  entered,  or 
before  they  performed  sacrifice.    It  is  de- 


rived from  deluo.  Varro,  however,  thinks* 
it  was  the  shrine  or  place  where  the  image 
of  the  god  was  placed.  It  is  often  used 
for  the  temple  itself,  by  synec.  Lapsu :  by 
a  gentle  easy  motion.  Dracones:  in  the 
sense  of  serpenles. 

226.  Arcem  :  the  shrine  of  stem  Minerva. 
Tritonis,  a  name  of  that  goddess. 

230.  Ferunt :  they  declare  that  Laocoou 
justly  suffered  for  his  crime — that  it  was  a> 
just  punishment  inflicted  upon  him  for  doing 
violence  to  the  sacred  offering  of  Minerva. 
By  this  their  doubt  was  removed,  and  they 
resolved  to  admit  the  fatal  machine  within 
the  city. 

231.  Tergo:  in  the  sense  of  lateri. 

232.  Simulacrum.     Virgil  had   an  admi- 
rable talent  at  varying  his  style.     He  hath 
found  out  no  less  than  twelve  names  for 
this  horse,  all  equally  significant :  Lignum* 
Machina,  Monstrum,  Dolum,  Pinea  Clans  tra. 
Donum,  Moles,  Effigies  Equi,  Equus,  Sa- 
crum Robur,  Simulacrum,  and  Cavum  Robur. 
Ad  sedes :  to  the  proper  place — the  lull,  or 
eminence,  on  which  the  temple  of  Minerva 
stood.  Numina:  in  the  sense  of  divinitatem. 

234.  Mcenia:  properly,  the  fortifications 
or  bulwarks  of  a  city,  from  munio.  Murus : 
the  wall  that  surrounds  it.  They  are,  how- 
ever, used  indiscriminately  for  a  city,  fre- 
quently. Accingunt :  apply  themselves  to 
the  work. 

236.  Lapsus  rotarum :  they  place  wheels 
(or  rollers)  under  its  feet,  and  fasten  hempen 
cords  to  its  neck.  Lapsus  rotarum:  simply, 
for  rotas, 


212 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIH 


Intendunt :  scandit  fatalis  machina  muros, 
Foeta  armis :  pueri  circum  innuptseque  puellae 

239.  Circum  canunt  Sacra  canunt,  funernque  manu  contmijere  gaudent. 
mZ"rtoasub-J'la  -bit  mediaeque  rnrnans  .llab.tur  urbi.  240 

D  patna,  o  JJivum  domus,  ilium,  et  inch  ta  bello, 
Moenia  Dardanidum  !  quater  ipso  in  limme  portae 
Substitit,  atque  utero  sonitum  quater  arma  dedere. 
244.  Immemores  pro- Instamus  tamen  immemores,  caecique  furore, 
gH    f  Et  monstrum  infelix  sacratst  sistimus  arcc.  245 

246.  Tune  etiam  Cas-  Xunc  etiam  fatis  aperit  Cassandra  tuturis 

n£2l1£°».  ,Dfi  jussu  non  unquam  credi.a  Teucr,,. 
dita  Teucris,  ^os  delubra  Deum  misen,  quibus  ultimus  esset 

248.  Nos  miseri  TVo-Ille  dies,  festal  velamus  tronde  per  urbem. 
jani,  quibus  Vertitur  interea  ccelura,  et  ruit  Oceano  nox,          250 

Involvens  umbra  magna  terramque  polumque, 
Myrmidon umque  dolos.     Fusi  per  mceniaTeucri 
Conticuere  :  sopor  fessos  complectitur  artus. 


NOTES. 


237.  Scandit  muros :  it  ascends,  or  mounts 
over  the  ruins  of  our  walls.  They  had 
been  demolished  to  admit  it,  and  afford  it 
entrance. 

239.  Funem:  the  ropes  that  had  been 
fastened  to  the  neck  and  other  parts  of  the 
horse,  by  which  they  moved  it  forward. 

241.  Ilium,  domus  Divum :  Hium,  the  ha- 
bitation  of  the  gods ;    either   because    its 
Avails  had  been  built  by  Apollo  and  Nep- 
tune ;  or,  on  account  of  the  numerous  tem- 
ples and  consecrated  places  with  which  it 
abounded. 

242.  Dardanidum :  the  same  as  Trojano- 
rwm,  vel  Trofce. 

243.  Substitit  quater,  £e.     Some  are  of 
opinion  that  this  stumbling,  or  stopping  of 
the  horse  in  the  very  threshold,  alludes  to 
a  notion  that  prevailed  of  its  being  a  bad 
omen  for  one  'to  stumble  on  the  threshold, 
especially  when  going  out  to  war ;  as  it  is 
said  to  have  happened  to  Protesilaus,  the 
first  of  the  Greeks,  who  was  killed  on  the 
plains  of  Troy.      The  malignity  of  this 
omen  was  thought  to  proceed  from  the  Fu- 
ries, who  had  their  seats  on  the  threshold. 

244.  Immemores.      Servius   thinks  that 
Virgil  here  alludes  to  the  custom  of  the 
Romans  in  devoting  their  enemies  and  the 
places  to  which  they  laid  siege.    In  the  form 
of  words  which  they  used  upon  the  occa- 
sion, they  poured  forth  these  imprecations 
against  them :  Eique  populo  ciritatique  me- 
turn,  forinidinem,  obtivionem  injiciatis,  Dii. 
According   to   him,  immemores  will   imply 
that  the  Trojans  were  abandoned  by  the 
gods,  and  given  up  to  stupidity  and  infatua- 
tion.    Furore :  with  zeal — infatuation.  Fu- 
ror signifies  any  inordinate  passion  what- 
ever, as  love,  hatred,  anger,  zeal,  &c.     /m- 
men<.ores :  heedless — unmindful. 


245.  Infelix:  in  the  sense  ofpernictosum, 
velfatale. 

246.  Cassandra.     She  was  the  daughter 
of  Priam  and  Hecuba,  and  endued  with  the 
spirit  of  prophecy  by  Apollo,  upon  her  pro- 
mising to  grant  him  her  love ;  which,  how- 
ever, she  afterwards  refused  to  do.     Not 
being  able  to  withdraw  from  her  the  gift  he 
had  bestowed,  he  rendered  a  of  no  avail, 
by  destroying  her  credibility,  and  making 
all  her  predictions  to  be  considered  as  false. 
Jussu  Dei :  by   the  command  of  the  god 
Apollo.     Ora  :  for  os  ;  the  plu.  for  the  sing. 
Fatis  futuris :  to  our  approaching  destruc- 
tion. 

249.  Velamus  delubra.     It  was  their  cus- 
tom, not  only  on  festival  days,  but  at  all 
times  of  public  rejoicing,  to  adorn,  or  dress 
the  temples  of  the  gods  with  the  branches 
of  laurel,  olive,  ivy,  &c. 

250.  Vertitur  cozlum :    the  heavens   are 
turned  around.     By  the  diurnal  rotation  of 
the  earth,  the  heavens  appear  to  revolve 
about  it  once  in  twenty-four  hours.     The 
heavens  as  well  as  the  earth  are  divided  in- 
to two  hemispheres,  the  upper  and  the  low- 
er, by  the  horizon.  The  diurnal  hemisphere 
rises  with  the  sun,  and  sets  with  him  in  the 
west,  below  the  horizon.     At  the  same  time 
the  nocturnal  hemisphere  rises  in  the  east. 
This  tends  to   explain  nox  ruit  Oceano : 
night  rushes  from  the  ocean,  or  rises  from 
the  ocean. 

,  251.  Terramque.  There  is  a  great  beauty 
in  thus  singling  out  the  stratagems  of  the 
Greeks,  as  the  object  of  chief  attention, 
among  all  the  things  in  heaven  and  earth, 
which  that  night  concealed. 

252.  Fusi:  stretched  upon  their  beds, 
expecting  no  danger,  and  taking  needful 
repose.  Mania :  in  the  sense  of  urbem. 


jENELS.     LIB.  II. 


Et  jam  Argiva  phalanx  instructis  navibus  ibat 
A  Tenedo,  tacitae  per  arnica  silentia  Lunae,  ^255 

Litora  nota  petens :  fiammas  cum  regia  puppis 
Extulerat ;  fatisque  Deiim  defensus  iniquis,     . 
Inclusos  utero  Danaos  et  pinea  furtim 
Laxat  claustra  Sinon  :  illos  patefactus  ad  auras 
Reddit  equus,  laetique  cavo  se  robore  promunt          260 
Tisandrus  Sthenelusque  duces,  et  dims  Ulysses, 
Demissum  lapsi  per  funem ;  Athamasque,  Thoasque, 
Pelidesque  Neoptolemus,  primusque  Machaon, 
Et  M enelaus,  et  ,ipse  doli  fabricator  Epeiis. 
Invadunt  urbem  somno  vinoque  sepultam  :  265 

Caeduntur  vigiles  :  portisque  patentibus  omnes 
Accipiunt  socios,  atque  agmina  conscia  jungunt. 

Tempus  erat,  quo  prima  quies  mortalibus  aegris 
Incipit,  et  dono  Divum  gratissima,serpit. 
In  somnis  ecce  ante  oculos  mo3Stissimus  Hector       270 
Visus  adesse  mihi,  largosque  eftimdere  fletus  : 
Raptatus  bigis,  ut  quondam,  aterque  cruento 


258.  Furtim  laxat 
pinea  claustra,  et  Da- 
naos inclusos  utero  equi. 


268.  Erattempusttcc- 
/w,  quo 

270.  Ecce  Hector  moes-^ 
tissimus  visus  est  adesse 
mihi  ante  oculos  in  som- 


NOTES, 


254.  Phalanx :  properly  a  body  of  men, 
consisting  of  eight  thousand,  placed  in  a 
square ;  here  used   for   troops   in  general. 
Instructis  navibus  :  in.  their  furnished  ships. 

255.  TacilcE  Luna.    Commentators  have 
variously  interpreted  these  words.     Some 
have  understood  by  them  that  the  moon 
was  then  new  and  shone  with  feeble  light, 
and  the  darkness  in  consequence  was  fa- 
vorable to  the  Greeks,  by  preventing  disco- 
very.    Valpy  understands  by  them  the  ab- 
sence of  the  moon  during  the  first  part  of 
the   night.     The   Grecian  army,  says   he, 
may  have  chosen  the  decrease  of  the  moon, 
when  she  does  not  rise  till  near  midnight. 
This  darkness  was  favorable  or  friendly  to 
them.     But  we  are  told  by  Scaliger  and 
others,  that  Troy  was  taken  about  the  full 
moon,  when  she  shines  the  brightest.     This 
led  Ruaeus  to  understand  by  the  silence  of 
the  moon,  the  middle  of  the  night,  when 
all  things  are  silent  and  still.     But  Luna 
may,  by  meton.  be  taken  lor  nox,  as  Sol  is 
often  put  for  dies.     This  will  render  it  more 
intelligible :  the  friendly  silence  of  the  still 
(or  calm)    night.     This  is  the  opinion  of 
Heyne. 

256.  Cum  regia  puppis :  when  the  royal 
ship  erected  a  light,  then  Sinon  protected 
by,  &c.     We  are  to  understand  that  Helen 
or  Sinon  first  gave  the  signal  to  Agamem- 
non that  they  were  ready,  by  showing  a 
lighted  torch  from  the  citadel,  and  he  re- 
turned it  to  them,  by  setting  up  a  light  upon 
the  stern  of  his  ship. 

257.  Fatis :  will,  or  purposes  of  the  gods. 
Iniquis :  in  the  sense  of  adversis,  vel  infes- 
tis.    Nobis  is  understood. 

259.  Furtim   laxat   Danaos:   he    opens 
privately  the  piny  doors,  and  (lets  out)  the 


Greeks  shut  up  in  the  womb.  Here  we 
may  observe  that  Virgil  uses  the  verb  laxat 
with  both  the  nouns  claustra  and  Danaos, 
when  in  strict  propriety,  it  can  be  applied 
to  one  only.  This  is  a  freedom  which  our 
language  will  not  always  admit ;  but  it  fre- 
quently occurs  in  the  Latin  and  Greek 
writers.  See  ^En.  vii.  431. 

260.  Reddit :  in  the  sense  of  e/undit. 

262.  Lapsi  per  funem.     After  they  were 
let  out,  they  slid  down  by  a  rope,  secured 
at  the  top  of  the  horse,  and  reaching  to  the 
ground. 

263.  Pelides :  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of  Achil- 
les, and  grandson  of  PC/CMS,  king  of  Thes- 
saly.       He   was  also   called   Neoplolemus. 
See  469.  seq.     Primus.     By  this  we  are  to 
understand  that  he  was  the  first  who  de- 
scended the  rope ;  and  not  the  first,  or  chief 
among  these  leaders. 

263.  Doli :  for  equi. 

265.  Scpuitam  somno,  vinoque.  This  is 
a  very  expressive  metaphor,  representing 
the  inhabitants  of  the  city  so  deeply  in 
sleep,  and  so  silent  and  still,  that  it  would 
almost  seem  as  if  their  beds  had  been  their 
graves.  This  greatly  moves  our  pity  to- 
wards the  Trojans,  and  our  indignation 
against  Sinon  and  the  treacherous  Greeks. 
Accipiitnt :  in  the  sense  of  admitlunt.  Por- 
tis patentibus  may  be  put  absolutely. 

267.  Conscia :  friendly  ;  or  conscious,  be- 
cause they  were  acquainted  with  the  plan 
of  attack. 

268.  JEgris :  in  the  sense  offessis. 

269.  Dono  :  by  the  favor,  or  indulgence. 
Serpit :  creeps,  or  spreads  over  them.     This 
is  extremely  significant,     lilts,  vel  iis,  is  to 
be  supplied. 

272.    Bigi*:    Bigaz,  properly  a  chariot 


214 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


273.  Trajectus  quoad  Pulvere,  perque  pedes  trajectus  lora  tumentes. 
Hei.mihi,  qualis  erat!  quantum  mutatus  ab  illo 

275.    Indutus   quoad  Hectore,  qui  redit.  exuvias  indutus  Achillis,  275 

Danaum  Phrygios  jaculatus  puppibus  ignes  ! 

arbam,  et  concretos  sanguine  crines, 
V°*277.    Nunc    gerens  Vulneraque  ilia  gerens,  quae  circum  plurima  muros 
squalentem  barbam,  et  Accepit  patrios  :   ultro  flens  ipse  videbar 
crines  Compellare  virum,  et  mcestas  expromere  voces  :      280 

tatf  ab°  Sbus°orisPve"  °  1UX  Dardani[E  !   sP.es  6  fidissima  Teucrum  ! 
ntsT  Ut  ^nos  defessi  as-  Quae  tantas  tenuere  morae  ?  quibus  Hector  ab  oris 
picimus  te,post  Expectate,  venis  ?  ut  te  post  multa  tuorum 

Funera,  post  varies  hominumque  urbisque  labores, 
Defessi  aspicimus  ?  qua?  causa  indigna  serenos         285 
Foedavit  vultus  ?  aut  cur  hsec  vulnera  cerno  ? 


287.  Hie  respondit  ni-      e  "       :  nee  me  quaerentem  vana  moratur  ; 
hil  ad  IUK  :  Sed  graviter  gemitus  imo  de  pectore  ducens  : 

288.  Graviter  ducens  Heu  !  iuge,  nate  Dea,  teque  his,  ait,  eripe  flammis. 


Hostis  habet  muros  ;  ruit  alto  a  culmine  Troja  : 
*"^I.*5teAMrtrft,fais-®at  patriae  Priamoque  datum:  si  Pergama  dextra 
sent  defensa  etiam  hac  «->efendi  possent,  etiam  hac  defensa  fuissent. 
mea  dextra.  Sacra,  suosque  tibi  commendat  Troja  Senates  : 

294.    Quaere    moema  jjos  cape  fatOrum  comites  :  his  moenia  quaere, 

»ic    niico   cfntnoc  mnnrn^      _  _ 

}"  inagna  pererrato  statues  quae  denique  ponto. 
Sic  ait,  et  manibus  vittas,  Vestamque  potentem, 
jEternumque  adytis  effert  penetralibus  ignem. 


290 


295 


NOTES. 


drawn  by  two  horses.  Here  it  means  the 
chariot  of  Achilles,  behind  which  Hector's 
dead  body  was  drawn  around  the  walls  of 
Troy  several  times.  See  Jin.  i.  99. 

273.  Trajectus-que  per  tumentes :    pierced 
through  his  swelling  feet  with  thongs.     It 
agrees  with  Hector,  mentioned  above. 

274.  Qualis  erat !   how  he  looked  !    how 
much  changed  from  that  Hector,  &c. 

275.  Indutus  exuvias :  clad  in  the  spoils 
of  Achilles.  When  Achilles  left  the  Greeks 
in  disgust,  his  friend  Patroclus  requested  of 
him  the  favor  of  wearing  his  armour,  with 
a  view  of  striking  the  greater  terror  to  the 
Trojans.      He   was  slain  by  Hector,  and 
stripped  of  his  armour.     See  Eel.  i.  55. 

280.  Expromere :  to  utter  these  sorrowful 
words.     This  word  is  very  appropriate  here ; 
it  shows  him  laboring  to  bring  out  his  words 
and   give   them   utterance,  like   a   person 
drawing  a  heavy  load. 

281.  Lux :  in  the  sense  of  solus. 

282.  Tantoz :  in  the  sense  of  longcc.    The 
pron.  te  is  understood. 

283.  Expectate :  earnestly  desired,  or 
longed  for.  Ut  defessi :  how  gladly  do  we, 
worn  out,  (with  toil  and  fatigne.)  see  thee, 
after  the  many  deaths  of  thy  friends,  &c. 
By  labores  hominum,  perhaps  we  are  to  un- 
derstand the  disasters  of  their  allies,  and 
by  labores  urbis,  the  disasters  of  his  country- 
men. Urbis :  the  city;  by  melon,  put  for 
the  inhabitants. 


286.  Fcednvit :  hath  disfigured  thy  serene 
countenance. 

287.  Mo  atur :  nor  did  he,  by  answering 
these  questions,  detain  me,  £c. 

291.  Sat  datum:  enough  has  been  done 
for  our  country,  and  for  Priam.  Sat  here 
performs  the  office  of  a  noun.  Pergama : 
properly  the  fort  arid  fortifications  of  Troy, 
but  frequently  used  and  taken  for  the  whole 
city,  as  in  the  present  case,  by  synec. 

293.  Penates.    Macrobius. inhis Saturna- 
lia, explains  the  Penates  to  be  tho&t  irods  by 
whom  we  breathe,  and  to  whom  we  owe  the 
faculties  of  our  minds  and  bodies,  i.  e.  Ju- 
piler,  Juno,  and  Minerva.    To  these  he  adds 
fiesta :  on  which  account  the  consuls,  and 
other  magistrates,  when  they  entered  upon 
their  offices,  used  to  pay  divine  honors  to 
the  Penates,  and  Vesta.     This  seems  to  be 
confirmed  by  the  passage  before  us,  where 
Vesta  is  delivered  to  the  care  of  ./Eneas,  as 
well  as  the  Penates.     These  gods,  he  ob- 
serves, were  styled  the  great  gods.     They 
were  also  styled  powerful :  on  which  account 
Virgil  here  styles   Pesta,  the  powerful  god- 
dess :  Vestam  potentem. 

Dionysius  Halycarnassus  informs  us,  that, 
the  symbols  of  these  Penates  at  Home  were 
two  wooden  statues  of  young  men,  in  a  sit- 
ting posture,  with  javelins  in  their  hands. 

294.  Mania:  inthesenseofurbem.    Fa- 
torum  :  of  thy  fortunes. 

297.  jEternum  ignem.  The  sacred  fire  was 


JENEIS.     LIB.  11. 


Diverse  interea  miscentur  moenia  luctu : 
Et  magis  atque  magis  (quanquam  secreta  parentis 
Anchisae  domus,  arboribusque  obtecta  recessit) 
Clarescunt  sonitus,  armorumque  ingruit  horror.  . 
Excutior  somno,  et  summi  fastigia  tecti 
Ascensu  supero,  atque  arrectis  auribus  adsto. 
In  segetem  veluti  cum  flamma  furentibus  Austris 
Incidit ;  aut  rapidus  montano  flumine  torrens 
Sternit  agros,  sternit  sata  laeta  boumque  labores, 
Praecipitesque  trahit  sylvas  :  stupet  inscius  alto 
Accipiens  sonilum  saxi  de  vertice  pastor. 
Turn  vero  maniiesta  fides,  Danaurnque  patescunt 
Insidiae  ;  jam  Deiphobi  dedit  ampla  ruinam, 
Vulcano  superante,  dornus  :  jam  proximus  ardet 
Ucalegon  :  Sigea  igni  freta  lata  relucent. 
Exoritur  clamorque  virum,  clangorque  tubarum. 
Anna  amens  capio,  nee  sat  rationis  in  armis  : 


}.£t  sonitus  clares- 
cunt  magis  atque  magis 


300 


305 


309.  Fides  verborum 
3 10  Hectoris  fuit  manifesta 


314.  Nee  erat  sat  ra- 
tionis mihi  in  armis.  Sed 
animi  ardent  glomerare 


NOTES. 


kept  burning  all  the  year.  It  was  brought 
by  jEneas  into  Italy,  where  Numa  Pompilius 
re-established  the  order  of  the  Vestal  Vir- 
gins ;  whose  office  was  to  preserve  this  fire 
in  the  temple  of  Vesta.  It  was  suffered  to 
die  away  on  the  last  day  of  the  year,  and 
was  rekindled  again  on  the  first  day  of  March 
from  the  beams  of  the  sun.  The  origin  of 
this  religious  custom  seems  to  have  been  de- 
rived from  the  Persians,  who  were  famous 
for  worshipping  the  sun,  and  the  fire,  as  an 
emblem  of  that  luminary.  This  everlasting 
fire  was  not  only  preserved  in  the  temple  of 
Vesta,  but  aiso  in  private  houses,  and  in  the 
palaces  of  the  great ;  where  was  an  altar 
to  Jupiter  Hercceus,  on  which  fire  was  kept 
perpetually  burning.  Some  suppose  that 
this  was  the  fire  which  Priam  had  consecra- 
ted on  the  altar,  at  which  he  was  slain. 
Adytis.  Adytum  properly  was  the  most 
sacred  part  of  the  temple — the  place  where 
the  images  and  statues  of  the  gods  were — the 
shrine.  This  was  commonly  the  mteiior  or 
middle  of  the  temple.  Hence  the  propriety 
of  adytis  penetraiibus.  It  is  often  taken  for 
the  temple  itself,  by  synec. 

298.  Diverso :  in  the  sense  of  vario. 

299.  Secreta :    private,    separated    from 
others — by  itself:  it  agrees  with  domus.  Fu- 
it is  understood. 

300.  Obtecta:    surrounded   (covered)  by 
trees,  was  retired  from  noise  and  bustle. 

301.  Sonitus  clarescunt:  the  sounds  are 
heard  more  and  more  clearly  :  and  the  din 
or  clashing  of  arms  increases. 

303.  Ascensu :  by  climbing  up,  I  ascend 
to  the  summit  of  the  palace.  By  this  we 
are  to  understand  the  watch  lower,  which 
was  usually  built  on  the  ridge,  or  highest 
part  of  the  house,  that  it  might  afford  them 
a  more  extensive  prospect.  Arrectis  auribus : 
with  listening  ears.  It  is  a  metaphor  taken 


from  those  animals  that  prick  up  their  ears 
at  every  sound  which  gives  them  alarm. 

304.  Velut  cum  flamma,  &c.     This  fine 
simile  is  taken  from  Homer,  Iliad  ii.  455. 
Austris  :  for  vent  is. 

305.  Torrens   rapidus :    a   torrent    rapid 
with  a  mountain  flood  prostrates  the  fields, 
prostrates,  &c.     Auctus  colluvie  aquarum  t 
montibus,  says  Heyne. 

306.  Sata:  properly  crops  of  corn,  from 
sero.   L(zta :  in  the  sense  of  copiosa,  orferti- 
lia. 

308.  Accipiens :  in  the  sense  of  audiens. 
Inscius  :  ignorant  of  the  cause  of  the  Found. 

309.  Fides :  the  truth  of  Hector's  words 
was  now  manifest. 

310.  De'iphobi.     Deiphobus  was  the  son 
of  Priam  and  Hecuba.      After  Paris  was 
slain  by    Pyrrhus,  he    married   Helen,  by 
whose  treachery  he   fell  a  sacrifice  to  the 
resentment  of  the  Greeks,  among  the  first 
of  his  coimtrymen.    See  JEn.  vi.  494,  et  seq. 

311.  Vulcano:  in  the  *ense  of  igne.    The 
god  of  fire,  by  meton.  put  for  fire  itself. 

312.  Ucalegon.     He  was  one  of  Priam's 
counsellors:    here  put,  by  meton.  for  the 
house  of  Ucalegon.     His  house  burns  the 
next.     Lata  Sigea  freta :  the  broad  Sigean 
straits  shine  with  the  light  of  the  flames. 
Sigea  :  an  adj.  from  Sigeum,  a  promontory 
of  Troas.     Fretum  is  properly  a  narrov. 

or  strait:  it  here  means  that  part  of  the 
./Egean  sea  lying  between  Tenedos  and 
Troas. 

313.  Exoritur  clamorque,   &c.      This  is 
one  of  the  finest  lines  that  ever  imaged  the 
sense  in  the  sound.     The  words  and  syila- 
bles  are  rough,  hoarse,  and  sonorous ;  and 
so  artfully  put  together  as  to  strike  the  ear 
like  the  thrilling  notes  of  the  trumpet  which 
they  describe.     Clangor :   in  the  sense  of 
sonus. 

314.  Amtns :  compounded  of  the  Greek 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Sed  glomerare  manum  bello,  et  concurrere  in  arcern 
Cum  sociis  ardent  animi :  furor  iraque  mentem        316 
317.  Succurrit mihi  tn  Preecipitant ;  pulchrumque  mori  succurrit  in  armis. 
mentem  pulchrum  esse         Ecce  autem>  te]is  pantheus  elapsus  Achivum, 

Pantheus  Otriades,  arcis  Phoebique  sacerdos, 

320.  Ipse  trahit  sacra,  Sacra  manu,  victosque  Deos,  parvumque  nepotem     320 
victosque  jpse  trahit :  cursuque  ameiis  ad  limiria  tendit  : 

322.  In  quo  loco  est  Quo  res  summa  loco,  Pantheu?  quarn  prendimus  arcem? 
Vix  ea  fatus  eram,  gemitu  cum  talia  reddit  r 
Venit  summa  dies  et  ineluctabile  tempus 
Dardaniae  :  tuimus  Troes,  fuit  Ilium,  et  ingens         325 
Gloria  Teucrorum  :  ferus  omnia  Jupiter  Argos 
Transtulit :  incensa  Danai  dominantur  in  urbe. 
Arduus  armatos  mediis  in  moenibus  adstans 

331    Tat  millia,  quot  Fundit  equus,  victorque  Sinon  incendia  miscet 
nunquam  venire  I  mag-  Insultans  :  portis  alii  bipatentibus  adsunt,  330 

nis  Millia  quot  magnis  nunquam  venere  Mycenis. 


NOTES. 


alpha,prurilivum,  and  mens.  It  properly  sig- 
nifies, deprived  of  reason — destitute  of  pre- 
sence of  mind,  from  any  cause  whatever. 

315.  Glomerare:  in  the  sense  of  colligere. 

316.  Animi  ardent :    my  mind  burns  to 
collect,  &c.     The   plural  here  has  plainly 
the  sense  of  Liie  singular  animus. 

319.  Pantheus :  .he  was  the  son  of  Otreus. 
Servius  informs  us,  that  on  the  overthrow  of 
Troy  -by  Hercules,  and  the  death  of  Lao- 
medon,  Priam  sent  the  son  of  Antenor  to 
consult  the  oracle  of  Delphi,  whether  he 
should  build  up  Troy  again  upon  the  same 
foundations.     Pantheus  was  then  priest  of 
the  Delphic   Apollo,  a  youth  of  exquisite 
beauty ;  and  Antenor  was  so  well  pleased 
with  him,  that  he  carried  him  off  by  force 
to  Troy.     To  make  some  amends  for  this 
injury,  Priam  made  him  priest  of  Apollo. 
However  this  may  be,  he  was  a  person  of 
great  note  and  authority  among  the  Tro- 
jans.    Sacerdos  arcis  Phcebique  /Xpaest   of 
the  tower  and  of  Apollo  :  (thaf  isj  of  the 
citadel  or  tower,  where  Apollo  was  worship- 
ped, together  with  Pallas  or  Minerva,  to 
whom  it  was  sacred. 

320.  Sacra :  sacred  utensils.    Here  again 
Virgil  applies  one  verb  to  two  or  more  nouns, 
when  in  strictness  it  can  be  applied  to  one 
only.     Trahit  is  applicable  enough  to  a  child 
who  can   hardly  walk,  and  must   be  half 
dragged  along;  but  it  cannot  so  well  be 
applied  to  things  that  are  carried  in  the  hand. 

321.  Limina.     Some  copies  have  Litora. 
But  Servius,  Donatus,  Heyne,  and  others, 
read  limina,  which  is  manifestly  to  be  pre- 
ferred.     Litora  appears  inconsistent   with 
the  case.     Beside,  it  reflects  much  honor 
upon  jEneas,  that  both  Hector  and  Panthe- 
us should  bring  the  sacred  things  of  Troy  to 
him  for  safe-keeping.     It  is  a  chief  object 
with  the  poet  to  aggrandize  his  hero. 


322.  Summa  res:  the  commonwealth — 
the  common  interests  of  his  county  ;  which 
was  the  summa  res  of  ^Gneas,  his  chief,  his 
highest  concern ;  and  will  always  be  nearest 
the  heart  of  every  good  patriot.  Virgil,  to 
show  the  haste  and  impatience  of  tineas, 
makes  him  throw  out  these  short  questions 
abruptly,  without  any  previous  introduc- 
tion. Loco :  state,  or  condition.  Reddit : 
in  the  sense  of  responded 

324.  Ineluctabile   tempus.     Ruaeus   takes 
these  words  in  the  sense  of  inevitabilis  ruina 
TrojcE.     Summa:  in  the  sense  of  suprema  vel 
ultima. 

325.  Fuimus  Troes,  fuit  Ilium :  we  Tro- 
jans are  no  more  ;  Ilium,  and  the  great  glo- 
ry of  the  Trojans,  hath  fallen. 

It  was  a  custom  among  the  Romans,  when 
they  would  intimate  a  person  to  be  dead,  to 
say /at/,  or  vixit,  to  shun  sounds  that  were 
shocking,  and  accounted  of  bad  omen.  Be- 
side, there  is  a  greater  degree  of  elegance 
in  expressing  the  death  of  a  person,  or  the 
overthrow  of  a  city,  thus,  indirectly,  by/wi/, 
stetit,  vixit,  &c.  than  in  plain  words.  The 
one  is  the  language  of  poetry,  the  other  of 
prose.  This  seems  to  be  an  imitation  of 
Euripides  in  his  Troades,  where  Andromache 
and  Hecuba  thus  alternately  complain: 
once  we  were  happy,  Hecuba :  now  our 
happiness  is  gone — Troy  is  no  more. 

329.  Miscet :  in  the  sense  of  spargit. 

330.  Bipatentibus:  in  the  sense  of  apertis. 
Doors  or  gates  that  open  both  ways,  or  on 
both  sides,  may  be  called  bipatentes.    Ad- 
sunt :  in  the  sense  of  intrant. 

331.  Mycenis.    Mycenae  and  Argos  were 
the  chief  cities  of  Greece ;  and  frequently 
put  for  Greece  in  general.     They  were  situ- 
ated in  the  Peloponnesus,    ttodie,  Morea. 


JENEIS.     LIB.  U. 


335 


Obsedere  alii  telis  angusta  viarum 
Oppositi :  stat  ferri  acies  mucrone  corusco 
Stricta,  parata  neci :  vix  primi  praelia  tentant 
Portarum  vigiles,  et  caeco  Marte  resistunt. 

Talibus  Otriadse  dictis,  et  numine  Divuni 
In  flammas  et  in  arma  feror :  quo  tristis  Erinnys, 
Quo  fremitus  vocat,  et  sublatus  ad  aethera  clamor. 
Addunt  se  socios  Ripheus,  et  maximus  annis 

Iphitus,  oblati  per  lunam,  Hypanisque,  Dymasque  ;  340  tus    maximus     annis, 
Et  lateri  agglomerant  nostro :  juvenisque  Chorcebus       Hypanisque,     Dymas- 
Mygdonides  :  illis  ad  Trojam  forte  diebus 
Venerat,  insano  Cassandrae  incensus  amore  ; 
Et  gener  auxilium  Priamo  Phrygibusque  ferebat : 
Infelix,  qui  non  sponsae  prsecepta  furentis 
Audierat. 

Quos  ubi  confertos  audere  in  praelia  vidi, 
Incipio  super  his  :  Juvenes,  fortissima  frustra. 
Pectora,  si  vobis  audentem  extreraa  cupido  est 
Certa  sequi ;  quae  sit  rebus  fortuna,  videtis. 
Excessere  omnes  adytis  arisque  relictis 
Di,  quibus  imperium  hoc  steterat :  succurritis  urbi 
Incens33  :  moriamur,  et  in  media  arma  ruamus. 


339.  Ripheus,  et  Iphi- 


que  oblati  per  Lunam 
addunt  se  socios  miki 


345 


qui  non 


349.   Si  certa  cupido 
350  est  vobis  sequi  me  au- 
dentem extrema ;  vos  vi- 
detis, quae   fortuna   sit 
nostris 


NOTES. 


332.  Angusta  viarum :  the  narrow  places, 
or  passages  of  the  streets.  Loca  seems  to 
be  understood.  It  is  used  in  the  sense  of 
angustas  vias. 

CCECO  Marte :  in  the  blind  (doubtful)  en- 
counter. It  is  so  called  on  account  of  the 
darkness  of  the  night ;  or  because  it  was 
sudden  and  unexpected,  and  resistance 
could  not,  therefore,  be  made  with  any  pros- 
pect of  success.  Marte:  in  the  sense  of 
pugna  vel  certamine. 

336.  Numine:   impulse,  or  will  of  the 
gods. 

337.  Erinnys :   this  is  a  common  name 
of  the  three  furies.     See  Geor.  i.  278.     In 
ctrnwt :  in  the  sense  of  in  pugnas. 

339.  Maximus  annis.    Some  read  annis : 
but  the  former  appears  to  be  the  true  read- 
ing from  verse  435,  seq.     Heyne  has  armis. 

340.  Oblati :  meeting  me  by  the  light  of 
the  moon. 

341.  Agglomerant:  in  the  sense  of  adhe- 
rent. 

343.  Insano :  in  the  sense  of  mag-no,  or 
rehementi.  Virgil  has  here  applied  to  C/torce- 
bus,  what  Homer  says  of  Othryoneus. 

He  was  passionately  in  love  with  Cas- 
sandra, the  daughter  of  Priam,  and  hoped 
to  become  his  son-in-law :  with  that  view 
he  came  to  his  assistance.  He  was  the  son 
of  Mygdon. 

345.  Furentis:  furens  here  means  inspi- 
red— prophetic.  Sponsa :  properly  a  woman 
promised,  or  betrothed  in  marriage ;  from 
the  verb  spondto  :  also  a  young  married  wo- 


347.  Audere  in  prcdia :  to  have  courage 
for  fight — to  be  ready  to  engage.     Qwo*  : 
in  the  sense  of  illos. 

348.  Super  his:  upon  these  things.  Hav- 
ing observed  them  collected  together,  and 
prepared  for  fight,   he   then  begins.     Or, 
super  his  may  be  in  the  sense  of  ad  here,  to 
these  things — to  their  readiness  and  courage 
for  fight,  he  begins.     Servius  takes  them 
differently.     /  begin  in  these  words,  the  more 
to  animate  them.     In  this  case,  super  must 
be  for  insuper;  in  the  former,  a  prep.     Da- 
vidson follows  Servius.    Heyne  has  post  hate 
— inde. 

248.  Juvenes,  pectora:  there  is  a  great 
confusion,  and  neglect  of  order  and  method, 
in  this  speech,  to  mark  the  hurry  and  dis- 
order of  ^Eneas'  mind.  O  youths,  souls  most 
valiant !  Frustra  :  in  vain ;  because  they 
could  not  save  their  country. 

349.  Certa  cupido:    a   fixed,  determined 
resolution.     Audentem:  in  the  sense  of  ttn- 
tantetn.     Cupido  :  in  the  sense  of  animus. 

351.  Omnes  Di,  quibus:  all  the  gods, 
by  whom  this  empire  stood,  have  departed 
from,  &c.  It  was  a  prevailing  opinion  that 
a  city,  or  place,  could  not  be  taken,  while 
its  tutelary  .divinities  remained  in  it.  It  was 
the  practice,  therefore,  of  the  besiegers  to 
invite,  or  call  them  away.  For  this  reason 
the  Romans  took  care  to  conceal  the  Latin 
name  of  the  god  under  whose  protection 
Rome  was ;  and  the  priests  were  not  allow- 
ed to  call  the  Roman  gods  by  their  name?, 
lest,  if  they  were  known,  an  enemy  might 
solicit  and  entico  them  nway.  T"  th<- 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Una  salus  victis,  nullam  sperare  salutem.;> 
Sic  animis  juvenum  furor  additus.    Inde  lupi  ceu     355 
Raptores,  atra  in  nebula,  quos  improba  ventris 
357.  Quos  improba  Exegit  csecos  rabies,  catulique  relicti 
l^antr /coecos    rvT^  Faucibus  exPectant  siccis  =  per  tela,  per  hostes 
gwos^nie  ^tidf^reUcS  Vadimus  haud  dubiam  in  mortem,  mediaeque  tenemus 
in  antris  Urbis  iter :  nox  atra  cava  circumvolat  umbra.  360 

359.  Sic  nos  vadimus      Quis  cladem  illius  noctis,  quis  funera  fando 
Per  tela  Explicet  ?  aut  possit  lachrymis  aequare  labores  ? 

•>  Urbs  antiqua  ruit,  multos  dominata  per  annos  : 

Plurima  perque  vias  sternuntur  inertia  passim 

365.  Domos  hominum,  Corpora,  perque  domos,  et  relligiosa  Deorum  365 

GiPer  Limina.     Nee  soli  pcenas  dant  sanguine  Teucri : 

Quondam  etiam  victis  redit  in  praecordia  virtus, 
368.  Ubique  est  crude-  Victoresque  cadunt  Danai :  crudelis  ubique 

Luctus,  ubique  pavor,  et  plurima  mortis  imago. 
370.  Androgeos  pri-      Primus  se  Danaum,  magna  comitante  caterva,       370 
mus  Danaum  offert  se  Androgeos  offert  nobis,  socia  agmina  credens, 
nobis,    magna  caterva  Inscius  .  atque  uitro  verbis  compellat  amicis  : 
comitante  eum.  credens  -ri     .• 

nostra  agmina  e«e  socia  Festmate,  vin  :  nam  quae  tarn  sera  moratur 
Segnities  ?  alii  rapiunt  incensa  feruntque 


lis 


NOTES. 


torn  the  poet  may  here  allude  :  or  rather  to 
the  poetical  fiction,  that  when  Troy  was  like 
to  be  taken,  the  gods  were  seen  carrying 
away  their  statues  from  the  temples. 

354.  Una  salus:     the  only  safety  to  the 
X'anquished,  is,  to  hope  for  no  safety.     This 
is   the    same  argument    which  the   brave 
Leonidas  used  to  animate  his  men  to  sell 
their  lives  as  dear  as  possible.     Una :  in  the 
sense  of  sola. 

355.  Inde  ceu  lupi :    after  that,  as  rave- 
nous wolves  in  a  dark  night,  which  exces- 
sive hunger  hath  driven  out  blind  to  danger, 
&c.  Improba  rabies  ventris  :  excessive  greed- 
iness of  the  belly — pressing  hunger.     Rap- 
tores  :  in  the  sense  of  rapaces,  ravenous,  ra- 
pacious.    Dr.  Trapp  objects  to  the  justness 
of  this  simile;  but  the  comparison  does  not 
lie  in  the  action,  but  in  the  manner  of  per- 
forming it.     As   hungry  rapacious  wolves 
are  forced  from  their  retreats  precipitately 
into  danger,  without  fear  or  dread,  so  we 
rush  desperately  on  our  foes,  looking  death 
and  danger  in  the  face.     The  poet  mentions 
another  circumstance.    Catuli  relicti :  their 
whelps,  left  behind,  wait  with  parched  jaws. 
By  which  he  intended  to   represent  those 
animals  in  their  fiercest  and  most  ravenous 
state  ;  and,  therefore,  the  more  proper  to  de- 
note the  fierceness  and  rage  of  men  driven  to 
despair.     In  atra  nebula :  in  the  dark  night ; 
because  in  the  night,  or  dark  weather,  they 
are  the  fiercest  and  least  mindful  of  danger. 

359.  Vadimus :  we  march  to  certain 
death,  and  take  the  way  through  the  middle 
of  the  city.  This  circumstance  is  mention- 
ed to  show  their  courage  and  intrepidity. 
Afterward  he  is  afraid  of  the  enemy,  when 


he  has  in  charge  his  aged  father,  his  wife, 
and  infant  son  ;  and  endeavors  to  shun  them 
by  tracing  out  the  by-paths  and  unfre- 
quented lanes. 

361.  Fando:  in  the  sense  of  verbis. 

362.  Labores  :  disasters — toils. 

365.  Inertia  corpora.     By  these  bodies,  it 
is  most  probable  we  are  to  understand  the 
feeble  and  helpless  part  of  the  inhabitants — • 
old  men,  women,  and  children  ;  and  all  who 
did  not  take  up  arms  in  defence  of  their 
country  :  they  were  slain  (sternuntur)  every 
where,  in  their  own  houses,  in  the  streets, 
and  in  the  temples  whither  they  had  fled  for 
protection.     They  are  called  inertia  in  op- 
position to  those  who  dared  to  make  resist- 
ance, and  nobly  die.     This  is  much  better 
than  to  take  corpora  in  the  sense  of  cadavera, 
as  is  usually  done ;  for  then  the  epithet  iner- 
tia would  be  quite  useless  and  superfluous. 

366.  Relligiosa  limina :  the  sacred  tem- 
ples of  the  gods.      Limen,  the  threshold, 
by  synec.  put  for  the  temple.     Dant  ptenas 
sanguine :    simply,  suffer  punishment  with 
their  blood — by  shedding  their  blood. 

367.  PrcBCordia :    in  the  sense  of  corda, 
vel  pectora. 

369.  Plurima  imago  :  very  many  forms  of 
death.  This  mode  of  expression  is  common 
with  Virgil,  and  is  conformable  to  the  Latin 
idiom.  So  multa  virtus — multusque  honos. 
jEn.  iv.3.  Such  expressions,  however,  con- 
vey an  idea  of  plurality  rather  than  of  unity ; 
and,  in  our  language,  require  to  be  rendered 
in  the  plural  number. 

271.  Socia:  friendly.  Androgeos  took 
them  to  be  of  the  party  of  the  Greeks. 

374.  JMzro  qua  segnities :  what  sloth  so 


.     LIB.  11. 


Pergama :  vos  celsis  nunc  primum  a  navibus  ids  ? 
Dixit :  et  extemplo  (neque  enim  responsa  dabantur 
Fida  satis)  sensit  medios  delapsus  in  hostes. 
Obstupuit,  retroque  pedem  cum  voce  repressit. 
Improvisum  aspris  veluti  qui  sentibus  anguem 
Pressit  humi  nitens,  trepidusque  repente  refugit 
Attollentem  iras,  et  ccerula  colla  tumentem. 
Haud  secus  Androgeos  visu  tremefactus  abibat. 
Irruimus,  densis  et  circumfundimur  armis  : 
Ignarosque  loci  passim  et  formidine  captos 
Sternimus  :  aspirat  primo  fortuna  labori. 
Atque  hie  exultans  successu  animisque  Chorcebus, 
O  socii,  qua  prima,  inquit,  fortuna  salutis 
Monstrat  iter,  quaque  ostendit  se  dextra,  sequamur 
Mutemus  clypeos,  Danaumque  insignia  nobis 
Aptemus :  dolus,  an  virtus,  quis  in  hoste  requirat  ? 
Arma  dabunt  ipsi.     Sic  fatus,  deinde  comantem 
Androgei  galeam,  clypeique  insigne  decorum 
Induitur  :  laterique  Argivum  accommodat  ensem. 
Hoc  Ripheus,  hoc  ipse  Dymas,  omnisque  juventus 
Laeta  facit :  spoliis  se  quisque  recentibus  armat. 
Vadimus  immixti  Danais,  haud  numine  nostro : 
Multaque  per  caecam  congressi  praelia  noctem 


379.  Veluti  homo  qui 
nitens  humi  pressit  an- 
OQA  quern    improvisum    ex 
5U  aspris  sentibus 

381.  Refugit  euro  at- 
tollentera 


385 


337.  Q  socii,  qua  for- 
tuna  prima  monstrat 
«<>W*  iter  salutis,  qua- 

390  ^ 


hoste 
virtus. 


an 


Ipsi  occisi 


394.    Ripheus  facit 
395  hoc,  Dymas  ipse  facit 


NOTES. 


late  detains  you.     Rapiunt :  in  the  sense  of 
vastant.     Ferunt :  in  the  sense  of  evtrtunt. 

376.  Extemplo  sensit :    he  instantly  per- 
ceived that  he  had  fallen  into  the  midst  of 
enemies.     Delapsus  :  in  the  sense  of  delap- 
sum  esse.     A  Grecism. 

377.  Fida  :  in  the  sense  of  arnica.    Neque  : 
in  the  sene  of  non. 

378.  Repressit  pedem :  he  retreated  back 
with  his  words.     As  soon  as  he  perceived 
his  mistake,  he  retreated  back. 

379.  jfcpris :  by  syncope  for  asperis.  This 
simile  is  taken  from  Homer,  Iliad  iii.  verse 
33.     But  Virgil  is  very  happy  in  the  applica- 
tion, and  has  improved  upon  the  original, 
by  the  addition  of  several  circumstances  that 
heighten  the  comparison,  and  give  it  more 
force  and  likeness. 

380.  Nitens  humi :  walking  on  the  ground, 
steps  upon  a  snake  unseen,  &c. 

382.  Haud  secus :  no  otherwise — just  so. 

383.  Circumfundimur :  this  verb  here  has 
an  active  signification :  we  encompass  them 
with  our  weapons  close  joined.     Or,  it  may 
have  the  sense  of  miscemur,  as  Rueeus  inter- 
prets it. 

384.  Captos  formidine.     Mr.    Davidson 
observes :  by  this  we  are  to  understand  that 
they  were  so  under  the  power  of  fear,  as 
not  to  be  able  to  exert  themselves — enchain- 
ed, arrested,  or  nonplussed  by  fear ;  and  so 
enslaved  to  it,  that  they  could  obey  nothing 
but  its  impulse.      Ruseus  interprets  it  by 
percitos  metu. 

385.  Aspirat :  in  the  sense  of/aye/.     La- 
fyori :  in  the  sense  of  conatui. 


386.  Animis:  courage — boldness. 

388.  Dextra  :  in  the  sense  ofpropitia. 

389.  Insignia  Danaum :   the  armour  of 
the  Greeks.     This  seems  to  allude  to  the 
figures,  or  images,  engraven;upon  their  buck- 
lers — those  of  the  Greeks  having  the  figure 
of  Neptune,  and  those  of  the  Trojans  the 
figure  of  Minerva.     Putting  on  the  Grecian 
figures,  was  the  same  thing  as  putting  on 
their  armour. 

Zenobius  tells  us,  that  Corozbus  was  noted 
for  stupidity :  as  an  instance,  he  mentions 
that  he  used  to  amuse  himself  on  the  sea 
shore  by  counting  the  waves  as  they  dashed 
against  it.  He  came  to  the  assistance  of 
Priam  just  before  the  city  was  taken ;  and 
now  he  shows  his  stupidity  and  want  of 
foresight  in  suggesting  a  plan,  rash  in  its 
nature,  and  wluch  in  the  event  proved  fatal 
to  him  and  his  associates. 

390.  Requirat :  ask — demand. 

393.  Induitur  comantem :  he  puts  on  the 
waving  helmet  of  Androgeos.  Induitur  is 
plainly  to  be  taken  actively,  in  the  sense  of 
induit.  Comantem:  waving  with  a  hairy 
crest.  The  crests  of  their  helmets  were 
made  of  the  hair  of  beasts.  Decorum  in- 
signe  clypei :  the  beautiful,  or  comely  figure 
of  his  shield ;  i.  e.  his  beautiful  shield — his 
shield  richly  ornamented. 

396.  Haud  nostro  numine:  not  with  our 
God.  This  is  am.  allusion  to  their  having 
put  off  their  own  armour,  on  which  was  en- 
graven the  figure  of  'Minerva,  their  guar- 
dian goddess  and  protectress,  and  put  on  tht 


220 


P.  V1RGILII  MARONIS 


Conserimus,  multos  Danaum  demittimus  Oreo. 
Diffugiunt  alii  ad  naves,  et  litora  cursu 

400.  Pars  pros  turpiFida  petunt  :  pars  ingentem  formidine  turpi 
fbrmidine  Scandunt  rursus  equum,  et  nota  conduntur  in  alvo. 

Heu,   nihil  invitis  fas  quenquam  fidere  Divis  ! 
403.  Eccc  Cassandra      Ecce  trahebatur  passis  Priameiia  virgo 
Friameia  Virgo   passis  Crinibus  a  templo  Cassandra  adytisque  Minervae, 
crinibus  Ad  cesium  tendens  ardentia  lumina  frustra, 

406.  Lumina,  wigwam  .-kumina,  nam  teneras  arcebant  vincula  palmas. 
uani,  Non  tulit  hanc  speciem  furiata  mente  Chorcebus, 

Et  sese  medium  injecit  moriturus  in  agmen. 
Consequimur  cuncti,  et  densis  incurrimus  armis. 
Hie  primum  ex  alto  delubri  culmine  telis 
Nostrorum  obruimur,  oriturque  miserrima  caedes, 
4i2.  E,x  facie  nostro-  Armorum  facie,  et  Graiarum  errore  jubarum. 
rum  armorum  Turn  Danai  gemitu,  atque  ereptae  virginis  ira, 

A  at^e'irtv^Undique  collect!  invadunt  :  acerrimus  Ajax, 
nis  crept®  ex  suis  mani-  Et  gemim  Atndae,  Dolopuinque  exercitus  omms. 
bus  Adversi  rupto  ceu  quondam  turbine  venti 

416.Ceuadversiven-Confligunt,  Zephyrusque,  Notusque,  et  Iretus  Eois 


405 


410 


415 


equis,  quondam  confli-    pumeus  atque  imo  Nereus  ciet  aequora  fundo. 
gunt,  turbine  rupto        Illi  etiam,  si  quos  obscura  nocte  per  umbram 


420 


NOTES. 


Grecian  armour,  with  the  figure  of  Nep- 
tuno,  the  inveterate  enemy  of  the  Trojans. 
Jinmixti  Danais.  It  is  one  characteristic  of 
the  valiant,  that  they  mingle  with  the  ranks 
of  the  enemy.  Homer  says  of  Diomede, 
that  lie  so  mingled  with  the  Trojans,  that  a 
spectator  would  have,  sometimes,  been  at  a 
loss  to  know  whether  he  belonged  to  the 
Trojans,  or  to  the  Greeks. 

398.  Conserimus  multa  praclia, :  we  wage 
many  a  fight.  Oreo :  in  the  sense  of  ad 
infr.ros. 

402.  Nihil  fas :  it  is  not  right  that  any 
one  should  have  confidence  (trust  in  any 
thing)  the  gods  being  against  him.  Nihil 
and  nil  are  often  used  simply  in  the  sense 
of  non.  The  verb  est  is  understood. 

404.  Crinibus  passis :  with  loose  or  dishe- 
velled hair.     Passis,  from  the  verb  pandor, 
io  be  loose  or  spread  open. 

405.  Tendens :  raising  her  glaring  eyes  to 
heaven  in  vain.     Frusta  :  in  vain,  either  be- 
cause the  gods  were  inexorable,  or  because 
she  could  not  move  the  compassion  of  the 
Greeks.     This  is  a  most  moving  represen- 
tation of  the  beautiful  prophetess  and  prin- 
cess in  distress.     No  wonder  that  it  roused 
t  he  indignation   of  this  valiant  band,  and 
brought  them  to  her  rescue.    They  avenged 
the  horrid  deed  upon  their  enemies. 

407.  Speciem :  sight— spectacle.  This  sight 
Choroebus  could  not  bear. 

409.  Incurrimus :  we  rush  upon  them  to 
the  rescue  of  Cassandra.  Densis  armis: 
with  close  weapons — in  closr  array.  Heyne 


understands  it  of  their  rushing  upon  the 
close  or  compacted  body  of  the  Greeks. 
Irruimus  in  densum  agmen  hostium,  says  he. 

412.  Facie  armorum :   from  the  appear- 
ance of  their  armour,  the  Trojans  took  them 
to  be  Greeks.     Jubarum  :  crests  or  plumes. 

413.  Gemitu :  in  the  sense  nfdolore.   The 
Greeks  (moved)  with  grief  and  resentment, 
on  account  of  the  virgin  rescued  from  their 
hands,   being  collected   together   from   all 
quarters,  attack  us.     Gemitus  here  is  plainly 
used  in  a  wider  sense  than  usual.     Both 
Ru8eus  and  Heyne  take  it  in  the  sense  of 
dolor. 

414.  Ajax.    He  was  the  son  of  O'ileus. 
He   ravished  Cassandra  in   the  temple  of 
Minerva,  for  which  he  was  afterward  se- 
verely punished  by  that  goddess.     See  ./En. 
i.  41.     Ajax,  the^on  of  Telamon,  had  som« 
time  before  killed  himself,  for  his  failure  in 
the  contest  for  the  armour  of  Achilles. 

415.  Gemini  Jltridce,:    the  two   sons   of 
Atreus,  Agamemnon  and  Menelaus. 

416.  Ceu  adversi  venti :  as  when  opposite 
winds,  &c.     This  simile  is  in  imitation  of 
Homer,  Iliad   9.     In  comparing  the   two, 
Scaliger  found  the  preference  so  much  due 
to  Virgil,  that  he  reckons  him  the  master, 
and  Homer  the  scholar.     Confligunt :  in  the 
sense  of  certant. 

419.  Nereus:  a  marine  god.     The  trident 
was  assigned  to  him  by  the  poets,  as  well  as 
to  Neptune.     See  Eel.  vi.  35. 

420.  Si  quosfudimus :  if  we  have  routed 
any  by  stratagem  through  the  shades  in  the 


.    LIB.  II. 


Fudimus  insidiis,  totaque  agitavimus  urbe, 
Apparent :  primi  clypeos  mentitaque  tela 
Agnoscunt,  atque  ora  sono  discordia  signant. 
Ilicet  obruimur  numero,  primusque  Chorcebus 
Penelei  dextra  Divae  armipotentis  ad  aram  425 

Procumbit :  cadit  et  Ripheus,  justissimus  unus 
Qui  fuit  in  Teucris,  et  servantissimus  aequi ; 
Dis  aliter  visum.     Pereunt  Hypanisque,  Dymasque, 
Confixi  a  sociis  :  nee  te  tua  plurima,  Pantheu, 
Labentem  pietas,  nee  Apollinis  infula  texit.  430 

Iliaci  cineres,  et  flamma  extrema  meorum, 
Tester,  in  occasu  vestro,  nee  tela,  nee  ullas 
Vitavisse  vices  Danaum  :  et,  si  fata  fuissent 
Ut  caderem,  meruisse  manu.     Divellimur  inde, 
Iphitus  et  Pelias  mecum  :  quorum  Iphitus  aevo          435 
Jam  gravior,  Pelias  et  vulnere  tardus  Ulyssei. 

Protiniis  ad  sedes  Priami  clamore  vocati. 
Hie  vero  ingentem  pugnam,  ceu  caetera  nusquam 
Bella  forent,  nulli  tota  morerentur  in  urbe  : 
Sic  Martem  indomitum,  Danaosque  ad  tecta  ruentes  440 


422.  Illi  etiam  appa- 
rent ;  primijwc 


427.    Qui  fuit  unus 
justissimus,  et 


432.  Tester  vos,  me 
vitavisse  nee  tela,  nee 
ullas  vices  Danaum 


438.   Hie  vero  cer/rt- 
inus  ingentem  pugnam. 


NOTES. 


dusky  night,  &c.  they  also  appear.  Menti- 
ta  tela :  false  or  fictitious  armour  N  It  pur- 
ported that  those  who  wore  it  were  Greeks ; 
but  in  truth  were  Trojans. 

423.  Signant  ora :  they  observe  our  words 
differing  in  sound  from  theirs.     We  speak 
not  their  language,  and,  therefore,  they  know 
there  must  be  some  deception  in  the  busi- 
ness.   Some  understand  by  sono,  the  Grecian 
watch-word.     Ora  :  in  the  sense  of  verba,by 
melon. 

424.  Ilicet  obruimur :   instantly   we   are 
overpowered  by  numbers.     The  word  ilicet 
was  anciently  used  in  the  sense  of  actum  est : 
all  is  over.     It  was  an  expression  used  by 
the  judge,  who,  when  he  thought  fit  to  put 
an  end  to  business,  ordered  the  crier  to  pro- 
nounce ilicet,  i.  e.  ire  licet :  all  may  go — the 
business  is  over. 

425.  Armipotentis  Divce :  the  warlike  god- 
dess—Pallas.     See  Geor.  i.  18.     Penele'i: 
Peneleus  was  one  of  the  five  generals  of  the 
Beotians  who  came  to  the  Trojan  war. 

428.  Visum  aliter  Dis.   Having  mention- 
ed that  his  friend  was  the  most  just,  and 
jnost  observant  of  justice  among  the  Tro- 
jans, .<Eneas  certainly  could  not  mean  that 
it  seemed  otherwise  to  the  gods.    Something 
it  is  evident  must  be  understood.     Now,  the 
mention  of  this  excellent  man,  would  natu- 
rally suggest  the  reflection  that  he  deserved 
a  better  end :  he  ought  not  to  have  fallen 
with  the   rest;  but  he  checks  himself:  Djs 
aliter  visum  :  it  seemed  otherwise  to  the  gods. 
Commentators  have  been  much  divided  in 
opinion  upon  these  words.     But  in  this  view 
they  are  plain  and  intelligible.     The  verb 
tst  is  understood. 

429.  Nee  tna  phm-mn  ji/ffna :  nor  did  thy 


great  piety,  nor  the  fillets  of  Apollo,  protect 
thee  from  falling. 

431.  Iliaci  cineres :  ye  Trojan  ashes,  and 
the  last  flames  of  my  country,  I  call  you  to 
witness,  that,  &c.  Vices.  By  this  Servius 
understands  pugna,  fights;  because  they 
fought  by  courses.  Scaliger  takes  it  to 
mean  wounds  and  deadly  blows,  rulnera  el 
ccedes ;  because  wounds  in  fighting  are  mu- 
tually given  and  received.  Donatue  consi- 
ders it  "an  allusion  to  the  gladiators ;  the 
verb  vilo,  joined  with  it,  being  a  term  used 
in  fencing  to  parry  off  a  thrust,  in  opposition 
to  peto,  to  aim  one.  For  vices,  Ruceus  says 
pericula.  Heyne  says  casus  pugnce. 

433.  Fuissent :  in  the  sense  of  sinuissent. 

434.  Meruisse  manu :  that  I  merited  it  by 
this  right  hand,  i.  e.  by  fighting.     There  is 
something  noble  in  this  sentiment.     It  con- 
siders death  as  a  prize  or  reward,  which  the 
valiant  win  by  their  merit  or  valor.     This 
agrees  with  his  former  reflection  :  pttlchrwn 
quemori  succurrit  in  annis.     Dircllimnr  in- 
dc  Iphitus,  et :  we  are  torn  away  from  thence. 
He  speaks  of  it  as  a  great  aiiliction ;  and. 
as  it  were,  accuses  his  fate  that  denied  him 
the  honor  of  so  glorious  a  death. 

435.  Gravior  wo :  Iphitus  was  now  op- 
pressed or  enfeebled  with  age  ;  and  Pelias 
disabled  by  a  wound  which  ho  had  received 
from  Ulysses.     JKvo  :  for  annis. 

437.  Protinus :    immediately — in  haste. 
Vocati :  sumus  is  understood. 

438.  Ctu :  in  the  sense  of  quasi.     It  is 
understood    before   nulli.      Bdla:    in    the 
sense  of  pugnce. 

440.  Martem  •indoniiium:  Mars,  furious, 
ungoverned.  Mars,  the  god  of  war,  put  for 
war,  or  fighting  in  general.  Ad  feet  a :  to 
the  palace. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Cernimus,  obsessumque  acta  testudine  limen. 

Haerent  parietibus  scalae,  postesque  sub  ipsos 
443.  Danai  nituntur  Nituntur  gradibus  ;  clypeosque  ad  tela  sinistris 

Protect!  objiciunt,  prensant  fastigia  dextris. 

Dardanidae  contra  turres  ac  tecta  domorum  445 

446.  His  telis  parant  Culmina  convellunt  :  his  se,  quando  ultima  ceruunt, 
defenderese  ^   A  ,    ,,      ,  ,. 

Extrema  jam  in  morte  parant  defendere  tens  ; 

Auratasque  trabes,  veterum  decora  alta  parentum, 
Devolvunt  :  alii  strictis  mucronibus  imas 

451.JVb^nanimiswn^bsedere  fores  :  has  servant  agrm'ne  denso.  450 

instaurati  Instaurati  animi,  regis  succurrere  tectis, 

Auxilioque  levare  viros,  vimque  addere  victis. 
Limen  erat,  cascaeque  fores,  et  pervius  usus 
455.     Dum     regna  Tectorum  inter  se  Priami,  postesque  relicti 
Priami  A  tergo  :  infelix  qua  se,  dum  regna  manebant,         455 


NOTES. 


441.  Testudine  acta :   the  testudo  being 
formed.   The  testudo  was  a  figure  into  which 
the  soldiers  formed  themselves  in  attacking 
towns  and  other  fortified  places.     The  first 
rank  stood  upright,  the  next  behind  them 
stooped  lower  and  lower  by  degrees,  till  the 
last  rank  kneeled  down  :  all  holding  their 
targets  or  shields  over  their  heads  in  their 
left  hands.     By  these  means  they  were  se- 
cure from  the  missive  weapons  of  the  ene- 
my from  the  walls  and  towers.     To  carry 
on  an  attack  in  this  way  was  called,  agere 
testudinem  :   to  form  the  testudo,  or  target 
defence.     Limen  :  the  passage  which  led  up 
to  the  palace — the  place  before  the  door. 

442.  Parietibus.     Paries  is  properly  the 
wall  of  a  house — murus,  the  wall  of  a  city. 

443.  Nituntur  gradibus  sub,  &c.     Bygra- 
dibus,  here,  we  may  either  understand  the 
steps  that  led  up  to  the  palace,  or  the  steps  of 
the  scaling  ladders  by  which  they  mounted 
up,  or  pressed  to  get  up,  to  the  roof,  the  foot 
of  these  ladders  being  placed  at  the  very 
door-posts.     Mr.  Davidson  understands  the 
passage   in  this  last  sense.      The  former, 
however,  is  the  easier  :  which  is  the  sense  of 
Ruseus.     Ad  ipsas  portas,   says   he.      The 
Greeks  ascend  (nituntur)  by  the  steps  up  to 
the  very  doors.     Pastes,  properly  the  frame 
of  the  door,  put,  frequently,  for  the  door  it- 
gelf,  by  meton. 

444.  Protecti  sinistris :  protected  by  their 
left  hands,  (by  the  shields  which  they  sup- 
ported on  their  left  arm,)  they  oppose  their 
shields,  £c.    Fastigia :  the  roof,  or  the  eaves 
or  edge  of  the  roof. 

445.  Tecta  culmina  domorum :  the  cover- 
ed tops  of  their  houses.     Here  tecta  is  a  par- 
ticipial adjective,  from  the  verb  tego.     Its 
neuter,  tectum,  properly  signifies  the  roof  or 
covering  of  any  building.    Hence  by  synec. 
the  building  itself — a  house,  a  palace. 

447.  In  extrema  morte :  in  the  last  catas- 
trophe.    Svprema  ruina.  says  Ruaeus. 


448.  Devolvunt  auratas  trabes :  they  tum- 
ble down  upon  their  enemies  the  gilded  raf- 
ters, the  stately  decorations  of  their  ances- 
tors.    In  this  passage,  the  poet  has  drawn  a 
lively  picture  of  men  in  despair.     Some  co- 
pies have  decora  ilia  parentum ;  which  has 
a  peculiar  emphasis. 

449.  Alii  obsedere.     These  I  take  to  be 
Trojan  guards,  who  had  taken  possession  of 
the  lower  doors,  to  prevent  the  entrance  of 
the  Greeks.     Others  understand  the  Greeks 
themselves,  who  had   besieged  the  doors. 
Mucfonibus.    Mucro  is  properly  the  point 
of  the  sword ;  by  synec.  put  for  the  whole 
sword. 

450.  Denso  agmine :  in  a  close,  or  com- 
pact body.     Animi :  courage. 

452.  Levare :  in  the  sense  of  juvare. 
Victi* :  to  those  despairing — fighting  with- 
out any  hope  of  victory.  Vim. :  force — vi- 
gour. In  the  sing,  it  is  a  triptot;  in  the 
plu.  regular. 

453  Pervius  usus  tectorum :  lit.  a  tho- 
roughfare (free  communication)  between 
the  palaces  of  Priam  with  each  other,  and 
a  gate  left  free  (unobserved  by  the  enemy) 
from  behind,  where  unhappy  Andromache, 
&c. 

It  appears  that  Priam  had  two  palaces 
near  each  other,  with  a  communication  be- 
tween them ;  in  one  of  which  Hector  and 
Andromache  resided,  while  he  and  Hecuba 
resided  in  the  other.  Limen  :  an  entrance. 
CCECCE  :  private — secret.  Through  this  pri- 
vate, or  back  door,  ^Eneas  entered  the  pa- 
lace, and  ascended  by  the  usual  passage  up 
to  the  watch-tower. 

454.  Pastes :  in  the  sense  of  porta. 

455.  Qua  infelix  Andromache.    The  men- 
tion of  her  using  this  secret  passage  of  the 
palace,  gives  a  dignity  to  the  circumstance, 
which  in  itself  is  low. 


.     LIB.  11. 


Saepius  Andromache  ferre  incomitata  solebat 
Ad  soceros,  et  avo  puerum  Astyanacta  trahebat. 
Evado  ad  summi  fastigia  culminis,  unde 
Tela  manu  miseri  jactabant  irrita  Teucri. 
Turrim  in  praecipiti  stantem,  summisque  sub  astra 
Eductam  tectis,  unde  omnis  Troja  videri, 
Et  Danaum  solitae  naves,  et  Achaica  castra 
Aggressi  ferro  circum,  qua  summa  labantes 
Juncturas  tabulata  dabant,  convellimus  altis 
Sedibus,  impulimusque.     Ea  lapsa  repente  ruinam 
Cum  sonitu  trahit,  et  Danaum  super  agmina  late 
Incidit  :  ast  alii  subeunt  :  nee  saxa,  nee  ullum 
Telorum  interea  cessat  genus. 
Vestibulum  ante  ipsum  primoque  in  limine  Pyrrhus 
Exultat,  telis  et  luce  coruscus  ahena. 
Qualis  ubi  in  lucem  coluber,  mala  gramina  pastus, 
Frigida  sub  terra  tumidum  quern  bruma  tegebat  ; 


458.  Hdc  via  evado 

460.  JVo5  circum  ag- 
460  gressi  ferro  turrim 

461.  Unde  omnis  Tro- 
ja solita    est  videri,   et 
naves   Danaum    solitee 
sunt  videri 


465 


468.  Cessat  jactari  a 
Danais. 

471.  Talis,  qualis  co- 
luber est,  ubi  serpit  in 
lucem,  pastus  mala  gra- 
mina, quern  tumidum 
frigida  bruma  tegebat 
sub  terra  ;  nunc, 


NOTES. 


457.  Soceros :  her  parents-in-law — Priam 
and  Hecuba.     Astyanacta :  a  Greek  ace.  of 
Astyanax.     Some  say  he  was  carried  off  by 
Ulysses,  others  say  by  Menelaus,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  Pyrrhus,  and  thrown  over  a  preci-  0 
pice,  to  evade  the  prophecy,  which  imported 
that,  if  he  lived,  he  would  avenge  his  pa- 
rents and  country.     The  name  is  of  Greek 
origin,  and  signifies,  a  king  of  a  city. 

458.  Evado  ad  fastigia :  I  ascend  to  the 
top  of  the  highest  roof.     The  word  evado 
marks  the  danger  of  the  enterprise,  and  the 
hazard  he  ran  of  being  intercepted  by  the 
enemy. 

It  is  probable  that  by  fastigia  here,  we 
are  to  understand  the  battlements,  or  watch- 
tower,  which  had  been  built  upon  the  high- 
est part  of  the  palace.  We  may  suppose 
the  palace  to  have  been  of  different  heights, 
or  to  have  consisted  of  several  build- 
ings, differing  in  height,  and  connected 
together  so  as  to  form  one  mass,  each  of 
them  with  its  respective  roof;  hence  the 
propriety  of  the  expressions  :  summi  lecti — 
summi  culminis,  &c. 

460.  In  prcecipiti :  in  a  dangerous  place 
— in  a  projecting  situation. 

461.  Summis  t ectis :  with  its  highest  roof, 
or  simply,  with  its  top.     It  is  plain  that  tec- 
turn  here  means  the  roof,  or  ridge  of  the 
tower. 

463.  Ferro.  Ferrum  properly  signifies 
iron.  Hence  any  instrument  made  of  iron 
— any  edged  tool ;  such  as  swords,  axes,  &c. 
With  these  instruments  they  cut  the  tower 
loose,  where  the  topmost  story  gave  weak 
joints.  Mr.  Davidson  observes,  it  is  some- 
what difficult  to  determine  the  meaning  of 
summa  in  this  place ;  because  the  poet 
speaks  as  if  the  whole  tower  had  been  torn 
from  its  place,  and  not  one  story  of  it  only. 
He  therefore  thinks  we  may  understand  by 
the  summa  tabulata,  the  highest  story  of  the 


palace,  on  which  the  tower  stood,  and  to 
which  it  was  fastened  :  or  perhaps  the  high- 
est story,  or  part  of  the  tower  only,  was 
overthrown.  Labantes:  in  the  sense  of 
injirmas. 

464.  Dabant :  in  the  sense  of  habebant. 

469.  Ante  ipsum  :   before  the  very  en- 
trance, or  vestibule.     The  vestibulum  pro- 
perly was  the  court  yard  or  space  before 
the  door  of  the  house.     By  prirno  limine, 
we  may  understand  the  outer  gate ;  perhaps 
the  one  that  gave  admittance  into  the  ves- 
tibulum. 

470.  Coruscus  ahena  luce:    gleaming  in 
arms,   and  brazen  light ;  the  brass   of  his 
armour  reflected  the  light. 

Pyrrhus.  He  was  the  son  of  Achilles 
and  Deidamia,  so  called  from  the  colour  of 
his  skin,  which  was  red.  He  was  sometimes 
called  Neoptolemus,  from  two  Greek  words, 
which  together  signify  a  new  war.  He  in- 
herited much  of  the  spirit  and  temper  of 
his  father.  He  slew  Priam  while  holding 
the  altar,  to  which  he  had  fled  for  refuge ; 
and  sacrificed  his  daughter  Polyxena  at  the 
tomb  of  his  father.  After  the  destruction 
of  Troy,  he  carried  off  Andromache,  whom 
he  married ;  at  least  he  had  a  son  by  her, 
named  Molossus.  He  afterwards  married 
her  to  Helenus,  the  son  of  Priam,  upon  his 
falling  in  love  with  Ilermione,  the  daughter 
of  Menelaus  and  Helen. 

Pyrrhus  was  slain  in  the  temple  of 
Apollo,  at  Delphi,  by  Orestes,  to  whom 
Hermione  had  been  promised.  He  was  also 
called  Pdides,  from  Pelcus,  his  grandfather. 

471.  Pastus  mala :  having  fed  upon  poi- 
sonous herbs.     It  is  said  that  serpents,  when 
they  lie  in  wait  for  either  man  or  beast,  eat 
poisonous  herbs  and  roots,  to  make  their 
bite  more  fatal. 

472.  Bruma:  properly  the  shortest  day 
of  winter — the  winter  solstice ;    hence  by 


224 


P.  VIRGILII  MAROiNIS 


Nunc  positis  novus  exuviis,  nitidusque  juventa, 
Lubrica  convolvit,  sublato  pectore,  terga 
475.  Una  cum  Pyrrho  Arduus  ad  Solem,  et  linguis  micat  ore  trisulcis.    v  475 

ingens     Periphas,      et  Una  ingens  Periphas,  et  equorum  agitator  Achillis 

^r^^alr  Ar miger  Automedon  ;  una  omnis  Scyria  pubes 

tor    equorum  Achillis,  Succedunt  tecto,  et  flammas  ad  culmma  jactant. 

una  etiam  omnis  Ipse  inter  primes,  correptei  dura  bipenni, 

479.  Pyrrhus  ipse  in-  Limina  perrumpit,  postesque  a  cardine  vellit  480 

ter  primos  grates  ;  jamque  excisa  trabe  firma  cavavit 

Robora,  et  ingentem  lato  dedit  ore  fenestram. 
Apparet  domus  intus,  et  atria  longa  patescunt : 
Apparent  Priami  et  veterum  penetralia  regum  : 
485.  Danai  vident  ar-  Armatosque  vident  stantes  in  limine  primo.  485 

matos  custodes  stantes         At  domus  interior  gemitu  miseroque  tumultu 
Miscetur  :  penitusque  cavae  plangoribus  aedes 
Foemineis  ululant :  ferit  aurea  sidera  clamor. 
Turn  pavidse  tectis  matres  ingentibus  errant : 
490.   Figunt   oscula  Amplexaeque  tenent  postes,  atque  oscula  figunt.        490 

Mis  Instat  vi  patrii  Pyrrhus  ;  nee  claustra,  neque  ipsi 

Custodes  sufferre  valent :  labat  ariete  crebro 


NOTES. 


synec.  the  whole  winter.  Tumidum  :  swol- 
len, or  bloated  with  poison. 

473.  Novus  exuviis :  now,  renewed,  his 
skin  being  cast  off,  and  sleek  with  youth,  he 
rolls,  &c.  It  is  well  known  that  the  snake 
changes,  or  creeps  out  of  his  skin,  in  the 
spring  of  the  year.  Aristotle  informs  UB 
that  they  begin  at  the  head,  and  having  de- 
vested  themselves  of  their  old  garment, 
they  appear  renewed  in  youth  and  beauty. 
This  is  effected  in  about  the  space  of  twenty 
four  hours. 

475.  Arduus  ad  solem  :  raised  or  elevated 
to  the  sun ;  in  order  to  receive  his  heat,  es- 
pecially in  the  spring,  when  his  warm  beams 
are  the  most  cherishing.  Trisulcis.  The 
poets  represent  serpents  as  having  three- 
forked  tongues,  probably  on  account  of  the 
volubility  of  their  tongues,  in  which  they 
are  said  to  exceed  all  other  animals.  Micat  : 
in  the  sense  of  vibrat. 

477.  Scyria :  an  adj.  from  Scyros,  one  of 
the  Cyclades.      Achilles  was  placed  here 
in  the  habit  of  a  woman,  under  the  care  of 
Lycomedes,  king  of  the  island,  where  he 
defiled  his  daughter  De'idamia,  who  brought 
him  Pyrrhus.     Some  say  Lycomedes  gave 
him  his  daughter  in  marriage.     Pubes :  in 
the  sense  ofjuventus. 

478.  Succedunt  tecto  :  come  up  to  the  pa- 
lace, so  that  they  could  reach  the  roof  with 
the  flames.     They  advance  up  to  a  proper 
distance,  to  throw  flames  upon  the  roof. 

481.  Cavavit  Jirma  robora :  and  now  hath 
he  pierced,  or  cut  through  the  firm  wood, 
&c.  This  change  of  tense  is  very  expres- 
sive and  beautiful.  It  marks  the  violence 
of  Pyrrhus,  and  the  rapidity  of  his  progress. 
By  trabe.  here,  we  may  understand  the  bar, 


^or  crosspiece,  or  other  impediments,  on  the 
inside  of  the  door,  to  secure  it.  By  limina, 
we  may  understand  the  impediments  or  de- 
fences on  the  outside  of  the  door;  and  by 
postes,  the  door  itself,  by  meton.  The  per- 
rumpit  dura  limina,  and  the  vellit  postes  a. 
eardine,  show  Pyrrhus  breaking  through  all 
obstructions,  and  tearing  down  the  doors ; 
and  cavavit  being  in  the  perf.  tense,  marks 
the  ease  and  rapidity  with  which  the  effect 
was  produced.  Dedit :  in  the  sense  of  fecit. 

484.  Penetralia.  Penetrale  properly  sig- 
nifies the  interior  or  private  apartments  of 
a  house,  as  here — that  part  of  the  temple 
where  the  images  stood — the  place  whence 
the  responses  of  the  oracles  were  given — 
the  shrine.  Rueeus  says,  recessus. 

487.  CavcR  cedes  :  the  rooms  with  concave 
arches,  or  ceilings.  Ululant :  in  the  sense 
of  resonant.  Plangoribus :  shrieks,  or  la- 
mentations. These  rooms,  or  apartments 
of  the  females,  were  in  the  middle,  or  inte- 
rior part  of  the  palace.  This  is  expressed 
by  penitus* 

490.  Amplexoi  tenent,  £c.  This  is  an  al- 
lusion to  a  superstitious  opinion  among  the 
Romans,  that  the  door-posts,  gates,  &c. 
possessed  a  kind  of  divinity.  These,  there- 
fore, the  poet  represents  as  being  seized  and 
embraced  by  the  Trojan  matrons,  who  hoped 
by  these  means  to  recommend  themselves 
to  the  protection  of  the  deities  that  were 
supposed  to  preside  over  them.  Figunt  os- 
cula :  fix  their  lips  to  them — kiss  them. 

489.  Ingentibus  tectis:  in  the  spacious 
apartments — halls. 

492.  Sufferre:  in  the  sense  of  impedire . 
Crebro  ariete :  with  tho  frequent  strokes  of 
the  ram.  This  was  an  engine  used  in  thr 


JttNEIS.     LIB.  if. 


495     495.  Danai  rumpunt 
aditus,  immissique 

496.  Amnis,  cum  exiit 
spumeus,  aggeribus 
ruptis,  evicitque  opposi- 


Janua,  et  emoti  procumbunt  cardine  postes. 

Fit  via  vi :  rumpunt  aditus,  primosque  trucidant 

Immissi  Danai,  et  late  loca  milite  complent.^. 

Non  sic,  aggeribus  ruptis  cum  spumeus  amnis 

Exiit,  oppositasque  evicit  gurgite  moles, 

Fertur  in  arva  furens  cumulo,  camposque  per  omnes 

Cum  stabulis  armenta  trahit.     Vidi  ipse  furentem    499  tas  moles  gurgife^non 

Caede  Neoptolemum,  geminosque  in  limine  Atridas  :        fertur  in  arva  sic  furens 

Vidi  Hecubam,  centurnque  nurus,  Priamumque  per  aras    498-  Cumulo  aquarnm 

Sanguine  foedantem,  quos  ipse  sacraverat,  ignes. 

Quinquaginta  illi  thalami,  spes  tanta  nepotum, 

Barbarico  postes  auro  spoliisque  superbh 

Procubuere  :  tenent  Danai,  qua  deficit  ignis.  505     505.     Danai   teneni 

Forsitan  et,  Priami  fuerint  quae  fata,  requiras.  locum,  qua 

tJrbis  ubi  cap,*  casum,  convulsaque  vidit  f£  S^att 

Limma  tectorum,  et  medium  in  penetrajibua  hostem  ;     diu  desueta  humeris  trc* 
Arma  diu  senior  desueta  trementibus  aevo  mentibus  sevo,  et 


NOTES. 


attack  of  towns  and  fortified  places,  to 
make  a  breach  in  the  walls,  ft  was  a  long 
beam  or  piece  of  timber,  one  end  of  which 
was  prepared  with  iron,  somewhat  resem- 
bling in  form  the  head  of  a  ram,  whence  it 
took  its  name.  This  was  suspended  in  the 
middle  by  the  help  of  ropes,  to  another 
beam,  extended  across  two  posts,  and  thrown 
forward  by  the  besiegers  with  great  violence 
against  the  wall. 

493.  Postes :  the  door,  or  gate,  by  meton. 

494.  Rumpunt  aditus :  they  force  a  pas- 
sage, or  entrance. 

496.  JVbn  sic  fertur :  a  river,  when  it  hath 
rushed  forth  foaming,  its  barriers  being 
burst,  and  hath  overcome  the  opposing 
mounds  with  its  whirling  current,  is  not 
borne  into  the  fields  so  furious  with  its  flood, 
&c.  The  poet  here  gives  us  a  very  lively 
idea  of  the  rage  of  the  Greeks.  It  exceed- 
ed that  of  a  river  pent  up ;  at  length, 
bursting  its  barriers,  overflowing  the  adja- 
cent country,  and  spreading  desolation  and 
destruction  every  where  in  its  course.  Cu- 
mulo :  auctu  aquarum,  says  RUCBUS. 

501.  Hecubam.  She  was  the  wife  of 
Priam,  and  daughter  of  Cisseus,  king  of 
Thrace.  She  was  carried  into  slavery  by 
the  Greeks.  Centum  nurus.  Homer  in- 
forms us  that  Priam  had  only  fifty  sons, 
Iliad  vi.  He  could  not  therefore  have  a 
hundred  daughters-in-law,  unless  we  sup- 
pose each  one  to  have  had  two  wives.  This 
might  have  been  the  case ;  but  there  is  no 
mention  made  of  it.  To  explain  this  diffi- 
culty, some  take  the  definite  number  centum, 
for  an  indefinite  one.  Others,  among  whom 
is  Ruanis,  take  nurus  for  an  attendant,  or 
waiter,  understanding  by  centum  nurus,  the 
hundred  servants,  or  waiters  of  Hecuba. 
But  there  is  no  impropriety  in  supposing 
that  the  sons  of  Priam,  imitating  the  ex- 


ample of  their  father,  had  more  than  one 
wife  each ;  who,  in  the  whole,  might  make 
the  exact  number  of  a  hundred.  This  last 
is  the  best,  or  most  probable  explanation. 

502.  Foedantem:  defiling  with  his  blood 
the  fires  which,  &c.     In  the  open  court  of 
his  palace,  Priam  had  an  altar  consecrated, 
to  Jupiter  Herc&us,  or  the  Protector:    on 
this  altar,  we  are  told  that  hallowed  fire  was 
kept  perpetually  burning. 

503.  Illi  thalami:  those  fifty  bed-cham- 
bers, the  so  great  hope  of  posterity.     These 
were  the  separate  rooms  where  his  sons 
lodged  with  their  wives.     Homer  tells  us 
that  Priam  had  twelve  daughters,  who,  with 
their   husbands,  lodged   over   against   his 
sons.     He  had  therefore  sixty-two  children 
by  his  several  wives,  nineteen  of  whom  He- 
cuba bore  him.     The  rest  he  had  by  his 
other  wives.    All  these  bed-chambers  were 
in  Priam's  palace. 

504.  Superbi  barbarico  auro:    decorated 
with  foreign  gold  and  spoils.     The  Romans 
frequently  called  Phrygia,  Barbary.     Some 
therefore    understand   by    barbarico    aura, 
Phrygian  gold.     It  is  better  to  understand 
it  of  the  gold,  which  had  been  taken  from 
their  vanquished  enemies ;  more  especially 
since  spoliis  immediately  follows  it.     Su- 
perbi: in  the  sense  of  ornati,  or  decorati, 
Postes :  in  the  sense  of  portce. :  doors. 

505.  Danai  tenent,  &c.     The  Greeks  arc 
here  beautifully  represented  more  cruel  than 
the  flames.     The  fire  abated,  and  fell  from 
its  rage:  but  the  more  merciless   Greeks 
press  on  till  all  is  destroyed. 

507.  Casum :  in  the  sense  of  ruinam. 

508.  Limina  teclorum  convulsa :  the  door 
of  his  palace  torn  down — broken  through. 
Penetralibus :  in  the  inner  or  private  apart- 
ments of  his  palace. 


226 


P.  V1RGILII   MARONIS 


Circumdat  nequicquam  humeris,  et  inutile  i'errum 
Cingitur,  ac  densos  fertur  moriturus  in  hostes. 
^Edibus  in  mediis,  nudoque  sub  aetheris  axe 
Ingens  ara  fuit,  juxtaque  veterrima  laurus, 
Iricumbens  arae,  atque  umbr&  complexa  Penates.    • 

?^  HeCuba  Ct  nat*  ™^™™  dtaria  circum,    * 
piles,  ceucolumb«B  ™_  Praecipites;  atra  ceu  tempestate  columbae, 
lant  ab  atra  tempestate,  Condensae,  et  Divum  amplexas  simulacra  tenebant. 
etamplexsB  Ipsum  autem  sumptis  Priamum  juvenilibus  armis 

5f  ?:  Autem  Hecuba,  jjt  v\fifa  .  Qua3  mens  tarn  dira.  miserrime  coniux, 
ut  vidit  I  namum  ipsum,  T         -,-,  ,  •       •      •  ,    ,-    ™  *.       •    i   •        -A  ' 

iuvenilibus  armis  sump-  ImPullt  his  cmgl  tehs]   aut  <luo  ruis?  inqillt- 
'tis,  inquit:  Non  tali  auxilio,  nee  detensonbus  istis 

520.  Impulit  te  cingi  Tempus  eget  :  non,  si  ipse  meus  nunc  afforet  Hector. 

Hue  tandem  concede  :  haec  ara  tuebitur  omnes  ; 
524.  Aut  tu  moriere  Aut  moriere  simul.     Sic  ore  eftata,  recepit 
siraul  nobiscum.  Ad  sese,  et  sacra  longsevum  in  sede  locavit. 

Ecce  autem  elapsus  Pyrrhi  de  cacde  Polites, 
Unus  natorum  Priami,  per  tela,  per  hostes 
Porticibus  longis  fugit,  et  vacua  atria  lustrat 
Saucius  :  ilium  ardens  infesto  vulnere  Pyrrhus 
Insequitur,  jam  jarnque  manu  tenet,  et  premit  hasta. 
63J.  Tandem,  ut  eva-  jjt  tandem  ante  oculos  evasit  et  ora  parentum,         531 
Concidit»  ac.multo  vitam  cum  sanguine  fudit. 
Hie  Priamus,  quanquam  in  media  jam  morte  tenetur, 
Non  tamen  abstinuit,  nee  voci,  iraeque  pepercit  :  •/_ 
At,  tibi  pro  scelere,  exclamat,  pro  talibus  ausis,        535 
Di  (si  qua  est  coalo  pietas,  quae  talia  curet) 


511 


515 


520 


525 


0' 


NOTES. 


.>10.  Curumdal:  in  the  sense  of  induil. 
Cingitur  :  in  the  sense  of  cingit. 

512.  Sub  nudo  axe:  under  the  naked 
(open)  canopy  of  heaven.  Jlxis,  properly 
the  pole,  by  synec.  the  whole  heaven  or 
sky.  This  altar  was  situated  in  the  middle, 
or  centre  of  the  palace  —  mefcis  crdibus.  On 
this  altar,  Priam  had  consecrated  the  per- 
petual fire.  Here  he  was  slain.  If  we 
suppose  the  palace  of  such  form  and  di- 
mensions as  to  admit  a  large  space  or  area 
in  the  centre,  exposed  to  the  open  air  above, 
there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  understanding 
this  passage. 

514.  Complexa  Penates:  embracing  the 
Penates  with  its  shade.     La  Cerda  would 
understand  by  Penates,  the  palace,  or  house, 
as  the  word  sometimes  signifies;  because 
this  was  not  the  place  of  the  Penates,  or 
household  gods.     But  others  think  the  sta- 
tues of  the  Penates  were  placed  here,  on  the 
same  altar  with  that  of  Jupiter  Hercceus. 

515.  JVafee:   in  the  sense  of  jilia,  vel 
nurus. 

516.  Praxipiles  :  quick  —  in  haste. 

517.  Condenses,  circum.  :  crowded  around 
the  altars.     Simulacra:    in  the  sense  of 


19,  Miserrime:  in  the  sense  of  infelicis- 
e,  the  voc,    Conjux  is  either  a  husband 


or  wife ;  from  the  verb  conjungo.    Mens  : 
though  t — purpose . 

522.  Ipse  meus  Hector :  if  my  Hector  him- 
self were  now  here,  he  could  be  of  no  avail. 

523.  Concede:    betake    yourself   hither 
now,  in    this    last    extremity.     This  altar 
will  protect  us  all.     Altars  and  other  con- 
secrated places  were  looked  upon  as  sanc- 
tuaries and  places  of  refuge :  to  which  it 
was  usual  to  flee  for  safety. 

525.  Longcevum  :  in  the  sense  of  senem. 

526.  De  cade.  Pyrrhi :  not  from  the  death 
of  Pyrrhus ;  but  from  death  by  the  hand  of 
Pyrrhus. 

528.  Longis  porticibus :  in  the  long  pas- 
sages.    Mr.  Davidson  renders  the  words, 
the  long  galleries.     Lustrat:  in  the  sense 
of  pererrat. 

529.  Infesto  vulnere:     with  the  hostile 
weapon.     Vulnus  is  here  used  by  meton.  for 
the  wounding  instrument — the  weapon  that 
inflicts  the  wound. 

530.  Jamjamque:  almost  seizes  him  with 
his  hand,  and  presses  upon  him  with  his 
spear. 

531.  Evasit:  in  the  sense  of  pervenit. 

534.  Abstinuit:  in  the  sense  ofconticuit. 

535.  Pro  scelere,  pro:  for  such  wicked- 
ness, for  such  audacious  deeds,  may  the 
gods  make  you  suitable  returns,  &c.    Pro 


.     LIB.  11. 


Persolvant  grates  dignas,  et  pramia  reddant 

Debita  :  qui  nati  coram  me  cernere  letum 

Fecisti,  et  patrios  fcedasti  funere  vultus. 

At  non  ille,  saturn  quo  t.e  mentiris,  Achilles 

Tails  in  hoste  fuit  Priamo  ;  sed  jura  fidemque 

Supplicis  erubuit ;  corpusque  exsangue  sepulchro 

Reddidit  Hectoreum,  meque  in  mea  regna  remisit 

Sic  fatus  senior,  telumque  imbelle  sine  ictu 

Conjecit :  rauco  quod  protinus  sere  repulsum, 

Et  summo  clypei  nequicquam  umbone  pependit. 

Cui  Pyrrhus  :  Referes  ergo  haec,  et  nuntius  ibis 

Pelidae  genitori  :  illi  mea  tristia  facta, 

Degeneremque  Neoptolemum  narrare  memento. 

Nunc  morere.     Haec  dicens,  altaria  ad  ipsa  trementem  NeoptoTemum 

Traxit,  et  in  multo  lapsantem  sanguine  nati : 

Implicuitque  comam  laeva  ;  dextraque  coruscum  g53  ^c  a^idit  ew/H 

Extulit,  ac  later!  capulo  tenus  abdidit,  ensem.  ^  later!  Priami  tenus  ca- 

Haec  finis  Priami  fatorum  :  hie  exitus  ilium  pulo 


539.  Funere  tjus  Jilii 
540      540.  A  quo  mentiris 
te  satum  tssp 


545      545.  Quod  repulsurn 
est  protinus 

547.   Cui  Pyrrhus  rt- 
spondit 

549 


549.  Memento  narra- 
re illi  mea  tristia  facta. 


NOTES. 


sometimes  signifies,  in  proportion  to—Cor- 
responding to.  In  the  present  case  it  is  also 
emphatic.  Ausis.  Ausum  is  properly  a 
part,  of  the  verb  audeo ;  used  as  a  sub. 

538.  QMI  fecisti  me  eora/n,  &c.     Priam 
does  not  complain  of  his  killing  his  son ; 
but  for  the  barbarity  in  making  him  to  be 
the  witness  of   so  shocking  a  sight — for 
slaying  him  before  his  eyes. 

539.  Fcedasti  patrios:  hast  denied  a  fa- 
ther's face  with  the  dead  body  of  his  son. 
Funus,  says  Servius,  is  a  carcass  or  dead 
body,  warm  and  newly  slain.     When  "car- 
ried out  to  receive  funeral  rites,  it  is  called 
Exsequicz ;  the  ashes  of  it,  when  burned, 
are  called  Reliquice ;  and  the  interment  of 
it  is  called  tepulchrum. 

540.  At  Achilles  ille,  quo:  but  Achilles 
himself,  by  whom,  you  falsely  say,  you  was 
begotten,  was  not  such  toward  Priam,  his 
enemy. 

This  is  a  severe  sarcasm ;  as  if  lie  had 
said :  you  claim  descent  from  Achilles,  but 
your  actions  give  you  the  lie ;  no  man  of 
humanity  could  beget  such  a  son.  Satum : 
in  the  sense  of  genitum. 

542.  Erubuit  jura :  he  blushed  at  the 
laws  of  nations,  and  the  faith  due  to  a  sup- 
pliant— he  had  regard  to  the  laws,  &c.  The 
word  erubuit  is  extremely  beautiful  and  ex- 
pressive. 

After  the  death  of  Hector,  Achilles  bound 
his  dnad  body  to  his  chariot,  and  drew  it 
round  the  tomb  of  Patroclus,  whom  !  lector 
had  slain,  and  around  the  walls  of  Troy,  for 
several  days  in  succession.  At  this  piteous 
sight,  Priam  was  induced  to  go  to  Achilles, 
and  beg  the  body,  that  it  might  receive  the 
rites  of  sepulture ;  who,  after  much  en- 
treaty, and  many  rich  presents  given  him, 
restored  the  body  on  the  twelfth  ditv  after  it 


was  slain.  Virgil,  however,  forbears  to 
mention  these  circumstances,  and  attributes 
the  restoration  of  Hector's  corpse  to  the 
generosity,  justice,  and  sense  of  honor,  of 
Achilles,  in  order  to  set  the  character  of 
Pyrrhus  in  a  more  forcible  light. 

Achilles  had  it  in  his  power  to  have  de- 
tained the  aged  monarch,  or  to  have  put  him 
to  death ;  but  he  blushed  (erubuif)  at  the 
thought  of  violating  the  laws  of  nations, 
which  forbid  all  violence  to  the  person  of  a 
king ;  which  require  the  forms  of  burial  to 
be  allowed  to  the  dead,  and  the  laws  of 
humanity  to  be*observed  even  to  an  enemy, 
when  disarmed :  those  laws  he  observed, 
and  that  faith  (Jiderri)  which  is  due  to  a 
suppliant,  whose  person  has  always  been 
held  sacred  fey  the  laws  of  hospitality. 

544.  Ictu  :  in  the  sense  of  impel  u. 

545.  Repulsum :  it  was  so  repelled,  that 
it  fell  short  of  wounding  him.     It,  however, 
pierced  the  boss  of  his  buckler,  and  hung 
there  harmless,  having  produced  no  effect. 

546.  Umbone.    Umbo  was  the  middle  part 
of  the  shield.     This  rose  or  projected  for- 
ward from  the  plane  of  the  shield,  in  a  curved 
or  circular  form.     By  summo  umbone,  \vr 
are  to  understand  the  farthest  point  of  pro- 
jection ;  which  was  also  the  centre  of  tho 
shield.     Here  the  spear  of  Priam  stuck.     1: 
is  sometimes  taken  for  the  whole  shield,  by 
synec. 

547.  Ibis  nunlim :  you  shall  go  a'mes- 
sengor   to   my  father  Achilles,  whom  you 
so  much  praiso,  and  tell  him  thai  hi. 
has  deo-enerafcd  from  the  virtues  of  his  la- 
ther. 

5-18.  Trixtia:  foul — horrid.     Ru«i-u> 
indig/Ht. 

554.  Falontm  :  in  the  sense  of  ri/tz.  This 
was  the  end  of  the  lifr  of  Priam.  //.'• 


P.  VIRGILII  MAROiMS 


Sorte  tulit,  Trojam  incensam  et  prolapsa  videntem  555 
Pergama,  tot  quondam  populis  terrisque  superbum 
Regnatorem  Asiae  :  jacet  ingens  litore  truncus, 
Avulsumque  humeris  caput,  et  sine  nomine  corpus. 

At  me  turn  prinmm  saevus  circumstetit  horror : 

660.   Subiit.  mffii  in  Obstupui  :  subiit  chari  genitoris  imago,  560 

inentcm  Ut  regem  aequaevum  crudeli  vulnere  vidi 

Vitam  exhalaritem  :  subiit  deserta  Creiisa, 
Et  direpta  domus,  et  parvi  casus  liili. 
Respicio,  et,  qua;  sit  me  circum  copia,  lustro. 
Deseruere  omnes  defessi,  et  corpora  saltu  565 

566.  Dcderc  ea  segra  Ad  terram  misere,  aut  ignibus  aegra  dedere. 
isriibus  Jamque  adeo  super  unus  erarn,  cum  limina  Vestue 


NOTES. 


tus  tulit :  this  death  carried  him  off  (sorte) 
by  divine  appointment.  This  is  a  singular 
idiom.  The  several  circumstances  here 
mentioned  in  the  death  of  Priam,  aggravate 
the  cruelty  of  the  action,  and  set  forth  the 
ferocious  temper  of  Pyrrhus.  He  drew  him 
(traxit^)  trembling  with  age  and  decay  of 
nature,  to  the  very  altar  where  he  had  fled 
for  safety  ;  and  slipping  (lapsantein)  in  the 
blood  of  his  son ;  the  sight  of  which  was 
worse  than  death:  then  he  twisted  his  hair 
with  his  left  hand,  and,  with  his  right  hand, 
drew  his  glittering  sword  from  its  scabbard, 
and  plunged  it  into  his  body  up  to  the  hilt. 
Here  we  have  a  lively  picture  of  a  man  lost 
to  all  sense  of  humanity,  and  capable  of 
perpetrating  the  most  atrocious  deeds.  It 
shows,  also,  the  pen  of  a  master.  A  painter 
could  copy  it. 

556.  Pergama:  neu.  plu.  properly  the  fort 
of  Troy.     It  is  frequently  taken  for  the  ci- 
ty itself,  by  synec.     Here   it  is  used  in  its 
appropriate  sense   and   meaning,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  city. 

555.  Videntem :  it  agrees  with  ilium. 

557.  Superbum  regnatortm:  the  proud  ruler 
over  so  many  nations  and  countries  of  Asia. 
Priam  is   said  to  have   once  reigned   over 
1'hrygia  Major  and  Minor:  which  included 
the  greater  part  of  Asia  Minor,  or  Natolia. 
Ruceus  interprets  the  words   thus  :  Rtgem 
.•'lsicr.,claruin  p  ropier  tot  gvntes,  et  tot  regioncs. 
.facet  ingens  truncus  :  he  lies  a  large  trunk 
xipon  the  shore.     Some  think  the  poet  had 
Jiere  in  his  view,  the  circumstances  of  the 
death  of  Pompey,  whose  head  hia  assassins 
•  •ut  off,  and   threw  his  body  on   the  shore. 
Others  say  that  Priam  was  not  slain  at  the 
;iltar;  but  drawn  by  Pyrrhus  to  the  tomb  of 
his  father,  \vhu-h  was  on  the  promontory  of 
Kigojurn,  and  there   slain  to    appease   his 
Jlanes.     He  may  have  been  slain  at  the  al- 
tar, and  his  dead  body  afterward  cast  u^  >i\ 
the  shore.     This  supposition  will  make  the 
poet  consistent  and  intelligible.   Regnatorem 
^uit  in  apposition  with  ilium. 

vv:.  '  ,V)/y>//s-  sin  •  nom n< " :  a  body  without 


a  name.  The  head  being  the  index  of  the 
person,  that  being  cut  off,  there  is  no  means 
left  to  come  at  the  name,  or  to  distinguish 
the  person.  Or,  sine  nomine  may  mean, 
without  honor — despicable. 

561.  Ut :  in  the  sense  of  cum. 

562.  Creiisa.    The  daughter  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  and  wife  of  ^Eneas.     She  perished 
in  the  sack  of  Troy.     Direpta  :  plundered. 

563.  Casus :  in  the  sense  of  periculutn. 

565.  Saltu  :  by  a  leap  or  spring. 

566.  JEgra :    faint — worn  out  with  fa- 
tigue, so  that  they  could  fight  no  longer. 

567.  Jamque  adeo  :  and  so  J  was  now  re- 
maining alone,  when  1  behold  Helen,  £c. 
The  parts  of  the  verb  supersum  are  here  se- 
parated, for  the  sake  of  the  verse,  by  Tmesis. 

Some  critics  have  doubted  the  genuine- 
ness of  this  passage  concerning  Helen  down 
to  the  5K8th  line  inclusive.  The  reasons  as- 
signed are  three.  First :  What  is  here  said 
of  her  fearing  the  resentment  of  Menelaus, 
contradicts  what  he  says  of  her,  (lib.  vi. 
525.)  having  sought  to  make  peace  with 
him  by  betraying  Deiphobus.  Secondly  : 
That  Virgil  here  outrages  the  character  of 
his  hero,  by  making  him  entertain  a  thought 
of  killing  a  woman,  and  perpetrating  the 
deed  in  the  temple  of  Vesta.  Thirdly  :  That 
Virgil  cannot  be  supposed  so  unacquainted 
with  the  history  of  Helen,  as  not  to  know 
that  she  left  Troy  long  before  it  was  la 

In  answer  to  the  first  objection,  it  may  be 
said  that,  though  she  endeavored  to  ingra- 
tiate herself  with  Menelaus,  by  betraying 
Deiphobus  to  him,  it  does  not  follow  that 
he  was  entirely  reconciled  to  her.  And  we 
are  told  by  Euripides  that  he  carried  off 
Helen  as  a  captive  along  with  the  Trojan 
women,  with  a  view  to  have  her  put  to 
deatii  by  the  Greeks  whose  sons  had  fallen 
in  tiic  war.  To  the  second  objection,  it  may 
be  replied,  that  -/Eneas  did  not  put  her  to 
death  ;  and  even  if  lie  had,  the  deed  might 
have  been  paliated,  in  a  good  degree,  by  ;i 
consideration  of  the  circumstances  of  the, 
rase.  Ju  the  hurrv  and  confusion  of  min- 


1S.     LIB.  11. 


570      570.  Mihi  erranti,  fe- 
rentique  oculos 

571.  Ilia,  communis 
Erinnys  Trojae  et  ejus 
patrise,  permetuensTeu- 
cros  infensos  sibi  ob 

575  eversa  Pergama,  et 


Servantem,  et  tacitam  secret;!  in  sede  latentem 

Tyndarida  aspicio  :  dant  clara  incendia  lucern 

Erranti,  passimque  oculos  per  cuncta  ferenti. 

Ilia,  sibi  infestos  eversa  ob  Pergama  Teucros, 

Et  poanas  Danaum,  et  deserti  conjugis  iras 

Permetuens,  Trojse  et  patriae  communis  Erinnys, 

Abdiderat  sese,  atque  aris  invisa  sedcbat.  .... 

Exarsere  ignes  animo  :  subit  ira  cadentem 

Ulcisci  patriam,  et  sceleratas  sumere  pcenas. 

Scilicet  haec  Spartam  incolumis  patriasque  Mycenas  577.  Hsec-we  scilicet, 

Aspiciet  ?  partoque  ibit  regina  triumpho  1 .  inquiebam,     incolumis 

Conjugiumque,  domumque,  patres}  natosque  videbit,        aspiciet  Spartam 

Iliadum  turba  et  Phrygiis  comitata  ministris  ?  580 

Occident  ferro  Priamus  ?  Troja  arserit  igni  ? 

Dardanium  toties  sudarit  sanguine  litus  ? 

Non  ita  :  nainque  etsi  nullum  memorabile  nomen  583>    ^on   ita   erit  •" 

Foeminea  in  pcena  est,  nee  habet  victoria  laudem  : 

Exlinxisse  nefas  tamen,  ct  sumpsisse  merentis         585 


NOTES. 


gled  passions  with  which  his  mind  must  then 
have  been  racked,  who  could  have  blamed 
him  if  he  had  avenged  his  own  and  his  coun- 
try's sufferings  upon  her,  who  was  justly 
chargeable  with  the  guilt  of  so  many  thou- 
sand deaths,  and  the  utter  desolation  of  a 
whole  innocent  people — a  once  flourishing 
and  powerful  kingdom  ?  But  when,  instead 
of  giving  way  to  the  first  emotions  of  a  just 
resentment,  he  checks  himself,  deliberates 
upon  the  merits  of  the  action,  and  is  at 
length  prevented  from  doing  it  by  the  inter- 
position of  his  goddess  mother ;  or,  in  other 
words,  by  the  force  of  superior  judgment, 
there  is  no  reason  even  for  the  severest  cri- 
tics to  censure  his  conduct.  Lastly  :  Hero- 
dotus informs  us  that  he  learned  from  some 
Egyptian  priests,  who  had  received  the  same 
from  Menelaus  himself,  that  the  Trojans 
had  sent  Helen  to  Egypt  before  the  Greeks 
redemanded  her.  Of  this  fact,  the  liistorian 
appears  to  have  been  fully  convinced.  But 
whether  Virgil  was  acquainted  with  this 
piece  of  his  history  or  not,  it  is  suiiicient 
that  he  had  poetical  tradition  on  his  side ; 
and  that  he  is  supported  by  the  authority  of 
Homer  and  Euripides.  A  moment's  atten- 
tion to  the  style  and  manner  of  expression 
iu  these  lines,  will  convince  any  one  that 
they  are  no  interpolation.  Unas :  in  the 
sense  of  solus. 

,:>r>;>.  Sct-rantcm  limina  Vcstw ;  the  verb 
,srm<vc  signifies  to  look  after  any  thing  with 
anxiety,  and  solicitxidc  ;  with  a  jealous  eye, 
und  wiitduul  of  every  danger.  Limiiia  :  in 
the  sense  of  ti  mui  'tin. 

f/Ji).  Tyndarida:  ace. of  Ty/tcfom, a  name 
of  Helen,  the  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Leda  ; 
so  called,  because  Tyndarus,  king  of  Sparta, 
married  Leda,  her  mother. 

:<12.  Deserli  coningis :  hc:r  deserted,  or 
abandoned  husband.  Menolans. 


573.  Permetuens  :  dreading  —  greatly  fear- 
ing.    The  per  in  composition  increases  the 
signification  of  the  simple  word.      Helen 
proved  fatal  both  to  Greece  and  Troy  ;  to 
the  former,  in  the  loss  of  so  many  heroes  ; 
to  the  latter,  in  being  the  cause  of  its  ruin. 
She  is  therefore  styled  the  common  fury. 
Erinnys,  a  name  common  to  the  tliree  furies. 
See  Geor.  i.  278. 

574.  Invisa  :  hated  —  an  odious  sight  ;  ra- 
ther than  unseen,  as  Ruceus  has  it. 

575.  Ignes  exarsere  :  flames  flashed  in  my 
mind.      Ira  subit  :  my  resentment   rose  to 
avenge  my  falling  country. 

576.  Sumere  sceleratas  pcenas  :  to  take  se- 
vere punishment.     Or,  perhaps,  to  take  pu- 
nishmeat  of  such   a  cursed   woman.     The 
same  as,  sumcrc  p&nas  de  sceiLrata  fcemina. 
RUEEUS  says,  p<enas  sceleris.     lieyne,  pcenas 
sumptas  a  scelerata. 

577.  Mycenas  :  Mycen®  was  not  the  place 
of  her  own  nativity,  but  of  Menelaus,  her 
husband.     She  was  born  at  Sparta.     Scili- 
cet ha&c  :  shall  she,  indeed,  in  safety  beheld, 
&c.    These  are  all  animated  interrogatories, 
and  show  the  mind  of  yEneus  hurrying  from 
object  to  object,  and  agitated  with  a  tide  of 
passions.     At  last  he  concludes  it  must  not 
be.     She  must  suffer  the  punishment  due  ti> 
her  crimes. 

.37C.  Parto  triumpho:  having  obtained  ;; 
triumph  —  a  triumph  being  obtained. 

580.  Comitata  turbo  :  accompanied  by  a 
tram  of  Truja.n  matrons,  and  I'hrygiun  ser- 
vants, shall  .she  t-ce  her  former  marriage  bed, 
ico.  Iliadum  :  gen.  plu.  of  llias,  a  Trojan 
woman.  Conjugium  :  pristitnim  conj> 
says  Heyne.  Pal  res  :  for  pure.ites. 

5u-2.  Dardanidum:  an  adj.  tin 


'.  .\\nncn:  glory  —  renown. 


P.  VJRGILII   MARONiS 


Laudabor  pcenas;  animumque  explesse  juvabit 
587.  Meorum  tivium.  Ultricis  ilammae,  et  cineres  satiasse  meorum. 

Talia  jactabam,  et  turiata  mente  t'erebar, 
589.  Cuui  alma  pa-  cum  m\fa  S6)  non  ante  oculis  tarn  clara,  videndam 

Obtulit,  et  purl  per  noctem  in  luce  reful.it  590 

se   videndam  mihi,   et  Alma  parens,  conressa  Deam  ;  qualisque  viden 
refulsit  per  noctem         Coelicolis  et  quanta  solet ;  dextraque  prehensum 
592.  Continuit    me  Continuit,  roseoque  hsec  insuper  addidit  ore  :  4 
prehensum  dextra          Nat6j  qujg  jnaornitas  tantus  dolor  excitat  iras  ? 

furis  ?  aut  quonam*nostri  tibi  cura  recessit  ?,    595 
,  Non  Prius  aspicies,  ubi  fessum  (etate  parentem 

598.    Circum   quos,  Liqueris  Anchisen  ?  superet  conjuxne  Creiisa, 
omnes  Graiffi  acies  er-  Ascaniusque  puer  ?  quos  omnes  undique  Graiae 
rant  undique  Circum  errant  acies  :  et,  ni  mea  cura  resistat, 

*?*  fi~  t»'erint,  inimicus  et  hauserit  ensis.      600 
eorum  sangunem.          ^on  tlQi  lyndandis  iacies  invisa  Lacaenae, 

602.  Sed  inclementia  Culpatusve  Paris :  Divum  inclementia,  Divum, 
Divum,  Divum,  inyuam,  Has  evertit  opes,  sternitque  a  culmine  Trojam. 
"^Namque  eripiam  ffi™.  :  ™™<l™  omnem,  qu*  mine  obducta  tuenti 
omnem    nubem,     quee  Mortales  hebetat  visus  tibi,  et  numida  circum 
nunc  obducta   hebetat  Caligat,  nubem  eripiam  :  tu  ne  qua  parentis 


NOTES. 


be  praised  for  having  pul  an  end  to  the  mon- 
ster of  wickedness,  arid  taken  vengeance  of 
one  so  justly  deserving  it.  JVe/iw,  very 
forcibly  expresses  the  enormity  of  her  crimes : 
she  was  wickedness  itself. 

We  are  told  that  Helen  was  first  ravished 
by  Theseus.  Afterward  she  'married  Me- 
nelaus,  whom  she  left  for  Paris.  She  also 
committed  incest  with  her  son-in-law  Ory- 
thus,  the  son  of  Paris  and  CEnone.  It  i8 
also  said  that  she  had  an  amour  with 
Achilles.  She  may  truly  be  called  (nefas) 
a  monster  of  wickedness.  Merentis  :  part,  of 
Mereori  agreeing  with  ejus  understood :  of 
her  deserving  or  meriting  it. 

586.  Juvabit :  it  will  delight  me  to  have 
satisfied  my  desire  of  burning  or  ardent  re- 
venge. Flammcp.  may  here  be  used  in  the 
eense  ofjfammece  vel  ardentis.  Animum :  in 
the  sense  of  desiderium.  dnimus  may  sig- 
nify any  affection  of  the  mind  ;  especially  in 
the  plural.  For  ultricisjlamnuR,  Ruseus  says, 
ardentis  uHionis.  Heyne  says,  Jlamma  sivc 
ird  ullrice  (hoc  esf)  ultione. 

589.  Clara :  manifest — clear  :  attended 
with  evident  marks  of  Divinity. 

59 1 .  Confessa  Deam :  manifesting  the  god- 
dess. Qiialisquc,  et  quanta  :  such,  and  as 
illustrious  as  she  used  to  be  seen,  &c.  Ve- 
nus was  the  most  proper  deity  to  interpose 
in  behalf  of  Helen,  whom  she  had  long  pro- 
tected, and  had  conferred  on  Paris,  as  a  re- 
ward for  his  adjudging  the  prize  of  beauty 
to  her,  rather  than  to  Juno  or  Minerva. 
See  ./En.  i.  27.  This  interposition  of  Venus 
was  very  seasonable  in  another  respect ;  to 
check  the  ardor  of  his  soul,  to  divert  him 


from  his  present  object,  and  to  direct  his  re- 
gard to  his  own — to  his  aged  father,  his 
infant  son,  and  his  beloved  wife,  who  other- 
wise might  have  fallen  victims  to  the  furv 
of  the  Greeks. 

593.  Addidit  twc:  she  added  these  words. 

595.  Tibi :  in  the  sense  of  tua :  thy  care 
— regard.  Qwo/iaw :  the  compound  in  the 
sense  of  the  simple  quo. 

597.  Superet :  in  the  sense  of  superest. 

600.  Tulerint :  would  have  carried  them 
off — consumed  them. 

601.  Laccence  Tyndaridis :  of  Spartan  He- 
len.    See  569.  supra.     Invisa  tibi :  hateful 
or  odious  to  you. 

602.  Divum  inclementia.    This  reading  is 
much  more  emphatic  than  verum  incleme.n- 
Ha  Divum,  as  in  the  common  editions  :  and 
it  is  supported  by  the  authority  of  ancient 
manuscripts  :  it  is  the  reading  of  Heyne  and 
Valpy.    Homer  makes  Priam  exculpate  He- 
len, and  lay  the  bjame  of  the  destruction  of 
his  country  to  the  gods  themselves.  Iliad  iii. 
164. 

603.  Has  opes:  in  the  sense  of  hanc  po- 
tcntiam.     Opes,  is,  properly,  power  acquired 
by  wealth. 

604.  QWCE  n  MC  obducta :  which  now  spread 
before  you,  looking  earnestly,  blunts  your 
mortal  sight,  £c.«    This  passage  Milton  ap- 
pears to  have  had  in  view,  where  the  angel 
prepares  Adam  for  beholding  the  future  vi- 
sion  of  his    posterity,  and  their   history  : 
which  he  is  going  to  set  before  him.     See 
Paradise  Lost,  lib.  xi.  verse  411.    Huinidn  : 
moist — impregnated    with  vapor   so  as  to 
increase  the  darkness. 


JENfilS.     LIB.  H. 


Jussa  time,  neu  praeceptis  parere  recusa. 

Hie,  ubi  disjectas  moles,  avuisaque  saxis 

Saxa  vides,  mixtoque  undantem  pulvere  fumurn  ; 

Neptunus  muros,  magnoque  emota  tridenti 

Fundamenta  quatit,  totamque  a  sedibus  urbem 

Eruit.     Hie  Juno  Scseas  saevissima  portas 

Prima  tenet,  sociumque  furens  a  navibus  agmen 

Ferro  accincta  vocat. 

Jam  summas  arces  Triionia,  respice,  Pallas  615 

Insedit,  nimbo  effulgens  et  Gorgone  saeva.__ 

Ipse  Pater  Danais  animos  viresque  secundas 

Sufficit :  ipse  Deos  in  Dardana  suscitat  arma. 

Eripe,  nate,  fugam,  finemque  impone  labori. 

Nusquam  abero,  et  tutum  patrio  te  limine  sistam.     620 

Dixerat :  et  spissis  noctis  se  condidit  umbris. 

Apparent  dirae  facies,  inimicaque  Trojae 

Numina  magna  Deum. 

Turn  vero  omne  mihi  visum  considere  in  ignes 


mortales  visus  tibi  tuen- 
ti 

608.  H:c,  ubi  vides 
rnoles  dwjecta«,  saxaquc 

avulsa  saxis,  fumumque 
undantem  mixto  pul- 
vere, Neptunus  quatit 
muros  Trqjte,  fundamen- 
taque  emota  magno  tri- 
denti 


624.  Omne  Ilium  vi- 
sum est  mihi 


NOTES. 


610.  Hie  Neptunus  quatit:  here  Neptune 
shakes  the  walls,  &c.  Neptune  took  an  ac- 
tive part  against  the  Trojans,  having  become 
their  enemy  on  account  of  the  perfidy  of 
Laomedon.  See  Geor.  i.  502.  -This  fable 
is  explained  by  supposing  that  Laomedon 
employed  the  money  which  had  been  des- 
tined for  the  service  of  that  god,  in  building 
the  walls  of  Troy.  Emota :  in  the  sense  of 
evulsa. 

612.  HI c  Juno:  here  Juno,  most  fierce, 
occupies  the  Scaeah  gate  in  front,  &c.  It  is 
most  probable  th&tprima,  here,  has  reference 
to  the  place  of  her  standing,  before,  or  in 
front  of  the  gate.  It  may,  however,  mean 
that  Juno  was  \bejirst,  or  chief,  in  urging  on 
the  Greeks  in  the  work  of  destruction.  We 
are  told  the  gates  of  Troy  were  six  in  num- 
ber :  the  gate  of  An  ten  or;  the  gate  of  Dar- 
danus ;  the  llian ;  the  Catumbnan ;  the  Tro- 
jan ;  and  the  Scaean.  Through  this  gate 
the  Trojan  horse  is  said  to  have  entered. 
On  which  account,  it  is  probable,  the  poet 
placed  Juno  at  this  gate,  clad  in  armor,  and 
calling  upon  her  Greeks. 

615.  Pallas.      She  is   sometimes  called 
Tritona  :  hence  the  adj.  TrUonia.   Set  171. 
supra. 

616.  EJfulgens  nimbo :  resplendent  with 
a  cloud.     By  nimbo,  in  this  pin 
understands  a  lucid  circle, ; 

dem  about  the  head,  to  distingui.-, 
from  mortals.     Gorgone  .  the  three  daugh- 
ters of  Phorcus  and  Celo,  Medusa,  En 
and  Stenyo,  were  called  Gorgo.-its,  Gor 
or  terrible  sisters.     The  naa^-  ;s  ui  i 
derivation,  and  signifies  fierceness.    It  u 
they  had  but  one  eye,  \vhieh  served 
all  by  turns.     They  had  great  wings  :  their 
heads  were  attired  with  vipers  instead  of 
hair :  their  teeth  were  tusks  like  those  of  a 


boar:    they  were  armed  with  sharp  and 
crooked  claws. 

Medusa  having  been  ravished  in  the  tem- 
ple of  Minerva  by  Neptune,  the  goddess 
gave  her  serpents  the  quality  of  transforming 
men  into  stones  at  the  sight  of  them.  Per- 
seus cut  off  her  head  by  the  aid  of  Miner- 
va's buckler,  which,  being  so  finely  polished, 
that  it  reflected  the  image  of  the  Gorgon's 
head,  secured  him  from  the  fatal  influ- 
ence of  her  eye.  This  head  Minerva  af- 
terward wore  upon  her  shield  or  buckler,  to 
render  her  more  awful  and  tremendous.  See 
Lexicon, sub.  JEgide. 

617.  Pater  ipse :  the  father  himself  gives 
courage  and  successful  strength  to  the 
Greeks.  Juno  ard  Minerva  opposed  the 
Trojans  from  selfish  motives,  because  they 
had  been  slighted  by  Paris ;  but  Jove  was 
an  enemy  to  them,  because  their  cause  was 
unjust,  in  detaining  Helen  against  the  laws 
of  nations,  when  properly  demanded. 

620.  Abero :  in  the  sense  of  relinquam. 

':.   Dirrc.facies  :  horrid  images  appear — 
the  images  of  desolation,  death,  and  despair. 

623,  ."'tt/Li'tt  ni'ini.nu,  Drum.  The  Ro- 
mans divided  the  gods  ;n>o  two  clashes  :  the 
Dii  majorum ,  ai  i  .  /; i  £  c ntium. 

hi  the  first  were  ranked  Jupiter,  Neptune, 
.aid  Juno.     Thf  three  lust,  in  an 
.  ii  niiiiiner,  are  represented  ;r  hostile 
to  Troy;  and  Jove,  on  th:  s  op- 

Deiim  may  simply  morn  :l.r  g .«. 
rather,  the  great  >»?tile 

K.    i  ih  all 

-!,  not. 

pov.rr  o»    the  O'n 
'.>f  thr  god  .  persuaded 

of  Ui  ry  Turtlit  r  r< 

aii'je,  SHI'.-  '(.pears  that   the 

great  powers  of  the  gods  are  against  UP. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONI3 


JS'i  A°  velu-li  Clim  Ilium>  et  ex  imo  verti  Neptunia  Troja.  6'2f> 

Tuer?  antT  uani  Ac  ve"ut*  summis  antiquarn  in  montibus  ornum 
ornum  m  summis  mo™  ^um  ^erro  accisam  crebrisque  bipennibus  instant 
tibus,  accisam  ferro        Eruere  agricolre  certatim  ;  ilia  usque  minatur, 
628.  Ilia  usque  mina-  Et  trernefacta  comam  concusso  vertice  nutat : 
ttir  ruinam,  et  treme-  Vulneribus  donee  paulatim  evicta.  supremum  630 

iacta  quoad  comam          /^  '. 

Congemuit,  traxirque  jugis  avulsa  ruinam. 

Descerido,  ac,  ducente  Deo,  flammam  inter  et  hostcs 

.    ,     Expedior  :  dant  tela  locum,  flammaeque  recedunt.  - ' 
636.  Quemqne  prim um  ,-    .  ,     . 

petebam,     abnegat    se      Ast  ubl  -)am  PatriaB  perventum  ad  limma  sedis, 
paste  producere  vitam,  Antiquasque  domos :  genitor,  quern  tollere  in  altos  635 
Troja  excisa  Optabam  primum  montes,  primumque  petebam, 

638.  Ait:  O  vos,  qui-  Abnegat  excisa  vitam  producere  Troja, 
ffivi  ^  uSSquentwes  Exiliumque  pati.     Vos  6,  quibus  integer  sevi 
stant  solidse  suo  robore  Sanguis,  ait,  solidaeque  suo  stant  robore  vires  ; 

642.  Est  satis  super-  Vos  agitate  fugam.  640 

que  vidimus  una  exci-  ]y[e  si  coelicola)  voluissent  ducere  vitam, 

(IAA  o         w  t'  Has  mihi  servassent  sedes  :  satis  una  superque 

corpus,  sic,  sic  positum,  V^rn118  cxcidia,  et  captae  superavimus  urbi. 
discedite.  Sic,  6,  sic  posilum  afFati  discedite  corpus. 


NOTES. 


626.  Ac  veluti,  &c.     This  simile  is  taken 
from  Homer,  Iliad  xvi.  481,  who  applies  it 
to  the  death  of  Sarpedon :  but  the  copy  ex- 
ceeds the  original. 

627.  Bipennibus.     The  axe  is  here  used 
for  the  stroke,  or  blow  of  the  axe,  by  me- 
lon. Accisam  :  in  the  sense  of  circumcisam. 

628.  Usque  :  in  the  sense  of  diu. 

629.  Nutat  comam.     It  is  usual  with  Vir- 
gil to  consider  a  tree  in  analogy  to  a  human 
body,  and  to  call  the  extended  limbs,  or 
branches,  brachia,  arms;    and  the  leaves, 
comam,  hair,  or  locks.     This  diversifies  his 
style,  and  renders  it  pleasant. 

630.  Vulneribus  •  in  the  sense  of  ictibus. 
This  is  beautifully  figurative.     The  allu- 
sion to  the  human  body  is  still  kept  up. 

631.  Avulsa  jugis  :  torn  from  the  sides  of 
the  mountains. 

632.  Deo  ducente.     Deus  is  either  a  god 
or  goddess.     Here  it  means  Venus.     Under 
her  conduct,  .(Eneas  made  his  way  through 
the  dangers  that  beset  him,  to  the  house  of 
his  father. 

633.  Expedior.     Habeo  liberum  Her,  says 
Heyne. 

634.  Ast  ubi  perventum.     The  imp.  verb 
perventum  est  is  used  for  the  personal  verb 
pervcni.     This  mode  of  expression  is  very 
common  among  the  poets.     Our  language 
will  not  admit  of  it,  and  we  are  under  the 
necessity  of  rendering  such  impersonals  by 
the  personals- of  the  correspondent  verb,  as 
in  the  present  case :  perventum  est :  I  came, 
or  had  come. 

637.  Abnegat :  refuses  to  prolong  his  life. 
We  learn  from  Varro  that  the  Greeks  hav- 
ing given  permission  to  ./Eneas  to  carry  off 
what  was  dearest  to  him,  he  took  his  father 


upon  hie  shoulders.  The  Greeks,  struck 
with  this  eminent  example  of  filial  tender- 
ness and  affection,  gave  him  a  second  op- 
tion, when  he  carried  off  his  gods.  Upon 
this,  they  were  induced  to  grant  him  full 
liberty  to  take  along  with  him  his  whole 
family  and  all  his  effects. 

638.  Integer  cevi:  unimpaired,  or  entire, 
on  account  of  age.  Causa,  or  some  word 
of  the  like  import,  is  probably  to  be  under- 
stood, to  govern  the  ffen.  O  ye,  whose 
blood  is  not  chilled  and  wasted  by  age,  and 
who  are  yet  in  the  full  vigour  of  youth,  do 
ye  attempt  your  flight.  The  repetition  of 
the  vos  is  emphatical.  For  roborc,  Ruaeus 
says  jirmitate. 

642.  Satis  superque :  it  is  enough,  and 
more,  that  I  have  seen  one  destruction  of 
my  country,  and  survived  the  captured  city. 
This  is  an  allusion  to  the  siege  and  capture 
of  Troy  by  Hercules,  in  the  reign  of  Lao- 
medon,  a  fact  mentioned  by  historians  as 
well  as  by  poets.  And  Virgil  says  of  An- 
chises,  that  he  had  been  twice  saved  from 
the  ruins  of  Troy.  ^En.  iii.  476. 

644.  Sic,  O,  sic  affati :  O  ye,  having  ad- 
dressed my  body,  thus,  thus  laid  out,  de- 
part. There  is  a  peculiar  emphasis  in  the 
repetition  of  the  word  sic.  Anchises  con- 
siders himself  as  already  dead,  and  his  body 
laid  out  in  burial :  corpus  positum,  placed 
on  the  funeral  pile :  at  which  time  it  was 
usual  for  the  friends  of  the  deceased  to  take 
a  solemn  farewell,  by  repeating  the  word 
vale  three  times.  The  repetition  of  the  sic 
shows  his  determined  purpose  of  dying,  ' 
and  his  earnest  desire  of  being  left  to  pur- 
sue his  resolution.  It  is  used  in  the  same 
way  in  the  fourth  book,  where  Dido,  bent 


>teNE18.     LIB.  If. 


Ipse  maim  mortem  iriveniam  :  miserebitur  hostis,     645 
Exuviasque  petet :  facilis  jactura  sepulchri  est. 
Jampridem  invisus  Divis  et  inutilis  annos 
.Demoror,  ex  quo  me  Divum  pater  atque  hominum  rex 
Fulminis  afflavit  ventis,  et  contigit  igni. 

Talia  perstabat  memorans,  fixusque  manebat. 
Nos  contra  effusi  lachrymis,  conjuxque  Creiisa, 
Ascaniusque,  omnisque  domus,  ne  vertere  secum 
Cuncta  pater,  fatoque  urgenti  incumbere  vellet. , 
Abnegat,  inceptoque  et  sedibus  haeret  in  isdem. 

Rursus  in  arma  feror,  mortemque  miserrimus  opto. 
Nam  quod  consilium,  aut  quae  jam  fortuna  dabatur  ? 
Mene  efferre  pedem,  genitor,  te  posse  relicto 
Sperasti  ?  tantumque  nefas  patrio  excidit  ore  ? 
Si  nihil  ex  tanta  Superis  placet  urbe  relinqui  ; 
Et  sedet  hoc  animo,  perituraeque  addere  Trojse 
Teque  tuosque  juvat :  patet  isti  janua  leto. 


650 


654 


647.  Inutilis  homini- 
bus 

648.  Ex  tempore,  quo 
pater 


652.  Precamur,  ne 
pater  vellet  veitere 
cuncta  secum 


656.  Nam  quod  aliud 
consilium,  aut  quse  alia 
fortuna  jam 

657.  O  genitor,  spe- 
rasti-ne  me  posse  efferre 

,  te  relicto 


NOTES. 


on  death,  is  just  going  to  plunge  the  dagger 
into  her  bosom.  She  breaks  forth  into  this 
abrupt  exclamation :  Sic,  sic  juvat  ire  sub 
umbras. 

645.  Manu.    Servius  understands  by  ma- 
nu, the  hand  of  the  enemy  ;  but  it  is  easier 
to  understand  it  of  his  own  hand.     Ruams 
says,  propria  manu.     Hostis:   the   enemy 
will  take  pity  on  me.     This  strongly  marks 
the  anguish  of  his  soul.     He  was  so  weary 
of  life,  that  he  would  consider  it  a  favor  in 
the  enemy  to  put  an  end  to  it. 

646.  Jactura  :  the  loss  of  burial  is  easy — 
the  deprivation  of  burial  rites  is  a  matter  of 
110  concern  to  me. 

648.  Demoror  annos :    I   linger  out  my 
years.     Traho  vitam,  says  Ruaeus. 

649.  Afflavit  me:    blasted  me  with  the 
winds  of  his  thunder,  and  struck  me  with 
his  lightning.     The  ancients  supposed  the 
winds  were  the  efficient  cause  of  thunder. 

It  is  said  that  this  calamity  was  inflicted 
upon  Anchises  for  divulging  his  amour  with 
Venus.  Some  say  he  was  struck  blind : 
others,  with  more  propriety,  say  that  he  was 
blasted  in  his  limbs.  Memorans:  in  the 
sense  of  dicens. 

651.  JVos  effusi:  on  the  other  hand,  we, 
bathed  in  tears,  (beseech)  my  father  that 
he  would  not  destroy  all  with  himself,  and 
press  upon  the  calamity  (/a/o)  already 
weighing  us  down — that  he  would  not,  by 
the  afflicting  circumstance  of  his  own  death, 
increase  the  calamity  already  pressing  us 
down  with  its  own  weight.  JVe  vellet  acce- 
lerare  perniciem  instant  em,  says  Heyne. 

Dr.  Trapp  would  read  occumbere,  or  ra- 
ther succumbere,  if  there  were  authority  for 
it.  As  it  is,  he  thinks  it  a  metaphor  taken 
from  the  falling  on  a  sword.  Mr.  Davidson 
takes  it  to  be  a  metaphor  drawn  from  one's 
leaning  or  lying  with  all  his  weight  upon  a 


load,  which  presses  another  down,  so  as  to 
add  to  the  pressure,  and  to  render  it  more 
insupportable.  ^Eneas  and  his  family  were 
already  grievously  oppressed  and  weighed 
down  by  the  public  calamity,  (fato  urgenti, 
the  fate  that  lay  so  heavy  upon  them,)  and 
therefore  pray  Anchises  not  to  increase  the 
burden,  by  the  additional  weight  of  his  per- 
sonal sufferings  and  death.  Ruaeus  inter- 
prets incumbere  urgenti  fato,  by :  addere  vim 
fatoprementi  nos. 

654.  Sedibus  :  in  the  sense  of  loco. 

655.  Miserrimus:    most  mkerable — dis- 
tracted— in  despair. 

656.  Nam   quod,  &c.     The  meaning  of 
this  line  appears  to   be :    for   what  other 
course  could  I  take,  what  elae  could  I  do, 
than  arm  myself,  and  seek  to  renew  the 
conflict  ?    Anchises  had  positively  refused  to 
survive  the  fall  of  his  country  :  tineas  could 
not  leave  him  behind :  nothing  remained  for 
him  to  do,  but  to  sell  his  life  as  dear  as  pos- 
sible.    For  dabatur,  Ruaeus  says  offerebatur. 

657.  Efferre  pedem  :  to  depart.    Sperdsti- 
ne :  didst  thou  expect  that  I  could  depart, 
O  father,  without  thee  ? 

658.  Nefas:  impiety. 

659.  Superis.    Superi  we  properly  the 
gods  above,   as  distingiu'shed  from   those 
below. 

660.  Et  hoc  sedet:  and  this  be  fixed  in  thy 
mind,  and  it  pleases  thee  to  add  thyself,  &c. 
Ruffius  understands  this  of  the  gods  just 
mentioned  ;  but  Davidson  and  others  refer 
it  to   Anchises.     This   appears   the   more 
correct  and  natural ;  for  Anchises  is  left  per- 
fectly free  to  act,  either  to  stay  behind,  or  to 
depart,  and  to  form  his  plans  deliberateJy. 
Si  hoc  Jixum  est  in  eorum  mente,  et  delectat 
eos,  &c.  says  Ruseus. 

661.  Janua  isti  leto :  the  door  to  that, 
death  is  open,     The  isti  refer?  to  \rhi 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Jamque  aderit  multo  Priami  de  sanguine  Pyrrhus, 
Natum  ante  ora  patris,  patrem  qui  obtruncat  ad  aras, 

664.  Erat-ne  ob  hoc    Hoc  erat,  alma  parens,  quod  me,  per  tela,  per  ignes, 

665.  Ut  cernam  hos-  Eripis  ?  ut  mediis  hostem  in  penetralibus,  utque       665 
tern  in  mediis  penetra-  Ascaniumque,  patremque  meum,  juxtaque  Creusam, 

linfum1  ue6  CCrna7"        Alterum  in  alterius  mactatos  sanguine  cernam? 
Arma,  viri,  ferte  arma  :  vocat  lux  ultima  victos. 
669.  Sinite  ut  revisam  Reddite  me  Danais,  sinite  instaurata  revisam  ^ 

Praelia  :  nunquam  omries  hodie  moriemur  inulti.       670 

Hie  ferro  accingor  rursus  :  clypeoque  sinistram 
Insertabam  aptans,  meque  extra  tecta  ferebam. 
673.  Conjux  Creusa  Ecce  autem  complexa  pedes  in  limine  conjux 

neoa  pe  es  m  Haerebat,  parvumque  patri  tendebat  lulum.    --!~ 
iimme  domus  a.  .  .  /•>.,,- 

675.Inomnia/>m<;w/a!:M  penturus  abis,  et  nos  rape  in  omma  tecum  : 

Sin  aliquam  expertus  sumptis  spem  ponis  in  armis, 
677.  Cui  parvus  liilus  Hanc  primum  tutare  domum.  Cui  parvus  lulus, 

relinquitur ;  cui  tuus  pa-  Cui  pater,  et  conjux  quondam  tua  dicta,  relinquor  ? 
r;  eum^o  relinquor,  Talia  vociferans,  gemitu  tectum  omne  replebat : 

quondam  dicta  tua  con-  ^  ^ 

^jx?  Cum  subitum  dictuque  ontur  mirabile  monstrum.     68O 

Namque  manus  inter  moestorumque  ora  parentum, 


NOTES. 


chises  had  said,  verse  645,  supra,  of  his 
finding  death  by  his  own  hand,  or  that  the 
enemy  would  take  pity  on  him,  and  kill  him. 
jflSneas  here  tells  liim  the  door  to  that  death 
is  open,  and  easy  to  come  at ;  for  he  imme- 
diately adds:  Jamque  Pyrrhus :  Pyrrhus 
will  soon  be  here  from  the  slaughter  of 
Priam.  Servius  takes  isti  for  istic,  but  with- 
out sufficient  reason.  Iste,  properly,  is  (fiat 
of  yours,  hie,  this  of  mine. 

663.  Qui  obtruncat:  who   butchers   the 
son,  &c.     This  alludes  to  his  killing  Polites 
in  the  presence  of  his  father,  and  after  that 
atrocious  deed,  killing  the  aged  monarch, 
dragged  to  the  altars. 

664.  Hoc  erat :  was  it  for  this,  dear  pa- 
rent, that,  &c.     Ruaeus  says :  Hoe-cine  erat 
causa,  cur. 

665.  Eripis .  in  the  sense  of  servavisli. 
Penetralibus:    in  the   sense  of  domo,  vel 
tecto.     See  484,  supra. 

667.  Mactatos :  butchered  the  one  in  the 
Mood  of  the  other.     This  part,  refers  to  the 
three  preceding  nouns. 

668.  Lux :  in  the  sense  of  dies. 

670.  Pradia  instaurata :  the  fight  renew- 
ed. Nunquam :  in  the  sense  of  non. 

672.  Insertabam :  I  put  my  left  hand  to  my 
shield,  fitting  it — I  fixed  my  shield  upon  my 
left  arm.  The  clypeus  was  a  shield  of  an 
oval  form,  not  so  large  as  the  scutum.  It 
was  usually  made  of  the  skins  of  beasts, 
and  interwoven  in  such  a  manner,  as  to  be 
impenetrable  to  the  missive  weapons  of  the 
enemy.  They  carried  it  upon  the  left  arm. 

674.  Tendtbatque parvum,  &c.  The  poet 
here  appears  to  have  had  in  his  view  that 
affecting  scene  between  Hector  and  Andro- 


mache, in  the  sixth  book  of  the  Iliad ,  where 
the  circumstances  are  nearly  the  same. 
Andromache  expostulates  with  Hector,  as 
Creusa  does  with  ^Eneas,  and  in  like  man- 
ner pleads  her  future  forlorn  condition, 
and  that  of  her  child,  in  case  he  should 
abandon  them  :  and  to  add  force  to  her  en- 
treaties, she  puts  Astyanax  into  his  arms,  as 
Creusa  here  does  lulus  into  the  arms  of 
JEneas. 

675.  Et :  in  the  sense  of  quoque.     Rape  • 
in  the  sense  of  cape,  vel  trahe. 

676.  Expertus :  having  experience  in  the 
art  of  war — being  skilled  in  war.    Ponis : 
you  place  any,  &c. 

677.  Tutare :  in  the  sense  of  defende. 

678.  Quondam :    once  called  your  wife. 
This  is  a  very  tender  expostulation. 

680.  Subitum  monstrum.  This  unexpect- 
ed prodigy,  or  miracle,  is  extremely  well 
timed.  Had  An  chises  finally  persisted  in 
his  resolution,  it  must  have  put  an  end  to 
the  poem,  by  involving  JEneas  and  all  his 
family  in  one  common  ruin.  He  had  been 
urged  by  all  human  arguments  in  the 
strongest  manner,  without  any  avail ;  what 
then  remained  for  the  poet,  but  to  have  re- 
course to  the  interposition  of  the  gods,  to 
save  his  hero  in  this  extremity.  This  was 
completely  successful.  Anchises  is  con- 
vinced of  his  duty  to  yield  to  the  present 
necessity,  and  to  save  his  life  by  flight. 
Oritur :  in  the  sense  of  apparet. 

681.  Inter  manus  oraque :  between  the 
hands  and  face  of  his  mournful  parents — 
while  they  were  holding  him  in  their  arms, 
behold,  fee. 


J9NEIS.     LIB.  li. 


Ecce  levis  summo  de  vertice  visus  liili 

Fundere  lumen  apex,  tactuque  innoxia  molli 

Lambere  flamma  comas,  et  circum  tempora  pasci. 

Nos  pavidi  trepidare  metu,  crinemque  ilagrantem     685 

Excutere,  et  sanctos  restinguere  fontibus  ignes. 

At  pater  Anchises  oculos  ad  sidera  laetus 

Extulit,  et  coelo  pal  mas  cum  voce  tetendit  : 

Jupiter  omnipotens,  precibus  si  flecteris  ullis, 

Aspice  nos  :  hoc  tantum  :  et,  si  pietate  meremur,      690 

Da  deinde  auxilium,  pater,  atque  ha?c  omina  firma. 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat  senior,  subitoque  fragore 
Intonuit  Ia3vum,  et  de  ccelo  lapsa  per  umbras 
Stella  facem  duceris  multa  cum  luce  cucurrit.  _t_ 
Illam,  summa  super  labentem  culmina  tecti,  695 

Cernimus  Idsea  claram  se  condere  sylva, 
Signantemque  vias  :  turn  longo  limite  sulcus 
Dat  lucem,  et  late  circum  loca  sulfure  fumant. 


682.  Levis  apex  visus 
est  fundere  lumen  de 
summo  vertice  liili, 
flammaque  innoxia  visa 
est  lambere  ejus  comas 
molli  tactu 

685.  Nos  pavidi  metu 
c&pimus  trepidare 


690.  Petimus  tantum 
hoc  :  et,  si  meremur 
aliquid  pietate,  O  Pater, 
da 


695.  Cernimus  illam. 
labentem  super  summa 
culmina  tecti,  condere 
se 


NOTES. 


682.  Levis  apex:  the   waving  tuft,   or 
plume.     Apex  properly  signifies  the  top,  or 
eminence   of   any  thing.      Hence  it  may 
mean  the  top  of  one's  hat,  cap,  or  bonnet, 
as  in  jEn.  viii.  664.     Vertice :  in  the  sense 
of  capite. 

683.  Fundere :   in  the  sense  of  emittere. 
Innoxia  :     inoffensive — not    hurting    him. 
Tactu.     This  is  the  reading  of  Heyne  and 
Davidson.     But   Ruaeus   and    Valpy   read 
tractu.    Molli:    gentle — easy.     Heyne  has 
mollis,  agreeing  with  flamma.     Most  copies 
have  molli. 

684.  Lambere :  to  glide  along  his  hair — 
gently  touch  it. 

685.  Nos  pavidi :  we,  trembling  for  fear, 
(begin)  to  bustle  about,  to  shake  his  flam- 
ing hair,  and  to  extinguish  the  sacred  fire 
with  water.      Fontibus :   in  the  sense  of 
aqua. 

689.  Si  flecteris :  if  thou  art  moved. 

691.  Firma  fuse  omina:  confirm  this 
omen.  The  Romans  deemed  one  omen  not 
sufficient,  unless  it  were  followed  or  con- 
firmed by  a  second.  Hence  secundus  and 
secundo  came  to  signify  prosperous,  and  to 
prosper. 

693.  Lcevum  intonuit :  the  left  thundered 
with  a  sudden  peal. 

Both  the  Greeks  and  Romans  considered 
those  omens,  that  were  presented  in  the 
eastern  part  of  heaven,  to  be  prosperous  or 
lucky.  But  the  former,  in  observing  the 
omens,  turned  their  faces  to  the  north,  which 
brought  the  east  on  their  right  hand.  The 
Romans,  on  the  contrary,  turned  their  faces 
to  the  south,  which  brought  the  east  on  their 
left  hand.  This  was  therefore  a  lucky 
omen.  It  seconded,  or  confirmed  the  for- 
mer, that  is,  the  lambent  flame  on  the  head 
of  lulus.  See  Eel.  i.  18.  Lavwn  :  an  adj. 


of  the  neu.  gender,  used  as  a  sub.  the  same 
with  l(Bva  pars  c&li. 

694.  Stella  lapsa,  &c.     Servius  applies 
the  several  parts  of  this  prodigy  as  figura- 
tive of  the  events  that  were  to  happen  to 
^Eneas  and  his  followers.     The  star  is  said, 
condere  se  Idoza  sylva,  to  fall  or  hide  itself 
upon  mount  Ida,  to  indicate  that  the  Tro- 
jans were  to  resort  to  that  mountain  :  cum 
multa  luce,  with  much  light,  to  figure  their 
future  glory   and  dignity :  signantem  vias, 
the  sparkles  of  fire  left  behind,  intimate  the 
dispersion  of  his  followers,  and  that  they 
should  fix  their  residence  in  various  parts : 
longo  limite  sulcus,  marks  ./Eneas'  many 
wanderings,  and  the  length  of  his  voyage : 
lastly,  by  the  smoke  and  sulphur,  he  under- 
stands the  death  of  Anchises.     The  stars 
do  not  move  from  their  stations ;  they  arc 
fixed,  and  remain  in  the  same  part  of  the 
heavens.     Meteors  are  of  common  occur- 
rence, and  are  supposed  to  consist  of  elec- 
tric matter,  which  in  passing  from  one  part 
of  the  atmosphere  to  another,  becomes  visi- 
ble.    In  the  language  of  the  vulgar  and 
ignorant,  such  an  appearance  is  called  the 
shooting  of  a  star.     Virgil  conforms  to  this 
mode  of  expression.    He  calls  the  meteor  a 
star.     Facem  :  a  train. 

695.  Labentem.     Ruaeus  takes  this  in  the 
sense  of  cadentem :  falling  behind  the  roof 
of  the  house.     But  it  may  be  taken  in  its 
usual  acceptation,  gliding,  or  passing  over 
the  roof:  for  it  appears  that  the  meteor  was 
near,  since  it  filled  the  air  about  them  with 
its  sulphurous  smell. 

697.  Sulcus:  a  trail — indented  track. 
The  meteor  drew  after  it  a  trail  of  light,  as 
it  passed  through  the  heavens.  It  appeared 
to  mark  its  way  or  path,  which  it  left  lumi- 
nous behind  it. 


P.  \TRGIL1I  MARONIS 


709.  Quocunque  res 
Cadent,  periclum  eril 
unum,  et  commune  no- 
few  ambobus,  salus  erit 
una  et  eadem  nobis 

712.  Tumulus  est  Us 
egressis  urbe 

716.  JVVw  omnes  venie- 
uius  ex  diverse 


Hie  vero  victus  genitor  se  tollit  ad  auras. 

Affaturque  Deos,  et  sanctum  sidus  adorat :  TOU 

Jam  jam  nulla  mora  est :  sequor,  et,  qua  ducitis,  adsum. 

Di  patrii,  servate  domum,  servate  nepotem. 

Vestrum  hoc  augurium,  vestroque  in  numine  Troja  est. 

Cedo  equidem,  nee,  nate,  tibi  comes  ire  recuso. 

Dixerat  ille  :  et  jam  per  moenia  clarior  ignis         705 
Auditur.  propiusque  aestus  incendia  volvunt. 
Ergo  age,  chare  pater,  cervici  imponere  nostrse  : 
Ipse  subibo  humeris  :  nee  me  labor  iste  gravabit. 
Quo  res  cunque  cadent,  unum  et  commune  periclum, 


Una  salus  ambobus  erit :  mihi  parvus  lulus 
Sit  comes,  et  longe  servet  vestigia  conjux. 
Vos,  famuli,  quae  dicam,  animis  advertite  vestris. 
Est  urbe  egressis  tumulus,  templumque  vetustum 
Desertae  Cereris  ;  juxtaque  antiqua  cupressus, 
Relligione  patrum  multos  servata  per  annos.     i 
Hanc  ex  diverse  sedem  veniemus  in  unam. 


710 


715 


NOTES. 


699.    Ad   aurai:    upright — or    towards 
heaven. 

702.  Patrii  Dii.     By  these  we  are  to  un- 
derstand the  guardian  gods  of  Anchises' 
family;  those  that  his  ancestors  worshipped ; 
who  presided  over  parental  and  filial  affec- 
tion,   Domum :  in  the  sense  of  familiam. 

703.  Hoc  augurium   est:    this   omen  is 
yours  :  Troy  is  under  your  protection.  This 
is  plainly  the  meaning  of  numine  in  this 
place.     Rueeus  says,  potestatc. 

706.  Incendia :  in  the  sense  ofJlammcR. 
JEstus:  heat. 

707.  Imponere :  2d  person  of  the  imp.  be 
thou  placed,  i.  e.  place  yourself  upon  my 
neck :  I  will  bear  you  upon  my  shoulders. 
Subibo  humeris :  porlabo  te  humeris,  says  Ru- 
IBUS.     Labor :  in  the  sense  of  pondus. 

710.  Mihi  parvus  lulus.     Donatus  reads, 
mihi  solus  lulus :  let  lulus  only  be  a  com- 
panion to  me.  This  avoids  the  too  frequent 
repetition  of  parvus  lulus,  and  at  the  same 
time  shows  the  prudent  caution  of  ^Eneas, 
to  secure  their  flight ;  since  the  fewer  went 
together,  they  would  be  the  less  liable  to  be 
discovered.     Pierius  approves  this  reading. 

711.  Conjux  servet :  let  my  wife  observe 
my  steps  at  a  distance — let  her  stay  behind, 
yet  so  as  to  have  me  in  view,  that  she  may 
not  lose  her  way.     The  reason  for  his  giv- 
ing this  direction  was  perhaps  to  prevent 
discovery,  and  to  diminish  the  danger  of  es- 
cape by  being  divided  into  parties.     This 
reason  justifies  ^Eneas.     It  was  proper  for 
the  poet  to  mention  this  circumstance,  to 
give  probability  to  the  account  of  her  being 
lost.     Servius  takes  longe  in  the  sense  of 
vatiS.     The  meaning  then  will  be :  let  my 
wife  carefully  observe  my  steps.  The  usual 
Acceptation  pf  longe  is  the  better,     The  loss 


of  Creiisa  is  a  fine  device  of  the  poet.  It 
gave  him  an  opportunity  of  finishing  the 
catastrophe  of  Troy  from  the  mouth  of 
./Eneas.  As  soon  as  he  found  his  wife  was 
missing,  he  resolves  to  return  in  search  of 
her.  He  carefully  retraces  his  footsteps, 
visits  his  own  house,  which  was  now  in 
flames,  and  searches  for  her  in  the  most  fre- 
quented parts  of  the  city.  In  the  course  of 
his  search,  he  sees  the  spoils  collected  toge- 
ther in  the  temple  of  Juno,  and  the  Grecian 
guards  standing  around.  Unable  to  find 
her  in  any  of  these  places,  he  calls  her  by 
name,  and  makes  the  streets  resound  with 
Creusa.  Her  ghost  met  him,  solaced  bis 
mind,  unfolded  to  him  the  purposes  of  the 
gods,  and  encouraged  him  to  look  for  more 
prosperous  times.  She  tells  him  that  in  the 
land  destined  him  by  fate,  a  royal  bride 
awaited  him. 

712.  Advertite:  turn  with  your  minds  to 
those  things  which  I  shall  say.  This  is 
equivalent  to,  advertite  vestros  animos  ad  ea, 
quce  dicam. 

714.  Desertce   Cereris.      This  epithet  of 
deserted,  is  added  to  Ceres,  on  account  of  her 
being  deprived  of  her  daughter  Proserpine 
by  Pluto  ;  or  on  account  of  the  state  of  her 
worship,    which    was   then   neglected,   her 
priest  having  been  slam.     Ruseus  under- 
stands it  as  referring  to  her  temple  :  an  an- 
cient temple  of  Ceres  deserted.     He  inter- 
prets  desertce   by,  desertum,   agreeing  with 
templum.     See  Eel.  v.  79. 

715.  Relligione :  by  the  religious  venera- 
tion oif  our  ancestors.     Servata  agrees  with 
antiqua  cupressus.     Juxta :  near — near  by. 

716.  Ex  diuerso  :  the  same  as  ex 
viig.    Sfdem :  in  the  sense  of  locum.. 


/ENEIS.     LIB.  11. 


Tu,  genitor,  cape  sacra  manu,  patriosque  Penates. 
Me,  bello  e  tanto  digressum  et  caede  recenti, 
Attrectare  nefas  ;  donee  me  flumine  vivo 
Abluero.  720 

Haec  fatus,  latos  humeros  subjectaque  coll  a 
Veste  super,  fulvique  insternor  pelle  leonis, 
Succedoque  oneri :  dextrae  se  parvus  lulus 
Implicuit,  sequiturque  patrem  non  passibus  sequis. 
Pone  subit  conjux.     Ferimur  per  opaca  locorum  :    726 
Et  me,  quern  dudum  non  ulla  injecta  movebant 
Tela,  neque  adverse  glomerati  ex  agmine  Graii, 
Nuric  omnes  terrent  aurae,  sonus  excitat  omnis 
Suspensum,  et  pariter  comitique  onerique  timentem. 

Jamque  propinquabam  portis,  omnemque  videbar  730 
Evasisse  viam  ;  subito  cum  creber  ad  aures 


718.  Nefaa  esset  me 
digressum 


722.  Fatus  hsec,  iii- 
sternor  super  latos  hu- 
meros, subjectaque  colla 

726.  Et  nunc  omnes 
auree  terrent,  omnis  so- 
nus excitat  me,  et  reddit 
me  suspensum,  et  pari- 
ter timentem  comitique, 
onerique;  me,  inquam, 
quern  dudum  non  ulla. 
injecta  tela,  neque  Graii 


NOTES. 


717.  Sacra :  the  holy,  or  sacred  utensils  ; 
such  as  were  used  in  offering-  sacrifices,  and 
in  other  ceremonies  of  religious  worship : 
neu.  plu.  of  sacer,  used  as  a  sub.  Heyne 
thinks  sacra  here,  and  in  verse  293,  supra, 
means  the  images  of  the  gods ;  thus  mak- 
ing it  the  same  with  Penates.  The  reader 
must  judge  for  himself.  His  words  are: 
Sacra  et  Penates  possunt  pro  eadem  re  haberi: 
ft  sic  de  Deorum  simulacris,  etiam  de  Pena- 
tibus  ipsis. 

Penates.  This  word  is  derived  probably 
from  penus,  which  signifies  all  kinds  of  food 
or  provisions  for  the  use  of  man.  The  Pe- 
nates were  usually  worshipped  in  the  inte- 
rior part  of  the  house.  Their  number  is 
not  known,  nor  is  it  certain  what  gods  were 
so  denominated.  Some  reckon  Jupiter, 
Juno,  and  Minerva,  amoag  the  Penates; 
others,  Neptune  and  Apollo ;  others  again, 
C&lus  and  Terra :  and  Arnobius  reckons 
the  Dii  Consentes,  or  Complices,  among  their 
number.  There  were  three  orders  of  the 
Dii  Penates.  Those  that  presided  over 
kingdoms  and  provinces,  were  called  solely 
Penates:  those  that  presided  over  cities 
only,  were  called  Dii  Patrii,  domestic  gods, 
or  gods  of  the  country :  those  that  presided 
over  particular  houses  and  families,  were 
called  Parti  Penates. 

It  is  not  certain  under  what  shape  or 
figure  they  were  worshipped.  Some  sup- 
pose it  was  under  the  figure  of  a  young 
man  sitting  and  holding  a  spear.  It  is  said 
that  Dardanus  introduced  them  from  Sa- 
mothracia  into  Troy,  and  that  ^Eneas  took 
them  with  him  into  Italy.  See  Geor.  ii.  505. 

719.  Nefas  me  :  it  is  unlawful  for  me,  hav- 
ing come,  &c.  In  like  manner,  Homer 
makes  Hector  say  he  was  afraid  of  perform- 
ing religious  worship  to  Jupiter,  while  his 
hands  were  polluted  with  blood,  Iliad  vi. 
334.  It  was  the  custom  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  and  most  other  nations,  to  wash 
their  hands,  and  sometimes  their  whole  bo- 


dies^n  water,  before  they  performed  acts  of 
religion,  especially  if  they  had  been  pollu- 
ted with  bloodshed.  Out  such  occasions, 
they  were  obliged  to  use  pure  water,  like 
that  of  fountains,  or  running  water.  Hence 
JEneas  says :  Donee  abluero  me  vivoflumine : 
until  I  shall  have  washed  myself  in  pure  or 
living  water.  Flumine :  in  the  sense  of 
aqua.  Bello  :  in  the  sense  of  pugnd. 

722.  Insternor  super :  I  am  covered  upon 
my  broad  shoulders  and  bended  neck  with 
a  garment,  &c. — I  cover  myself,  &c.     This 
use  of  the  verb  answers  to  the  middle  voice 
of   the    Greeks.     So   imponere:    be  thou 
placed — place   thyself;    verse   707,   supra. 
Subjecta :  in  the  sense  of  submissa. 

723.  Succedo  oneri.     The  meaning  is :  I 
take  my  father  upon  my  shoulders — I  place 
myself  under  the  load. 

725.  Opaca  locorum:  the  same  as  opaca 
loca.  Or  the  word  spatia  may  be  under- 
stood, connected  with  opaca,  and  governing 
locorum. 

727.  Glomerati  ex  adverso :  collected  to- 
gether in  hostile  array.  Here  we  have  a 
very  beautiful  image  of  our  hero's  pious 
and  filial  affection.  With  unshaken  forti- 
tude he  faced  the  greatest  dangers,  when 
his  own  person  only  was  exposed  :  now 
every  appearance  of  danger  strikes  him 
with  terror,  on  account  of  his  dear  charge. 
rfdverso  :  in  the  sense  of  hostili. 

729.  Suspensum:  inthesenseof50//cz7uw. 

730.  Videbar,  &c.     Ruseus  interprets  the 
following  words  by,  excessisse  ex  omnibus 
viis ;  which  appears  entirely  inadmissible. 
The  meaning  is :  that  he  seemed  to  have 
escaped  all  the  danger  of  the  way ;  when,  to 
his  surprise,  a  frequent  sound  of  feet  sudden- 
ly struck  his  ears. 

731.  Viam.     This  is  the  common  reading. 
Heyne,  at  the  suggestion  of  Markland,  reads 
vicem,  in  the  sense  of  periculum ;  which  is 
preferable,  if  we  had  sufficient  authority  fo 
the  substitution. 


238  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Visus  adesse  pedum  sonitus  :  genitorque  per  umbram 

733.  Hostes    propin-  Prospiciens,  Nate,  exclamat,  fuge,  nate  :  propinquant  : 
3uant  Ardentes  clypeos  atque  aera  micantia  cerno.    =f-i 

735.  H^c  male  ami-      Hie  mihi  nescio  quod  trepido  male  numen  amicum 
cum  numen,  necio  quod  Confusam  eripuit  mentem.     Namque  a  via  cursu      736 
mmen,eripuitmihitre-Dum  sequorj  et  not&  excedo  regione  viarum  : 

P1738.  Conjux  Creiisa  ^eu  •  misero  conjux  fatone  erepta  Creiisa 
substitit ;  incertum  est,  Substitit,  erravitne  via,  seu  lassa  resedit, 
erepta-ne  misero  fato,  Incertum  :  nee  post  oculis  est  reddita  nostris.  740 

1™8  am^ssam  respexi,  animumve  reflexi, 
tumulum  antiqus  Cereris,  sedemque  sacratam 
amissam,      priusquam  Vemmus  :  hie  demum,  collectis  omnibus,  una 
venimus  ad  Defuit ;  et  comites,  natumque,  virumque  fefellit. 

743.  Uxor  una  defuit  Quem  non  incusavi  amens  hominumque  Deorumque  ? 
Aut  quid  in  evers£  vidi  crudelius  urbe  ?  74:6 

Ascanium,  Anchisenque  patrem,  Teucrosque  Penates 

748.  Recondo  «*  in  f ommendo  sociis>  *  cu'va  valle  recondo. 

Ipse  urbem  repeto,  et  cmgor  fulgentibus  armis. 
jiovareomnes  *" Stat  casus  renovare  omnes,  omnemque  reverti         750 

755.  Ubique  est  hor-  Per  Trojam,  et  rursus  caput  objectare  periclis. 
ror ;  simul  ipsa  silentia      Principio,  muros,  obscuraque  limina  portae, 
noctis  terrent   animos.  QU£  gressum  extuleram,  repeto  :  et  vestigia  retro 

S"™ &«««*  •"I"-. per noctT- et  'Tine lustro- 

forte  Creiisa  tulisset  pe-  Horror  ubique  animos,  simul  ipsa  silentia  terrent.  ^  755 
dem  hue.  Inde  domurn,  si  forte  pedem,  si  forte  tulisset, 

NOTES. 

732.  Umbram :  in  the  sense  of  tenebras.         mind — reflected.     Heyne   reads  ve.     The 

734.  Cerno :  I  see  their  glittering  shields     common  reading  is  que. 

and  gleaming  brass.    JE>ra  :  brazen  armour.         742.  Tumulum.   The  hill,  or  eminence,  on 

735.  Male:   in  the  sense  of  won.    Male     which  the  temple  of  Ceres    was  situated. 
amicum :  in  the  sense  of  inimicum  vel  in-     See  714.  supra. 

festum.  745.  Qwem  hominumque :  whom  both  of 

736.  Confusam  mentem.    His   mind  was  men   and   gods  did  I  not  blame  ?    Amens : 
confused,  and  in  a  state  of  perturbation,  for  distracted  in  mind — deprived  of  my  reason : 
fear  that  something  might  befall  him  in  his  of  a,  privativum,  and  mens. 

retreat.     He  had  retained  his  presence  of         747.  Teucros :  in  the  sense  of  Trojanos. 
mind  so  far  as  to  make  good  his  escape  in         750.  Stat.     Sententia,  or  some  word  of 

the  best  possible  manner.     Now,  on  a  sud-  the  like  import,  is  understood  :  my  purpose 

den,   he   loses  all  recollection  ;   he  forgets  is  fixed  :  7  am  resolved.  While  the  mind  is  in 

himself;  he  knows  not  what  he  does :  he  is  doubt  and  uncertainty,  it  reels  to  and  fro 

deprived  of  that  presence  of  mind  which  he  from  one  thing  to  another,  fluctuat,  vacillat : 

had  hitherto  retained,  by  some  unfriendly  but  when  it  is  determined  and  resolved,  then 

deity.    In  consequence  of  this  he  left  the  it  stands  still ;  it  is  at  rest.     Casus :  in  the 

plain  road,  taking  the  by-paths :  nor  did  he  sense  of  pericula.     Reverti  :  in  the  sense  of 

recollect  to  look  back  to  see  if  his  wife  was  redire. 
following  him.  752.  Limina :  threshold — entrance. 

Avia :    an  adj.  agreeing  with  loca  un-         753.  Extuleram  gressum :   where    I  had 

derstood  ;  out  of  the  way :  from  the  ordina-  come  out.     A  phrase. 
ry  or  common  way.  Ofa,privativum,andt>ia.         754.  Lumine.    Lumen  properly  signifies 

737.  JVb/a  regione  viarum :  simply,  from  light :   it  also  signifies  an  eye.     In  this  last 
the  known  or  beaten  way.  sense,  Ruaeus  takes  it,  and  interprets  it  by 

738.  Misero-fato.  Some  render  wmero,with  oculis.    It  is  perhaps  better  to  understand  it 
mihi  understood.      But  miser  signifies  that  of  the  light  occasioned  by  the  conflagration 
which  makes  miserable,  as  well  as  simply,  ofTroyr   In  this  case,  sequor,  &c.  may  be 
miserable.     In  this  sense  it  may  be  connect-  rendered  :  I  follow   back  my  footsteps  ob- 
ed  with /a/o :  distressing  fate.     When  thus  served  in  the  darkness,  and  search  them  out 
construed,  it  hath  a  peculiar  force.    Both  by  the  light  of  the  flames.  Davidson  agrees 
Ruseus  and  Heyne  say,  misero  mihi.  with  Ruseus. 

741.  Reftexi  animum:  turned  back  my         756.  Si  forte*  si  forte :  if  by  chance,  if  by 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  II. 


765     765. 


ex  auro 


Me  reiero.    irruerant  Danai,  et  tectum  omne  tenebant. 
Ilicet  ignis  edax  summa  ad  fastigia  vento 
Volvitur  ;  exsuperant  flammae  ;  furit  aestus  ad  auras. 
Procedo  ad  Priami  sedes,  arcemque  revise.  760 

Et  jam  porticibus  vacuis,  Junonis  asylo, 
Custodes  lecti  Phoenix  et  dims  Ulysses 
Prcedam  asservabant  :  hue  undique  Troia  gaza 
Incensis  erepta  adytis,  mensaeque  Deorum, 
Crateresque  auro  solidi,  captivaque  vestis 
Congeritur.     Pueri  et  pavidae  longo  ordine  matres 
Stant  circum. 

Ausus  quinetiam  voces  jactare  per  umbram 
Implevi  clamore  vias  :  moestusque  Creiisam 
Nequicquam  ingeminans,  iterumque  iterumque  vocavi. 
Quserenti,  et  tectis  urbis  sine  fine  furenti,  771     m*  InfeKx  simula- 

Infelix  simulacrum,  atque  ipsius  umbra  Creiisae  ™s8e  i£?u^  et  imafo 

Visa  mihi  ante  oculos,  et  nota  major  imago.  major  nota  visa  eat  mi- 

Obstupui,  steteruntque  comae,  et  vox  faucibus  haesit.       hi  ante  oculos,  quaerenti 
Turn  sic  affari,  et  curas  his  demere  dictis  :  775  «»mi  et  furenti 

Quid  tantum  insano  juvat  indulgere  dolori,  sic  affari  ^  **"   /** 

O  dulcis  conjux  ?  non  haec  sine  numine  Divum  773   p^  fag  ^  aut 

Eveniunt  :  nee  te  comitem  asportare  Creiisaoi  ille     regnator     superi 


NOTES. 


chance,  she  had  returned  thither.  Tulisset 
pedem :  had  returned,  or  gone  thither.  The 
repetition  of  the  si  forte,  is  emphatical. 

760.  Procedo.     Creiisa  was  the  daughter 
of  Priam,  by  Hecuba  ;  which,  perhaps,  is  the 
reason  of  his  going  to  his  palace  in  search 
of  her. 

761.  Asylo:  in  the  sense  of  templo.     For 
ticibus  :  in  the  passages  or  aisles. 

763.  Gaza.     This  word  signifies  all  kinds 
of  rich  furniture — wealth — property.     It  is 
of  Persian  origin.      Erepta,   is  connected 
with  it. 

764.  Mensa  Deorum.      These  were   the 
tripods  of  the  gods,  which  served  for  deli- 
vering the  oracles,  or  for  bearing  the  sacred 
vessels,     Adytis :  in  the  sense  of  templis. 

763.  Undique.  This  word  may  imply,  that 
the  things  here  mentioned  were  collected 
from  all  parts  of  the  town,  and  thrown  in 
this  place  (hue,)  or  that  they  were  piled  up 
here  all  around— hi  every  part  of  the  building. 

770.  Ingeminans  :  repeating  her  name  in 
vain — in  vain,  because  she  did  not  answer 
him.  Mwstus,  agrees  with  ego,  understood. 
Furenti :  for  currenti. 

772.  Infelix  simulacrum  :  the  unhappy  ap- 
parition— unhappy,  not  on  her  own  account, 
for  she  was  blessed  and  at  rest ;  but  because 
she  was  the  source  of  sorrow  and  unhappi- 
ness  to  her  husband.  Umbra.  The  intro- 
duction of  Creiisa's  ghost  is  extremely  well 
timed.  No  other  expedient  could  be  found 
to  stop  the  further  search  of  /Eneas  for  his 
wife,  and  permit  him  to  return  to  his  friends 


in  their  expedition.  It  shows  the  judgment 
of  the  poet. 

773.  Imago  major  nota :  her  image  larger 
than  life — than  when  alive.  Spectres  and 
apparitions  are  usually  represented  of  a 
large  size ;  fear  having  a  tendency  to  en- 
large objects  that  are  presented  to  the  ima- 
gination. The  darkness  of  the  night  has  a 
tendency  to  enlarge  the  appearance  of  ob- 
jects seen  obscurely  and  imperfectly. 

This  episode  of  Creiisa's  death  is  intro- 
duced, not  merely  for  the  importance  of  the 
event,  but  because  it  answered  several  im- 
portant purposes  of  the  poet.  It  gave  him 
an  opportunity  of  more  fully  illustrating  the 
piety  of  ./Eneas,  by  showing  him  once  more 
exposed  to  all  the  dangers  of  the  war  in 
search  of  his  wife ;  and,  in  consequence  of 
that,  leads  us  back  with  his  hero  to  visit 
Troy  smoking  in  its  ruins,  and  makes  us 
acquainted  with  several  affecting  circum- 
stances, without  which  the  narration  would 
not  have  been  complete.  And  then  it  makes 
way  for  the  appearance  of  her  ghost,  that 
affords  comfort  to  ^Eneas  in  his  distress,  by 
predicting  his  future  felicity ;  and  relieves 
the  mind  of  the  reader  from  the  horrors  of 
war  and  desolation,  by  turning  him  to  the 
prospect  of  that  peace  and  tranquillity  which 
.(Eneas  was  to  enjoy  in  Italy  ;  and  of  that 
undisturbed  rest,  and  happy  liberty,  of  which 
herself  was  now  possessed  in  the  other 
world. 

776.  Insano  dolori:  immoderate  grief. 
JVtmune  .*  in  the  srpnse  ofwluntafa 


J*.  VIRGILII  MAROMS 


Olympi  sinit  te  aspor-  Fas,  aut  ille  sinit  superi  regnator  Olympi. 

mitem^6?re  *"*'  co"Longa  tibi  exilia,  et  vastunTmaris  sequor  arandunu    78U 

m7&0.  Longa  exilia /«- Ad  terram  Hesperiam  venies,  ubi  Lydius  arva 
Inter  opima  virum  leni  fluit  agmine  Tybris. 
Illic  res  laetae,  regnumque,  et  regia  conjux 
Parta  tibi :  lachrymas  dilectae  pelJe  Creiisae. 
Non  ego  Myrmidonum  sed<  s  Dolopumve  superbas    785 
Aspiciam,  aut  Graiis  servit  :m  matribus  ibo, 
787..Egogw«>sttMDar-Dardanis,  et  Divae  Veneris  nurus. 

dams,  et  ged  me  magna  Deum  genitrix  his  detinet  oris. 

Jamque  vale,  et  nati  serva  communis  amorem. 
790.     Deseruit    me  Haec  ubi  dicta  dedit,  lachrymantem  et  multa  volentem 


tura  sunt 


784.  Parta  sunt  tibi 


lachrymantem, 
lentem  dicere 


et  vo-  Dicere  desefuit,  tenuesque  reces^it  in  auras.  791 

Ter  conatus  ibi  coilo  dare  brachia  circum : 

frust™  comprensa  manus  effugit  imago, 
Par  levibus  ventis,  volucrique  simillima  somno. 

Sic  demum  socios,  consumptl.  nocte,  revise.         795 
Atque  hie  ingentem  comitum  affluxisse  novorum 
Invenio  admirans  numerum  ;  matresque,  virosque, 
Collectam  exilic  pubem,  miserabile  vulgus. 


NOTES. 


779.  Superi  Olympi :  of  high  heaven. 

780.  Exilia :  in  the  sense  of  itinera.     It 
Implies  that  ./Eneas  should  be  for  a  long 
time  destitute  of  any  country,  or  fixed  habi- 
tation.  JEquor :  properly  any  level  surface, 
whether  land  or  water.     It  is  often  used  in 
the  sense  of  mare.     Arandum :  in  the  sense 
of  navigandum. 

781.  Ad:  Heyne  reads  et.     Some  copies 
have  ut :  that  you  may  arrive  or  come,  &c. 
In  this  case  there  must  not  be  a  full  point 
after  arandum.     The  usual  reading  is  ad. 

782.  Lydius  Tybris:  the  Tuscan  Tyber 
flows,  with  its  gentle  stream,  between  lands 
rich  in  heroes. 

The  Tyber  is  here  called  Lydian,  or  Tus- 
can. It  separated  Tuscany  from  La- 
tium.  The  former  having  been  settled  by  a 
colony  of  Lydians  under  Tyrrhenus,  the  son 
ofAtys,  king  of  Lydia,  in  Asia  Minor.  He 
called  the  inhabitants  Tyrrlwni,  after  his 
own  name.  Agmine:  in  the  sense  ofcursu 
veljlumine.  Virum.  Vir,  properly  signi- 
fies a  man,  as  opposed  to  a  woman — a  hero. 
Also,  the  male  of  any  kind  or  species  of 
animals.  Arva :  properly  cultivated  lands, 
from  the  verb  aro. 

783.  Res  Ma, :  prosperity.     The  same  as 
res  secunduz.     ^Cneas,  after  his  arrival  in 
Italy,  and  the  death  of  Turnus,  married  La- 
vinia,  the   daughter    of  Latinus,  king   of 
Latium,  and  succeeded  him  in  his  kingdom. 

/Eneas,  in  relating  this  prophecy  to  Dido, 
plainly  informs  her  that  he  was  destined  by 
fate  for  Lavinia ;  and,  by  so  doing,  pleads 
the  necessity  of  his  leaving  Carthage.  Dido, 
therefore,  betrays  herself  by  an  indiscreet 
passion,  and  is  not  betrayed  by  any  perfidy 
of  ./Eneas.  Soelib.  iv.  passim. 


784.  Dilectce  Creiisa, :  for,  or  on  account  oi 
your  beloved  Creiisa. 

786.  Servitum :  to  serve  in  the  capacity  of 
a  servant.     The  sup.  in  wm,  of  the  verb  ser- 
viO)  put  after  ibo. 

787.  Dardanis.     Creiisa  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Priam,  and  consequently  descended  in 
a  direct  line  from  Dardanus,  the  founder  of 
the  Trojan  race  :  at  least  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  it.    See  fan.  i.  1 .     Nurus :  the  daugh- 
ter-in-law.    ./Eneas  was  the  son  of  Venus 
and  Anchises,  which  made  Creiisa  the  daugh- 
ter-in-law to  Venus. 

788.  Genitrix:  Cybele.     She   is  said  to 
have  been  the  mother  of  all  the  gods. 

789.  Serva :  retain,  or  keep.     JVa/i :  As- 
canius,  who  was   the  son  of  Creiisa   and 
./Eneas. 

792.  Circumdare.     The  parts  of  the  verb 
are  separated,  for  the  sake  of  the  verse,  by 
Tmesis. 

793.  Comprensa :  a  part,  agreeing  with 
imago.    Manus :  ace.  plu.    Her  image,  sei/- 
ed  in  vain  three  times,  escaped  his  hands. 

794.  Par:  in  the  sense  of  similis.  Somno: 
a  dream. 

796.  Hie  admirans  invenio,  &c.  The  poet, 
by  this  circumstance,  signifies  how  greatly 
./Eneas  was  beloved  by  the  Trojans,  and  the 
weight  and  importance  of  his  character.    It 
appears  that  this  multitude,  by  resorting  to 
^Eneas,  and  putting  themselves  under  his 
protection,  chose  him  their  king ;  which  ap- 
pellation is  given  him  throughout  the  ./Ene- 
id.    AJftuxisse :  in  the  sense  of  advenisse. 

797.  Miserabile  vulgus :  a  pitiable  multi- 
tude.    They  assembled,  from  all   quartern, 
prepared  in  mind  and  fortune  to  follow  me. 
to  whatsoever  countries  I  might  wi?h  to  lead 


.    LIB.  14. 


Undique  convenere,  animis  opibusque  parati, 
In  qud.scunque  velim  peiago  deducere  terras. 

Jamque  jugis  summae  surgebat  Lucifer  Idas, 
Ducebatque  diem  :  Danaique  obsessa  tenebant 
Limina  portarum  :  nee  spes  opis  ulla  dabatur. 
Cessi,  et  sublato  montem  genitore  petivi. 


Mi    convenere 
QQQ  undique,  parati  animis 

opibusque  Fcyi'i  me 


NOTES. 


them  over  the  sea.  Pubem :  in  the  sense  of 
juventutem 

801.  Jug-is  summer  Idas.  Mount  Ida  lay 
to  the  east  of  Troy,  and,  consequently, 
Lucifer,  Venus,  or  the  Morning  Star,  as  it  is 
called  when  going  before  the  sun,  appeared 
to  those  at  Troy  to  rise  from  the  top  (Jugis) 
of  that  mountain.  Sunurue  :  in  the  sense  of 
altai. 

803.  Op-is.  Ruaeus  interprets  this  by  aux- 
ilii;  but  it  may  mean  wealth — property: 
-and  by  the  expression  we  may  understand, 
that  there  was  now  no  hope  of  obtaining 
&ny  more  of  their  wealth  or  property,  the 


city  being  completely  in  the  possession  of 
the  Greeks. 

804.  Cessi:  I  yielded  to  my  fate.  Dr. 
Trapp  renders  it,  /  retired ;  but  it  is  much 
better  to  understand  it  as  an  expression  of 
the  piety  and  resignation  of  ./Eneas,  espe- 
cially if  we  consider  what  immediately  pre- 
cedes: nee  spes  opis  ulla  dabatur.  Genitore 
sublato.  This  instance  of  filial  piety  is  highly 
pleasing.  A  modern  commander  would 
never  have  submitted  to  the  task  of  bearing 
such  a  load ;  but  would  have  assigned  it  to 
a  servant,  or  imposed  it  upon  a  soldier, 
RUSBUS  says,  ferens  patrern. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  book  ? 

What  is  its  character,  when  compared 
with  the  rest  ? 

How  long  did  the  siege  of  Troy  continue  ? 

How  was  it  taken  at  the  last  ? 

To  whom  was  this  horse  designed  as  a 
present  ? 

In  return  for  what  ? 

What  was  the  Palladium  ? 

By  whom  was  it  taken  from  the  temple 
of  Minerva  ? 

After  building  the  horse,  what  did  the 
Greeks  do  ? 

How  far  was  Ten^dos  from  Troas? 

Did  they  pretend  that  they  were  about  to 
return  home,  and  relinquish  the  siege  ? 

Did  this  obtain  belief  among  the  Trojans? 

What  was  the  real  object  of  the  Greeks 
in  building  this  horse? 

Who  acted  a  very  distinguished  part  in 
this  business  ? 

What  ie  the  character  of  Sinon  ? 

Who  opposed  the  admission  of  this  horse 
within  the  walls  ? 

What  prodigy  happened  just  at  this  time, 
which  overcame  all  doubts  in  the  minds  of 
the  Trojans? 

Who  was  Laocoon  ? 

To  what  office  had  he  been  appointed  by 
lot? 

What  was  the  design  of  offering  sacrifice 
to  Neptune  at  this  time  ? 

What  did  this  horse  contain  ? 

How  did  it  enter  into  the  city  ? 

Where  was  it  placed ' 

How  many  names  has  the  poet  invented 
for  this  engine  of  destruction 

What  time  was  the  assault  niade  upon 
*he  city ? 


What  office  did  Sinon  perform  upon  tlu's 
occasion  ? 

Did  the  Grecian  troops  return  from  Te- 
nedos,  and  join  their  friends  ? 

How  were  they  received  into  the  city  ? 

In  what  state  were  the  Trojans  at  tills 
time  ? 

Were  they  aware  of  ftny  such  treachery  ? 

Finding  the  city  hi  the  hands  of  the  ene- 
my, what  course  did  jEneas  pursue  ? 

What  were  some  of  his  actions  ? 

Where   were  his    last    efforts  made  to 
avenge  his*  country  ? 

What  became  of  Priam? 

What  were  the  last  actions  of  the  aged 
monarch  ? 

What  particularly  roused  his  indignation 
against  Pyrrhus  ? 

By  whom  was  Priam  slain? 

What  was  the  manner  of  it  ? 

What  were  the  circumstances  of  it  ? 

Where  was  ,<Eneas  during  these  transac- 
tions ? 

What  did  he  do,  after  he  beheld  the  death 
of  Priam  : 

Under  whose  conduct  did  lie  pass  in  safe- 
ty through  his  enemies  ? 

Did  /Eneas  receive  direction  to  leave  the 
city,  and  to  seek  his  safety  in  flight  ? 

How  did  he  receive  it  ?     From  whom  ? 

What  was  the  determination  of  his  fa- 
ther Anchises? 

What  effect  had  his  refusal  upon  the 
mind  of  jEneas  ? 

What  did  his  wife  Creusa  do  upon  this 
occasion  ? 

How  was  the  determination  of  Anclu'se£, 
not  to  survive  the  capture  of  1ho  i/itv 
changed  ? 


P.  VTRGILII  MARONIS 

What  where  the  prodigies  that  effected  What  effect  had  her  loss  upon  him  at  the 

that  change  ?  first  ? 

To  what  place  did  he  retire  ?  How  was  his  mind  quieted  ? 

How  did  he  convey  his  father  ?  What  directions  did  her  apparition  give 

H6w  his  son  Ascanius  ?  him  ? 

What  direction   did    he   give   his    wife  After  his  return  to  the  place  of  rendez- 
Creiisa  ?  vous,  did  he  find  great  numbers  there  col- 
Did  he  arrive  in  safety  to  the  place  ap-  lected  ? 
pointed  ?  Did  they  consider  him  their  leader  and 

What  became  of  his  wife  ?  king  ? 

What  did  he  do  in  consequence  of  her  Were  they  prepared  and  willing  to  under- 

IOSF  ?  take  any  enterprise,  he  might  think  proper  ? 


LIBER   TERTIUS. 


J£NEAS,  having  finished  the  sack  of  Troy,  proceeds  to  rejate  to  Dido  the  particulars  of 
his  voyage.  Having  built  a  fleet  of  twenty  ships  near  Antandros,  he  set  sail  in  the 
spring,  probably,  of  the  year  following  the  capture  of  Troy.  He  landed  on  the  shores 
of  Thrace,  and  there  commenced  the  building  of  a  city,  which  he  called,  after  his  own 
name,  JEnos,  and  the  inhabitants,  JEntada..  He  was,  however,  soon  interrupted  in  the 
prosecution  of  his  work,  by  the  shade  of  Polydorus,  the  son  of  Priam.  He  had  been 
barbarously  put  to  death  by  Polymnestor,  king  of  Thrace,  his  brother-in-law,  and  bu- 
ried in  this  place.  It  directed  him  to  leave  the  polluted  land,  and  to  seek  another  clime 
for  his  intended  city. 

Having  performed  the  funeral  rites  to  Polydorus,  he  set  sail,  directing  his  course  to  the 
south  ;  and  soon  arrived  on  the  coast  of  Delos,  one  of  the  Cyclades.  Here  he  was 
hospitably  received  by  Anius,  king  of  the  island,  and  priest  of  Apollo.  He  was  direct- 
ed by  the  oracle  to  seek  the  land  of  his  ancestors ;  there  he  should  found  a  city,  which 
should  bear  rule*over  all  nations.  This  information  was  joyfully  received.  Whereupon, 
they  concluded  that  Crete,  the  birth-place  of  Teucer,  was  the  land  to  which  the  oracle 
directed  them. 

Leaving  Delos,  in  a  short  time  they  arrive  on  the  shores  of  Crete.  They  hail  it  with 
joy  as  the  termination  of  their  wanderings.  Here  ^Eneas  lays  the  foundation  of  a  city 
which  he  called  Pergama,  and  was  preparing  to  enter  upon  the  business  of  agriculture, 
when  a  sudden  plague  arose,  which  put  an  end  to  his  prospects,  and  carried  off  many 
of  his  companions.  In  this  juncture,  it  was  agreed  that  he  should  go  back  to  Delos,  to 
obtain  further  instructions.  In  the  mean  time,  in  a  vision,  he  was  informed  that  Crete 
was  not  the  land  destined  to  him,  and  that  the  oracle  of  Apollo  intended  he  should  seek 
Italy,  the  land  of  Dardanns.  This  quieted  his  mind  ;  and  Anchises  acknowledged  that 
both  Teucer  and  Dardanus  were  the  founders  of  their  race,  and  that  he  had  been  mis- 
taken in  reckoning  their  descent  in  the  line  of  Teucer. 

tineas,  without  delay,  leaves  Crefe ;  and  in  a  few  days  arrived  on  the  coast  of  the  Slro- 
phades,  in  the  Ionian  sea,  on  the  west  of  the  Peloponnesus.  Here  he  landed  with  his 
fleet,  and  found  these  islands  in  the  possession  of  the  Harpies.  Celseno,  one  of  them, 
informed  him,  that,  before  he  should  found  a  city,  they  sliould  be  reduced  to  the  necessity 
of  consuming  their  tables.  This  was  the  first  intimation  which  he  had  received  of  want, 
and  suffering,  in  the  land  destined  to  him.  It  sunk  deep  into  his  mind. 

Leaving  these  islands,  he  directed  his  course  westward,  and  soon  arrived  on  the  coast  of 
Epirus.  He  landed  at  Jlctium.,  and  celebrated  the  Trojan  games. 

From  Actium,  he  proceeded  to  that  part  of  Epirtjs  called  Chaonia.  On  his  entering  the 
harbor,  he  heard  that  Helenus,  the  son  of  Priam,  sat  upon  the  throne  of  Pyrrhus,  and 
that  Andromache  had  become  his  wife.  Desirous  of  hearing  the  truth  of  this  report, 
he  proceeds  direct  to  Buthrotus,  the  seat  of  government.  Here,  to  his  great  joy,  he 
finds  his  friends,  and  remained  with  them  for  some  time  Helenus,  at  their  departure, 
loads  them  with  presents.  Andromache  gives  to  Ascanius  alone,  who  was  the  exact 
picture  of  her  son  Astyanax. 

From  Epirus,  JEnea.s  passes  over  the  Ionian  sea,  and  arrives  at  the  promontory  I'dpygium. 
Thence  he  sails  down  the  coast  of  Magna  Gratia,  and  the  eastern  shore  of  Sicily,  to  the 
promontory  Pachynum ;  thence  along  the  southern  shore  to  the  port  of  Drepanwm. 
where  he  lost  his  father  Anchises ;  which  concludes  the  book. 


./ENEIS.     LIK.  III. 

This  book  contains  the  annals  of  seven  years,  and  is  replete  with  geographical  and  his- 
torical information.  Nor  is  it  wanting  in  fine  specimens  of  poetry,  and  in  interesting 
incidents.  The  joy  of  J^neas  at  finding  Helenus  and  Andromache  on  the  throne  of 
Epirus — their  happy  meeting — their  tender  and  affectionate  parting — the  description  of 
Scylla  and  Charybdis,  and  the  episode  of  the  Cyclops,  are  all  worthy  of  the  poet. 

In  this  book,  Virgil  in  a  particular  manner  follows  the  Odyssey  of  Homer. 


POSTQUAM  res  Asiae  Priamique  evertere  gentem 
Immeritam  visum  Superis,  ceciditque  superbum 
Ilium,  et  omnis  humo  fumat  Neptunia  Troja  : 
Diversa  exilia,  et  desertas  quaerere  terras, 
Auguriis  agimur  Divum  :  classemque  sub  ipsa 
Antandro,  et  Phrygise  molimur  montibus  Idae  : 
Incerti  quo  fa  a  ferant,  ubi  sistere  detur ; 
Contrahimusque  viros.    Vix  prima  inceperat  aestas, 
Et  pater  Anchises  dare  fatis  vela  jubebat. 


1.  Postquam  visum 
est  Superis  evertere  res 
Asiae 


7.  Ferant  nos,  ubi  de- 
tur nobis  sistere  pedem 


NOTES. 


1.  Res  Asiat:  the  power  of  Asia. 

2.  Immeritam :  undeserving  such  a  cala- 
mity.    The  ruin  of  their  country  was  owing 
to  the  crimes  of  Paris  and  Laomedon.  See 
Geor.  i.  502,  and  ^En.  i.    Visum  Superis  :  it 
pleased,  or  seemed  good  to  the  gods.     This 
was  a  common  mode  of  expression,  when 
events  were  not  prosperous.     The  verb  est 
is  to  be  supplied  with  visum. 

3.  Neptunia.     Troy  is  here  called  Nep- 
tunean,  because  Neptune,  with  Apollo,  it  is 
said,  built  its  walls  in  the  reign  of  Laome- 
don.    Homer  and  Virgil  ascribe  the  build- 
ing of  the  walls  to  Neptune  alone.     Ruseus 
takes  Ilium  to  mean  the  citadel  of  Troy, 
and  distinguishes  it  from  the  whole  town, 
which  is  here  expressed  by,  omnis  Troja. 
Homer  uses  Ilios,  and  Ovid,  Ilion.     Fumat. 
The  present  here  is  much  more  expressive 
than   the   past   tense   would    have   been : 
smokes  to  the  ground. 

4.  Diversa :    in   the  sense  of  remote,  or 
longinqua.     Although  the  Trojans,  under 
different  leaders,  as  ./Eneas,  Helenus,  and 
Antenor,  settled  in  different  regions,  yet 
diversa  exilia  plainly  refers  to  ^Eneas  and  his 
followers  only,  who  were  all  appointed  to 
go  in  quest  of  the  same  settlement.     Deser- 
tas terras :  unoccupied — uncultivated  lands ; 
where  they  might  settle  in  peace.     Or,  we 
may  suppose  ^Eneas  to  speak  the  language 
of  his  heart  at  that  time.     Having  the  dis- 
mal idea  of  the  destruction  of  his  country 
fresh  in  his  mind,  and  the  uncertain  prospect 
of  a  settlement  in  some  unknown  land,  (ra- 
ce/71  quo  fata  ferant,   ubi  sistere  detur ^   it 
was  'natural  for  him  to  have  uncomfortable 
apprehensions  of  the  country  to  which  he 
was  going ;  to  call  it  an  exile,  or  place  of 
banishment,  a  land  of  solitude  and  deser- 
tion.    Some  read  diversas,  for  desertas. 

5.  Auguriis  Divum :  by  the  intimations, 
or  prodigies  of  the  gods.     This  refers  to 
the  several  prophetic  intimations  given  to 
him  of  liis  future  fate  by  the  ghost  of  Hec- 


tor— by  the  lambent  flame  on  the  head  of 
Ascanius — and  by  the  interview  which  he 
had  with  the  ghost  of  Creiisa.  Ominibus 
Deorum,  says  Runeus. 

6.  Antandro.    Antandros  was  a  city  of 
the  lesser  Phrygia,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Ida, 
and  a  convenient  place  to  build  and  equip  a 
fleet.    Molimur :  in  the  sense  offabricantus. 

7.  Incerti  quo.     We  may  be  somewhat 
surprised  to  hear  vEneas  express  any  doubt 
as  to  his  course  and  intended  settlement. 
He   had  been  distinctly  informed   by  the 
ghost  of  his  wife,'  that  Italy  was  the  place 
destined  for  him  in  the  counsels  of  the  gods : 
he  could  not  therefore  have  given  full  cre- 
dence to  the  account ;  or  the  dangers  and 
difficulties  of  the  undertaking  might  have 
filled  his  mind  with  anxious  and  distrustful 
apprehensions :  or  perhaps  it  is  a  passage, 
which  the  author  would  have  corrected,  if 
he  had  lived  to  revise  his  work. 

8.  Prima  cestas.      Scaliger   thinks  that 
Troy  was  taken  about  the  full  moon,  and 
near  the  end  of  spring,  and  that  ^Eneas  set 
out  the  beginning;   of  summer.     But  it  is 
evident  that  it   would   require  a   greater 
length  of  time  to  build  a  fleet,  and  make 
other  preparations  for  his  long  voyage.     If 
he  be  correct  in  the  time  of  the  capture  of 
Troy,  the  prima  cestas,  with  more  propriety, 
will  mean  the  beginning  of  the  summer  of 
the  following  year.   Tin's  better  agrees  with 
history.      Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus,   in- 
forms us  that  he  collected  an  army  and  for- 
tified-himself  on  mount  Ida  ;  but  not  think- 
ing it  prudent  to  engage  the  enemy,  he  ca- 
pitulated on  honorable  terms ;  one  of  which 
was,  that  he  should  be  allowed  to  depart 
from  Troas  with  his  followers  without  mo- 
lestation, after  a  certain  time,  which  he  em- 
ployed hi  building  and  equipping  a  fleet. 

9.  Fatis :  quo  fata  vellent,  says  RUDUS, 
Propterjussa  et  monita  Deo'rwn.  says  Heyne 
Some  copies  have  vet- 


#14 


1*.  V 1RGILI1  MARONiS 


Litora  turn  patrise  lachrymans,  portusque  relinquo,    10 
Et  campus,  ubi  Troja  fuit  :  feror  exul  in  ahum, 
Cum  sociis.  natoque,  Penatibus,  et  magnib  Dis. 
Terra  procul  vastis  colitur  Mavortia  campis, 

14.    Quam    Thraccs  Thraces  arant,  acri  quondam  regnata  Lycurgo  : 
Hospitium  antiquum  Trojae,  sociique  Penates, 

fortuna  fuit'      Feror  huc>  et  litore  curvo 

Prima  loco>  fatis  'ngressus  iniquis  : 
nostris,  dum  fortuna  fuit  ^Eneadasque  meo  nornen  de  nomine  fingo. 
nobis  Sacra  Dionaese  matri,  Divisque  ferebam 

Auspicious  coeptorum  operum  :  superoque  nitentem   20 

*^.  vjfiio  summo  crtt/it  ,-*     ,.      «A  •  «  •      i*. 


want 


15 


cornea  virgulta,etmyr- 


,-*     ,.      «A 
Coelicolum 


«  •      i*. 

niactabam  in  iitore  taurum. 


UTS  horrida  densis         Forte  fuit  juxta  tumulus,  quo  cornea  summo 


NOTES. 


'10.  Lachrymatis.  The  shedding  of  tears 
is  an  indication  of  compassion  and  humani- 
ty. It  is  not  inconsistent  with  true  fortitude 
and  greatness  of  mind,  and  no  way  unbe- 
coming a  hero.  But  there  is  no  necessity 
of  understanding  it  here,  and  in  various 
ether  passages  where  it  occurs,  as  if  ,/Eneas 
actually  shed  tears.  Ruceus  takes  it  in  the 
sense  of  lugens,  grieving  at  the  idea  of  leav- 
ing his  native  country,  and  at  the  prospect 
of  the  dangers  which  were  before  him. 

12.  Magnis  Dis.      The  great  gods  were 
Jupiter,  Juno,  Mars,  Pallas,  Mercury  and 
Apollo  ;  sometimes  called  the  Dii  majorum 
gentium.     The  Penates  were  domestic  gods, 
without  any  particular  name.     The  images 
of  all  these  gods  ./Eneas  took  with  him  into 
Italy,  and  introduced  their  worship,  as  we 
are  told,  into  Latium,  after  he  was  settled 
in  that  kingdom.     Some  take  the  Magnis 
Dis  to  be   the  same   with  the  ^Penatibus. 
See  Geor.  ii.  505.  and  ./En.  ii.717. 

13.  Mavortia   terra :    a   martial   land. — 
Thrace  is  so  called,  because  said  to  be  the 
birthplace  of  Mars.      This  was  a  very  ex- 
tensive country,  bounded  on  the    east  by 
the    Euxine  sea,  south  by  the  Propontis, 
Hellespont,  and  ^Egean   sea,  and  on   the 
West  by  Macedonia.     Colitur :  in  the  sense 
of  habitatur.    Procul.     This  word   some- 
times signifies  near,  in  view,  as  if  prooculis, 
as  hi  Eel.  vi.  16.     In  this  sense  it  may  be 
taken  here ;  for  Thrace  \vas  only  a  short 
distance  from  the  port  where  Eneas  set  sail. 
But  it  may  have  reference  to    'arthage,  the 
place  where  he  then  was ;  and  then  it  may 
be  taken  in  its  usual  acceptation. 

14.  Acri  Lycurgo :  warlike.  Lycurgus.  He 
was  the  son  of  Dryas.     Being  offended  at 
Bacchus,  it  is  said,  he  banished  him  and  his 
votaries  from  his  kingdom  ;  and  ordered  all 
Ihe  vines  to  be  destroyed  in  his  dominions. 
For  which  impiety  the  god  deprived  him  of 
his  sight.     Regnata,  refers  to  terra :  govern- 
ed, or  ruled. 

15.  Hospitium:    an    ancient    retreat   of 
Troy,  and  its  gods  were  our  friends,  while 
fortune  was  v.'ith  us. 


There  had  been  a  long  and  friendly  alli- 
ance between  the  two  countries,  by  virtue  of 
which  the  Thracians  gave  a  hospitable  re- 
ception to  all  strangers  from  Troy  ;  and  the 
Trojans,  in  turn,  repaid  the  kindness  by 
civilities  to  the  Thracians.  This  hospitali- 
ty was  sometimes  between  whole  nations, 
between  one  city  and  another,  and  some- 
times between  particular  families.  Polym- 
nestor,  king  of  Thrace,  married  //tone,  the 
daughter  of  Priam.  By  these  means  the 
two  nations  became  related  in  their  respec- 
tive heads  ;  and  their  gods  might  be  said  to 
be  allied,  confederate,  and  friends,  in  conse- 
quence of  it. 

17.  Prima  mania  :  I  place  my  first  walls. 
The  city  which  ^Cneas  first  founded,  we 

are  told,  he  called  JEnos.  It  was  not  far 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Ilcbrus,  on  the  shore 
of  the  yEgean  sea.  The  tomb  of  Polydo- 
rus  was  near  this  place.  Ingrestus :  having1 
entered  upon  the  business  with  fates  unkind 
— against  the  will  and  purposes  of  the  gods, 
who  directed  him  to  the  land  of  Dardanus. 

18.  Fingo  JEneadas:  1  call    the  inhabi- 
tants «/3£neado!,  a  name  derived  from  my 
name.     Fingo :  in  the  sense  of  voco. 

19.  Dionoxe :  an  adj.  from  Dione,  the  mo- 
ther of  Venus.     Matri :  to  his  mother,  Venus. 
Sacra:  in  the  sense  of  sacrificia.  And/ere- 
bam  :  in  the  sense  of  offerebam. 

20.  Auspicibus :  the  favorers  or  patsons 
of  our  work  begun.     It  is  put  in  apposition 
with  Divis. 

21.  Mactabam :  I  was  sacrificing  a  shining1 
bull  to  the  high  king  of  the  gods. 

Servius  tells  us  that  a  bull  was  one  of 
those  animals  forbidden  to  be  offered  in  sa- 
crifice to  Jove ;  and  thinks  Virgil,  design- 
edly, makes  ^Eneas  ofter  here  an  unlawful 
sacrifice,  in  order  to  introduce  the  inauspi- 
cious omen  that  followed.  But  La  Cerda, 
assures  us,  upon  the  best  authority,  that  it 
was  usual  to  sacrifice  bulls  to  Jupiter,  as 
well  as  to  the  other  gods.  Nitentem.  RUEUS 
says,  p^nguem ;  and  Heyne,  candidum. 

22.  Tumulus :  a  rising  ground,  or  hillock. 
Quo  summo :  on  whose  top.     Cornea:  a^i 


.    LIB.  HI. 


Virgulta,  et  densis  hastilibus  horrida  myrtus. 
Access!,  viridemque  ab  humo  convellere  sylvam 
Conatus,  ramis  tegerem  ut  trondentibus  aras  : 
Horrendum  et  dictu  video  mirabile  monstrum. 
Nam,  quae  prima  solo,  ruptis  radicibus,  arbos 
Vellitur,  huic  atro  liquuntur  sanguine  gutta?, 
Et  terram  tabo  maculant.     Mihi  frigidus  horror 
Membra  quatit.  gelidusque  coit  forniidiue  sanguis. 
Rursus  et  alterius  lentum  convellere  vimen 
Insequor,  et  causas  penitus  tentare  laientes  : 
Ater  et  alterius  sequitur  de  cortice  sanguis. 
Multa  movens  ammo,  Nymphas  venerabar  agrestes, 
Gradivumque  patrem,  Geticis  qui  praesidet  arvis, 
Rite  secundarent  visus,  omenque  levarent. 
Tertia  sed  postquam  majore  hastilia  nixu 
Aggredior,  genibusque  adverse  obluctor  arenae  : 
Eloquar,  an  sileam  ?  gemitus  lachrymabilis  imo 
Auditur  tumulo,  et  vox  reddita  fertur  ad  aures  : 
Quid  miserum,  ^Enea,  laceras  ?  jam  parce  sepulto, 
Parce  pias  scelerare  manus  :  non  me  tibi  Troja 
Externum  tulit  :  baud  cruor  hie  de  stipite  manat. 


24.  Access]  ad  locum, 
95  conatusque  sum  convel- 
lere 

27.  Quse  arbos  prima 
vellitur  solo,  huic  guttae 
ex  atro 


30 


30.  Coit  circum  cor. 

31.  Alterius   arboris, 
et  penitus  tentare  laten- 
tes  causas  earum  rerum  ; 
et  ater 


35 


36.  Ut  rit6  secunda^ 
rent  visus,  levarentque 
malum  omen 


40  41.  Quid,  O  .ffinea, 
laceras  me  miserum? 
jam  parce  mihi 

43.  De  stipite  arboris, 
sed  de  meo  corpore. 


NOTES. 


adj.  of  the  corneil  tree.  Densis  hastilibus. 
The  long  and  tapering  branches  of  a  tree 
may  not  improperly  be  called  hastilia,  spears. 
There  is  a  peculiar  propriety  in  the  use  of 
the  word  here,  as  being  the  spears  with 
which  the  body  of  Polydorus  had  been  trans- 
fixed ;  and  had  sprung  up  into  a  thick 
body  of  trees  or  shrubs.  Horrida  ;  awful. 
RUEBUS  says,  aspera. 

24.  Sylvam :  in  the  sense,  here,  of  ramos 
vel  ramum. 

26.  Monstrum:  in  the  sense  of  prodigium. 

27.  Arbos :  a  shrub,  bush,  or  small  tree. 
Solo  :  from  the  earth. 

28.  Huic  :  in  the  sense  of  ex  hde.     Liqu- 
untur :  in  the  sense  of  dejluunt.     Atro  san- 
guine :  in  the  sense  of  atri  sanguinis.     The 
prep,  e  or  ex  is  understood. 

29.  Horror :  in  the  sense  of  tremor.    Mi- 
hi :  in  the  sense  of  mea. 

30.  Sanguis  gelidus:    my  blood,  chilled 
through  fear,  collects  together — ceases  to 
flow  in  its  regular  course. 

32.  Insequor :  I  proceed  to  tear  up.  Vi- 
men lentum :  a  limber,  or  pliant  shoot  or 
shrub. 

34.  Venerabar  Nymplias.  These  rustic 
nymphs,  to  whom  JEneas  here  prays,  were 
probably  the  Hcunadryades,  whose  destiny 
was  connected  with  that  of  some  particular 
trees,  witli  which  they  lived  and  died. 
JEneas  might  consider  this  horrid  omen,  as 
an  indication  of  their  displeasure,  for  his 
offering  to  violate  those  pledges  of  their 
existence.  Movens  :  in  the  sense  of  volvens. 

3o.  Gradirt/m  patrem:  Mars.  We  are 
told  that  Gradivus  was  an  epithet,  or  name, 
of  Mars  in  time  of  war?  as  Qt<irmw  was 


in  time  of  peace.  Its  derivation  is  uncertain. 
Gelicis :  an  adj.  from  Gf/ff,  a  people  bor- 
dering upon  the  Ister,  or  Danube ;  here  put 
for  Thracian,  on  account  of  the  vicinity  of 
the  two  countries  :  or,  because  Thrace  was 
thought  to  extend,  indefinitely,  to  the  North. 

36.  Secundarent.     Two  omens  were  re- 
quired for  confirmation  :  if  the  first  happen- 
ed to  be  unlucky,  and  the  second  prosper- 
ous, the  latter  destroyed  the  former,  and 
was  termed  omen  secundum ;  and  hence  se- 
cundo,  to  prosper.     ^Eneas,  therefore,  wish- 
ed to  have  the  omen  repeated,  that  the  bad 
or  unlucky  import  of  it  might  be  removed, 
or  taken   away.       Visus :  vision,  ace.  plu. 
Levarent :  in  the  sense  of  arertertnt. 

37.  Tertia  hastilia  :  a  third  shrub  or  tree. 
Nixu  :  in  thes-jnse  of  ri. 

38.  Aggredior:  I  attempt,  or  try  to  pull 
up,    &c.      He  exerted    himself   to    eradi- 
dicate  it,  with  his  knees  upon  the  ground, 
that  he  might  have  the  greater  purchase,  or 
power.     Adversa:    opposite,  right   against 
his  knees. 

40.  Reddita :  in  the  sense  of  emissa  ex  to. 

4^.  Parce  scelerare:  forbear  to  pollute 
your  pious  hands.  It  was  the  law  of  the 
Twelve  Tables,  and,  indeed,  it  is  the  voice  of 
humanity,  that  no  injury  be  done  to  the 
dead  :  defunct i  injttria  ne  ajficiantur.  The 
ghost  of  Poiydorus,  therefore,  call?  out  to 
^Kneas :  parce  jam  sepulto  :  let  me  alone  : 
leave  me,  at  least,  to  my  rest  in  the  ^ravo. 

43.  Extern wn  non.  Polydorus  was  the 
son  of  Priam,  and  the  brother  of  Creusa,  the 
wife  of  ^Eneas.  He  was  therefore  not  a 
stranger  or  foreigner,  in  the  truest  sense  of 
the  word,  to  ./Eneas.  Cicero  makes  him  tUr- 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Heu  !  fuge  crudeles  terras,  fuge  litus  avaruin  ; 
45.  Ferrca  seges  te-  Nam  Polydorus  ego  :  hie  confixum  ferrea  texit 
lorumtexit  me  confixum  Tel orum  seges,  et  jaculis  increvit  acutis. 

Turn  vero  ancipiti  mentem  formidine  pressus 


45 


AW  r)  W  ^'**.l     *Vr«AAJI.VllXlV/      L/l^OOLlO 

mentem  anwpiti  '*"**   ^bstupui,  steteruritque  coma?,  et  vox  faucibus  haesit. 
49.  Quondam  infelix      Hunc  Polydorum  auri  quondam  curn  pondere  magno 

Priamus  furtim  manda-  Infelix  Priamus  furtim  mandaral  alendum  50 

rat    hunc    Polydorum  Threicio  regi ;  cum  jam  diffideret  armis 

c?meim0a2fo  1±2£{^™»>  cmgique  urbem  obsidione  videret. 

auri  *lle>  ut  °Pes  fractae  Teucrum,  et  fortuna  recessit, 

53.  Ille,  nempe Polym-  Res  Agamemnonias  vitriciaque  arma  secutus, 

nest»r,  ut  opes  Teucrum  Fas  omne  abrumpit,  Polydorum  obtruncat,  et  auro     55 
Vi  potitur.  I  Quid  non  mortalia  pectora  cogis, 
Auri  sacra  fames  !  Postquam  pavor  ossa  reliquit, 
Delectos  populi  ad  proceres,  primumque  parentem, 

sentential M*  "  Monstra  Deum  refero  ;  et>  <\"&  sit  sententia,  posco. 

60.  Est  idem  animus  Omnibus  idem  animus,  scelerata  excedere  terra,         60 

omnibus  excedere          Linquere  pollutum  hospitium,  et  dare  classibus  Austros. 
Ergo  instauramus  Polydoro  funus,  et  ingens 
Aggeritur  tumulo  tellus  :  stant  manibus  arae, 
Coeruleis  mcestae  vittis  atraque  cupresso  : 


NOTES. 


son  of  Ilione,  the  daughter  of  Priam,  and 
wife  of  Polymnestor,  king  of  Thrace.  Tulit : 
produced,  or  bore.  Stipite :  tlie  body,  or 
trunk. 

45.  Ferrea  seges.    To  understand  this  pas- 
sage, we  may  suppose  that  these  darts  were 
thrown  in  upon  the  body  of  Polydorus  as  he 
lay  in  the  grave  ;  which  they  pierced  :  and, 
taking  root  in  that    place,  sprang  up,  and 
grew  in   the  form  of  sharp  pointed  javelins, 
forming  a  shade  over  the   tomb.      Heyne 
says :  excreverunt  in  arbores  unde  jacula  pe- 
tuntur. 

46.  Increvit  acutis:  grew  up  into  sharp 
javelins :  into  trees  like  sharp  javelins. 

47.  Pressus :    in  the  sense   of  percussus. 
Ancipiti :  dubia,  says  Ruaeus. 

50.  Manddrat :  in  the  sense  of  miserat. 

51.  Diffideret:  in  the  sense  of  desperaret. 
DardanioR :  in  the  sense  of  Trojat.     See  JEn. 
i.  1. 

53.  Opes   Teucrum :   the    power   of   the 
Trojans  was  broken.     Ut :  in  the  sense  of 
quando. 

54.  Res  Agamemnonias:  embracing  (se- 
cutus) the  Grecian  cause,  and  their   victo- 
rious arms,  he  breaks  every  sacred  obliga- 
tion.    Agamemnon  was  captain  general  of 
the  Grecian  forces  in  the  expedition  against 
Troy.     His  interest,  therefore,  is  the  general 
interest  of  the   Greeks.     Fas :  properly  a 
divine,  or  sacred  law.     By  the  murder  of 
Polydorus,  he   broke   through  the   ties   of 
consanguinity,  hospitality,  and  friendship  ; 
which  are  considered  of  a  sacred  nature. 

57.  Sacra  fames  ctvri :  O  cursed  desire  of 


gold,  what  dost  thou  not  force  the  hearts  of 
men  to  perpetrate !  The  word  sacer  signi- 
fies, usually,  sacred,  holy  :  here,  accursed, 
execrable.  The  word  facere  or  perpetrare, 
is  to  be  supplied.  Heyne  says,  ad  quid  :  to 
what,  &c. 

59.  Monstra  Deum :  the  prodigies  of  the 
gods.  Primum:  in  the  sense  of  pra>cipue. 
Heyne  sa.ys,primoloco. 

61.  Hospitium:   in   the   sense  of  locum. 
Dare  austros  classibus :  to  give  the  winds  to 
the  fleet.     In  the  sense  of  dare  vela  venlii. 
Auster,  is  here  taken  for  the  wind  in  gene- 
ral :  the  species  for  the  genus.      The  south 
wind  would  have  been  against  him,  going 
from  Thrace  to  Delos. 

62.  Instauramus  funus :  we  perform  the 
funeral    rites  to  Polydorus.     He    had   not 
been  buried  with   the  usual  solemnities,  a 
matter  which    the  ancients  considered   of 
great  moment.      These    rites  were   called 
justa.    Without  them,  they  thought  the  soul 

wandered  100  years  without  any  rest.  Vir- 
gil here  gives  a  full  account  of  the  funeral 
rites  performed  by  the  Romans,  at  the 
interment  of  the  dead. 

63.  Ingens  tellus :  a  huge  pile  of  earth  is 
thrown  up  for  the  tomb.     Ar<E  stant  mani- 
bus.    It  appears  that  two  altars  were  con- 
secrated  to   the   Manes.     See  305,  infra ; 
also,  Eel.  v.  66.     By  manibus  here,  we  arc 
to  understand  the  soul  or  spirit  of  Polydorus. 

64.  M(Kst(R :  mournful — dressed  in  mourn- 
ing.    These  fillets  were  of  a  deep  purple  or 
violet  colour — a  colour  between  blue  and 
black,     Ruoeus  says,  tristcf. 


TENETS.     LIB.  III. 


Et  circum  Iliades  crinem  de  more  solutes.  65 

Tnferimus  tepido  spumantia  cymbia  lacte, 
Sanguinis  et  sacri  pateras  :  animamque  sepulchre 
Condimus,  et  magna  supremum  voce  ciemus. 

Inde  ubi  prima  fides  pelago,  placataque  venti         € 
Dant  maria,  et  lenis  crepitans  vocat  Auster  in  altum  ; 
Deducunt  socii  naves,  et  litora  complent. 
Provehimur  portu,  terraeque  urbesque  recedunt. 

Sacra  mari  colitur  medio  gratissima  tellus 
Nereidum  matri  et  Neptuno  jfEgaeo  : 
Quam  pius  Arcitenens  oras  et  litora  circum 
Errantem,  Mycone  celsa  Gyaroque  revinxit ; 


C5.  Iliades,  solutoe 
quoad  crinem  de  more, 
slant  circum 


69.    Prima  fides   est 
pelago. 

72.  Recedunt  a  nosiro 
aspe.ctu 

73.  Gratissima  tellus 
sacra  matri  Nereidum, 


75.  Quam  errantem 
antea  circum  oras,  et 
litora 


NOTES. 


65.  Solulcc  crinem :  loose  as  to  their  hair 
— having  their  hair  loose  or  dishevelled.  See 
Eel.  i.  55, 

66.  Inferimus  cymbia:    we   offer  bowls 
foaming  with  warm  milk,  and  goblets  of  the 
consecrated  blood.     From  the  verb  infero,  is 
formed  inferice,  sacrifices  for  the  dead,  which 
consisted  in  pouring  into  or  upon  the  grave, 
milk  and  the  blood  of  a  victim  slain,  as 
here  mentioned. 

67.  Condimus  animam :  we  place,  or  bury 
the  soul  in  the  grave.     Ruseus  says,  claudi- 
inus  animam. 

It  was  a  prevailing  opinion  among  the 
Romans  and  Greeks,  that  the  soul  could  not 
rest  without  burial ;  for  this  reason,  they 
were  so  anxious  about  funeral  rites.  Hence 
conditorium  came  to  signify  a  burial-place. 
Et  supremum:.  and  lastly,  we  call  upon  him 
with  a  loud  voice.  This  they  did,  to  call 
the  soul  to  its  place  of  its  rest,  and  to  take 
the  last  farewell,  by  pronouncing  the  word 
vale,  three  times.  Ciemus :  in  the  sense  of 
conclamus.  See  ^En.  i.  219. 

69.  Fides:    confidence — security.     Pla- 
cata :  in  the  sense  of  quieta,  vel  tranquilla. 
It  agrees  with  maria. 

70.  Auster :    properly  the  south  wind ; 
here  taken  for  wind  in  general.     Crepitans  : 
murmuring — rustling — blowing  gently. 

73.  Gratissima  tellus.     The  island  Delos 
is  meant,  the  birth-place  of  Apollo  and  Di- 
ana.    Matri  JVere'idum :  to  Doris,  the  wife 
of  Nereus,  and  mother  of  fifty  sea-nymphs, 
called  Nereides.     Colitur:  in  the  sense  of 
incoliiur,  vel  liabitatur. 

74.  JEgcw.     That  part  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean sea,  lying  between  Asia  on  the  east, 
and  the  Morea,  Attica,  and  Thessaly  on  the 
west,   was  called   the   ./Egean   sea ;    from 
JEgeus,  the  father  of  Theseus,  who  threw 
himself  into  it,  and  was  drowned,  expect- 
ing that  his  son,  who  had  undertaken  to 
fight  the  Minotaur,  was  slain. 

The  fable  is  this  :  it  was  agreed  between 
the  father  and  son,  that  if  he  subdued  the 
monster,  and  returned  victorious,  he  should 
hang  out  a  white  flag,  or  have  white  sails : 


but  if  he  should  fail  hi  the  attempt,  the  ship 
should  return  with  black  sails. 

Theseus,  on  his  return,  forgot  to  hang  out 
the  white  flag,  through  grief  for  his  beloved 
Ariadne,  whom  Bacchus  had  ravished  from 
him.  The  father,  who  was  expecting  him 
with  impatience,  as  soon  as  he,  from  the 
top  of  a  high  rock,  saw  the  ship  in  mourn- 
ing, threw  himself  into  the  sea,  supposing 
his  son  to  have  been  slain,  ^geus  was 
king  of  Athens. 

The  islands  in  the  southern  part  of  this 
sea  were  called  Sporades,  from  a  Greek 
word  which  signifies,  to  scatter,  or  sow  ;  be- 
cause they  lay  as  if  scattered  or  sown, 
without  order  or  regularity.  The  islands 
farther  north  were  called  Cydades,  from  a 
Greek  word  signifying  a  circle,  because  they 
lay  around  Delos  in  the  form  of  a  circle. 
Hodie,  the  Archipelago. 

Neptune  is  here  called  JEgean,  because 
he  was  supposed  to  have  his  residence  in 
the  ./Egean  sea. 

75.  Arcitenens.  This  was  an  epithet  of 
Apollo  ;  also  a  name  of  Apollo,  as  in  this 
place  ;  compounded  of  arcus  and  teneo.  Ho 
is  here  called  pius,  because,  it  is  said,  that 
as  soon  as  he  was  born,  he  slew  the  serpent 
Python,  which  Junp  sent  to  persecute  his 
mother  Latona.  Pierius  would  read  priits, 
instead  of  pins,  connecting  it  with  errantem. 
He  assures  us  that  it  is  found  in  several  an- 
cient copies. 

Delos  is  a  small  island  in  the  ^gean  sea 
in  lat.  37°  3(X  north,  having  Mycone  on  the 
north-east,  Gyarus  and  Naxus  on  the  cast 
and  south,  and  Kheria  on  the  west. 

The  fable  is  this :  Juno  being  angry  at 
her  husband  for  loving  Latona,  resolved 
she  should  have  no  place  to  bring  forth  in 
peace.  Jupiter  directed  her  to  Deios,  which 
was  then  a  floating  or  wandering  islaii>: 
a  place  of  safe  retreat.  Apollo,  after  his 
birth,  fixed  and  rendered  it  immoveable,  for 
the  residence  of  his  mother.  Its  original 
name  was  Ortygia.  This  was  changed  into 
the  name  Delos,  which,  in  the  Greek,  signi- 
fies apparent,  or  brought  to  view,  it  having 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Immotamque  coli  dedit,  et  contemnere  ventos. 
78.  Race  placidissima  Hue  feror  :  haec  fessos  tuto  placidissima  portu 
insula  %^.™av.bus  Accipit.      Egressi  veneramur  Apollinis  urbem. 
veneramur  *  ^ex  Anius,  rex  idem  horninum  Phcebique  sacerdos,   80 

Vittis  et  sacra  redimitus  tempora  lauro 
82.    Occurrit    nobis  Occurrit,  veterem  Anchisen  agnoscit  amicum. 

Jungimus  hospitio  dextras,  .et  tecta  subimus. 
85.  Et  sic  dixi  :  O  Templa  Dei  saxo  venerabar  structa  vetusto  ; 
Thymbraee  Apollo,   da  Da  propriarn,  Thymbrsee,  domum,  da  moenia  fessis,  85 
nobis    fessis   propriam  Et  genus,  et  mansuram  urbem  :  serva  altera  Trojae 
Pergama,  relliquias  Dartaum  atque  immitis  Achillei. 
Quem  sequimur  1  quove  ire  jubes?  ubi  ponere  sedes  ? 
nostras  sedes?  Da,  pater,  augurium,  atque  animis  illabere  nostris. 

90.  Repente*   omnia      Vix  ea  fatus  eram  :  tremere  omnia  visa  repente,    90 
visa  sunt  tremere  Liminaque,  laurusque  Dei  :  tot  usque  moveri 

m°ns  Mons  circum,  et  mugire  adytis  cortina  reclusis. 
94.  Eaderatellus,quffiSubmissi  petimus  terram,  et  vox  fertur  ad  aures  : 
tulit  vos  a  prima  stirpe  Dardanidae  duri,  quae  vos  a  stirpe  parentum 


vims 
* 


NOTES. 


been  hidden  before  under  the  waves.  This 
part  of  the  fable  some  explain,  by  saying 
that  Apollo  here  gave  out  his  oracles  plain 
and  intelligible,  but  in  every  other  place,  in 
terms  dark  and  obscure.  See  Eel.  iv.  10. 

77.  Dediique  :  and  rendered  it  fixed  to  be 
inhabited,  and  to  condemn  the  winds.  This 
alludes  to  the  story  of  its  having  been  a 
wandering  island,  and  driven  about  by  the 
winds,  till  fixed  by  Apollo  for  the  residence 
of  his  mother.  Hence  it  became  sacred  to 
her. 

80.  Idem,  rex  hominum.     It  was  a  custom 
among  many  nations  to  unite  in  the  same 
person  the  oifices  of  king  and  priest.  Anius 
was  both  king,  and  priest  of  Apollo. 

81.  Redimilus :  bound  as  to  his  temples 
with   fillets,  and  the  sacred   laurel.      The 
laurel  was  sacred  to  Apollo.      Hence  the 
propriety  of  his  priest  being  bound  with  it : 
and  the  propriety  of  the  epithet  sacra. 

83.  Subimus  tecta :  we   come  under  his 
roof — we  enter  his  palace.     But  tecta  here 
may  mean    the   temple  mentioned  below, 
the  word   tectum  properly   signifying  any 
covered  building.      Or  tecta  may  be  taken 
for  the  buildings  of  the  city  in  general.  The 
meaning  then  will  be ;  we  enter  the  city. 

84.  Structa  vetusto  saxo  :  built  of  ancient 
stone,  or  rock.     Macrobius  informs  us  that, 
when  the  temple  at  Delphi,  and  the  temples 
built  to  Apollo  in  other  places,  were  destroy- 
ed in  any  way  whatever,  his  temple  at  De- 
los  continued  to  atand  unimpaired  ;  and  con- 
sequently retained   its   ancient  or  original 
stone.     Whatever  ravages  the  island  had 
suffered,  the  sanctity  of  the  temple  preserv- 
ed it  from  violation.     Ventrabar  :    I  wor- 
shipped— I  offered  prayers.     It  is  said  that 
the  altar  of  Apoiio  at  JDelos  was  never 


stained  with  the  blood  of  victims ;  but  only 
honored  with  prayers,  and  other  simple 
rites  of  ancient  worship. 

85.  Thymbrae.     Thymbrseus  was  an  epi- 
thet of  Apollo,  derived,  as  we  are  told  by 
Strabo,  from  Thytntora,  a  place  near  Troy, 
where  he  had  a  famous  temple.      Propri- 
am :  fixed,  lasting. 

86.  Genus  :    offspring — posterity.      Ru- 
ceus  sa,ys,familias.  Mansuram  :   permanent, 
to  remain. 

87.  Pergama:    neu.    plu.    properly    the 
fort  or  citadel  of  Troy ;  often  used  for  the 
whole  city.     Altera  Pergama.     Simply  the 
other  Troy — the  city  which  vEneas  prayed 
Apollo  to  grant  to  him,  and  his  followers, 
the  remains  of  the  Greeks,  and  of  cruel 
Achilles. 

89.  Augurium  :  a  sign,  or  omen. 

91.  Laurus.      Either  the  laurel,  with 
which  the  image  of  the  god  was  crowned ; 
or  rather  the  laurel  tree,  which  was  placed 
at  the  entrance  of  the  temple.      It  was  an 
opinion  among  the  ancients  that  the  gods 
gave  signs  of  their  approach,  by  causing 
the  earth  to  move  and  shake.     To  this  the 
poet  here  alludes.     The  laurel  was  sacred 
to  Apollo. 

92.  Cortina.     The  covering  of  the  tripod, 
whence     the    priest     delivered   responses. 
Hence  by  meton.  the  oracle  itself.      Adytis. 
The  sanctuary,  or  inner  part  of  the  temple, 
where  the  Oracle  was.      Reclusis :    in  the 
sense  of  apertis.    Mons.     This  was  mount 
Cynthus,  on  which  the  temple  was  built : 
whence  Apollo  was  sometimes  called  Cyn- 
thius,  and   Diana,  Cynthia.      Mugire:  in 
the  sense  of  sonare. 

94.  Dardanidce :   the   same   as    Trojani. 
Scrvius  observes  that,  the  Trojans  might 


/ENELS.     LIB.  111. 


Prima  tulit,  tellus  eadein  vos  ubere  laBto  95 

Accipiet  reduces  :  antiquam  exquirite  matrcm. 
Hie  domus  JEneae  cunctis  dominabitur  oris, 
Et  nati  riatorum,  et  qui  nascentur  ab  illis. 

Ha3c  Phcebus  :  mixtoque  ingens  exorta  tumultu 
Laetitia;  et  cuncti,  quae  sint  ea  mcema,  quserunt,      100 
Quo  Phoebus  vocet  errantes,  jubeatque  reverti.  / 
Turn  genitor,  veterum  volvens  monumenta  virorum, 
Audite,  6  ^proceres,  ait,  et  spes  discite  vestras. 
Creta  Jovis  magni  medio  jacet  insula  ponto, 
Mons  Idasus  ubi,  et  gentis  cunabula  nostrae.  105 

Centum  urbes  habitant  magnas,  uberrima  regna. 
Maximus  unde  pater,  si  rite  audita  recorder, 
Teucrus  Rhoeteas  primum  est  advectus  in  oras, 


99.  Ingensque  IcRtitia 
exorta  est  cum  mixto 
101.  JYos  errantes 

105.  Ubi    est  Idseus 
mons 

106.  Incola  habitant 
centum 

107.  Unde  Teucrus 
noster    maximus   pater 
primum 


NOTES. 


have  understood  from  this  declaration  of 
the  Oracle,  that  Italy  was  designed  them, 
whence  Dardanus  came ,  and  not  Crete, 
which  was  the  birthplace  of  Teucer.  Stirpe : 
in  the  sense  oforigine. 

95.  Lcelo  ubere  :  in  its  joyous  bosom  :  or 
perhaps,  in  its  fertile  soil.     Uber  :  signifies 
the  richness  or  fertility  of  the  soil.     Ruseus 
says,  fertili  sinu. 

96.  Reduces  :  brought  back,  or  returning 
in  safety.     Matrem.     It  is  supposed  that  the 
poet  had  in  view  the  circumstance  of  Brutus, 
and  the  Tarquins,  who  went  to  Delphi  to 
consult  the  Oracle   of  Apollo,  concerning 
the  succession  to  the  kingdom.     They  re- 
ceived for  answer,  that  the  empire  should 
be  his,  who  first  kissed  his  great  mother. 
Brutus,  on  leaving  the  ship,  feigned  a  fall, 
and  kissed  the  ground,  winch  he  considered 
as  the  great*  parent  of  all.     He  received  the 
government,  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Tar- 
quins,  being  chosen  Consul.     He  was  slain 
by  Aruns,  one  of  the  Tarquins,  soon  after 
he  entered  upon  his  office. 

97.  Domus  JEnea. :  here  the   family   of 
/Eneas  shall  bear  rule  over  all  lands,  &c. 
These  two  lines  are  taken  from  the  Iliad. 
Lib.  20.  306.     It   is  there   said,  however, 
that   jEneas  should   reign  over   the   Tro- 
jans.    Hence  some   have  inferred  that  he 
remained  in  Troas,  and  that  the  whole  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  the  Romans  is  a  mere 
fiction,   a  compliment  only   to    Augustus. 
But    Dionysius   of   Halicarnassus    under- 
stands it  of  his  reigning  over  the  Trojans 
in   Italy.     And  in  this  he  is  followed  by 
Eustathius  in  his  cormnenlary  upon  thfs pas- 
sage of  the  Iliad.     It  may  be  observed  that 
Virgil  does  not  say,  Trofanis  dominubitttr, 
which  answers  to  the  Greek  of  Homer  ;  but 
cunctis   dominabilur    on>.        This   circum- 
stance hath  led  some  to  altrr  the   Greek 
text  so  as  to  conform  to  the  Roman. 

101.  Rtrerfi :   in  the  sense  of  procedure. 
Quo  :  in  the  sense  of  ad  qvK  loca. 

102.  Monumenta  :  records,  or  memorials, 
were  of  various  kinds;  not  only  wri- 


tings, but  paintings,  columns,  tombs  and 
statues.  Ruffius  says,  histories,  f^olvens :  in 
the  sense  of  recogitans,  vel  revolvens  in 
mente. 

104.  Creta.  A  large  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, lying  between  the  Archipelago  on 
the  north,  and  the  Lybian  sea  on  the  south  : 
Hodie,  Candia.     It  was  called  Creta,  from 
Ores,  who  is  said   to  have   reigned  there 
after  Jupiter.     It  is  also  sometimes  called 
Crete.      Teucer,  from   whom  the   Trojans 
were  sometimes  called  Teucri,  and  Troy, 
Teucria,  was  a  native  of  this  island.     He 
was  the   son    of  Scamander ;   and,  in  the 
time   of  a  famine,  led  a  colony  to  Troas, 
and    settled    at   Rhatteum,    a    promontory 
on  the  shore    of  the  Hellespont.     He  was 
most   probably  the    founder  of  the   Tro- 
jans :  whence  Anchises  calls  him  Maximus 
pater.     They  were,  however,  very  fond  of 
deriving  their  descent  from  Dardanus,  who 
fled  from  Italy  to  Troas,  and  became  the 
son-in-law  to  Teucer.      By  marrying  his 
daughter,  he  obtained  a  share  in  the  king* 
dom,  and  at  his  death  succeeded  him  in  the 
government.     Crete  is  here  called  the  island 
of  great  Jove  ;  because  it  was  the  place  of 
his  birth  and  education.     See  Georg.  1.  1-21. 

105.  Cunabula:    neu.  plur.  the    cradle 
or  nursing  place  of  your  race.     Ruoeus  s^s, 
origo.    Idazus:  an  adj.  from  Ida,  a  mountai 
in  Crete. 

106.  Habitant  :  in  the  sense  of  occupa 
Uberrima  regna  :  most  fertile  realms.     Th 
answers  to  lotto  ubere,  mentioned,    95, 
pra,  and  tended  to  mislead  Anchises. 

107.  Audita  :  reports— traditions. 

108.  Rhctfeas  oras:  the  coast  of  Rhoeteum. 
Rhateum    was    a   promontory   of    Troas. 
where  Teucer  landed  with  his  colony  from 
Crete.     He  introduced  the  worship  of  Cy- 
bele,  the  mother  of  the  Gods,  ami 

the  mountains  of  Phrygia  the  name  of  Ida, 
from  mount  Ida  in  Crete.  He  also  i-ha  ngeil 
the  name  of  Xanthiu  into  that  of  Scam- 
ander, after  the  name  of  his  father.  Hence 
Homer  says  that  the  river  was  called  A* 


P.  VIRGILII  MAROiNi; 


110 


Optavitque  locum  regno :  nondum  Ilium  et  arces 
Pergameae  steterant ;  habitabant  vallibus  imis. 
111.  Hinc vetiit mater Hinc  mater  cultrix  Cybele,  Corybantiaque  aera. 
Cybele  Idffiumque  nemus  :  hinc  fida  silentia  sacris, 

Et  juncti  currum  dominED  subiere  leones. 
Ergo  agite,  et,  Divum  ducunt  qua  jussa,  sequamur. 
Placemus  ventos,  et  Gnossia  regna  petamus. 
116. ///a  distant  Ion™  Nec  long°  distaat  cnrsu  :  modo  Jupiter  adsit, 
=  Tertia  lux  classem  Cretans  sistet  in  ori.s. 


112.    Hinc 
fida  silentia 


vencrunt 


:U1'SU 


NOTES. 


thus  by  the  Gods,  but  Scamander  by  men — 
the  former  being  its  original,  and  more  hon- 
orable  name. 

109.  Optavit:  inthesenseofe/egi*.  Stra- 
bo    agrees  with  Virgil  in  making   Teucer 
the  first  who  reigned  in  Troy.     Dardanus 
arrived  not  long  after,  married  his  daugh- 
ter Batea,  and  succeeded  him  in  the  gov- 
ernment. 

110.  Pergamea :  in  the  sense  of  Trojance. 

11 1.  Cybele.  The  same  with  Rhea  or  Ops, 
and  wife  of  Saturn.     She  is  so  called  pro- 
bably from  Cybelus,  a  mountain  hi  Plirygia, 
where  she  was  worshipped.     She  is  taken 
sometimes  for  the  earth  ;  and  in  that  sense 
is  the  common  parent  of  all  its  inhabitants. 
Her  priests  were  called  Corybantes,  Cureles, 
and    Met  Dactyli.      Among   other  things 
in  her  Avorship,  they  used  to  beat  brazen 
r-ymbals  together.     The  origin  of  this  prac- 
tice was  to  prevent  the  cries  of  the  child 
Jupiter   from  being   heard   by  his    father. 
(  Ybele  is  here  called  Cullrix,  most  probably 
because  she  was  worshipped  in  a  mountain 
of  Phrygia  :  whence  it  might  be  said  that 
she  inhabited  it,  and,  as  it  were,  became  the 
protectress  of  that  country.      This   is  the 
sense  'Ruaeus  gives.      He  says,   prolectrix 
loci.    JEra  :  brazen  cymbals.      Any  thing 
|nade  of  brass  may  be  called  <KS,  or  cera. 

Heyne  reads  Cybelce,  the  gen.  of  Cybela, 
sometimes  written  Cybelus,  the  name  of  a 
mountain  in  Phrygia.  Mater  Deum,  says 
he,  qu(E  colit,  inhabitat  Cybelen,  montem 
•  P'uygioz :  taking  cultrix  in  the  sense  of 
qua  colit  vel  inhabitat.  After  the  arrival 

R~  Teucer  from  Crete,  he  probably  changed 
name  of  the  mountain  Cybela  or  Cybelus, 
ing  it  Ida,  after  the  Cretan  Ida. 
^his  goddess  had  several  names  :  Cybele, 
n  the  mountain  already  named,  where 
»  said  she  was  first  worshipped  by  sacri- 
fices :  Ops,  from  a  word  implying  help,  be- 
cause she  brings  help  or  assistance  to  every 
production  of  nature  :  Rhea,  from  a  Greek 
word  signify  >^tojlow,  because  her  benefits 
flow    wit     Hi  •  Basing  :    Dindymene,   from 
the  mount  a. n  Ihndymus  in  Phrygia  :  Bere- 
c.yntkia,  ire      B    tcynthus,  a  castle  in  the 
same  country.     See  ^En.  vi.  784.     She  was 
also  called  Bona  Dea,  and  Mater  Deorum. 
Heo  Eel.  iv.  6.  and  Geor.  i.  121. 

Corybantia,  :  an  adj,  from  Corybantcs,i\\z 


priests  of  Cybele,  derived  from  the  Greek* 
During  her  worship,  they  made  a  confused 
noise  with  timbrels,  pipes,  and  cymbals-. 
They  danced,  tossed  their  heads,  and  struck 
their  foreheads  against  each  other,  appear- 
ing like  mad  men. 

They  were  sometimes  called  Curetes, 
from  a  Greek  word  which  signifies  a  virgin, 
because  they  wore  a  long  robe  like  young 
virgins.  They  were  also  called  Dactyli, 
from  a  Greek  word  signifying  a  finger,  be- 
cause they  were  ten  in  number,  there  being 
so  many  fingers  on  both  hands.  The  epi- 
thet Idcei  is  here  added,  because  they  chiefly 
resided  on  mount  Ida. 

Cybele  is  represented  sitting  on  a  car 
with  a  robe  of  divers  colors,  and  holding  a 
key  in  her  hand,  to  denote  that  she  unlocks 
and  distributes  in  summer  those  treasures, 
that,  the  winter  had  hid  and  concealed.  She 
wears  a  turreted  crown  on  her  head,  and  is 
drawn  by  a  pair  of  harnessed  lions.  The 
box  and  the  pine  tree  were  sacred  to  her  • 
the  former,  because  pipes  were  made  of  that 
wood,  and  used  in  her  worship  ;  the  latter 
for  the  sake  of  the  boy  Jllys,  whom  she 
loved,  and  made  president  of  her  rites,  or 
ceremonies :  but  afterwards  changed  him 
into  the  pine  tree.  Her  sacrifices  were  per- 
formed in  private,  and  men  were  excluded 
from  participation.  Silence  was  especially 
enjoined  in  her  mysteries.  This  will  ex- 
plain Jida  silentia  sacris,  in  the  following 
line. 

112.  Hinc  Jida :  hence  the  faithful  secrecy 
in  her  sacred  rites.  The  mysteries  of  Cy- 
bele, as  well  as  those  of  Ceres,  were  care- 
fully concealed  from  the  common  people. 
Her  chariot  was  drawn  by  harnessed  lions, 
juncti  leones,  to  denote  that  maternal  aifec- 
tion,  figured  by  Cybele,  or  the  earth,  the 
comrqon  parent  of  all,  triumphs  over  the 
most  ferocious  and,savage  natures.  Sub- 
iere :  in  the  sense  of  traxerunt.  Domi- 
n(K.  This  is  an  epithet  of  Cybele,  as  being 
the  mother  of  the  Gods. 

115.  Gnossia  :  an  adj.  from  Gnossus,  the 
principal  city  of  Crete,  put  by  synec.  for 
the  whole  island. 

116.  JVec  distant  :  nor  are  the  realms  of 
Crete  a  long  loay  distant.    Modo  :  provided 
that — in  case  that. 

117.  Zrf/.r  :  in  the  sense  of  tfi?f 


.     LIB.  111. 


Sic  f'atus,  meritos  aris  mactavit  honores : 

Taurum  Neptuno  ;  taurum  tibi,  pulcher  Apollo  ;      119 

Nigram  Hyemi  pecudem,  Zephyris  felicibus  albam. 

Fama  volat,  pulsum  regnis  cessisse  paternis 
Idomenea  ducern,  desertaque  litora  Cretae, 
Hoste  vacare  domos,  sedesque  adstare  relictas. 
Linquimus  Ortygiae  portus,  pelagoque  volamus  : 
Bacchatamque  jugis  Naxon,  viridemque  Donysam,   125 
Olearon,  niveamque  Paron,  sparsasque  per  aequor 
Cycladas,  et  crebris  legimus  freta  consita  terris. 
Nauticus  exoritur  vario  certamine  clamor. 
Hortantur  socii,  Cretam  proavosque  petamus. 
Prosequitur  surgens  a  puppi  ventus  euntes  :  130 

Et  tandem  aritiquis  Curetum  allabimur  oris. 
Ergo  avidus  muros  optatae  molior  urbis, 
Pergameamque  voco  :  et  Isetam  cognomine  gentem 
Hortor  amare  focos,  arcemque  attollere  tectis. 
Jaraque  fere  sicco  subductse  litore  puppes  :  135 


119.  Mactavit  taurum 
Neptuno;  taurum  tibi, 
O  pulcher 

121.  Fama  volat  du- 
cem  Idomenea,  p; 
cessisse  paternis  rejrnip. 
litoraque  Cretse  e&se  de- 
serta,  et  domos  vacare 
nostro  hoste 

125.  Legimusque  Nax- 
on bacchatam  jugis,  vi- 
ridemque Donysarn 

130.  JVbs  euntes 

133.  Vocoque  urbem 
Pergameam 

135.  Puppes  subductse 
sunt  e  mari  in  sicco  li- 
tore 


NOTES. 


118.  Mactavit:  he  offered — sacrificed. 
Honores  :  in  the  sense  of  victimas.  And 
tneritos  :  in  the  sense  of  dignos. 

120.  Hyemi.  By  hyemi  we  are  here  to 
understand  the  stormy  winds.  They  were 
considered  as  a  kind  of  divinities,  and  were 
accordingly  worshipped  in  order  to  avert 
their  fury.  Pecudem  :  in  the  sense  of  ovem. 
Felicibus  :  in  the  sense  ofpropiliis. 

122.  Idomenea  :  an  ace.  of  Greek  ending. 
Idomeneus   was  the  son  of .  Deucalion,  and 
grand-son  of  Minos,  king  of  Crete.      He 
was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  war  against 
Troy.     On  his   return,  being  overtaken  in 
a   storm,  he  made  a  vow  to  the   Gods  to 
sacrifice  to  them  whatsoever  he  should  first 
meet,  if  they  would  save  him.     This  hap- 
pened to  be  his  own  son.     The  father,  how- 
ever, performed  his  vow.     A  plague  soon 
arising  in  his  country,  and  his  subjects  con- 
sider »ug  him  to  have  been  the  cause  of  it  by 
•this  inhuman  deed,  rose  against  him,  and 
expelled  him  from  his  kingdom.     Litora  de- 
serta :  the  shores  to  be  deserted — left  with- 
out a  guard,  or  defence. 

123.  Sedes  relictas  adstare  :  that  the  coun- 
try being  abandoned,  lies  open  to  us.     Sedes  : 
in  the  sense  of  regiones. 

124.  Qrtygia.     The  ancient  name  of  De- 
los  was  Ortygia,  from  a  Greek  word  signi- 
fying a  quail :  those  fowls  having  abounded 
in  that  island. 

125.  Bacckatam  :  frequented  in  its  moun- 
tains  by   the   priests   of   Bacciius — whose 
mountains  resounded  with  the  tumultuous 
rantings  of  the  Bacchanals.     I'iridnn  Do- 
nysam.     This  island   was  famous   for  its 
green  marble,  as  Paros  was  for  its  pure  white 
marble.     See  75.  supra. 

127.  Cycladas  sparsas.  These  were  a 
number  of  Islands,  so  called  from  a  Greek 
word  signifying  ff  drdf.  because  they  lay 


v  in  that  form  around  Delos.  Freta  consiic : 
the  straits  set  with  many  islands — the  straits 
and  narrow  passes  formed  by  the  nume- 
rous islands,  which  diversified  the  sea. 

127.  Legimus :  we  coast  along  the  shore 
— we  sail  near. 

128.  Certamine :  in  the  sense  of  arnvla- 
tione.  Naulicus  clamor :  a  shout  of  the  sailors. 

130.  Surgens  a.  puppi.     This  wind  blew 
from   the  north:    their   course  lay  to  the 
southward,  and  consequently  it  would  be  at 
their  stern. 

131.  Allabimur  :  we  arrive  at  the  ancient 
shores  of  the  Curetes.     These  were  the  mi- 
nisters of  Cybele,  and  thought  by  some  to 
be  the  same  with  the  Corybantes  arid  Id&i 
Dactyli.    Of  ad  and  labor.    See  111, supra. 
The  Curetes  are  said  to  have  been  the  ori- 
ginal inhabitants  of  Crete ;  from  whom  the 
island  probably  took  its  name. 

132.  Molior :  in  the  sense  of  extruo. 

*  133.  Pergameam.  Pliny  mentions  Per- 
gamus,  among  the  cities  of  Crete.  Homer 
calls  it,  the  hundred-city  island.  It  is  said 
to  have  had  a  hundred  cities.  Gentem  te- 
tam :  my  people  delighted  with  the  name. 
Genttm,  in  the  sense  of  populum,  vel  socios. 

134.  Aware  focos  :  to  love  their  homos—- 
to keep  close  at   home,   and  not  v, 
abroad,  until  they  should  disco- 
position  of  the   inhabitants  towards 
Tins  agrees  witii  the  following  injunction  : 
atlollert  aivem  Itctis.  to  raise  a   tow 
their  houses  in  case  of  an  attack,  the  better 
to  defend  themselves. 

Servius  thinks  ^Eneas  here  intends  to 
recommend  to  his  people  to  cultivate  the 
study  of  religion.  It  is  an  unnecessary  re- 
finement. Focos:  properly  the  fire-places, 
or  hearth,  by  synec.  put  for  the  whole  house, 
in  this  place  :  also  sometime??  frr  th»>  fire  m» 
the  hearth,  by  roeton. 


1*.  V1R6ILII  MAROMS 

. 

130.  Juventus  opcr&ta  Connubiis  arvisque  novis  operata  juventus  : 
^IS^Tabida  miser  n  ^ura  ^omosque  dabam  :  subitd  cum  tabida  membris. 
daque  lu*  a*  t^aTtTcSi  Corrupto  coeli  tractu,  miserandaque  venit 
corrupto,    venit  eorum  Arboribusque  satisque  lues,  et  letifer  annus. 
membris,  arboribusque  Linquebant  dulces  anirnas,  aut  segra  trahebant         140 
satisque,  et  annus  est  Corpora :  turn  steriles  exurere  Sinus  agros. 

'uT  Siriui  capit  exu-  Arebant  herbae'  et  victum  seges  «gra  riegabat. 
rere  Rursus  ad  oraclum  Ortygiae  Phoebumque  remenso 

143.    Pater  hortatur  Hortatur  pater  ire  mari,  veniamque  precari : 
me  ire  rursus  ad  ora,cu-QUem  fessis  finein  rebus  ferat  ;  unde  laborum  145 

Tentare  auxilium  jubeat ;  quo  vertere  cursus. 
145.  Et  quarere  quern      -T  A  J  .         . '  M  ,. 

finem  JNox  erat,  et  terns  animaha  somnus  habebat.  . 

Effigies  sacrae  Divum,  Phrygiique  Penates, 

i50.Visisunt^t^UOS}meCUm.^ri:^  medi's<l«c  ex  ignibus  urbis 
ante  oculos  me^acentis  Extuleram>  V1S1  a"te  oculos  adstare  jacentis 
insomnis  Insomnis,  multo  manifest!  lumine  :  qua  so 

153.  Turn  sic  visisunt  Plena  per  insertas  fundcbat  Luna  iencstras./ 
afFari  me,  et  Turn  sic  afFari,  et  curas  his  demere  dictis  : ' 

^±f*ta££t9H  tibi  delato  Ort^iam  flcturu*  Apollo  cst, 

tibi  delato  ad  Hie  canit :  et  tua  nos  en  ultro  ad  lirnina  mitt  it.        155 

156.  Nos  seouti  sumus  Nos  te,  Dardani£  incensa,  tuaque  arma  secuti ; 
te,  tuaque  ]>jos  tumidum  sub  te  permensi  classibus  aequor  ; 

m  lldemtolle'Iidern  ventures  tollemus  in  astra  nepotes, 

159.   Imperium  vrbis  Imperiumque  urbi  dabimus.     Tu  moenia  magnis 
lues  urbi  Magna  para,  longurnque  fugo3  ne  linque  laborcm.     160 

NOTES. 

136.  Juventui  operata:    the  youth   had      when  the  heat  of  the  sun  is  most  intense, 
sacrificed  for  their  nuptials,  and  new  lands.      It  is  sometimes  called  canicula. 

They  were  prepared  for  contracting  mar-  142.  JEgra  seges :  the  diseased,  or  sickly 

riages,  and  for  commencing  the  business  of  crop — corn. 

agriculture.  144.  Precari  veniam :   to  supplicate  his 

It  was  a  custom  among  the  Romans  to  favor,  or  assistance. 

offer  sacrifices  before   they   entered   upon  145.  Fessis  rebus:  to  our  afflicted  state, 

marriage,  or  any  important  business  of  life,  or  condition.     Ferat :  in  the  sense  ofponat. 

To  this,  the  poet  alludes.     Sacrificabantpro  Laborum:    distress — sufferings.      Tentare: 

ftlici  successu  conjugiorum^  et  agrorum.  in  the  sense  of  queer  ere. 

137.  Dabam :  in  the  sense  ofdistribuebam'.  146.    Au&ilium  laborum  :    relief  in   our 
Jura :  justice  among  my  people.     Domos :  sufferings. 

either  the  houses  that  had  been  abandoned  *       148.  Effigies :  forms,  or  figures.     Ruseus 

by  the  inhabitants ;   or  the  places  where  says  statuce.    Penates.     See  jEn.  ii.  717. 
they  should  build  houses  for  themselves.  151.  Insomnis  :  awake  ;  an  adj.  agreeing 

139.  Tabida  miserandaque :  a  wasting  and  with   mei  jacentis.     Most  editors   separate 
pitiable  disease  came  upon  their  limbs,  &c.  the  word  into  in  and  somnis,  in  my  sleep. 
This  disease,  or  plague,  was  occasioned  by  This  is  evidently  incorrect :  for  if  he  had 
the  infection  of  the  air.     Cce/i :  in  the  sense  been  asleep,  the  light  of  the  moon  would 
of  aeris.     Tractu :  a  space,  tract,  or  region,  have  been  unnecessary.     Besides,  verse  173 
Satis.      Sftta,   properly,   crops — any    thing  infra,  he  declares :'  t  was  no  delusion  of  the 
planted  and  growing ;  from  the  verb  sero.  fancy  in  sleep.     Manifesti :  in  the  sense  of 
Here,  in  the  sense  of  segetes.  conspicui. 

140.  Anirnas  :    lives.      Anima,  properly          152.  Insertas  fenestras  :  windows  inserted, 
signifies  the  animal  life ;  animus,  the   soul,  or  made  in  the  side  of  the  house.  Fenestras, 
Dr.  Trapp  thinks  the  expression  an  odd  one,  quce  mnt  in  pariete,  says  Heyne.     Fundebat 
and  proposes  to  change  linquebant  to  red-  sc :    in   the  sense  of  mittebat  se;   simply, 
debant.      Ruaeus   says,   amittebant.       The  shone. 

difficulty   is  removed  by   rendering  dulces  154.  Delato :  carried  back,  or   returned 

animas,  sweet,  or  dear  lives.  to  Delos.     Canit :  declares,  or  reveals. 

141.  Sirius:  the  dog-star  ;  a  pestilential  160.  Para  magna  :  prepare  a  great  city, 
constellation,  rising  about  the  end  of  July,  Populis,  or  some  word  of  the  like  import,  is 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  III. 

Mutandse  sedes  :  non  haec  tibi  litora  suasit 
Delius,  aut  Cretae  jussit  considere,  Apollo. 
Est  locus,  Hesperiam  Graii  cognomine  dicunt ; 
Terra  antiqua,  potens  armis  atque  ubere  glebae. 
CEncUii  coluere  viri :  mine  fama,  minores 
Italiam  dixisse,  ducis  de  nomine,  gentem. 
Ha3  nobis  propriae  sedes  :  hinc  Dardanus  ortus, 
lasiusque,  pater  ;  genus  a  quo  principe  nostrum. 
Surge,  age,  et  haee  Jatus  longtevo  dicta  parent! 
Haud  dubitanda  refer.  .Corytum,  terrasque  require 
Ausonias  :  Dictoea  negat  tibi  Jupiter  arva. 
Talibus  attonitus  visis  ac  voce  Deorum, 
(Nee  sopor  illud  erat ;  sed  coram  agnoscere  vultus, 
Velatasque  comas,  pnesentiaque  ora  videbar  : 


165  165.  Nunc  fama  ctt 
minores  dixisse  geatom 
167.  Hinc  lasius  or- 
tus es/,  paterque  Darda- 
nus, a  quo  principe  nos- 
trum genus  deductum 

170  est. 


173.  Sed  videbar  mihi 
agnoscere  vultus  co- 
ram me,  velatasque 


NOTES. 


lo  be  understood,  with  which  magnis  is  to 
agree  :  for  your  powerful  people.  Magnis 
fiepotibus,  says  Heyne.  Ruaeus  hath  nobis 
magnis:  for  us  the  great  gods.  Longum 
laborem  fugcz :  the  same  as  laborem  longce 
fugce,:  the  labor,  or  fatigue  of  the  long 
voyage. 

161.  Sedes:  in  the  sense  of  regio.     The 
verb  sunt  is  to  be  supplied.   JVbn  suasit  hoc  : 
Delian  Apollo  does  not  advise,  or  recom- 
mend these  shores  to  thee. 

162.  Crete :  at  Crete.     The  place  where 
is  put  in  the  gen.     The  same  with,  in  Creta. 
Delius :    a  name,   and  epithet  of  Apollo ; 
from  Delos,  the  place  of  his  birth. 

163.  Est  locus.     This  passage  had  been 
recited  to  Dido  by  llioneus,  jEn.    i.  530. 
As  they  were  the  words  of  the  oracle,  it 
would  have  been  disrespectful  and  improper 
to  alter  them  in  the  least:  besides,  Dido 
would  be  more  confirmed  in  the  truth  of 
/Eneas'  relation,  when  she  found  two  wit- 
nesses delivering  their  testimony  in  the  same 
words.     Locus  :  in  the  sense  of  regio. 

165.  (Enotrii:  an  adj.  from  CEnotria,  a 
name  given  to  that  part  of  Italy,  afterwards 
called  Lucania.  It  took  its  name  from 
CEnotrus,  the  son  of  Lycaon,  who  settled 
here  with  a  colony  of  Arcadians.  The 
CEnotrians  spread  so  widely,  that  all  Italy 
was  sometimes  called  (Enotria.  (Enoirii 
viri :  simply,  the  CEnotrians. 

167.  Proprioz  nobis  :  destined,  or  allotted 
to  us  by  the  gods.  The  verb  sunt  is  to  be 
supplied.  Mr.  Davidson  takes  propriae,  in 
the  sense  of  perpetuce.  Ruseus  says,  ad- 
dict IB. 

167.  Hinc:  hence  lasius  sprang,  and 
father  Dardanus ;  from  which  prince  our 
race  is  derived.  Principe  hgre  is  a  sub.  a 
prince — a  chief — a  founder.  The  construc- 
tion is  easier  and  more  natural  by  connot- 
ing pa/er  with  Dardanus.  in  this  instance 
I  have  ventured  to  depart  from  the  common 
ordo.  lasius  and  Dardanus  were  sons  of 
Eleetra.  the  daughter  of  Atlas,  king  of 


1  Corit 


Mauritania  in  Africa ;  who  married  Coritus, 
king  of  Tuscany.  It  is  said,  however,  that 
Jove  had  an  amour  with  her,  and  begat 
Dardanus.  Upon  the  death  of  their  father 
Coritus,  a  quarrel  arose  between  the  two 
brothers,  which  ended  in  the  death  of  lasius. 
Upon  which  Dardanus  fled  first  to  Samb- 
thracia,  and  afterwards  to  Phrygia,  where 
he  married  the  daughter  of  Teucer,  and,  hi 
connexion  with  him,  founded  the  Trojan 
race. 

170.  Corytum :  a  city  and  mountain  in 
Tuscany,  so  called  from  Corytus,  the  sup- 
posed father  of  Dardanus,  and  king  of  that 
country.  The  name  is  derived  from  a  Greek 
word  which  signifies  a  helmet.     Both  the 
city  and  mountain  are  now  called  Cortona. 
Require. .  Heinsius,  and  after  him  Heyne, 
reads  requirat.     But  require  is  the  common 
reading,  and  is  the  easier. 

171.  Ausonias:  an  adj.  from  Ausonia,* 
name  of  Italy ;  from  A  uson,  or  Ausonius, 
as  Servius  informs  us.     Dictcea  arva :  the 
Cretan  territory,  or  lands.     Crete  is  called 
Dictaan,  from   Dicte,  a  mountain  on  that 
island,  where  Jupiter  was  educated ;  put, 
by  synec.  for  the  whole  island. 

172.  Talibus  visis :    at  such  a  vision,  or 
sight. 

1 73.  Nee  sopor  erat,  &c.     Dr.  Trapp,  and 
some  other  commentators,  imagine  a  diffi- 
culty occurs  here.     To  solve  it,  they  make 
a   difference   between   sopor   and    somnus. 
But  this  difficulty  arises  entirely  from  their 
taking  insomnis  to  mean,  in  sleep,  and  not 
taking  it  as  an  adj.     See  verse  151,  supra. 

174.  Veiaias  comas:  the  heads    of   the 
images,  or  statues,  were  generally  adorned 
with   fillets  and  flowers.     Ora   prascniia: 
their  forms  present  before  me.     \Vt-  .-ee  how 
muoli  pains  the  poet  takes  to  make  us  be- 
lieve that  it  was  no  dream— no  mere  fancy. 
He  mentions  a  variety  of  circumstances,  all 
of    which   go   to   show   that   jftneRs 
awake,  and  not  in  sleep. 


254 


P.  VIRGILII  MAHONIS 


rebus 


Turn  gelidus  toto  manabat  corpore  sudor)  175 

Corripio  e  stratis  corpus,  tendoque  supinas 
Ad  coelum  cum  voce  manus,  et  munera  libo 
Intemerata  focis.     Perfecto  Isetus  honore 

179.  Certum  de  his  Anchisen  facio  certum,  remque  ordine  pando. 

iM*  Agnovit  prolem  ambiguam,  geminosque  parentes,      180 

mSeque  novo  veterum  deceptum  errore  locorum. 
Turn  memorat :  Nate,  Iliacis  exercite  fatis, 
Sola  mihi  tales  casus  Cassandra  canebat. 

184.  Nunc  repeto  earn  Nunc  repeto  hiec  generi  portendere  debita  nostro, 

bpr:±0± ££ f ir pe H r seriam' sa?pe itai  v^y —    i85 

et  earn  ssepe  vocare        ^ed  (1U1S  ac*  Hespenoe  ventures  htora  Teucros 

Crederet  1  aut  quem  turn  vates  Cassandra  moveret  1 
188.  Moniti  nos  sequa-  Cedamus  Phoebo,  et  moniti  meliora  sequamur. 
nrnr  meliora  consilia.     Sic  ait :  et  cuncti  dictis  paremus  ovantes. 

A  Hanc  quoque  deserimus  sedem,  paucisque  relictis    190 

Vela  damus,  vastumque  cav£  trabe  currimus  oequor. 

Postquam  altum  tenuere  rates,  nee  jam  amplius  ullae 
Apparent  terras,  coelum  undique,  et  undique  pontus ; 
Turn  mihi  cceruleus  supra  caput  adstitit  imber, 
Noctem  hyememque  ferens ;  et  inhorruit  unda  tenebris. 


193.  Sed  undique  COB 
him  apparct.  et 


NOTES. 


**  176.  Corripio :  1  snatch  my  body  from 
my  bed.  Supinas :  palm  upward ;  agree- 
ing with  manus. 

177.  Libo  intemcrata :  I  pour  pure  offer- 
ings on  the  fire.     This  private  offering  con- 
sisted of  pure  wine  and  incense,  and  was 
usually  poured  upon  the  fire  in  honor  of  the 
Lares. 

178.  Honore  perfecto :  the  offering  being 
made,  or  completed. 

179.  Rem  :  in  the  sense  of  prodigium. 

180.  Geminos  parentes :  the  double  foun- 
ders.    The  Trojans  reckoned  both  Teucer 
and  Dardanus  the  founders  of  their  race  ; 
the  former  from  Crete,  the  latter  from  Italy. 
This  ambiguam  prolem,  ambiguous,  or  dou- 
ble descent,  led  Anchises  to   mistake  the 
oracle   of  Apollo,     dgnovit:    he   owned — 
acknowledged. 

181.  JVtwo  errore.    It  is  not  easy,  perhaps, 
to  fix  the  meaning  of  this  line.     Pierius  in- 
forms us  that  some  copies  have  parentum 
instead  of  locorum,  which  mends  it  much  : 
through  the  recent  mistake  of  our  ancient 
founders.     If  locorum  be  read,  it  will  be  : 
through  the  recent  mistake  of  the  places  of 
their  birth. 

Apollo  had  directed  them  to  seek  the 
land  of  their  ancestors,  promising  that  it 
should  receive  them  in  its  fertile  bosom. 
This  Anchises  had  interpreted  of  the  land 
of  Crete,  the  birthplace  of  Teucer.  It  ap- 
pears, then,  that  this  mistake  lay  in  reckon- 
ing their  descent  from  him,  and  not  from 
Dardanus,  whose  country  had  been  Italy. 
This  mistake  in  computing  he  calls  norms,  a 
recent,  or  new  one.  because  they  usually 


deduced  their  descent  from  Dardanus.   See 
verse  94,  et  seq. 

182.  Exercite :  exercised,  or  tried,  in  the 
disasters  of  Troy. 

183.  Canebat:  in  the  sense  of  prcedicalat. 
Cassandra.     The  daughter  of  Priam,  en- 
dued by  Apollo  with  the  gift  of  prophecy  ; 
but  no  body  believed  her  predictions.     Sec 
&n.  ii.  246. 

184.  Repeto  :  I  remember — I  call  to  mind. 
Portendere  :  in  the  sense  of  pradicerc.    Vo- 
care :  mentioned — spake  of  by  name. 

188.  Moniti  meliora:  being  advised,  let 
us  follow  better  counsels.  This  is  the  sense 
of  Ruaeus  and  Dr.  Trapp.  Mr.  Davidson 
renders  them  :  being  better  advised,  let  us 
follow  (the  gods)  ;  taking  meliora  as  a 
Grecism.  Cedamus :  in  the  sense  of  obe- 
diamus. 

1  !W.  Ovantes  :  in  the  sense  of  Iceti. 

190.  Sedem  :  in  the  sense  of  terram.    De- 
serimus :  in  the  sense  of  reiinquimus. 

191.  Cava  trabe :  in  the  sense  ofcavisna- 
vibus.     Currimus:  we  sail  upon  the   vast 
sea.     Trabe,  by  synec.  put  for  the  whole 
ship. 

192.  Attum:  properly,  the  deep,  or  open 
sea.     Rates  :  in  the  sense  of  naves. 

194.  Imber :  properly,  a  shower  of  rain  : 
by  rneton.  the  cloud  containing,  or  bearing 
along  the  rain,  as  in  the  present  instance. 
Cctruleus,  is  avhat  we  may  properly  call, 
leaden-colored.  Clouds,  that  threaten  thun- 
der and  rain,  are  often  tinged  with  a  deep 
blue,  intermingled  with  black.     This  is  the 
kind  of  cloud  here  meant. 

195.  Hyemem:  in  the  sense  of  tempest  a- 


£NBI8.     LIB.  111. 


Continud  venti  volvunt  mare,  magnaque  surgunt       19t> 
jEquora  :  dispersi  jactamur  gurgite  vasto. 
Involvere  diem  nimbi,  et  nox  humida  coelum 
Abstulit :  ingeminant  abruptis  nubibus  ignes. 
Excutimur  cursu,  et  caecis  erramus  in  undis.  200 

Ipse  diem  noctemque  negat  discernere  ccelo, 
Nee  meminisse  vise  media  Palinurus  in  unda. 
Tres  adeo  incertos  caeca  caligine  soles 
Erramus  pelago,  totidem  sine  sidere  noctes.  / 
Quarto  terra  die  primum  se  attollere  tandem  205 

Visa,  aperire  proqul  montes,  ac  volvere  fumum. 
Vela  cadunt  ;  remis  insurgimus  :  baud  mora,  riautse 
Adnixi  torquent  spumas,  et  ccerula  verrunt. 

Servatum  ex  undis  Strophadum  me  litora  primum 
Accipiunt.    Strophades  Graio  staiit  nomine  dictae     210 
Insulae  lonio  in  magno :  quas  dira  Celaeno, 
Harpyiseque  colunt  alias  :  Phine'ia  postquam 


c  198.  Abstulit  ccelum 
a  nobis 


20 1 .  Negat  se  posse  dis- 
cernere 


205.  Terra  visa  esl 
tandem  attollere  se,  et 

207.  Haud  mora  est 

208.  Verrunt  coerula 
maria 

210.  Insulee,  dictse 
Strophades  Graio  no- 
mine, stant  in 


NOTES. 


fern,  vel  procellam.  Unda:  in  the  sense  of 
mare,  Inkorruit:  looked  terrific  with  the 
darkness. 

197.  JE>quora :  in  the  sense  of  fluctus. 

198.  Involvere :  wrapped  up  the  day — ob- 
scured.    Nimbi :  in  the  sense  of  nubes.    So 
also  imber,  in  verse  194,  supra.     So  imper- 
vious was  this  cloud  to  the  rays  of  the  sun, 
that  it  became  dark  as  night — it  converted 
the   day  into  night.     Darkness,  or   night, 
being  the  absence  or  want  of  the  light  of 
the  sun.     Humida :  in  the  sense  of  imbrife- 
ra.     Cozluin  :  for  lucc-.n. 

199.  Ignes:  lightnings,  in  quick  succes- 
sion, flash  from  the  broken  clouds.     Some 
copies  have  abrupti,  agreeing  with  ignes; 
which  would  be  preferable,  if  it  could  be 
supported  by  sufficient  atithority. 

200.  Excutimur:  in  the  sense  of  dejici- 
mur.     Cozcis  :  dark — unknown  sea. 

201.  Pahnurus   ipse:    Palinurus  himself 
denies  that  he  can  distinguish  the  day  and 
night,  (the  day  from  the  night,  on  account 
of  the  darkness,)   in  the  heavens.     Memi- 
nisse: in  the  sense  of  coqnoscere.     He  was 
the  pilot  of  .Eneas    ship,  and  represented 
as  the  most  skilful  mariner  in  the  fleet. 

203.  Adeo  erramus :  thus  we  wander  over 
the  sea  for  three  doubtful  days  in  thick 
darkness.  Or,  incertos  may  mean,  uncer- 
tain— undistinguished  ;  because  they  could 
be  scarcely  distinguished  from  night,  on 
account  of  the  thick  darkness.  This  is  the 
sense  put  upon  the  words  by  Ruseus  and 
others.  Ambiguas  p  ropier  tencbras  obscuras^ 
says  that  commentator.  Soles :  in  the  sense 
of  dies. 

206.  Volvcrc :  in  the  sense  of  emitter?,  or 
crigere. 

207.  Insurgimus  rcjnis :  \ve  rise  upon  our 
oars — we  ply  them  uriskly. 

203.  Adnixi:  part,  of  the  verb  adnilor  : 


exerting  themselves — laboring  with  all  their 
strength,  they  toss  the  foam,  and  sweep  the 
azure  deep. 

209.  Litora  Strophadum :  the  shores  of  the 
Strophades.  These  were  two  small  islands, 
lying  on  the  west  of  the  Peloponnesus, 
near  the  Sinus  Cyparissceus.  Here  .flCneas 
with  his  fleet  landed. 

211.  Magno   lonio.     That   part   of   the 
Mediterranean,   lying  between   Greece  on 
the  east,  and  Sicily  and  Italy  on  the  west, 
was  called  the  Ionian  sea.     Mari  is  to  b  e 
supplied. 

212.  Harpyioz  alice.     The  Harpies  were 
commonly  reckoned  three  in  number :   Iris, 
Acllo,  and  Ocypeta.     Virgil  here  calls  one 
of  them    Celceno.     They  are  said  to   have 
been  the  daughters  of  Neptune  and  Terra, 
(according   to   Hesiod,   of   Thaumas   and 
Electra,)  and  are  therefore  supposed  to  in- 
habit the  islands  principally.   They  had  the 
faces  of  women,  but  the  bodies  of  vultures. 
Their   feet  and  fingers  were  armed  with 
claws.     They  emitted  an  infectious  smell, 
and  poisoned  whatever  they  touched.  They 
were  called  Harpyiv,  from  the  circumstance 
of  their  rapacity  and  voracious  nature.  Ser- 
vius  thinks  they  were  called  Harpyicr  on 
earth,  Furice  in  hell,  and  Direr  m  h( 
Phineia:  an  adj.  from  Phintus^  a  king  of 
Arcadia  or  Thrace,  who  put  out  the  eyeis  of 
nis  two  sons,  at  the  instigation  of  his  wife. 
their  step-mother.     For  this  jmnatural  con- 
duct, Jove  deprived  him  of  sight,  and  sent 
the  Harpyise  to  torment  them ;  which  they 
did,  till  Calais  and  Zetes,  the  sons  of  *Bo- 
reas  and  Orithyia,  expelled  them  from  hi* 
kingdom,   in  return  for  the  favors  which 
they  had  received  of  him  on  their  way  to 
Coichis,  after  the  goiden  fleece.     They  pur- 
sued these  monsters  as  far  as  these  islands  ; 

n.  being  admonished  by  Jove  to  pursue 


P.  VIRGILII    MARONiiS 


213.  Phineia  damns  Clausa  domus,  mensasque  metu  liquere  priores. 
usa  est  illis  Tristius  baud  illis  moristfum,  nee  ssevior  ulla 

Pestis  et  ira  Deum  Stygiis  sese  extuiit  undis.  21  f> 

216.  Vultus  earum  vo-  Virginei  volucrum  vultus,  foedissima  veniris 


220 


225 


Ora  tame. 

Hue  ubi  delati  portus  intravimus  ;  ecce 
Laeta  bourn  passim  campis  armenta  videmus, 

221.  Caprigcnumque  Caprigenumque  pecus,  nullo  custode,  per  herbas. 
pecus  errans  per  herbas  Irruimus  t'erro,  et  Divos  ipsumque  vocamus 
:um  nullo  custode.    Ir-  jn  partem  praedamque  Jovem  :  tune  litore  curvo 
Extruimusque  toros,  dapibusque  epulamur  opimis. 
At  subitae  horrifico  lapsu  de  montibus  adsunt 
Hurpyiae,  et  niagnis  quatiunt  clangoribus  alas  : 
Diripiuntque  dapes,  contactuque  omnia  foedant 
228.  Turn  dira  Voxlmmundo  :  turn  vox  tetrum  dira  inter  odorem. 
crat  illis  inter  Rursum  in  secessu  longo,  sub  rupe  cavata, 

230.  N°s  circum  clausi  Arboribus  clausi  circum  atque  horrentibus  umbris, 
arboribus  Instruimus  mensas,  arisque  reponimus  ignem. 

Rursum  ex  diverse  coeli,  caecisque  latebris, 
Turba  sonans  praedam  pedibus  circumvolat  uncis, 
Polluit  ore  dapes.    Sociis  tune,  arma  capessant, 
236.    Faciunt    baud  Edico,  et  dir&  bellum  cum  gente  gerendum. 
seciis  ac  jussi  sunt         Haud  secus  ac  jussi  faciunt,  tectosque  per  herbam 


NOTES. 


them  no  farther,  they  returned.  Hence 
they  were  called  Strophades,  from  a  Greek 
word  implying  a  return.  Their  former 
nanre  was  Plotce.  Here  the  Harpyice  took 
up  their  residence.  This  serves  to  explain 
the  words,  postquam  Phineia  domus :  after 
they  were  expelled  from  the  palace  of 
Phineus. 

214.  Haud  tristius :  there  is  not  a  mon- 
ster more  fell  than  they  ;  nor  any  more-cruel 
pest  and  scourge  (ira)   of  the  gods,   &c. 
jEs/,  is  understood. 

215.  Stygiis   undis :  from   the  waters  of 
Styx.     This  was  a  fabulous  river  of  Hell, 
around  which,  the  poets  say,  it  flowed  nine 
times.     The  gods  held  its  waters  in  great 
veneration.     If  they  swore  by  it,  the  oath 
was  inviolable.      It  is  said  to  have  derived 
its  name  from  the  nymph  Styx,  who  assisted 
Jupiter  in  the  war  against  the  giants.     See 
Geor.  iii.  551. 

217.  Proluvies  ventris :  a  most  offensive 
efflux  of  the  belly.  Ora  semper  pallida  : 
and  their  faces  always  pale  through  hunger. 

220.  Lcpta  ^  in  the  sense  of  pinguid, 
agreeing  with  armenta. 

223.  In  partem  pccdamquc  .-  for  inp-.-rlcin 
prcedw,  by  hendiadis.  It  was  a  custom 
among  the  Romans  when  they  went  out  to 
war,  or  to  the  chase,  to  vow  to  consecrate 
a  part  oi*  the  spoils,  or  booty,  to  the  gods. 
Vocamus  :  wo  invoke  the  gods,  and  Jove 
bimself,  to  a  share  of  the  booty. 

'224,     Tnrnz  :    tables — couches.       Ophnix 


dapibus  :  upon  the  rich,  or  delicious  meat. 
See  231,  infra. 

225.  Lapsu:    motion.      Adsunt:  in   the 
sense  of  adveniunt,  vel  advolant. 

226.  Magnis  clangoribus  :  with  a  mighty 
noise.      Some  copies  have  plangoribus,  as 
Pierius  informs  us. 

227.  Diripiunt :  in  the  sense  of  rapiunf. 

230.  Horrentibus:  in  the  sense  ofdensis. 
Secessu  longo  :  in  a  long  retreat — in  a  re- 
mote place. 

231.  Instruimus  mensas  :  we  spread  our 
tables. 

232.  Ex  direrso  cadi  :    from   a  different 
quarter  of  the  sky,  and  from  their  secret 
retreats.     The  word  tracln  is  to  be  supplied 
with  diverso  :    in  the  sense  of  divcrsa  parlc 
ccdi.     The  Mythologists  make  the  harpies 
only  three  in    number.       Virgil    however 
speaks  of  them  as  being  numerous,  calling 
them  turba  and  gens,  so  that  they  no  sc 

left  one  part  of  the  Island  than  they  were 
troubled  with  them  in  another.  But  th^ 
poets  do  not  always  conform  to  historical 
or  fabulous  tradition,  farther  than  suits 
thejr  design. 

.  233.  Prcedam.  This  I  take  for  their 
meat,  or  flesh  in  general  ;  while  dapes 
means  that  portion  of  it  dressed,  and  pre- 
pared for  eating.  Polluit :  spoils — OT  de- 
nies with  Ihe  mouth.  Sonans,  flapping 
their  wings — whizzing. 

235.  Edico  :  in  the  sense  ofjubeo. 

236.  Farii'nt    h<n«t  :    thev    do   nn   <:' 


LIB.  nr 


Disponunt  enses,  et  scuta  latentia  condunt. 

Ergo,  ubi  delapsae  sonitum  per  curva  dedere 

Litora ;  dat  signum  specula  Misenus  ab  alta 

.Ere  cavo  :  invadunt  socii,  et  nova  praelia  tentant,     240 

ObscoBnas  pelagi  ferro  fcedare  volucres. 

Sed  neque  vim  plumis  ullam,  nee  vulnera  tergo 

Accipiunt :  celerique  fuga  sub  sidera  lapsas, 

Semesam  praedarn  et  vestigia  foeda  relinquunt. 

Una  in  praecelsa  consedit  rupe  Celaeno, 

Infelix  vates,  rumpitque  hanc  pectore  vocem : 

Belium  etiam  pro  csede  bourn  stratisque  juvencis, 

LaomedontiadaB,  beliumne  inferre  paratis  1 

Et  patrio  insontes  Harpyias  pellere  regno  ? 

Accipite  ergo  animis  atque  haec  mea  figite  dicta  : 

Quae  Phoebo  pater  omnipotens,  mihi  Phoebus  Apollo 

Praedixit,  vobis  furiarum  ego  maxima  pando. 

Italiam  cursu  petitis,  ventisque  vocatis 

Ibitis  Italiam,  portusque  intrare  licebit. 

Sed  non  ante  datam  cingetis  mcenibus  urbem,          255 

Quam  vos  dira  fames,  nostraeque  injuria  ceedis, 

Ambesas  subigat  malis  absumere  mensas. 


.  Ubi  Harpyito  de- 


245  245.  C'oteno  una  ex 
Us,  infelix  vates,  conse- 
dit in 

248.  Paratis-ne  inferre 
bellum  nobis,  etiam  bel- 
lum,  inquam,  pro  caede 

250  boum 

251.  Ego  maxima  fu- 
riarum pando  vobis  ec, 
quffi  Omnipotens  pater 
prozdixit  Phoebo,  et  Phoe- 
bus Apollo  preedixit  mi- 
hi. 

255.  Cingetis  urbem 
datam  vobis  moanibus 
antequam  dira  fame;? 


NOTES. 


wise  than  they  are  commanded — they  do 
just  as  they  are  commanded. 

237.  Condunt:  they  hide  their  shields, 
concealed  among  the  grass.  Latentia :  in 
the  sense  of  occulta.  Ddapstz :  in  the  sense 
of  advolanies. 

239.  Specula.      This    was   an   elevated 
spot,  or  place,  commanding  a  wide  prospect. 
It  is   derived   from    the    old   verb   specio. 
Hence   the  verb   specular.      Signum  :    the 
signal  for  the  attack. 

240.  Tentant  nova  :  and  try  a  new  kind 
of  fight.      JEre  :  trumpet:   see  111.  supra. 

242.  Vim  :  in  the  sense  of  ictum.     The 
epithet   obsccenas  is  added  to  these  birds, 
cither  because  they  were  of  bad  omen  ;  or 
were  filthy,  and  to  be  abhorred  on  account 
of  their  narftiness.     Fcedare  :    the  primary 
meaning  of  this  word  is,  to  mangle — to  cut 
in  pieces — to  make  havoc  of.     Hence  the  pro- 
priety of  its  being  connected  with  ferro. 

243.  Lapsie,  :  flying — shooting  away. 

244.  Semesam  :    half  eaten.      Of  semi, 
and  esam,  of  the  verb  edo. 

246.  Infelix.     As  felix  sometimes  signi- 
fies propitious,  favorable,   auspicious  ;    so 
infelix  oftentimes  signifies  ill-boding,  inaus- 
picious,   as    here  :    ill-boding    prophetess. 
Hanc  vocem  : ,  the  same  as  licec  vcrba. 

247.  Pro  cade  :   for  (in  return  for)  the 
slaughter  of  our  cattle,  and  bullocks  slain. 
In  addition  to  the  crime  of  killing  our  herds 
and  taking  our  property  ;  do   you  prepare 
to  wage  war  against  us,  and  to  drive  us 
from  our  paternal  realms,  who  have   done 
you  no  injury  or  harm,  and  are  in  every 


In  calling  them  the  son*  of  Laomedon. 
Celseno  reproaches  them  as  being  impious, 
unjust  and  faithless,  like  that  prince,  who 
did  not  keep  his  promises  even  with  the 
gods.  See  Geor.  i.  502. 

248.  LaomedontiadoB :  a  patronymic  noun 
from  Laomedon,  the  father  of  Priam,  and 
king  of  Troy.     The  same  with  Trojani. 

249.  Patrio  regno  ^  from   our  paternal 
kingdom.     This  is  said,  because  Neptune, 
their  father,  had  the  empire  of  the  sea,  and 
the  islands. 

250.  Accipite :  hear — attend  to. 

252.  Maxima  furiarum.  Servius  infers 
from  this  passage  that  the  Harpies  and  the 
Furies  were  the  same.  Pando :  in  the  sense 
of  explico. 

255.  Datam  :  in  the  sense  of  concessaw, 
vel  prcedictam. 

256.  Dira  fames  :    direful  hunger,  and 
the  injury  (done  to)  of  our  race,  forces  you 
to  consume  your  gnawed  trenchers.    Malis  : 
in  the  sense  of  dentibus.      Injuria  nostrcr 
ccedis.     This  injury  consisted  in  killing  their 
cattle;    and   in  making  an  attack  upon 
them. 

257.  Absumere  mensas,  &c.    The  sense  of 
this  prediction  is  seen  from  its  accomplish- 
ment in  the  seventh  book,  verse  116.     The 
story  is  not  merely  a  poetical  invention  ;  it 
was  a  historical  tradition.     Dionysius  and 
Strabo  say  that  ^Eneas  had  received  a  re- 
sponse from  an  Oracle,  foretelling  that  be- 
fore he  came  to  a  settlement  in  Italy,  he 
should  be  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  eating 
his  trenchers,  mensas.      Varro  says  he  re- 
ceived it  from  the  Oracle  *f  ftndonn  in  t>'- 


P.  V1RG1LII  MAROMS 


260.  Eorum  animi  ce- 
cidere  :  nee  jam  am- 
plius  jubent  exposcere 
pacem  armis,  sed  votis 


265.  Inquit  :  O  Di, 
prohibete  has  minas  a 
nobis 


274.  Nimbosa  cacu- 
mina  mentis  Leucate 
aperiuntur  conspectui 


Dixit  :  et  in  sylvam  pennis  ablata  refugit. 
At  sociis  subita  gelidus  formidine  sanguis 
Diriguit  :  cecidere  animi  :  nee  jam  amplius  armis, 
Sed  votis  precibusque  jubent  exposcere  pacem, 
Sive  Dea3,  seu  sint  dirae  obscoenaeque  volucres. 

At  pater  Anchises,  passim  de  litore  palmis, 
Numina  magna  vocat,  meritosque  iridicit  honores  : 
Di,  prohibete  minas  ;  Di,  talem  avertite  casum, 
Et  placidi  servate  pios.     Turn  litore  funem 
Diripere,  excussosque  jubet  laxare  rudentes. 

Tenduut  vela  Noti  :  ierimur  spurnantibus  undis, 
Qua  cursum  ventusque  gubernatorque  vocabant. 
Jam  medio  apparet  fluciu  ncmorosa  Zacynthos, 
Dulichiumque,  Sameque,  etNeritos  ardua 
Effugimus  scopulos  Ithacae,  Laertia  regna, 
Et  terrain  altricem  saevi  exsecramur  Ulyssei 
Mox  et  Leucatse  nimbosa  cacumina  montis, 


26f> 


270 


NOTES. 


rus.  Virgil  puts  it  in  the  mouth  of  the 
HarpyifE,  as  being  both  suitable  to  their 
nature,  and  more  apt  to  raise  surprise,  when 
coming  from  them.  This  prophecy  receiv- 
ed its  fulfilment  in  the  following  manner. 
Having  arrived  in  Italy,  and  being  destitute 
of  dishes,  they  were  forced  to  eat  their  meat 
or  flesh  upon  large  oval  cakes,  made  of 
flour,  which  they  used  for  bread.  And  after 
theythad  eaten  their  flesh,  they  consumed  their 
cake's  also ;  which  they  had  used  in  the 
room  of  plates. 

258.  Pennis  :  in  the  sense  of  alis.  Ablata  : 
in  the  sense  ofsublat^. 

259.  Sanguis  gelidus  :    the  blood  chilled 
through  sudden  fear,  grew  thick,  &c.    Their 
blood  ceased  to  flow  in  its  ordinary  course  ; 
the  heart  being  unable  to  propel  it  to  the 
extremities  with  its  usual  force. 

263.  Palmis  passis  de  litore :  in  the  sense 
of  palmis  extensis  de  litore. 

264.  Magna  numina  :   the  great  Gods. 
See   Geor.  i.  498.      Indicit :  and  appoints 
proper  sacrifices  or  offerings. 

265.  Prohibete  :  in  the  sense  of  avertite. 
Casum :  calamity — misfortune. 

266.  Placidi  :  in  the  sense  of  placati,  vel 
benigni.     Funem  :  the  cable. 

267.  Diripere  :    in  the  sense  of  avellere. 
Some  copies  have  deripere  :  which  is  the 
reading  of  Heyne. 

Rudentes  :  in  the  sense  of  funes.  By 
these  we  are  probably  to  understand  those 
ropes,  by  the  help  of  which  the  sails  were 
hoisted  and  spread — the  main  sheets.  They 
had  already  weighed  anchor  :  they  now 
let  off  the  sheets — they  extended  the  sails, 
and  the  wind  fills  them.  Excussos.  Heyne 
takes  this  in  the  sense  ofevolutos. 

270.  Zacynthos.  An  island  in  the  Ionian 
sea,  on  the  west  of  the  Peloponnesus :  Ho- 
die, Znnte.  The  south  wind  was  necessary 


in  sailing  from  the  Sirophades  to  this  place. 
Fluctu  :  in  the  sense  of  mari. 

271.  Dulichium.  This  island  lies  in  the 
mouth  of  the  Sinus  Gbnn/Aifltw*,  and  is  one 
of  the  Echi  nodes.  Hodie,  Dolicha.  Same  vel 
Samos  :  Hodie,  Cephalonia.  These  islands 
formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Ulysses. 

'J7[2.  Ithacie.  Ithaca  was  a  very  barren  and 
ro'-ky  island,  between  Cephalonia  and  Du- 
lichium,  the  birthplace  of  Ulysses.  Hence 
he  is  called  Ithacus.  On  this  island  was  a 
barren  and  rocky  mountain,  called  Neritos. 
The  word  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  whole 
island.  Scopulos  Ithaca.  This  is  said  by 
way  of  irony  and  contempt,  in  allusion  to 
its  rocks  and  barrenness.  He  adds,  Laertia 
regna,  the  realms  of  Laertes.  He  was  king 
of  that  island,  and  the  father  of  Ulysses. 

273.  Exccramur  terram  :  we  execrate  the 
land,  the  nurse  (birthplace)  of  cruel  Ulyssebv 
These  words  express  very  forcibly  his  detes- 
tation of  so  great  an  enemy  to  the  Trojans. 

274.  Leucatce  montis  :  the  cloudy  summit 
of  the  mountain  Lucates.     Leucas,Leucates 
vel  Leucate,  an'  island  lying  very  near  the 
coast  of  AcarnaniM,  in  Epirus.     Hodie,  St. 
Maura.      It  is  said  to  have  once  been  con- 
nected with  the   main  land.      It  took  its 
name  from  a  famous  white  mountain,  or 
rock,  called  Leucate,  (from  a  Greek  word, 
signifying  white,)  lying  at  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island.     It  was  supposed  to 
have  J.he  virtue  of  curing  despairing  lovers, 
who  were  wont  to  cast  themselves  from  it 
into  the  sea.     Among  those  who  made  the 
experiment  of  its  virtues,  was  the  celebra- 
ted poetess   Sappho,  who  fell  in  love  with 
Phuon,  a  beautiful  y  outli  of  Lesbos. 

According  to  Strabo,  Apollo  had  a  tem- 
ple on  this  rock,  or  mountain,  from  which 
a  human  victim  was  cast  yearly  into  the 
sea,  as  a  sacrifice  to  that  god.  On  account 


LIB.  111. 


Et  tbrmidatus  nautis  aperitur  Apollo. 

Hunc  petimus  fessi,  et  parvse  succedimus  urbi. 

Anchora  de  prora  jacitur ;  slant  litore  puppes. 

Ergo  insperata  tandem  tellure  potiti, 
Lustramurque  Jovi,  votisque  incendimus  aras  : 
Actiaque  Iliacis  celebramus  litora  ludis. 
Exercent  patrias  oleo  labente  palsestras 
Nudati  socii :  juvat  evasisse  tot  urbes 
Argolicas,  mediosque  fugam  tenuisse  per  hostes. 

Interea  magnum  Sol  circumvolvitur  annum, 
Et  glacialis  hyems  Aquilonibus  asperat  undas. 
jEre  cavo  clypeum,  magni  gestamen  Abantis, 
Postibus  adversis  figo,  et  rem  carmine  signo  : 
JEneas  hcec  de  Danais  victoribus  arma. 


280 


286.  Figo  adversis 
postibus  templi  clypeum 

cavo  rare,  gestamen 
magni  Abantis,  et  sig- 
no rem  hoc  carmine : 
./Eneas  suspendit  hsec 
arma  capta 


NOTES. 


of  this ;  or  on  account  of  the  roughness  of 
the  coast,  he  is  called  Apollo  formidatus 
nautis :  Apollo  dreaded  by  sailors.  The 
name  of  the  god,  put  by  meton.  for  the 
temple.  Nimbosa  :  some  copies  have  urn- 
brosa. 

276.  Hunc.     This   may  refer  to   mount 
Leucatce,  mentioned  before.      Or  we   may 
suppose,  with  more  probability,  that  .(Eneas 
continued  his  course   hence  to   the  Sinus 
Ambracius,  where  there  was  the  small  city 
Ambracia,  (afterwards  enlarged  by  Augus- 
tus, and  called  Nicopolis,  in  allusion  to  his 
victory,)    and  another   temple    of  Apollo. 
If  we  make  this  supposition,  the  hunc  may 
refer  to  this  latter  temple,  or  to  the  god  to 
whom  it  was  dedicated.     Near  this  place 
Augustus  afterwards  obtained  a  complete 
victory  over   the  combined  forces   of  An- 
thony  and    Cleopatra,    queen   of    Egypt. 
To   this  victory  the  poet  alludes,   witJi  a 
view  to  compliment  his  prince.     Here  he 
landed,  and  performed  those  games,  which 
Augustus   afterwards   instituted,  in    com- 
memoration of  his  victory  ;  and  celebrated 
every  fifth  year. 

277.  Puppes  :  in  the  sense  of  naves.     Or 
it  may  imply  that  the  sterns  of  his  ships  lay 
aground,  while  the  prows  were  afloat.  This 
is  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Trapp. 

278.  Insperata :  greatly  desired,  or  longed 
for.     The  prep,  m,  in  composition,  often  in- 
creases the  signification  of  the  simple  word, 
us  well  as  changes  it  to  a  contrary  sense. 
The  former  1  take  to  be  the  case  here ;  the 
same  as  valde  sperata.     For  after  the  many 
dangers  And  perils  of  his  voyage,  w'.iat  could 
be  morn   desirable,  than   to  find   a    place 
where  he  could  land  in  safety,  and  enjoy 
the  hospitality  of  the  shore  ? 

279.  Lustramur  Jovi:  in   the  sense  of 
sacrificamus  Jovi.      Incendimus  arm  rotis. 
Ruaeus  says,  cumulamus  ara*  viclimis.     f  o- 
dim,  by  met.  the  thing  vowed— the  victim. 


280.  Actia  litora.     The  poet  here  plainly 
alludes  to  the  famous  games  which  Augus- 
tus instituted  on  the  promontory  of  Epirus, 
in  commemoration  of  his  victory  over  An- 
thony and  Cleopatra,  in  the  year  of  Rome 
723.     These   were   celebrated   every   fifth 
year.     Hence,  some  have  conjectured,  that 
four  years  had  now  elapsed  since  £neaa 
left  Troy.     Virgil  would  make  his  prince 
believe  that  tineas  landed  on  this  shore, 
and  instituted  these  very  games. 

281.  Exercent  patrias  :  they  practise  their 
country's   exercises  with  the   slippery  oil. 
The  palaestra  was  an  exercise,  in  which  the 
persons  were  naked  ;  and,  that  they  might 
free  themselves  the  easier  from  the  hands 
of  their  antagonists,  they  used  to  besmear 
their  bodies  and  arms  with  oil.    It  is  also 
applied  to  all  kinds  of  games  or  exercises, 
such  as  wrestling,  leaping,  &c.     Also  the 
place  where  these  exercises  are  performed. 

283.  Fugam :  in  the  sense  of  cursum,  vel 
tier. 

284.  Magnum  annum :  the  sun  completes 
(rolls  round)  a  great  year :  a  solar  year  of 
12  months,  as  distinguished  from  a  lunar 
year,  which  consists  of  12  lunations,  or  354 
days.     Circumvolvitur^  is  pfaraly  in  the  sense 
of  circumrolvit. 

285.  Hyems  asperat :  the  icy  winter  ro 
ens.     Undas :  in  the  sense  of  mare . 

286.  Gestamen.     This  word  signifies  any 
covering — any  thing  worn  or  carried  by  a 
person;  from  the  verb  gesto.    Abantis.   It 
is  probable   that  Abas  was  one  of  those 
Greeks,  whom  ./Eneas  and  his  party  slew 
in  the  night  of  the  sack  of  Troy,  stript  of 
their  armour,  and  exchanged  for  their  own. 
Gcstamen,  is  put  in  apposition  with  clypeum. 

287.  Adversis  postibus :  the  fronting  door 
posts  of  the  temple.     Figo :  in  the  sense  of 
snspcndo.     Signo  rem  carmine:    I  declare 
the  transaction  by  this  verse— inscrir 
Rem :  in  the  sense  offaetum. 


P.  V1RGIL1I  MAKOISIS 


289.  Turn  jubeo  socios 
linquere 


.298.  Fectus  incensum 
fill  miro 

301.  Turn  forte  An- 
dromache libabat  cineri 
1'Iectoris  solemnes  da- 
pes,  et  tristia  dona,  ante 
urbem  in  luco  ad  undam 
falsi  Simoentis,  voca- 
batque  Manes  ad  Hec- 
toreum  tumulum,  quem 
inanem  sacraverat  e  vi- 
ridi  cespite,  et  geminas 
aras,  causam  lachrymis. 


Linquere  turn  portus  jubeo,  ct  considere  transtris. 
Certatim  socii  feriunt  mare,  et  aequora  verrunt.       290 
Protinus  aerias  Phaeacum  abscondimus  arces, 
Litoraque  Epiri  legimus,  portuque  subimus 
Chaonio,  et  celsam  Buthroti  ascendimus  urbem. 
Hie  incredibilis  reruin  farna  occupat  aures, 
Priamiden  HelcnumGraias  regnare  per  urbes,         295 
Conjugio  ^EacidaB  Pyrrhi  sceptrisque  potitum, 
Et  patrio  Andromachen  iierum  cessis^e  marito. 
Obstupui :  miroque  incensum  pectus  amore 
Compellare  virum,  et  casus  cognoscere  tantos. 
Progedior  portu,  classes  et  litora  linquens.  300 

Solemnes  turn  forte  dapes  et  tristia  dona, 
Ante  urbem,  in  luco,  falsi  Simoentis  ad  undam, 
Libabat  cineri  Andromache,  Manesque  vocabat 
Hectoreum  ad  tumulum,  viridi  quem  cespite  inanem. 


NOTES. 


289.  Transtris :  upon  the  benches  or 
thwarts.  They  extended  across  the  vessels 
from  side  to  side :  the  rowers  sat  upon 
them. 

290*  Certatim :  eagerly — striving  to  out- 
do one  another.  JEquora  :  the  surface  of 
the  sea,  which  they  sweep  with  their  oars. 
JEiCfdor :  properly  any  plain  or  level  surface, 
whether  land  or  water.  It  is  here  used  in 
its  appropriate  sense. 

291.  Pfueacum  •   of  the  Phsacians — so 
called  from  Pfusacia^  an  island  lying  to  the 
west  of  the  promontory  of  Actium.     Hodic, 
Corfu.     It   was  famous    for   its    orchards. 
Here  Homer  placed  the  gardens  of  Alcinoiis, 
who  was  king  of  the  island.     Abscondimus  : 
we  hide  the  aerial  towers,  £c.  we  lose  sight 
of  them. 

292.  Legimus  Epiri :  we  coast  along  the 
shores  of  Epirus.     This  was  once  a  flourish- 
ing kingdom,    bounded    on    the   east  by 
Achaia  and   Thessaly ;   on  the   north   by 
Macedonia ;  and  on  the  south  and  west  by 
the  Ionian  sea.     It  was  divided  into  four 
principal  parts;  JEtolia,' Acarnania,  Thes- 
protia,  and  Chaonia.    In  the  last  of  which 
was  the  city  Bulhrotus  or  Buthrotum.    It 
was  built  upon  a  hill.     Hence  the  epithet 
cdsam.       For    ascendimus,    Heinsius,    and 
Heyne  after  him  read  accedimus. 

294.  Incredibilis  fama  rerum :  an  incredi- 
ble report  of  things.  It  Avas  an  incredible 
revolution  of  fortune  indeed,  that  a  son  of 
Priam  should  reign  in  Epirus,  and  should 
be  married  to  Andromache,  the  widow  of 
his  brother,  after  she  had  been  the  wife  of 
Pyrrhus,  that  very  son  of  Achilles,  who 
slew  the  venerable  Priam  in  the  most  cruel 
manner.  Yet  these  things  are  not  the  mere 
invention  of  the  poet.  Justin  informs  uS, 
that  after  the  taking  of  Troy,  Pyrrhus  was 
reconciled  to  Helenus,  shared  with  him  his 


kingdom,  and   gave  him  Andromache  in 
marriage. 

295.  Priamiden:  the  son  of   Priam — a 
patronymic  noun. 

296.  JEacidcr  Pyrrhi :  of  Pyrrhus,  a  de- 
scendant of  JEucus.     He  was  king  of  Thes- 
saly, and  father  of  Pdcus.     JEacides  was  u 
name  both  of  Achilles  and  Pyrrhus.     Con- 
jugio :  in  the  sense  of  uxore.     Sceptris :  in 
the  sense  of  regno. 

297.  Andromachen  cessisse :  that  Andro- 
mache again  had  fallen  to  a  husband  of  her 
own  country.     She  was  a  Theban  princess 
by  birth ;  but  by  marrying  Hector,  Troy 
becaine  her  country.     Patrio  murih :  in  tlur 
sense  of  Trojano  marito. 

298.  Miro :  in  the  sense  of  magno,  vel 
vekementi.    Amore:  desire. 

299.  Tantos  casus:  so  great  events — such 
a  wonderful  change  of  fortune. 

301.  Tarn  forte  libabat:  then  by  chance 
Andromache  was  offering  the  yearly  feast, 
and  mournful  gifts  to  the  ashes  of  Hector- 
fee.     Among  other  funeral  ceremonies,  was 
the  custom  of  pouring   into,  or  upon  the 
grave,   blood   and   milk;   because   it   was 
thought  that  the  (animce)  souls  delighted 
and  led  upon  these,  and  particularly  upon 
the  blood.     These  constituted  the  feast  and 
mournful  gifts,  which  Andromache  repeated 
yearly  to  the  ashes  or  shade  of  Hector.  See 
verse  66,  supra. 

302.  Falsi   Simoentis:  fictitious   SimoTs, 
This  was  a  small  river  of  Epirus,  to  which 
Heieuus  and  Andromache  gave  the' name  of 
Simo'is,  after  a  river  of  that  name  in  Troas. 
It  was  not  the  real  Simo'is.     Undam:  in 
the  sense  of  aquam. 

304.  Inanem:  empty — not  the  real  tomb 
of  Hector ;  but  one  in  memory  of  him. 
Such  a  one  was  called  tumulus  vacuus,  vel 
inanis.  These  tombs,  or  cenotaphs  wero 


ENEte.     LIB.  HI. 


•Jtii 


Ei  gemmae,  cuusam  lachrymis,  sacraverat  aras.     305 

Ut  me  corispexit  venientem>  et  Troia  circum 

Anna  amens  vidit ;  magnis  exterrita  monstris, 

Diriguit  visu  in  medio  .  calor  ossa  reliquit : 

Labitur  ;  et  lorigo  vix  tandem  tempore  fatur  : 

Verane  te  facies,  verus  mihi  nuntius  affers, 

Nate  De£  ?  vivisne  ?  aut,  si  lux  alma  recessit, 

Hector  ubi  est  ?  Dixit :  lachrymasque  effudit,  et  omnem 

Implevit  clamore  locum.    Vix  pauca  furenti 

Subjicio,  et  raris  turbatus  vocibus  hisco  : 

Vivo  equidem,  vitamque  extrema  per  omnia  duco. 

Ne  dubita,  nam  vera  vides. 

Heu  !  quis  te  casus  dejectam  conjuge  tanto 

Excipit  ?  aut  quoe  digna  satis  fortuna  revisit  ? 

Hectoris  Andromache,  Pyrrhin'  connubia  servas  ? 


309.   Et  tandem  vix 
fatur     longo     tempore 


311.  Recessit  a  te 


31 


319.  O  Andromache, 
quondam  uxor  Hectoris. 
servas-ne  connubia  Pyr- 
rhi? 


NOTES. 


honorary  merely,  and  erected  to  persons 
buried  in  another  place ;  or  to  those  who 
received  no  burial,  and  whose  relics  could 
not  be  found.  The  same  religious  regard 
was  paid  to  these  tumuli  inanes  et  honorarii, 
as  to  real  tombs.  Viridi  cespite  :  she 'made 
(consecrated)  this  tomb  of  green  turf. 

305.  Geminas  aras.  Some  will  have  it, 
that  one  altar  was  for  Hector,  and  the  other 
for  Astyanax,  her  son,  whom  the  Greeks 
threw  headlong  from  the  tower  of  Troy. 
Others,  however,  think  she  erected  (conse- 
crated) both  to  Hector,  it  being  customary 
to  erect  two  altars  to  the  Manes,  especially 
of  Heroes,  who  were  considered  inferior 
deities.  See  verse  63,  supra.  Causam :  the 
cause,  or  incentive  to  her  tears.  They 
brought  more  forcibly  to  her  mind  the  re- 
collection of  her  husband,  and  renewed  her 
former  grief. 

307.  Amcns:    amazed.     It  agrees  with 
•ilia  understood.     Exterrita  monstris  :  asto- 
nished at  the  mighty  prodigy,  she  fainted  in 
the  midst  of  the  sight. 

Any  thing  that  happens,  or  is  contrary  to 
the  ordinary  course  of  things,  may  be  called 
inonstrum.  The  sight  of  her  countrymen 
was  so  unexpected,  so  improbable,  and  so 
far  from  the  ordinary  course  of  events,  that 
it  might  well  enough  be  called  magnum 
monstrum. 

308.  Diriguit :  in  the  sense  of  defecit. 

309.  Labitur  :  she  falls. 

310.  Vera-ne  facies :  do  you,  a  real  form, 
a  true  messenger,  present  yourself  to  me  ? 
— are   you  really  ^Eneas,  or  arc  you  his 
image  only  ? — are  the  things  which  I  be- 
hold true  and  real,  or  are  they  mere  phan- 
toms ?     Lux  :  in  the  sense  of  vita. 

313.  Furenti :  to  her  grieving,  or  sorrow- 
ing. Furtns  properly  signifies,  being  trans- 
ported with  any  inordinate  passion  or  af- 
fection, as  love,  sorrow,  anger,  &c. — griev- 
ing immoderately.  Riweus  says,  mccrenti. 


314.  Subjicio:  in  the  sense  of  respotideu. 
Hisco:  I  open  my  mouth  in  broken,  dis- 
connected words.     They  were  few  in  num- 
ber, and  interrupted  by  sighs  and  tears. 

315.  Per  omnia  extrema ;  through  all  pe- 
rils and  distress.     Extrema,  here-,  is  a  sub. 
Ruaeus  says,  per  omnes  miseries. 

316.  Pera  :  true  things — realities. 

317.  Qww  casus;  what  event  hath  befal- 
len thee,  deprived  of  so  great  a  husband  ? 
Conjuge,  here,  plainly   means  Hector,  her 
former  husband.     Ruaeus  interprets  excipit 
te,  by,  successit  tibi ;  and  dejectam,  by  pri- 
vatam. 

319.  Servas  connubia,  &c.  These  words 
of  JSneas  would  carry  with  them  a  severe 
reproach,  if  Andromache  had  been  the  mis- 
tress of  her  own  fortune.  Catrou  observes,, 
that  this  slavery  rendered  her  connexion 
with  Pyrrhus  excusable  ;  yet  she  is  confused 
upon  the  occasion,  casts  her  eyes  upon  the 
ground,  and  replies  with  a  low  voice, 
not  answering  his  question  directly,  but. 
breaking  out  into  a  passionate  exclama- 
tion :  Ofellx,  &c.  The  sense  which  Rueeus 
gives  to  the  passage  is  plainly  incorrect.  Ho 
interprets  the  words  thus :  O  Andromache, 
tenes-ne  cojijugem  Hectoris,  an  Pyrrhi* 
which  will  be  :  Andromache,  are  you  wed- 
ded to  Hector,  or  to  Pyrrhus  ?  which  is  ma- 
nifestly absurd,  especially  after  what  ./Eneas 
had  said  just  before  ;  dejectam  tanto  conjuge. 
meaning  that  she  was  brought  low  by  being 
deprived  of  so  great  a  husband.  The  con- 
struction is  as  in  the  ordo :  is  Hector's  An- 
dromache wedded  to  Pyrrhus  ?  which  is  not 
so  much  a  question,  as  an  exclamation  of 
surprise.  That  Hectoris  Andromache  is  to 
be  construed  in  this  way,  appears  from  Jus- 
tin, who  gives  them  the  same  honorable  de- 
signation, Lib.  xvii.  cap.  3.  He  there  says, 
that  Pyrrhus  gave  the  kingdom  of  Epirus  to 
Helenus,  the  son  of  Priam ;  and  also  gave 
him  (Andromachen  Hectoris}  Hector's  An. 


P.  VIRGILI1  MARONIS 


321.  O  Pnameia  vir-  Dejecit  vultum,  et  demised  voce  locuta  est  : 


virgo, 


hostilem  Hostilem  ad  tumulum  Trojse  sub  moenibus  altis 

325.   Nos  vectse  per  Jussa  mori  •  quae  sortitus  non  pertulit  ullos, 
diversa  sequora,  patria  Nee  victoris  heri  tetigit  captivu  cubile  ! 

™±<S£AS£  *°s  i^vr1?  diversa  per  !Equora  vecta3'    325 

stirpis  otirpis  Achillese  fastus,  juvenemque  superbum 

330.     Ast    Orestes,  Servitio  enixae  tulimus  :  qui  deinde  secutus 
inflammatus       magno  Ledaeam  Hermionem,  Lacedaemoniosque  Hymenaaos 
amore  conjugis  eropte  Me  famulam  famuloque  Heleno  transmisit  habendam. 
^rul^xc^illun"  ^t  ilium,  erepte  magno  inflammatus  amore  330 

nempe,  Pyrrkum,  Conjugis,  et  scelerum  furiis  agitatus,  Orestes 


NOTES. 


dromache,  who  had  been  his  wife.  Servas. 
This  is  the  usual  reading :  but  Heyne  ob- 
serves that  some  copies  have  servat.  This 
renders  the  passage  somewhat  easier :  does 
Hector's  Andromache  preserve  the  marriage 
of  Pyrrhus? — Is  she  joined  in  marriage  with 
Pyrrhus  ? 

320.  Demissa  voce :  in  a  low  voice. 

321.  Priamna     rirgo :     Polyxena,    the 
daughter  of  Priam  and    !  lo;mba.     Achilles 
fell  in  love  with  her ;  and  being  invited  to 
Troy  by  Priam  for  the  purpose  of  celebra- 
ting their  nuptials,  whilrf  in  the  temple  of 
Apollo,  where  the  marriage    was  to   have 
been  performed,  he  was  killed  by  Paris  with 
an  arrow.     Achilles,  with  his  last  breath, 
conjured  his   son   Pyrrhus  to  revenge  his 
death  upon  Priam's  family,  and  to  immolate 
Polyxena   at    his    tomb,   whenever    Troy 
should  be  taken.     This  accordingly  ho  did. 
Quinctilian  quotes  this  passage  as  an  in- 

.stance  of  Virgil's  talent  at  the  pathetic.  In 
order,  says  he,  to  show  the  extremity  of 
Andromache's  misery,  he  makes  her  even 
envy  the  fate  of  Polyxena,  who,  in  the  eyes 
of  all  the  world  besides,  was  most  wretched 
and  miserable.  How  wretched  then  must 
Andromache's  condition  have  been,  if, 
when  compared  to  her,  even  Polyxena  was 
happy!  Instit.  Lib.  vi.  cap.  3.  Una:  in 
the  sense  of  sola. 

323.  QMCB  non  pertulit :    who  hath  not 
borne  any  lots.     The  Grecian  princes,  after 
the  capture  of  Troy,  cast  lots  among  them- 
selves for  the  captives. 

324.  JVec  captiva :  nor  as  a  captive,  hath 
touched  the  bed  of  a  victorious  lord.     This 
is  the   calamity  from  which  Andromache 
declares  Polyxena  happy,  in  being  delivered 
by  death. 

325.  JViw  vectcR  :  in  the  sense  of  ego  vccta. 

326.  Fastus:  ace.   plu.    pride — haughti- 
ness.    Stirpis  Achilles:    Pyrrhus,  the   off- 
spring of  Achilles.     Some  rea.dfastum. 

327.  Enixa, :  a  part,  of  the  verb  cnitor, 
agreeing  with  nos  rec/ce,  above.     It  signifies 
to  labor  and  toil  with  our  hands  in  gene- 
-n.l :   also  the  pain  and  labo-   of  bearing- 


children.  In  this  last  sense,  perhaps,  we 
are  to  take  it  here.  For  it  is  said,  she  bore 
a  son  to  Pyrrhus,  called  Molossus,  who  gave 
his  name  to  a  part  of  Epirus.  Some,  how- 
ever, understand  it  of  labor  and  toil  in  ge- 
neral :  laboring  in  servitude.  Ruaeus  says, 
parientes  in  captivitate :  bringing  forth  chil- 
dren in  captivity. 

:.  Hermionem.  Hermione  was  thr 
daughter  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Sparta  or 
Lacedsemon,  and  Helen,  the  daughter  of 
Jupiter  and  Leda  ;  hence  the  adj.  Ledceam, 
Ledaean.  She  was  betrothed  by  Tyndarus 
to  her  cousin  Orestes,  in  the  absence  of  hov 
father,  who,  it  seems,  had  promised  her  to 
Pyrrhus,  while  he  was  at  Troy.  After  hip 
return,  he  went  to  Sparta,  and  carried  ofl' 
his  spouse.  This  so  enraged  Orestes,  that 
he  followed  Pyrrhus  to  Delphi^  where  ho 
went  to  consult  the  oracle  of  Apollo  con- 
cerning his  future  race,  and  there  slew  him, 
HymencBOs:  marriage — match  :  also  nuptials,. 

329.  Transmisit :  in  the  sense  of  dcdif, 
vel  tradidit.  Habendam :  to  be  had — pos- 
sessed— enjoyed. 

331.  Conjugis:  namely,  Hermione.  Agi- 
tatus  furiis :  hurried  on  by  the  furies  of 
his  crimes.  Orestes,  it  is  said,  slew  his  mo- 
ther Clytemnestra,  for  assisting  ^Egistus  in 
procuring  the  death  of  his  father  Agamem- 
non. After  which  he  is  said  to  have  been 
haunted  and  tormented  by  the  furies,  (tho- 
remorse  and  stings  of  a  guilty  conscience,) 
for  imbruing  his  hands  in  his  mother's  blood. 
It  is  said  he  was  acquitted  by  the  court  of 
the  Areopagus  at  Athens ;  and,  after  thf? 
death  of  Pyrrhus,  he  married  Hermione, 
and  added  the  kingdom  of  Sparta  to  hi^ 
own  hereditary  dominions. 

The  furies  were  three  in  number,  Alecto, 
Tisiphone,  and  Megcera.  After  they  ceased 
to  torment  Orestes,  they  received  the  name 
of  Eumcnides,  which  implies  benevolence 
and  compassion.  He  built  a  temple  to  them, 
and  offered  them  sacrifices.  They  were 
represented  as  holding  a  burning  torcli  in 
one  hand,  and  a  whip  in  the  other.  The 
stings  nnd  rpmorses  of  conscience  '.rrro  tlic 


J34.  Pars  regnoruiu 
335  reddita  cessit  Heleno: 
qui  dixit  campos  Cha- 
omos  cognomine,  om- 
nemque  illam  regwnem 
Chaoniam 

339.  Quid  puer  Asca- 


JENEIS;     LIB.  ll£. 

Excipit  incautum  patriasque  obtruncat  ad  aras.  f 
Mortc  Neoptolemi,  regnorum  reddita  cessit 
Pars  Heleno  ;  qui  Chaonios  cognomine  campos, 
Chaoniamque  omnem  Trojano  a  Chaone  dixit  : 
Perganiaque,  Iliacamque  jugis  hanc  addidit  arcem. 
Sed  tibi  qui  cursum  veriti,  quae  fata,  deder6  ? 
Aut  quis  te  ignarurn  nostris  Deus  appulit  oris  ? 
Quid  puer  Ascanius  ?  superatne,  et  vescitur  aura  ? 
Quern  tibi  jam  Troja — 
Ecqua  jam  puero  est  amissce  cura  parentis  ? 
Ecquid  in  antiquam  virtutem  animosque  viriles, 
Et  pater  jEneas,  et  avunculua  excitat  Hector? 
Talia  fundebat  lachrymans,  longosque  ciebat 
Incassum  lletus ;  cum  sese  a  mcenibus  heros 
Priamides  multis  Helenus  comitantibus  affert, 
Agnoscitque  suos,  laetusque  ad  limina  ducit ; 
Et  multum  lachrymas  verba  inter  singula  fundit. 
Procedo,  ct  parvam  Trojam,  simulataque  magnis 
Pergama,  et  arentem  Xanthi  cognomine  rivum,         350     350    Dictum 
Agnosco  :  Scaeaeque  amplector  limina  portse.  mine  Xanthi 


345.  Cum  heros  Hele- 
nus    Priamides     affert 
^       sese  a  moenibus,  multis 
«^*O  comitantibus  turn 

349.  Et  agnosco  par- 
vam Trojam,  Pergama- 
que parva  simulate 
magnis 


cogno- 


NOTES. 


furies  of  Orestes,  which  the  poet  calls  the 
fhirice  scelerum,  the  furies  of  his  crimes.  It 
is  probable  that  he  pictured  to  his  imagina- 
tion this  notion  of  his  being  haunted  by  the 
furies,  armed  with  all  those  terrors,  with 
which  they  were  represented  by  the  poets. 
Suetonius  says  of  Nero  :  Scept  confessus  ex- 
iigilari  se  ntatcrnd  specie,  verberibus  furia- 
rwm,  ac  t&dis  ardcntibus. 

332.  Excipit :    surprised — caught.      Ad 
patrias  aras  :  at  his  country's  altars.     The 
temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi  was  nearly  in 
the  centre  of  Greece,  the  country  of  Pyrr- 
ims.     In  this  sense  RUGBUS  and  Turnebus 
understand  the  expression.    Others  take  the 
words  to  mean :  at  his  father's  altars ;  be- 
cause  Achilles  was  slain  at  the   altar  of 
Thrymbeean  Apollo,  at  Troy  ;  and  he,  at  the 
altar  of  Apollo  at  Delphi 

333.  Reddita :  in  the  sense  of  data.  Cessit  : 
fell  to  Helenus. 

335.  Dixit :    in  the  sense  of  vocavit,  vel 
nominavit.     Chaone.    Chaon  was  the  son  of 
Priam,  and  consequently  the  brother  of  He- 
lenus, who  slew  him,  while  hunting,  acci- 
dentally :  and  in  memory  of  him,  he  called 
liis  kingdom  Chaonia. 

336.  Jugis :  in  the  sense  of  monte.     Ad- 
didit :  in  the  sense  of  cond id-it. 

338.  Appalit :  in  the  s-'.iise  of  duxit,  vel 
direxit.     Jgnarum:  Ru&iu-.  says,  insctum. 

339.  Superat :  in   the   se»se   of  suptrest. 
Vescitur  :  in  the  sense  of  spiral. 

340.  Quern   tibi,   Sic.     This,   and  some 
other  imperfect  lines  in  the  ^Eneid,  is  a  proof 
that  Virgil  did  not  put  the  finishing  stroke 
to  this  part  of  his  works.     It  was  his  inten- 
tion, if  he  had  lived,  to  revise  it.     To  com- 
plete the  sense  of  the  line,  something  must 
be'supplied,    Some  have  added :  peptrit  /w- 


mante  Creusa.  But  at  the  time  of  the  sack 
of  Troy,  Ascanius  was  several  years  old,  and 
able  to  accompany  his  father.  ^En.  ii.  7xM. 
Others  have  added  :  obstssa  est  tmxa  Creusa  : 
whom  Creusa  bore  you,  Troy  already  being 
besieged — during  the  siege  ol  Troy.  Tin's 
probably  is  the  sense,  but  it  has  not  the  po- 
etic spirit  of  Virgil. 

341.  Cura:  in  the  sense  of  dolor,  vel  su- 
licitudo. 

342.  Ecquid.     This   word  is  used  here 
merely  as  an  interrogative,  in  the  sense  of 
an,  vel  num. 

Dr.  Trapp,  in  his  translation  of  the 
^Eneid,  makes  a  number  of  excellent  re- 
marks upon  this  interesting  interview  be- 
tween ./Eneas  and  Andromache.  He  con- 
cludes by  saying  :  "  That  man  surely  can 
have  no  idea  of  friendship,  nor  of  human 
nature  itself,  who  is  not  sensibly  touched 
with  this  whole  passage  ;  which  to  me  is  the 
most  affecting  in  all  the  ^Eneid.11  rfnimos : 
courage.  Antiquam  rirtutem :  in  the  E 
of  lirlutem  major um.  Kxcilut  is  to  bt 
nected  with  each  nominative  case.  Earn. 
vel  ilium,  is  understood  after  the  verb. 

344.  Fundebat :    in  the  sense  of  dicebat. 
Ciebat:  in  the  sense  01'  excitabut.  vc-J 
bat.    Longos:  in  the  scnst;  of  multus.   . 
sius  reads  largos. 

an  adv.  in  the  sense  of  cu- 
piost,  vel  abundc  ;  or  lather  in  the  sen 
mult  as,  agreeing  with  lachryinas. 

349.  Simulatu  :  resembling — looking  like. 

350.  Jl  rente  in  :  in    the    sense   of  parrwn. 
It  was  small,  and  perhaps,  at  some  seasons 
of  the  year,  dry. 

351.  dmplector,  &c.     It  was  a  custom, 
when  persons  were  going  from  h&me.  or  re- 


P.  VIRGILH  MARONIfc 


356.     Jamque    unus 
dies,  alterque 


t  et  Teucri  socia  simul  urbe  fruuntur, 
Illos  porticibus  rex  accipiebat  in  amplis. 
Aulai  in  medio  libabant  pocula  Bacchi, 
Impositis  auro  dapibus,  paterasque  tenebant.    -          355 

Jamque  dies,  alterque  dies  processit ;  et  aurae 
Vela  vocant,  tumidoque  inflatur  carbasus  Austro. 
His  vatem  aggredior  dictis,  ac  talia  quaBso  : 
Trojugena,  interpres  Divum,  qui  numina  Phcebi, 
360.   Qui  sentis  nu-  Qui  tripodas,  Clarii  lauros,  qui  sidera  sentis,  360 

rii  Apollinis,  qui  sentis    Fare>  age  (namque  omnem  cursum  mini  prospera  dixit 
Relligio  ;  et  cuncti  suaserunt  numine  Divi 
Italiam  petere,  et  terras  tentare  rep6stas  : 

365.  Harpyia  Celano  Sola  novum  dictuque  nefas  Harpyia  Celseno  365 

sola  canit  novum  prodi-  Prodigium  canit,  et  tristes  denuntiat  iras, 

Obscoenarnque  famem)  qua3  prima  pericula  vito  ? 

NOTES. 


turning,  to  embrace  the  pillars  and  threshold 
of  their  houses. 

354.  Aulai :  for  auto.     The  gen.  of  the 
first  declension  was  sometimes  formed  in 
ai.    See  Grammar.     Bacchi:  Bacchus,  the 
jrod  of  wine,  by  meton.  put  for  wine  itself. 
Libabant  pocula.  It  was  customary  at  enter- 
tainments, after  the  first  table  or  course,  to 
introduce  wine,  with  a  libation  to  the  gods ; 
which  consisted  in  pouring  a  few  drops  upon 
the  altar,  or  upon  the  table.     Libabant :  in 
the  sense  of  bibebant. 

355.  Impositis  auro  :  served  up  in  gold — 
in  golden  dishes. 

357.  Tamido  Austro :  by  the  rising  wind. 
duster  here  is  put  for  wind  in  general.  Car- 
basus :  the  canvass,  of  which  the  sails  were 
tonade. 

358.  Aggredior :    I  address  the  prophet 
Helenus. 

360.  Q?«  sentis  numina :  who  knowest 
the  will  of  Phoebus.  The  verb  sentis  is  to 
be  supplied  with  each  accusative  following. 
The  poet  here  enumerates  five  ways  of  di- 
vination. First,  by  the  immediate  inspira- 
tion of  the  gods — senlts  numina  Ph&bi. 
Second,  by  sitting  upon  the  Tripod.  Third, 
by  burning  laurel.  Fourth,  by  contempla- 
ting the  stars.  Fifth,  by  the  observation  of 
birds. 

360.  Tripodas.  The  tripod  was  a  kind  of 
three  footed  stool,  upon  which  the  priestess 
of  Apollo  sat,  when  she  delivered  the  ora- 
cles.    Clarii.      Clarius  was  an  epithet  of 
Apollo,  from  Claros,  a  city  of  Greece,  where 
he  had  a  celebrated  temple.     One  way  of 
divination  was,  to  burn  a   branch  of  the 
laurel  tree.     If  it  made  a  crackling  noise,  it 
was  a  good  omen ;  but  if  not,  it  was  con- 
sidered a  bad  one. 

361.  Lingitas   volucrum.       The   omens 
were  taken  from  birds  in  two  ways  ;  from 
*.})p  sounds  thev  uttered,  and  the  manner 


of  their  flight.  The  former  was  called  Au- 
nn  ;  the  observation  of  which  constitu- 
ted the  art  ofAugurcs  :  the  latter  was  call- 
ed Auspicium;  the  observation  of  which 
constituted  the  art  of  the  Auspices. 

Omina  prozpetis  pennce :  the  omens  of  the 
swift  wing — widely  extended  wings.  The 
augurs  were  certain  persons,  who  pretend- 
ed to  foretell  future  events,  principally  from 
the  noise-  of  certain  birds.  Romulus  crea- 
ted three ;  Servius  Tullius  added  another,  and 
Sylla  appointed  six  additional  ones.  So 
that  the  number  in  his  time  was  ten.  They 
generally  sat  upon  some  tower,  or  high 
place,  the  better  to  make  their  observations. 

362.  Prospera  relligio :  favorable  or  pro- 
pitious auspices  and  predictions  have  direct- 
ed (dixit)  my  whole  course.  Numine  :  in 
the  sense  of  auctoritate.  Some  take  this 
for  omnis  relligio  dixit  mihi  prosperum  cur- 
sum  :  by  hypailagc.  Here  relligio  is  to  be 
taken  for  the  responses  and  predictions  of 
the  Oracles  ;  and  the  various  intimations 
which  he  had  received  :  all  which  declared 
that  he'should  arrive  safe  in  Italy.  Ruoeus 
says,  ceremonies  propitiw. 

364.  Repostas  :    by   syn.    for   repositas. 
It  may  mean  remote,  or  at  a  distance  :  also 
reserved,  laid  up  in  store.     In  this  sense 
Ruaeus  takes  it  here.     In  either  case  it  will 
be  true,   as  it  respects  the  land  of  Italy, 
whither  he  was  going.     Tentare  :  to  search 
out — to  find:  in  the  sense  of  petere. 

365.  Nffas  dictu  :    horrible   to  be  told. 
JVe/as  here  is  taken  as  an  adj.  indeclinable  : 
the  same  as  nefandum. 

366.  Canit :  in  the  sense  of  pr&dicit. 

367.  Obscwnam  :  in  the  sense  of  rabidam 
vel  vehementem.     QM<B  pericula  prima  vito  / 
What  dangers  first  do  1  shun  ?— what  are 
the  first,  or  chief  dangers,  which  I  have  to 
nvoid  - 


JENEIS. 


.  til. 


Quidve  sequens,  taatos  possini  superare  laboresf? 
Hie  Helenas,  caesis  primum  de  more  juvencis, 
Exorat  pacem  Divum,  vittasque  resolvit 
Sacrati  capitis,  meque  ad  tua  limina,  Phoebe, 
Ipse  manu  multo  suspensum  numine  ducit : 
Attjue  haec  deinde  canit  divino  ex  ore  sacerdos : 
Nate  De§. ;  nam  te  majoribus  ire  per  altum 
Auspiciis  manifesta  fides  :  sic  fata  Deum  rex 
Sortitur,  volvitque  vices  :  is  vertitur  ordo. 
Pauca  tibi  e  multis,  quo  tutior  hospita  lustres 
./Equora,  et  Ausonio  possis  considere  portu, 
Expediam  dictis  :     prohibent  nam  csetera  Parcte- 


37U 

371.1pseque  ducit  i.,- 
manu  ad  tua  limina. 
O  Phosbe,  suspensum 
multo  numine 

„-,,      274.  Manifesta  fide* 

*'°estmihi  te  ire 

377.  Expediam  dictis 
pauca  tibi,  e  multis,  quo 
tu  tutior  lustres  hospita. 
sequora 


NOTES. 


368.  Quid  sequens:  following  what  coun- 
sel, can  I  surmount,  &c. 

370.  Resolvit  vittas :  the  priest,  in  per- 
forming sacrifice,  had  his  head  bound  about 
with  fillets :  now  he  is  about  to  prophesy, 
he  unbinds,  and  takes  them  from  his  head. 
Pacem:  favor — grace. 

372.  Suspensum :  in  the  sense  of  solicitum, 
vel  trcpidantem.    Multo  numine  :  at  thy  aw- 
ful  majesty — thy  mighty  power.     Ruseus 
says,  ob  magnam  reverentiam  Dei. 

Some  copies  have  suspenses,  which  means 
that  Helenas  was  full  of  anxiety,  perturba- 
tion, and  awe,  from  the  power  or  influence 
of  the  god.  But  suspensum  is  the  better 
reading,  refering  to  ^Eneas,  who  had  good 
reason  to  be  in  awful  suspense  and  anxiety 
about  his  future  fortune,  which  the  god  was 
about  to  declare  to  him  by  the  mouth  of 
Helenus. 

373.  Canit:  in  the  sense  of  eloquitur. 

374.  Maforibus  auspiciis :  may  mean,  with 
the  greater  auspices,  signs,  or  manifestations. 
Among  the  various  omens  or  signs,  which 
were  thought  to  give  insight  into  futurity, 
some  were  considered  more  important  than 
others.     Of  these  were  visions,  appearances 
in  the  heavens,   &c.  which  all  along   had 
accompanied  ./Eneas.     But  auspicium  sig- 
nifies any  event  or  fortune.     If  this  be  the 
meaning  here,  which  most  probably  is  the 
case,  then  majoribus  auspiciis  will  be,  for 
greater  or  more  important  events— for  bet- 
ter fortune — for  more  prosperous  days.  This 
is  the  opinion  of  Heyne. 

375.  Sic  rex  Deum  :  thus  the  king  of  the 
gods  dispenses  his  decrees,  and  fixes  (volvit, 
rolls)  the  series  of  events :  this  order  (or 
course  of  things)  is  fixed. 

It  is  plain  the  poet  hath  here  in  view  the 
fabulous  story  of  the  Parcce,  who  were 
thought  to  preside  over  the  events  of  human 
life;  and  to  order,  or  fix,  whatever  befell  to 
every  individual  from  his  birth  to  the  close 
of  his  life.  The  first  was  represented  as 
holding  the  distaff;  the  second  as  drawing 
out,  or  turning  off  (rolvere,)  and  fixing  the 
course  of  events;  the  third  ns  ouf*insf  the 
thread,  ^m  VH  iv.  40 


376.  SortUur.   This  alludes  to  the  custon. 
of  consulting  the  oracle,  which  was  some- 
times  done  by   casting   or  drawing  lots; 
ordinal,  says  Heyne. 

377.  Hospita :  an  adj.  intervening.     Ru- 
seus interprets  it  by,  qua  excipient  te :  whicSi 
shall  receive  you. 

It  is  plain  that  the  seas  over  which  he  was 
to  pass,  were  those  that  intervened,  or  lay 
between  Epirus,  and  that  part  of  Italy  to 
which  he  was  bound.  These  weuld  be  thf; 
Ionian  sea,  lying  between  Epirue  and  the 
extremity  of  the  Peninsula ;  that  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  lying  to  the  east  and  south 
of  Sicily;  and  the  Tuscan  sea,  lying  be- 
tween Sicily,  Italy,  and  the  islands  of  Sardi 
nia  and  Corsica.  Lustres :  in  the  sense  of 
naviges.  Valpy  takes  hospita,  in  the  senso 
of  ignota :  to  which  he  was  a  stranger. 

379.  Parcoz  prohibent:  the  fates  forbid 
that  you  should  know  the  rest.  Pienus  ob- 
serves, that  in  most  of  the  ancient  copies 
there  is  a  full  stop  after  scirt;  Servius  ap- 
proves of  it,  and  it  appears  the  best.  Tin 
sense  is  easier,  and  we  avoid  any  incon- 
sistency. If  we  make  both  the  verbs, prohi- 
bent and  vetat,  refer  to  Helenus,  there  will  bo 
an  inconsistency.  For,  would  Juno  forbid 
him  to  declare  what  he  did  not  know  him- 
self? Besides,  he  had  just  said  that  lu- 
would  only  inform  him  of  a  few  of  the 
events  that  were  to  befall  him ;  which  cer- 
tainly implies  that  he  knew  the  rest,  but 
restrained  by  heaven  from  communicating 
them  to  him.  Some  of  these  events  it  wa< 
not  proper  for  him  to  know ;  because  tlu 
accomplishment  depended  on  his  own  free 
will.  Others  Juno  prevented  him  from  re 
vealing,  that  he  might  be  the  more  perplex- 
ed with  doubts  and  uncertainty;  and  th- 
more  surprised  and  unprovided  against  th«n 
calamity  when  it  came.  Of  this  kind  is  the 
interpretation  of  Celseno's  prophecy,  which 
Helenus  appears  to  have  understood  :  for  he 
forbids  him  to  be  much  concerned  about  it. 
for  the  gods  would  find  a  way  to  extncat- 
him  from  it :  verse  394.  infra. 

Another  particular  is   the  death   of  An- 
chises,  /Eneas  does  not  qtwstkfn  ^ 
34 


.  \  1RG1LII  MARONte 


Scire  :»Helenum  farique  vetat  Saturnia  Juno-        .  380 
381.  Principio,  longa      Principio,  Italiam,  quam  tu  jam  rere  propinquam, 

via  invia  longis  terris  Vicinosque,  ignare,  paras  invadere  portus, 
mtu    O  i  ^re  Longa  procul  longis  via  dividit  invia  terris. 

i*ir^m  re^'e  ew??™-  Ante  et  Trinacria  lentandus  remus  in  unda, 

pinquam,  parasque  in-  Et  salis  Ausonii  lustrandum  navibus  aequor, 

vadere  vicinos  portus.    Infernique  lacus,  ^fiaeaeque  insula  Circae, 
;.  Infernique  lacus  Qu^m  tut&  DOssis  urbem  componere  terra. 

qu^MKss^c^adeun'-^1^113-  ^l  dicam  :  tu  condita  mente  teneto. 

da  est,    ante  quam  tu  Cum  tibi  sollicito  secreti  ad  fluminis  undam 

possis  Litoreis  ingens  inventa  sub  ilicibus  sus, 

389.  Cum  ingens  sus,  Triginta  capitum  foetus  enixa  jacebit, 

inventa  tibi  sollicito  ad  Alba,  solo  recubans,  albi  circum  ubera  nati ; 

undam  secreti  fluminis  jg  locug  urbig  erh     requieg  ea  certa  laborum. 

sub      litoreis      ilicibus,  _  T  ,  f  . 

enixa  foetus  triginta  ca-  ^ec  tu  mensarum  morsus  horresce  tuturos. 

pitum,  jacebat  solo  re-  Fata  viam  invenient,  aderitque  vocatus  Apollo. 


885 


390 


395 


NOTES. 


knowledge  of  Helenas  concerning  thatevent: 
he  only  complains  that  he  did  not  reveal  it 
to  him :  verse  712.  infra.  Expediam :  in  the 
sense  ofexplicabo. 

381.  Rere:  in  the  sense  ofputas. 

382.  Invadere :  to  take  possession  of— to 
enter. 

383.  Longa  via  invia  :  a  long  voyage,  in- 
terrupted by  extensive  lands,  separates  Italy 
at  a  distance  from  you,  which,  &c.     Invia  : 
in  the  sense  of  perdifficUis.     ^Eneas'  voyage 
was  much  lengthened  by  his  being  obliged 
to  sail  round  the  southern  part  of  Sicily ; 
the  islands  that  lay  in  his  course,  and  other 
lands,  rendered  it  long,  difficult,  and  danger- 
ous ;  and  much  interrupted  and  turned  from 
a  direct  course. 

384.  IVinacrid  :  a  name  of  Sicily,  (used 
here  as  an  adj.)  taken  from  its  triangular 
form.     Its  three  promontories  were  Pelorus, 
Pachynus,  and  Lilybeum.    Remus  lentandus  : 
the  oar  must  be  bent  in  the   Sicilian  sea. 
This  implies  that  they  were  to  labor  hard  at 
the  oar.     The  verb  est  is  to  be  supplied. 

385.  JEquor  Ausonii  salis :  the  surface  of 
the  Italian  (Tuscan)  sea  is  to  be  sailed  over. 
Salis :  gen.  of  sal :  by  meton.  put  for  the  sea. 
JEquor  is  here  used  in  its  proper  sense  and 
meaning. 

386.  Inferni  lacus :  the  infernal  lakes  must 
be  passed,  and  the  island  of  ^Eacan  Circe 
must  be  approached,  before  that  (ante  quam) 
you  can,  &c.      Helenus  here  intimates  to 
^Eneas  his  descent  to  hell,  which  is  the  sub- 
ject of  the  6th  book. 

Circe  was  a  celebrated  sorceress,  the 
(laughter  of  the  sun,  and  the  nymph  Perse. 
She  is  here  called  wEcsan,  from  JEa,  an 
island  and  city  of  Colchis,  not  far  from  the 
river  Phasis.  She  married  a  king  of  Sarma- 
tia,  whom  she  poisoned.  After  which  she 
^ed  into  Italy,  to  a  mountain  and  promonto- 


ry, which,    from  her,  was   called  Circe's 
Mount.     Hodie,  Circello. 

387.  Componere :  in  the  sense  of  conderc. 
Tula  terra  :  in  a  safe  land.     This,  perhaps, 
is  said  in  allusion  to  his  being  obliged  to 
abandon  the  settlements  he  had  made  in 
Thrace  and  in  Crete.     In  Italy  he  should 
find  a  sure  and  permanent  residence. 

388.  Condita  :   in  the  sense  of  reposita  : 
it  agrees  with  ea,  understood. 

389.  Tibi  sollicito — inventa  :  found  by  you 
solicitous — anxious — musing.     The  dat.  is 
frequently  used  by  the  poets  in  the  sense  of" 
the  abl. ;  also,  in  the  sense  of  the  gen.     Ad 
undam  flurninis.     The  river  Tiber  is  here 
meant, 

390.  Sub  litoreis :   under  the  holm-trees 
shading  the  river — growing  on  the  banks  of 
the  river. 

391.  Enixa  foetus :  having  brought  fortli 
a  litter  of  thirty  head. 

392.  Recubans .  this  I  take  hi  the  sense 
of  prostratus,  flat  (at  full  length)  on  her  side, 
in  reference  to  the  manner  of  her  lying ; 
that  being  the  position  of  the  female  when 
she  gives  suck  to  her  young.     Jacebit  solo 
recubans,  atba :  shall  lie  on  the  ground  flat 
on  her  side ;   herself  white,   and  her  pigs 
white  around  her  teats.     In  this  ordo  of 
construction,  recubans  conveys  an  additional 
idea  to  that  already  communicated  by  the 
verb  jacebit,  and  is  very  significant.     In  the 
usual  ordo  it  is  mere  tautology.    This  cir- 
cumstance  of  finding  a   white  sow,  with 
thirty  pigs,  was  founded  on  ancient  histo- 
rical tradition.     Alba,  a  city  built  by  Asca- 
nius,  and  made  the  seat  of  his  government, 
took  its  name  from  this  omen  of  the  whitr- 
sow  and  her  pigs,  as  Varro  informs  us. 

394.  Morsus :  the  eating,  or  consumption 
of  your  tables. 

395.  Adcrit :  in  the  sense  of  adjuvabil. 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  III. 


267 


Has  autem  terras,  Italique  hanc  litoris  oram, 
Proxima  quas  nostri  perfunditur  aequoris  aestu, 
Eftuge  :  cuncta  mails  habitantur  moenia  Gratis. 
Hie  et  Narycii  posuerunt  moenia  Locri, 
Et  Salentinos  obsedit  milite  campos 
Lyctius  Idomeneus  :  hie  ilia  ducis  Meliboei 
Parva  Philoctetae  subnixa  Petilia  muro. 


cubans,   ipsa   alba ;    r.l 
nati  alb  i 


400 


Quin,  ubi  transmissae  steterint  trans  aequora  classes,      Philoctet® 
Et  positis  aris  jam  vota  in  litore.  solves ; 
Purpureo  velare  comas  adopertus  amictu  : 
Ne  qua  inter  sanctos  ignes  in  honore  Deorum 
Hostilis  facies  occurrat,  et  ornina  turbet. 
Hunc  socii  morem  sacrorum,  hunc  ipse  teneto  : 
Hac  casti  maneant  in  relligione  nepotes. 
Ast,  ubi  digressum  Siculae  te  admoverit  orse 
Ventus,  et  angusti  rarescent  claustra  Pelori ; 
tibi  tellus  et  longo  laeva  petantur 


401.  Hie  est  ilia  parva 
Petilia    subnixa    mnr" 


405 

406.  Ne  qua  I: 
facies     occurrat     inter 
sanctos  ignes 

408.    Socii    ttntnln 
hunc  morem  sacrorum, 
1 « tu  ipse  teneto  hunc 

410.    Te    digressum 
hinc  Siculfe  orx 


NOTES. 


396.  E/uge  has  terras.  Helenus  means 
the  lands  of  Calabria,  Apulia,  and  all  the 
lower  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Italy,  which 
was  called  Magna  Grozcia :  the  whole  of 
which  lies  not  far  from  Chaonia,  in  Epirus. 
After  the  Trojan  war,  many  of  the  Greeks 
were  forced  on  this  coast,  and  formed  set- 
tlements in  various  places.  Hence  this 
part  of  the  peninsula  of  Italy  took  the  name 
of  Magna  Gratia.  It  now  constitutes  a 
considerable  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
It  was  washed  on  the  east  by  the  Ionian 
sea,  which  Helenus  here  calls  nostri  aiquoris, 
because  the  same  sea  washed  the  shores  of 
Epirus. 

398.  Mails :  in  the  sense  of  hostilibus. 

399.  Narycii  Locri.     The  Locrians  origi- 
nally were  a  people  of  Phocis,  in  Achaia. 
They  followed  Ajax,  the  son  of  Oileus,  to 
the  Trojan  war:  and,  after  the  capture  of 
that  city,  a  colony  of  them  settled  in  this 
part  of  Italy,  most  probably  under  the  con- 
duct of  Evanthes ;  Ajax  having  perished  on 
his  return  home.     There  they  built  a  city 
called  Narycia  or  Narycium,  probably  after 
the  name  of  Naryx,the  city  of  Ajax. 

401.  Idomeneus.    Ho  was  called  Lyctius, 
from  Lyctus,  a  city  of  Crete.  Being  expelled 
from  his  dominions,  he  came  to  J  taly,  and 
planted  a  colony  on  the  promontory  of  Sa- 
lentum,  then  in  possession  of  the  Salentini. 
This  peninsula,  which  extends  almost  to  the 
coast  of  Epirus,  was  formerly  called  Messa- 
pia,  and  lapygia.    Hodie,  Terra  (TOtranto: 
and  its  extremity,  the  cape  of  St.  Mary,  or  St. 
Mary  de  Lucca.    Idomeneus  either  subdued 
the  Salentini ;  or,  which  is  more  probable, 
expelled   them  fiom   their  country.      See 
verse  122.  supra.     Obsedit :  in  the  sense  of 
occupat. 

402.  PhiloctetcE.    Philoctetes  was  the  son 
of  Poeas,  king  of  MeliboDa,  a  city  of  Thes- 


saly,  near  the  foot  of  mount  Ossa.  I  i 
fire  to  the  funeral  pile  of  Hercules,  at  thn 
request  of  that  hero,  and  received  in  return 
his  bow  and  arrows,  that  had  been  dipped 
in  the  poisonous  blood  of  the  Hydra  Lcrnrra. 
He  set  out  for  Troy  with  the  other  Greeks, 
but  was  abandoned  by  them  in  the  island 
of  Lemnos,  on  account  of  a  wound  which 
he  had  received  from  a  serpent.  But  it 
being  predicted,  that  Troy  could  not  be  ta- 
ken without  these  arrows,  the  chiefs  were 
obliged  to  send  for  him.  On  his  return  from 
Troy,  hearing  that  the  Meliboeans  had  re- 
volted, he  went  to  Italy,  and  founded  the 
city  Petilia,  or  as  some  say,  only  fortified 
it.  Subnixa :  in  the  sense  of  defensa. 

404.  Solves :  you  shall  pay,  or  discharge. 

405.  Velare  adopertus :  be  thou  veiled — 
covered  as  to  your  hair,  with  a  purple  veil. 
Simply,  cover  your  head  with  a  purple  veil. 
From  this  circumstance,  it  is  said,  the  Ro- 
mans derived  the  custom  of  veiling  or  cover- 
ing the  head  in  sacrifice,  and  other  acts  of 
worship.     Velare.  Heyne  takes  this  active- 
ly, the  verb  memento  being  understood :  re- 
member to  veil  your  locks,  covering  them,^1. 

406.  Honore.     Ruaeus  says,  cultu. 

409.  Casti:  in  the  sense  of  pii.    Relligi- 
one :  rites — ceremonies. 

410.  Admoverit :  in  the  sense  of  appuk- 
rit,  vel  attulerit. 

411.  Claustra:  the  straits  of  narrow  PC- 
lorus  shall  widen — grow  wider.     Pelorus  is 
the  northern  promontory  of  Sicily.     Hodn. 
Capo  di  Faro.     It  is  separated  from  I ;  -  ly  by 
the   straits  of   Messina.      As  ^Enea-   ap- 
proached, the  shores  would  appear  to  sepa- 
rate, and  grow  wider. 

412.  Lavalellus.  Helenus  advises  ^nea?, 
as   soon  as  he  had  approached    Sicily  so 
near  that  the  straits  of  Pelorus  should  ap- 
pear to  view,  and  plainly  to  grow  wider,  it 


P.  VIRGILH  MARGNte 


JEquora  circuitu  :  dextrum  fuge  litus  et  undas. 
414.  Homines  ferunt  Hsec  loca,  vi  quondam  et  vasta  convulsa  ruina, 
lifficloca,  quondam  con-  (Tantum  aevi  longinqua  valet  mutare  vetustas)          415 
•vulsa  vu  et  vasta  ruina  TA-     M    •         r  *  •    - 

Dissiluisse  ferunt  :  cum  protmus  utraque  tellus 

Una  foret,  venit  medio  vi  pontus,  et  undis 
Hesperium  Siculo  latus  abscidit,  arvaque  et  urbes 
419.  Angustoque  oes-  Litore  diductas  angusto  interluit  a3stu. 
bes™ didn^r^mtasque  Dextrum  Scylla  latus,  laevum  implacata  Charybdis  420 
Mfolitore  Obsidet :  atque  imo  barathri  ter  gurgite  vastos 

Sorbet  in  abruptum  fluctus,  rursusque  sub  auras 
Erigit  alternos,  et  sidera  verberat  unda. 

426.  Prirna  facies  est  M  Scyllam  csesis  cohibet  spelunca  latebris, 
^mmpSiUchro    peJtofe^01'0  exsertantem,  et  naves  in  saxa  trahentem.          4^5 
tenus  pube :  postrema  Prima  hominis  facies,  et  pulchro  pectore  virgo 
pars  est  pristis  cum  im-Pube  tenus  :  postrema  iminani  corpore  pristit-. 
manicorpore, commissa Delphinum  caudas  utero  commissa  luporiuu. 

429.  Przestat  te  ces-  Cessantem,  longos  et  circumflectere  cursus,  430 

santcm  lustrare  metas   Quam  semel  informem  vasto  vidisse  sub  antro 


NOTES. 


would  then  bo  time  to  alter  his  course  to 
the  left,  and  coast  down  the  eastern  shore 
of  Sicily,  rather  than  venture  through  the 
.strait,  the  passage  of  which  was  attended 
with  many  difficulties  and  dangers  to  those 
who  were  not,  acquainted  with  it. 

415.  Longinqua  vetustas  am :  in  the  sense 
of  longa  duratio  temp  arts  potest  mutare  res 
:antum.     Ferunt :  they  report. 

416.  Cum  utraque  tellus:    when   each 
land  was  entirely  one — united  and  formed 
one  contiguous  tract.     It  is  supposed  that 
Sicily  at  first  was  united  to  Italy,  and  rent 
or  torn  from  it  by  some  convulsion  of  na- 
ture ;  and  there  is  some  ground  for  such  a 
supposition.    Virgil  here  gives  us  a  full  ac- 
count of  the  tradition. 

417.  Pontus :  in  the  sense  offretum. 

418.  Abscidit :  in  the  sense  of  separavit. 
It  separated  the  Italian  shore  from  the  Si- 
cilian. 

419.  Angusto  astu :  with  a  narrow  strait 
or  current,  flows  between,  &c.  meaning  the 
straits  of  Pelorus,  now  Messina,  which  se- 
parate Sicily  from  Italy.     Diductas :  hi  the 
.sense  of  dutjunctas. 

420.  Scylla— Charybdis.    Scylla,  is  a  rock 
lying  in  the  straits  of  Messina  on  the  Ita- 
lian side.     Charybdis,  a  dangerous  whirl- 
pool opposite  to  Scytta,  on  the  Sicilian  side. 
These  rendered  the  passage  of  the  straits 
very   dangerous.     They  were   represented 
by  the  poets  as  hideous  monsters. 

Scylla  was  the  daughter  of  Phorcus, 
whom  Circe  is  said  to  have  transformed  into 
this  monster,  because  she  was  her  rival. 
Charybdis  is  said  to  have  been  a  rapacious 
prostitute,  who,  having  stolen  the  oxen  of 
Hercules,  was  thunderstruck  by  Jupiter,  and 
thrown  into  the  ?ea.  where  she  was  changed 


into  this  devouring  whirlpool.     Sec  Eel.  vi. 
74.     Implacata:    insatiable — greedy.     Ru- 
aeus  says,  immanis.     Obsidet:  in  the 
of  occnpnt. 

421.  Atque  imo  gurgite:  and  thrice  she 
swallows  the  vast  waves  precipitately  into 
the  deep  gulf  of  her  maw,  and  aga"in  raises 
them  alternate  on  high,  and  strikes  the 
stars.  Charybdis  is  represented  as  a  hun- 
gry and  voracious  monster.  In  abruptum, 
may  be  taken  adverbially,  denoting  the  ra- 
pidity and  quickness  with  which  she  absorbs 
the  water.  Taken  as  a  sub.  it  conveys  no 
additional  idea  :  it  is  merely  expletive. 

425.  Ex$eriantem\:  in  the  sense  of  pan- 
dcntem.     It  agrees   with  bcyllam.     She  is 
here  represented  as  a  most  hideous  monster ; 
her  upper  part  down  to  her  waist  resembling 
a  human  being,  while  her  parts  below  were 
a  huge  Pri-stis,  whose  belly  resembled  that 
of  a  wolf,  with  the  tail  of  a  dolphin. 

426.  Hominis  :  gen  of  homo.    It  is  here 
used  in  the  sense  of  humana.     Homo  pro- 
perly signifies  a  man  or  woman — the  human 
kind.     Prima  Jades :  in  the  sense  of  supe~ 
rior  pars. 

428.  Commissa  :  in  the  sense  of  conjuncta. 
It  is  a  part.  adj.  agreeing  with  pristis.  This 
is  a  fish  of  the  whale  kind,  said  to  be  of 
great  length.     Pliny  mentions  one  of  them 
in  the  Indian  sea,  to  have  been  two  hundred 
cubits  in  length. 

429.  Lustrare :  in  the  sense  of  circum- 
navigare.   Pachyni.  Pachynum  is  the  south- 
ern promontory  of  Sicily.     Trinacrii:  an 
adj.  from  Trinacria,  a  name  of  Sicily,  from 
its  triangular  figure,  or  form.    Hodie, 
Passaro. 

430.  Cesscmtem:  delaying. 


jENEIS.     LIB.  HI. 


unum,  unumque  pree 
omnibus,  et  repetens 
illud  iterumque  iterura- 
que  monebo  te 

441.    Ubi  tu  delatus 
hue  accesseris 


Scyllam,  et  coeruleis  canibus  resonantia  saxa. 
Praeterea,  si  qua  est  Heleno  prudentia,  vati 

Si  qua  fides,  animum  si  veris  implet  Apollo  ;  434.  Si  qua  fides  til 

Unum  illud  tibi,  nate  Dea,  praeque  omnibus  unum  435  ^benda  *  vati;  si  Apol- 
Praedicam,  et  repetens  iterumque  iterumque  monebo.  435  prffi(jicam  tj|,j 
Junonis  magna;  primuin  prece  numen  adora  : 
Junoni  cane  vota  libens,  dominamque  potentem 
Supplicibus  supera  donis  :  sic  denique  victor 
Trinacria  fines  Italos  mittere  relicta.  440 

Hue  ubi  delatus  Cumaeam  accesseris  urbem, 
Divinosque  lacus,  et  Averria  sonantia  sylvis, 
Insanam  vatem  aspicies,  quae  rupe  sub  ima 
.Fata  canit,  foJiisque  notas  et  nomina  mandat. 
Quaecunque  in  foliis  descripsit  carmina  virgo,  445 

'  Digerit  in  numerum,  atque  antro  seclusa  relinquit : 
Ilia  manent  immota  locis,  neque  ab  ordine  cedunt. 
Verum  eadem  verso  tenuis  cum  cardine  ventus 
Impulit,  et  teneras  turbavit  janua  frondes ; 
Nunquam  deinde  cavo  volitantia  prendere  saxo, 
Nee  revocare  situs,  aut  jungere  carmina  curat. 
Inconsulti  abeunt,  sedemque  odere  Sibyllas. 
Hie  tibi  ne  qua  morse  iuerint  dispendia  tanti, 
Quamvis  increpitent  socii,  et  vi  cursus  in  altum 
Vela  vocet,  possisque  sinus  implere  secundos  ;         455 


448.  Verum  cum  te- 
nuis ventus  impulit 
eadem 

450.  Curat  prendere 
folia  volitantia  cavo 
saxo,  n^r 


NOTES. 


432.  Saxa :  and  the  rocks  resounded  with 
sea-green  dogs.     This  interprets  that  part 
of  the  fable  respecting  the  lower  part  of 
the  monster   resembling  dogs,  or    wolves. 
The  waves,  dashing  against  the  rocks  hi  the 
lower  part,  caused  a  hoarse  growling  noise, 
which  resembled  that  of  a  dog,  or  the  howl- 
ing of  a  wolf.     See  Eel.  vi.  74,  and  JEn.  i. 
200.     Virgil  took  this  description  from  the 
Odyssey  of  Homer,  Lib.  x.'ii. 

433.  Prudentia :  in  the  sense  of  scientia. 
436.  Monebo :  in  the  sense  of  inculcabo. 

JVwmen, ;  Ruonis  says,  divinitateni. 

438.  Cane :  offer  vows  to  Juno.  Ruseus 
says,  /er,  velferto.  Dominant :  in  the  sense 
of  reginam. 

441.  Cumceam :  an  adj.  from  CWice,  a  city 
of  Campania,   but   long  since   destroyed. 
See  Eel.  iv.  4. 

442.  Divinos  lacus.     The  lakes  of  Aver- 
nus   and  Lucrinus  are  here  called  divine, 
probably  on  account  of  their  nearness   to 
the  cave  of  the  Sibyl.     The  lake  Avemus, 
(plu.    Avernaj)  was    formerly   surrounded 
with  high  woods,  which  occasioned  a  very 
noxious  atmosphere ;  so  that  it  is  said  no 
bird  could  fly  over  it  without  being  suffoca- 
ted.   Hence  it  derived  its  name.     From  the 
noxious  quality   of  its   waters,  the   poets 
feigned  it  to  be  the  mouth  of  hell.  See  jEn. 
vi.  126. 

443.  Insanam  vatem:  the  inspired  pro- 
phetess. 

444.  Cttnit  •  here,  in  the  sense  of  expli- 


cat,  vel  aperit.  Mandat :  in  the  sense  of  in- 
scribit.  Notas  :  her  characters.  Nomina : 
words — proph  ecies. 

Varro  informs  us,  that  the  prophecies  of 
the  Sibyl  were  written  on  the  leaves  of  the 
palm-tree. 

445.  Carmina.     Carmen  properly  signi- 
fies a  verse  or  song.     But  because  the  re- 
sponses were  delivered  in  poetic  numbers, 
carmen  came  to  signify,  as  here,  a  prophecy, 
or  prediction.     Descripsit:  in  the  sense  of 
inscripsit. 

446.  Digerit  in  nuinerum :  she  places  in 
measure — she  arranges  in  poetic  numbers. 
Seclusa :  a  part,  of  secludor  :  laid  by  them- 
selves in  her  cave. 

449.  Janua :  the  door  being  open,  hath 
deranged.  Saxo  :  for  antro. 

451.  Revocare :  in  the  sense  of  restituere. 

452.  Inconsitlti :    without   receiving   ad- 
vice— unadvised.     Homines  is  understood. 

453.  ./Ve  qua  dispendia  mora :  let  no  ex- 
pense of  delay  be  to  you  of  so  much  value, 
(importance,)  ^but  that  you  go  to  the  pro- 
phetess, &c. 

.455.  Setundos  sinus:  prosperous  sails — 
full  sails.  Sinus  is  properly  the  middle,  or 
belly  of  the  sail ;  here  put  for  the  whole  sail. 
The  expression  implies  that  the  wind  be 
fair  for  prosecuting  their  voyage.  It  would 
be  better  to  read  this  and  the  preceding  line 
as  a  parenthesis.  l'i. :  in  the  ««nse  of  re- 
htmcntfr. 


P.  VIRG1LI1  MAROMS 


456.  Poscasque  pre-  Quin  adeas  vatem,  precibusque  oracula  poscas 
cula^v^lensqu^res^vat Ipsa  canat>  vocemque  volens  atque  ora  resolvat. 
vocem  Ula  tibi  Italiae  populos,  venturaque  bella, 

458.  Ilia  expediet  tibi  Et  quo  quemque  modo  fugiasque  ferasque  laborem, 
populos  Italia;  Expediet ;  cursusque  dabit  venerata  secundos.         460 

bit  venerata-  da-  Haec  sunt,  quae  nostra  liceat  te  voce  moneri. 

Vade,  age,  et  ingentem  factis  fer  ad  aethera  Trojarn. 

Q,uae  postquam  vates  sic  ore  effatus  amico  est, 
Dona  dehinc  auro  gravia  sectoque  elephanto 
Imperat  ad  naves  ferri,  stipatque  carinis  465 

Ingens  argentum,  Dodonaeosque  lebetas, 
Loricam  consertam  hamis,  auroque  trilicem, 
Et  conum  insignis  galeae,  cristasque  comantes, 
Arma  Neoptolemi :  sunt  et  sua  dona  parent!. 
Addit  equos,  additque  duces  ;  470 

Remigium  supplet :  socios  simul  instruit  armis. 

Interea  classem  velis  aptare  jubebat 
Anchises,  fieret  vento  mora  ne  qua  ferenti. 

478.  Necesse  est  ut  Quern  Phcebi  interpres  multo  compellat  honore  : 
preterlabarehancprar-Conjugio  Anchisa  Vencris  dignate  superbo,  475 

7Mampar/«w/ta/i<Epela-Cura  Deum,  bis  Pergameis  erepte  ruinis, 
S°479    Ilia  pars  Auso-  ^cce  t'b^  ^usomae  tellus  :  haiic  arripe  velis. 
Hi®  est  procul,    quam  Et  tamen  hanc  pelago  praeterlabare  necesse  est. 
Apollo  pandit  tibi          Ausoniae  pars  ilia  procul,  quam  pandit  Apollo. 


NOTES. 


457.  Canat :  reveal — disclose — declare. 
460.  Expediet :  in  the  sense  of  explicabit. 

463.  Postquam  :  in  the  sense  of  cum. 

464.  Dehinc:    ih   the  sense  of  deindc. 
Gravia  auro :  heavy  with  gold   and  ivory. 
Ivory  is  the  tooth  of  the  elephant,  cut  and 
polished. 

465.  Stipat :  stows,  or  crowds  in  his  ships 
a  great  mass  of  silver.     Carinis  :  properly, 
the   keels ;  here  taken   for   the  ships,  by 
synec. 

466.  DodoncROs  lebetas :  Dodonean  kettles 
— kettles  made  of  Dodonean  brass.  Dodona 
was  a  city  of  Epirus,  whose  brass  was  much 
celebrated.     Here  Jupiter  had  a  very  cele- 
brated temple.     The  manner  of  delivering 
the  oracles  in  this  temple,  we  are  told,  was 
by  a  certain  number  of  brass  kettles  sus- 
pended, so  as  to  touch  each  other ;  and  any 
motion  communicated  to  any  one  of  them, 
would  be  given  to   the   rest.      From  the 
sounds  thus  emitted,   the  meaning  of  the 
oracle  was  gathered  by  the  priests. 

467.  Loricam.  The  Lorica  was  a  coat  of 
armour,  which  covered  the  .body  down  as 
far  as  the  waist.     It  was  at  first  made  of 
leathern  thongs,  whence  it  derived  its  name. 
It  was  afterwards  made  of  thin  plates  (la- 
mina!) of  iron,  linked  together  with  hooks 
or  rings.      These  plates   were   sometimes 
single,  sometimes  double,  and  triple.     The 
one  here  mentioned  was  of  the  latter  form. 
Hamis  auroque  :  for  aureis  hamis,  by  hend. 
The  meaning  is,  that  this  coat  of  armour 
was  of  triple   fold,  or  consisting  of  three 


plates  (irilicetn)  of  iron,  fastened  (consertam/ 
together  with  gold  rings,  or  hooks. 

468.  Conum.     Whatever  has  the  form  of 
the  fruit  of  the  pine  may  be  called  Comis, 
a  cone.     This  form  is  round,  and  diminish- 
ing to  the  top.      Hence  it  is  taken  for  that 
part  of  the  helmet,  which  rises  at  the  top, 
and  supports  the  crest,  or  plume.     All  these 
accusatives  are  governed  by  the  verb  stipat. 

469.  Sua  dona  :    there   are  also  for   my 
father  bis  own  gifts — gifts  suitable  to  his 
dignity.      Arma  Neoptolemi.     The  coat  of 
mail,  the  helmet,  and  the  crest,  had  belong- 
ed to   Pyrrhus ;  at  whose  death,  they  fell 
to  Helenus,  as  his  successor.     Sua  :  in  the 
sense  ofpropria  vel  apta. 

470.  Duces  :  pilots  to  direct  their  course. 

471.  Remigium  :  in  the  sense  of  remiges, 
473.    Ferenti  :    blowing    fair.       Ruoeus 

says,  faventi.     Interpres :   in  the  sense   of 
vates. 

475.  Anchisa  :  O  Anchises,  honored  with 
the  exalted   bed    (embrace)  of  Venus,   the 
care,  &c. 

476.  Erepte  :    agreeing   with    Anchisa. 
He  was  twice  saved  from  the  ruins  of  Troy : 
first  when  it  was  taken  by  Hercules,  and  a 
second  time,  when  destroyed  by  the  Greeks, 

477.  Arripe  hanc  :  take  possession  of  it 
with  your  ships — direct  your  course  to  it. 
Vdis  :    in  the  sense  of  navibus  ;   so   says 
RUSBUS. 

478.  Praterlabare :  in  the  sense  of  nari- 
ge*  ultra. 

479.  Pandit :  in  the  sense  of  osfendit. 


LIB.  HI. 


Vade,  ait,  o  ielix  nati  pietate  :  quid  ultra  480 

Provehor,  et  fando  surgentes  demoror  Austros  ? 
Nee  minus  Andromache,  digressu  moesta  supremo. 
Pert  picturatas  auri  subtemine  vestes, 
Et  Phrygiam  Ascanio  chlamydem  ;  nee  cedit  honori  : 
Textilibusque  onerat  donis,  ac  talia  fatur  :  485 

Accipe  et  haec,  manuum  tibi  qua?  monumenta  mearum 
Sint,  puer,  et  longum  Andromache  testentur  amorem, 
Conjugis  Hectorea?.     Cape  dona  extrema  tuorum, 
O  mihi  sola  mei  super  Astyanactis  imago  ! 
Sic  ocjilos,  sic  ille  manus,  sic  ora  ferebat  ;  490 

Et  nunc  eequali  tecum  pubesceret  aevo. 

Hos  ego  digrediens  lachrymis  affabar  obortis  : 
Vivite  Felices,  quibus  est  fortuna  peracta 
Jam  sua  :  nos  alia  ex  aliis  in  fata  vocamur. 
Vobis  parta  quies  ;  nullum  maris  aequor  arandum  ;  495 
Arva  neque  Ausoniae  semper  cedentia  retro 


489.  O  tu  qui  es  sola 
imago  mei  Astyanactis 
super  mihi 

493. Vivite  felices,tw, 
quibus 

494.  Vocamur  ex  aliis 
fatis  in  alia  fata.  Quies 
parta  est  vobis 


NOTES. 


481.  Provehor  :    in  the  sense  of  procedo. 
Austros  here  is  taken  for  wind  in  general, 
the  species  for  the  genus. 

482.  JVec  minus :  likewise  Andromache, 
sad    at   our   departure,    brings    garments 
wrought  (embroidered)    with  a  thread   of 
gold. 

Heyne  conjectures  these  vestments  were 
wrought  with  the  needle  ;  and  accordingly 
takes  subtegmine  auri,  for  a  thread  of  gold. 
He  also  takes  picturatas  in  the  sense  of  pic- 
tas.  Her  presents  of  the  loom  textilibus 
donis,  are  mentioned,  verse  485,  and  are 
different  from  these. 

484.  Chlamydem.  The  Chlamys  was  pro- 
perly a  military  garment,  a  cassock,  which 
the  general  wore  over  his  corslet.     It  was 
embroidered  with  needlework,  of  which  the 
Phrygians  were  the  inventors.     JVec  cedit 
honori :  nor  doet  she  fall  below  her  dignity. 
JVec  male  respondet  ejus  dignitati,  says  Rueeus. 
Scaurus  explains  the  word  thus :  non  cedit 
Helena   liberalitate  et  munificentia,  taking 
honori  for  honore  in  the  abl.     Servius  says, 
Tanta  dat  munera,  quanta  merebatur  Atca- 
nius  :  nor  is  her   bounty   disproportionate 
to  the  merit  and  quality  of  its  object. 

485.  Onerat   textilibus  donis  :    and  she 
loads  him  with  woven  presents — presents, 
the  production  of  her  loom.     It  was  usual 
for  women  of  the  highest  rank  to  be  enga- 
ged in  the  works  of  the  loom,   as  appears 
from  the   story  of  Penelope,  the   wife   of 
Ulysses. 

486.  Puer,  accipe  et  /MEC  :   O  boy,  take 
even  these,  which,  &c.     Monumenta  :  me- 
morials     Et,  here  is  plainly  in  the  sense  of 
etiam,  aut  quoquc. 

487.  Longum  :  lasting — continuing  long. 
489.  O   sola  imago  :    O  thou,  the   only 

image  of  my  Astyanax,  remaining  to  me  ! 
r.  here  is  plainly  in  the  sense  of  super- 


stes,  vel  supervivens.  Ruaeus  says, 
restat.  Heyne,  quce  super  ts,  in  the  2d  pers. 
Astyanax  was  the  son  of  Hector  and 
Andromache.  His  name  is  compounded 
of  two  Greek  words,  and  signifies  the  king 
of  a  city.  After  the  destruction  of  Troy,  the 
Greeks  were  delayed  for  some  time  from  re- 
turning home  by  contrary  winds.  In  the 
mean  time,  Chalcas,  their  augur  and  pro- 
phet, declared  that  Astyanax  must  be 
put  to  death.  For  if  he  lived,  he  would 
prove  a  greater  hero  than  his  father,  and 
would  avenge  hie  country.  Whereupon 
Ulysses, having  discovered  where  his  mother 
had  hid  him,  killed  him,  by  throwing  him 
from  the  wall. 

490.  Sic  ille  ferebat :    just  so  he  moved 
his  eyes,    just   so  his  hands,  just  so   his 
countenance  :  he  had  just  such  eyes — just 
such  hands,  &c.     This  reflection  of  Andro- 
mache  is  extremely  delicate  and  moving. 
It  is  the  voice  of  nature.     She  immediately 
adds  :  Et  nunc,  &c.     This  suggests  the  de- 
light  she   would   have   felt  to  have  seen 
lulus,   and  Astyanax  together,  engaged  in 
friendship,  and  fond  of  the  same  pursuits. 

It  may  be  observed,  that  while  Helenus 
gives  presents  to  Anchises  and  ^Eneas,  An- 
dromache is  entirely  taken  up  with  Asca- 
nius,  and  the  recollection  of  her  lost  Astya- 
nax. She  confines  her  gifts  to  him  alone. 

491.  Et  nunc  pubesceret :    and   now    he- 
would  be  of  equal  age  with  thee,  if  he  had 
lived. 

492.  Obortis  :  gushing  from  my  eyes. 
494.  Nos  vocamur  ex  aliis  in  :    we  are 

called  from  one  senes  of  calamities  to  an- 
other. 

496.  Cedentia:  a  part,  agreeing  with 
arva  :  retreating,  or  fleeing  backward.  It 
implies  an  impatience  on  the  part  of  /Eneas 
to  arrive  at,  and  take  possession  of  hi* 


P.  VIRG1LII  MARON1S 


Uuserenda  :  effigiem  Xanthi,  Trojamque  videtis, 
Quam  vestrse  fecere  manus,  melioribus,  opto, 
Auspiciis,  et  quae  fuerit  minus  obvia  Graiis. 
Si  quando  Tybrim  vicinaque  Tybridis  arva  500 

Intraro  gentique  meae  data  moenia  cernam  : 
,™  Cognatasque  urbes  olim,  populosque  propinquos 
pinquosquepopulos,*M<wkpiro,  Hespena,  quibus  idem  Dardanus  auctor, 
inEpiro,meosin  Hespe-  Atque  idem  casus,  unam  faciemus  utramque 
ria,  quibus  idem  Darda- Trojam  animis  :  maneat  nostros  ea  cura  nepotes.     505 
nus  fuit  auctor,  atque      provehimur  pelago  vicina  Ceraunia  juxta  : 
quibus futt  idem  casus, ¥T    -,  T.    ,.  * 

J6«emta,in^ttam,utram-Ul3fde  ^erltaliam,  cursusque  brevissimus  undis. 
que  Trojam  ease  unam  Sol  ruit  interea,  et  monies  umbrantur  opaci.  * 
animis  Sternimur  optatae  gremio  telluris  ad  undam, 

Sortiti  remos ;  passirnque  in  litore  sicco  510 

Corpora  curamus  :  fessos  sopor  irrigat  artus. 
Necdum  orbem  medium  nox  horis  acta  subibat : 
Haud  segnis  strato  surgit  Palinurus,  et  omnes 
Explorat  ventos,  atque  auribus  aera  captat. 

Gld.CircumspicitArc-Sidera  cuncta  notat  tacito  labentia  coelo,  515 

turum,  pluvi*sque         Arcturum,  plu  viasque  Hy  adas,  geminosque  Triones, 


NOTES. 


tined  country.  And,  although  he  had  been 
several  years  in  pursuit  of  it,  it  was  still  at 
a  great  distance.  The  verb  sunt  is  to  be 
supplied  with  quarenda. 

497.  Effigiem  Xanthi:  the  image  or 
representation  of  Xanthus.  It  appears  that 
Andromache  gave  the  name  of  Xanthus  to 
some  river  of  Epirus,  and  also  the  name  of 
Troy  to  some  town.  Xanthus  was  a  river 
of  Troy,  the  same  as  Scamander.  Homer 
says  its  first  name  was  given  by  the  gods, 
but  the  latter  by  men. 

499.  Melioribus  auspiciis :  for  better  for- 
tune. Obvia :  in  the  sense  of  expos  ita. 

501.  Data:  in  the  sense  of  destinata. 

502.  Olim.    This  word  refers  to  time  past, 
and  also  to  time  to  come.     This  last  is  the 
meaning  here — hereafter. 

504.  Faciemus  olim  cognatas:  we  will 
make  hereafter  the  kindred  cities,  and  re- 
sembling people  (yours)  in  Epirus,  (and 
mine)  in  Italy,  &c.  Buthrotus,  the  city  of 
Helenus,  bore  some  resemblance,  perhaps, 
to  old  Troy ;  or  this  may  be  the  city  which 
he  called  by  the  name  of  Troy.  ./Eneas, 
when  he  arrived  in  Italy,  intended  to  build 
a  city,  and  call  it  Troy ;  each  of  which  ci- 
ties, Utramque  Trojam,  he  designed  should 
be  one  in  affection  and  good  will.  The 
distance  of  the  Tiber  from  Epirus  is  too 
great  to  justify  the  taking  of  propinquos  in 
the  sense  of  vicinos,  as  Ruseus  has  it.  Mr. 
Davidson  renders  it  by  allied,  (near  of  kin  ;) 
but  this  is  mere  tautology.  That  relation 
is  sufficiently  expressed  by  cognatas.  It  ap- 
pears the  better  to  understand  it,  of  the 
people  resembling  each  other  in  manners, 
Customs,  and  habits :  .both  havinff 


ed  from  the  same  stock,  Dardanus  being  the 
parent  (auctor)  and  founder  of  both.  C«- 
sus :  fortune — calamity. 

506.  Ceraunia:  neu.  plu.  These  were 
exceeding  high  mountains  on  the  north  of 
Epirus,  so  called  from  their  being  much  ex- 
posed to  thunder.  They  are  sometimes 
called  Acroceraunia.  They  lie  over  against, 
the  promontory  of  I'dpygium.  Here  the  dis- 
tance between  Italy  and  Epirus  is  the  short- 
est ;  it  is  said  about  50  miles.  The  prep, 
in  or  ad  is  understood  to  govern  Italiam. 

508.  Ruit :  in  the  sense  of  occidit. 

509.  Sternimur  :  in  the  sense  of  the  mid- 
dle voice  of  the  Greeks  :  we  throw  ourselves 
down  upon  the  bosom  of  the  wished  for  land, 

510.  Sortiti  remos :  having  distributed  the 
oars  by  lot — having  cast  lots  for  the  oars, 
to  see  who  should  perform  the  duty  of  oars- 
men.    This  they  did  before  they  retired  to 
rest,  that  they  might  start  the  following  day 
without  hindrance  or  delay.     Ad  undam  re- 
fers to  sternimur,  and  not  to  sortiti,  as  in 
some  copies. 

511.  Curamus:   we   refresh   our  bodies, 
Irrigat:   invigorates.     This  is  a  beautiful 
metaphor.     It  is  taken  from  the  effect  and 
influence  which  gentle  showers,  or  perco- 
lating streams,  have  upon  the  thirsty  land. 
and  parched  herbs. 

512.  Acta  :  in  the  sense  ofproveda.   JW.'  • 
dum,  &c.     This  is  a  fine  circumlocution  t.> 
denote  that  it  was  not  yet  midnight. 

516.  Arcturum.  Arcturus,  a  star  near  the 
tail  of  the  Great  Bear :  it  rises  about  the 
beginning  of  October.  See  Geor.  i.  68.  Hy- 
adas :  they  arc  said  to  have  been  the  daugh- 
trv<?  of  Atlas,  kine  <~-f  Mauritania,  in 


LIB.  in. 


\r amtuinque  auro  circumspicit  Oriona. 
Postquam  cuncta  videt  coelo  constare  screuu. 
Dat  clartim  6  puppi  signum  ;  nos  castra  movci 
Tentamusque  viam,  et  velorum  pandimus  alas. 

Jamque  rubescebat  stellis  Aurora  fugatis  ; 
Cum  procul  obscures  colles,  humilemque  videmus 
Italiam.     Italiam  primus  conclamat  Achates  : 
Ftaliam  lasto  socii  clamore  salutant. 
Turn  pater  Anchises  magnum  cratera  corona, 
Induit,  implevitque  mero,  Divosque  vocavit, 
Stans  celsa  in  puppi : 

Di,  maris  et  terras  tempestatumque  potentes, 
Ferte  viam  vento  facilem,  et  spirate  secundi. 

Crebrescunt  optatae  aurae,  portusque  patescit        530 
Jam  p,  opior,  ternplumque  apparet  in  arce  Minervse. 
Vela  legunt  socii,  et  proras  ad  litora  torquent. 
Portus  ab  Eoo  fluctu  curvatur  in  arcum  ; 
Objectae  salsa  spumant  aspergine  cautes  : 
Ipse  latet :  gernino  demittunt  brachia  muro  535 

Turriti  scopuli,  refugitque  a  litore  templum. 


528.  ODi,  i 
tentes  maris 


535.  Portus  ipse  latet 


NOTES. 


who,  grieving  immoderately  for  the  death  of 
their  brother  Hyas,  who  had  been  killed  by 
a  wild  boar,  pined  away,  and  died.  They 
were  five  in  number.  After  their  death  they 
were  transferred  to  the  heavens,  and  made 
stars  near  the  constellation  Taurus.  The 
ancients  supposed  their  rising  and  setting 
to  be  always  attended  with  much  rain. 
Their  name  is  derived  from  a  Greek  word 
signifying  to  rain.  Triones :  the  greater  and 
lesser  bear,  two  constellations  near  the 
north  pole. 

517.  Oriona :  a   Greek  ace.     Orion  is  a 
constellation  near  the  feet  of  the   bull.     It 
rises  about  the  first  of  March,  and  rains 
and  storms   were    supposed   to   attend   it. 

^  Hence  Virgil  gave  it  the  epithets  nimbosus, 
arid  aquosus.  j£n.  i.  535.  and  iv.  52.  Orion 
was  a  celebrated  hunter,  and  companion  of 
Diana.  Being  bit  by  a  serpent,  he  lost  his 
life.  The  gods,  taking  pity  on  him,  trans- 
lated him  to  the  heavens.  His  constella- 
tion is  very  lucid,  consisting  of  many  very 
bright  stars,  particularly  in  his  belt  or  girdle, 
in  which  his  sword  hangs.  He  is  here  said 
to  be  armed  with  gold,  on  account  of  his  ma- 
ny lucid  stars. 

518.  Videt  cuncta  constare :   lie  sees  all 
things  to  indicate  fair  weather — all  the  signs 
to  agree  in  indicating  fair  weather.     Posf- 
quam  videt  cceluni  hahere  omnia,  quce  -sv 
cant  serenitatem,  says  Servius. 

519.  Mov emus  caslra.     This  was  a  mili- 
la,ry  expression,  denoting   the  commence- 
ment of  march,  from  the  place  of  encamp- 
ment. 

520.  Tcntamirs :  in  the  sense  of  incipi.mus. 
522.  Humi/(M.      Rune  us  thinks   Italy   ia 


there  are  uo  mountains — because  the  higii" 
est  parts  appear  low  when  seen  at  a  distance 
— or  because  the  sea  every  where  appear? 
higher  than  the  land.  He  interprets  it  by 
planam. 

525.  Induit  magnum  :  he  crowned  a  large 
bowl  with  a  garland.  Coronare  poculu/n, 
sometimes,  signifies  no  more  than  simply  to 
fill  it  up  to  the  brim.  But,  in  the  present 
case,  it  is  taken  literal!}',  to  adorn  the  bnid 
with  flowers  :  otherwise  what  follows  will  be 
mere  tautology.  Mero.  Merum,  here,  is 
taken  for  wine  in  general ;  the  species  for 
the  genus.  Induit :  in  the  sense  of  cinxit. 

528.  Potentes :  in  the  sense  of  provides 
vel  rector es.     Minelius  beautifully  illustrate^ 
the  design  of  this  libation  :  Marts,  quod  na- 
vigo  ;  /error,  quam  peto  ;  tempestatum,  quas 
timemus. 

529.  Ferte:  in  the  sense  of  date,     tipiratc 
secundi  :  and  blow  propitious  upon  us. 

531.  Templum  Mine rvcr. :  Strabomei. 
a  temple  of  Minerva,  on  the  promontory  of 
I'dpygium*  which  is  the  one  most  probably 
meant.     Legunt :  in  the  sense  of  col:  . 
Arce :  for  monte. 

533.  Portus  currafnr:  the  port  i*  curved 
into  (the  form  of)   a  bow  by  the  c;i 
waves,   and  the  cliffs  opposite  each   • 
foam  with  salt  spray,  occasioned  by  tlir 
dashing  of  the  waves  against  them.     Thosr 
two  projecting  cliffs  formed   the  mo', 
the  harbor.     Eoo  :  the  adj. 
from  a  Greek  word  signifying  the  mon-' 
also,  the  East.     This  part  of  Ita  U 
on  the  cast  by  the  Ionian  sea.    Heyne  : 
Euroo,  from  the  snb.'Eurus. 

536.  Scopuli.    Scopnlus  is  properly  a 
sharp  rod 


1*.  VIRGILII    MARONIs 


537.  Hie  vidi  in  gra-  Quatuor  hie,  primum  omen,  equos  in  gramme  vidi 
mine    primum    omen,  Tondentes  campum  late ,  candore  nivali. 
ncmpe,  quatuor  equos  e  ,-,,  0   n 

nivali  candore,  tonden-  Et  Pater  Anchises  :  Bellum,  o  terra  hospita,  portas  : 
tes  Bello  armantur  equi :  bellum  hsec  armenta  minantur. 

539.  Et  pater  Anchi-  Sed  tamen  idem  olim  curru  succedere  sueti  641 

,scs  inquit  Quadrupedes,  et  frrena  jugo  concordia  ferre  : 

Spes  est  pacis,  ait.     Turn  numina  sancta  precamur  • 
Palladis  armisonse,  qua3  prima  accepit  ovantes  : 

545.  Et  velamur  quoad  Et  capita  ante  aras  Phrygio  velamur  amictu  ;  54 

.Phry.ainl(;^PraBcepti8qiw  Heleni,  dederat  quse  maxima,  rite 

l,  "  °*  Junoni  Argivzfi  jussos  adolemus  honores. 
548.  Hand  moraw/        Haud  mora  :  continue,  perfectis  ordine  votis, 
Cornua  velatarum  obvertimus  antennarum, 
Grajugenumque  domos,  suspectaque  linquimus  arva. 

Hinc  sinus  Herculei,  si  vera  est  fama,  Tarenti     551 
Cernitur.     Attollit  se  Diva  Lacinia  contra, 
Caulonisque  arces,  et  navifragum  Scylacaeum. 
Turn  procul  e  fluctu  Trinacria  cernitur 


NOTES. 


bled  towers,  and  stretched  forth  on  both 
sides  in  the  form  of  arms,  making  a  double 
wall.  Refugil.  While  they  were  at  a  dis- 
tance, the  temple  appeared  near  the  shore  ; 
but,  as  they  approached,  the  distance  be- 
tween it  and  the  port  seemed  to  increase. 
It  receded,  or  fled,  from  the  shore. 

537.  Hlc  vidi :  here  I  saw  the  first  omen. 
It  was  a  custom  among  the  ancients  care- 
fully to  observe  the  first  objects  which  pre- 
sented at  landing  in  a  country  where  they 
designed  to  form  settlements :  and  hence  to 
draw  prognostics  of  their  future  good  or  bad 
fortune.  Tondentes :  in  the  sense  of  carpen- 
tes.  Gramme :  in  the  sense  ofpratis. 

539.  Hospita.  This  Ruseus  interprets  by 
hospitalis ;  but  that  illy  agrees  with  portas 
bdlum.  Mr.  Davidson  renders  it,  foreign  : 
to  which  we  are  strangers. 

541.  Curru :  for  currui,  the  dat.  See 
Eel.  v.  29.  Concordia  frcena :  the  gentle 
reins.  This  implies  perfect  submission  to 
the  will  of  the  driver.  Jugo.  Jugum  pro- 
perly signifies  the  yoke  which  passes  over 
the  necks  of  the  horses,  and  holds  up  the 
tongue  or  pole  of  the  carriage.  Here,  per- 
haps, the  harness  in  general.  Olim :  in  the 
sense  of  diu. 

543.  Numina :  in  the  sense  of  divinitatem. 

544.  ArmisontR :  sounding  in  arms.    This 
is  an  epithet  of  Pallas,  or  Minerva,  as  god- 
dess of  war.     Ovantes  :  in  the  sense  of  lottos. 
JVbs  is  understood. 

547.  Adolemus  jussos  honores.    Ruasus  in- 
terprets these  words  by,  offerimus  prcescripta 
sacrificia.    Jussos :  ordered,  or  appointed  by 
Helenus.     See  435.  supra,  et  sequent. 

548.  Continub  :  immediately — forthwith, 
llnseus  considers  it  an  adj.  agreeing  with 

Prrfrs'-js  :  in  the  sense  of persolutts. 


549.  Felatarum  antennarum.  The  anlen~ 
nee  were  spars  or  yards  which  crossed  the 
mast,  to  which  the  sails  were  fastened  and 
suspended.  The  extremities  of  them  were 
called  cornua.  By  shifting  or  turning  his 
sails,  he  would  naturally  alter  his  course. 
He  now  sails  southward ;  and,  as  he  passes 
along,  he  gives  us  a  very  particular  descrip- 
tion of  the  country.  He  takes  his  departure 
from  the  promontory  of  I'dpygium. 

551.  Tarenti.    Tarentum  was  a  famous 
city  and  port  at  the   northern  extremity  of 
the  Sinus  Tarentinus,  founded  by  Taras,  the 
son  of  Neptune,  according  to  Strabo.     The 
same  author  informs  us  that  Hercules  had 
here  a  colossus  of  brass,  made  by  Lysippus. 
which  Fabius  Maximus  carried  to  Rome. 
Not  only  the  city,  but  also  the  adjacent, 
country,  was  famous  for  the  actions  of  that 
hero.     Hence  the  poet  gives  it  the  epithet, 
Herculean. 

552.  Contra :   on  the  other  side  (of  the 
bay)  the  goddess    Lacinia  raises  herself. 
Diva  Lacinia  is  here  put  for  the  temple  of 
the  goddess,  by  meton.     Lacinia  is  an  epi- 
thet of  Juno,  taken  from  the  promontory 
Lacimum,  on  which  the  temple  stood. 

553.  Arces  Caulonis :  the  towers  of  Cau- 
lon,  or  Caulonia.     Caulon  was  a  city  far- 
ther south,  at  first  called  Aulonia,  from  a 
valley,  which  was  in  sight.     It  was  founded 
by  the  Greeks.    Scylacceum.  This  was  a  city 
situated  near  the  southern  extremity  of  a 
bay  of  that  name,  founded  by  a  colony  of 
Athenians,  according  to  Strabo.     The  na- 
vigation  on    this    coast    was   dangerous. 
Hence  it  is  called  navifragum. 

554.  JEina :  a  well  known  mountain  and 
volcano  on  the  island  of  Sicily.     It  is  said 
to  be  sixty  miles  in  circumference  at  its 


JBNEIS.     LIB.  Til. 


Et  gemitum  ingentem  pelagi,  pulsataque  saxa         555 

Audimus  longe,  fractasque  ad  litora  voces  ; 

Exultantque  vada,  atque  sestu  miscentur  arenas. 

Et  pater  Anchises  :  Nimirum  haec  ilia  Charybdis  : 

Hos  Helenus  scopulos,  haec  saxa  horrenda  canebat. 

Eripite,  6  socii,  pariterque  insurgite  remis.  560     560.  Eripite  vos  hiac, 

Haud  minus  ac  jussi  faciunt :  primusque  rudentem     6  socii 
Contorsit  lasvas  proram  Palinurus  ad  undas : 
Laevam  cuncta  cohors  remis  ventisque  petivit. 
Tollimur  in  co3lum  curvato  gurgite,  et  idem 
Subducta  ad  Manes  imos  descendimus  unda.  565 

Ter  scopuli  clamorem  inter  cava  saxa  dedere  : 
Ter  spumain  elisam  et  rorantia  vidimus  astra. 
Interest  fessos  ventus  cum  Sole  reliquit : 
Ignarique  viae,  Cyclopum  allabimur  oris. 

Portus  ab  accessu  ventorum  immotus,  et  ingens   570  tus  ab  accessu 


561.  Illi  faciurit  haud 
minus  ac  jussi  facer e 

563.  Laevam  partem 
remis 


568.  Nos  fessos  cuui 
sole 

570.  Portus  est  immo- 


NOTES. 


base.  Fluctu :  in  the  sense  of  mari.  The 
meaning  is :  while  they  were  a  great  distance 
at  sea. 

555.  Pulsata :  beaten,  or  lashed  by  the 
waves.  Voces :  in  the  sense  of  sonitus. 
Gemitum :  in  the  sense  of  fremitum. 

557.  Vada  exultant:  the  shallows  boil, 
and  the  sands  are  mingled  with  the  tide. 
The  sea  breaks  and  foams  upon  the  shal- 
lows, and  the  sand  is  tossed  up  by  the 
whirling  eddies. 

559.  Scopulos — saxa.    Scopulus  properly 
signifies   a  high  sharp   rock ;  sazum,  any 
rock — rocks  in  general.     Canebat:  for  pros- 
dicebat. 

560.  Pariter :  equally—all  as  one. 

561.  Minus:  in  the  sense  of  aliter.    Ac: 
in  the  sense  of  quam. 

562.  Palinurus  primus :    Palinurus  first 
turned  the  creaking  prow  to  the  left  waters. 
Some  read  rudente,  for  rudentem,  a  sub.  in- 
stead of  the  part.     By  this  they  would  un- 
derstand a  rape  fastened  to  the  side  of  the 
ship,  by  the  help  of  which  the  helmsman 
turned  the  ship  which  way  he  pleased.  Ru- 
«us  interprets  it  by  stridentem :  creaking  as 
it  plunged  into  the  waves. 

563.  Cuncta  cohors  :  in  the  sense  of  o  ni- 
nes socii. 

564.  Gurgite :  in  the  sense  ofjluctu. 

565.  Manes.    These  properly  were  that 
part  of  the  dead,  which  the  ancients  sup- 
posed to  be  below — the   shade,  or  ghost. 
Sometimes  it  is  used  for  th.e  place  of  the 
dead,  and  sometimes  for  the  infernal  gods. 
The  plain  meaning  is  :  that  when  they  were 
on  the  top  of  a  surge,  or  wave,  they  were 
elevated  very  high ;  and  when  they  were 
in  a  hollow  between  two  waves,  they  de- 
scended very  low  ;  in  other  words,  the  sea 
here  was  very  rough. 

566.  Clamorem :  in  the  sense  of  sonitum. 

567.  Rorantia astra:  the  stars  bedewed. 


or  besprinkled.  This  is  an  extravagant  hy- 
perbole. Catrou,  and  some  others,  would 
understand  this  of  the  dewy  drops,  which 
thrown  up  by  the  dashing  of  the  waters 
against  the  rocks,  sparkled  like  stars  in  the 
sun-beams.  This  appears  to  be  the  opinion 
of  Heyne. 

568.  Ventus  cum  sole.    These  circum- 
stances have  a  happy  effect  in  preparing  the 
reader  for  the  following  description  of  mount 
./Etna.     The   winds  are  hushed,  that  the 
bellowings  of  the  mountain  might  be  more 
distinctly  heard ;  and  night  is  brought  ou 
that  in  the  dusky  sky  the  flames  might  ap- 
pear more  conspicuous. 

569.  Cyclopum.    It  is  said  the  Cyclops 
were  the  first  inhabitants  of  Sicily,  especial- 
ly about  mount  .(Etna.     They  are  said  to 
have  been  of  gigantic  stature,  and  of  a  na- 
ture savage,  cruel,  and  inhospitable.  Hence 
the  poets  took  occasion  to  represent  them 
of  a  monstrous  form,  having  only  one  eye. 
and  that  in  their  forehead,  and  as  being  can- 
nibals.    From  their  vicinity  to  ^tna,  it  j<- 
said,   they   were  employed   by    Vulcan  in 
forging  the  thunderbolts  of  Jupiter. 

The  port,  where  ./Eneas  landed,  was  near 
the  place  where  the  ciiyCatanea  now  stands, 
near  the  foot  of  mount  /Etna.  The  Cyclops 
were  supposed  to  be  the  sons  of  Coclus  and 
Terra.  They  took  their  name  from  the 
circumstance  of  their  having  but  one  eye. 
This  tradition  originated  from  their  custom 
of  their  wearing-  small  bucklers  of  steo!. 
which  covered  their  faces.  These  had  a 
small  aperture  in  the  middle,  which  cor- 
responded exactly  to  the  eye.  They  were 
reckoned  among  the  gods,  and  had  a  temple 
dedicated  to  them  at  Corinth.  JEina.  Js 
now  called  mount  Gibel,  and  stands  not  far 
from  the  eastern  shore  of  Sicily.  Its  modern 
name  implies,  the  mount  of  mount?. 

570.  Ingens :  in  the  eense  of  cow>- 


; 


1J.  V1RGIL1I  MARONitS 


Ipse  ;  sed  horrificis  juxta  tonat  Mtn&  minis  : 
Interdumque  atram  prorumpit  ad  aethera  nubem. 
Turbine  fumantein  piceo  et  caiidcnte  favilla  : 
Attollitque  globos  flammarum,  et  sidera  lambit. 
Interdum  scopulos  avulsaque  viscera  mentis  575 

Erigit  eructans,  liquefactaque  saxa  sub  auras 
Cum  gemitu  glomerat,  fundoque  exiestuat  imo. 
Fama  est,  Encejacli  semiustum  fulminc  corpus     ^ 
Urgeri  mole  hac,  ingentemque  insuper  ^Etnani 

560.  Impositaminsu-Inipositam,  ruptis  flamrnam  cxpirarc  caminis  :  580 

Et,  fessum  quoties  mutat  latus,  intremere  omnem 
Murmure  Trinacriam,  ot  cesium  subtexere  fumo. 
583.  JVo*  tecti  in  syl-  Noctem  illam  tecti  sylvis  immauia  monstra 
vis  perferimus  Perferimus  :  nee,  qua?  sonitum  det  causa,  videmus. 

Nam  neque  erant  astrorum  ignes,  ncc  lucidus  eethra. 
Siderek  polus  ;  obscuro  sed  nubila  ccelo,  580 

Et  Lunam  in  nimbo  nox  intempesta  tenebat. 
Postera  jainque  dies  primo  surgebat  Eoo, 
.  .  Humentemque  Aurora  polo  dimoverat  umbrain  j 

i»not  SS,  Tnfcc't"  Ci"»  subi'6  *  "yl'to,  ™acie  Confecta  suprcirt,   '       590 
supreme   macie,   mise-  Ignoti  nova  forma  viri,  miserandaque  cultu, 
randaque  cultu,  proce-  Procedit,  supplexque  nianus  ad  litora  tendit. 
dit  e  sylvis,  Respicimus.     Dira  illuvies,  immissaqiic  barim, 


594.  At  quoad  ctetera  Et  quondam  patriis  ad  Trojam  missus  in  ariuis. 
rrat  Isque  ubi  Dardanios  habitus  et  Troia  vidit 

NOTES. 

•  >'r2.  Prorumpit:  in  the  sense  of  emiltit.  to  them  —  the  appearances  were  new  and 

.073.  Candente  favilla  :  with  hot,  or  burn-  unexpected.     Hence  they  may   be  called 

iug  embers.  with  propriety,  immania  monstra. 

574.  Lambit  :  in  the  sense  of  langil.  585.  Ignes  :   lights  of  the  stars.     Polus 

576.  Eructans  :  in  the  sense  of  women*.  luc/idus  :  nor  the  heaven  bright  in  the  starry 
A-vulsa:  torn  loose.  firmament.     Polus,  by  synec.  put  for  the 

577.  Glomerat  :  and  whirls  about  melted  whole  heaven. 

rocks  into  the  air.  587.  Intempesta  nox  :  profound  darkness. 

578.  Fama  est  :  there  is  a  report,  that  the  It   properly   signifies  the   darkest  time  of 
body  of  Enceladus,  half  consumed  by  light-  night  —  midnight.     Here  it  denotes  the  qua- 
iling, is  pressed  under  this  mass  of  matter  ;  lity  of  that  night  in  particular,  when  one 
and  that  ponderous  ^Etna  being  placed  upon  face  of  thick   darkness  prevailed   through 
him,  casts  up  flames  from  its  burst  furnaces  ;  the  whole  night,  like  that  which  prevailed 
and  as  often  as  he,  &c.  at  the  midnight  hour.    Nimbo  :  in  the  sense 

Virgil  here  gives  us  the  fabulous  account  of  nebuloso  aere. 

of  the  origin  of  this  burning  mountain,  and  588.  Primo   Eoo  :  with  the  first  dawn. 

the  cause  of  its  eruptions.     Enceladus  was  £otw,  the  star  Venus.     When  it  rises  before 

\  the  chief  of  the  Giants,  and  the  son  of  Ti-  the  sun,  it  is  called  Lucifer  ;  when  setting 

.•>   Ian  and  Terra.     In  the  war  of  the  Giants  after  him,  Hesperus:  here  put  for  the  dawn 

r  against  the  gods,  he  was  struck  with  the  of  day.     Aurora.  See  Geor.  i.  249. 

\  thunderbolt  of  Jupiter,  and  placed   under  590.    Confecta  supremo.  :    wasted  away 

mount  ^Etna,  by  way  of  punishment  :  and,  with  extreme  leanness.      Confecta  agrees 

as  often   as  he   turns  his  weary  side,  an  with/or/?2«. 

^  eruption  follows.     Ovid  places   Typhoeus,  591.  Nova  forma  viri  ignoti:  simply,  -A 

•   another  of   the    Giants,  under   the   same  man  unknown  to  us. 

S  mountain.     Insuper  :  in  the  sense  of  super.  594.    Tegmen  consertum  :     his  covering 

580.  Expirare  :  in  the  sense  of  cmittere.  sewed,  or  fastened  together  with  thorns,    it 

583.  Immania  monstra  :  in  the  sense  of  probably  consisted   of  the  leaves  of  trees. 
infanda  prodigia.      Illam  noctem  :    in   the  Ruoeus  says,  veslis  contexta  spinis.     At  cce.- 
sense  of  per  illam  noctem.  tera  •'  but  as  to  other  things  —  his  stature, 

584.  Perferimus  :  we   endure   or   suffer,  gait,  language,  &c.  he  was  a  Greek. 
The  canfe  t»f  this  eruption  wa-s  rmknown  596.  ffahih*  :  m  the  sense  of  witf'*. 


jENEIS.     LIB.  ill. 


600     600.  O  Teucri,  inguit, 
tester  vos  per  sidera,  per 


Superos 

602.    Scio 
unura 


me 


605 


Anna  procul,  paulum  aspectu  conterritus  haesit, 

Continuitque  gradum  :  mox  sese  ad  litora  praeceps 

Cum  fletu  precibusque  tulit  :  Per  sidera  tester, 

Per  Superos,  atque  hoc  cceli  spirabile  lumen, 

Tollite  me,  Teucri ;  quascunque  abducite  terras  : 

Hoc  sat  erit.     Scio  me  Danais  e  classibus  unum, 

Et  bello  Iliacos  fateor  petiise  Penates. 

Pro  quo,  si  sceleris  tanta  est  injuria  nostri, 

Spargite  me  in  tiuctus,  vastoque  immergite  ponto. 

Si  pereo,  manibus  hominum  periise  juvabit. 

Dixerat :  et  gcnua  amplexus,  genibusque  volutans 

HcBrebat.     Qui  sit,  fari,  quo  sanguine  cretus, 

Hortamur  ;  quae  deinde  agitet  fortuna,  fateri. 

Ipse  pater  dextram  Anchises,  haud  multa  moratus,  610  sanguine    cretus    est 

I)at  juveni,  atque  animum  present!  pignore  firmat. 

Ille  hsec.  deposita  tandem  formidine,  fatur  :  614.  Acheuwnides  «/• 

Sum  patria  ex  Ithaca,  comes  infelicis  Ulyssei,  nomenmihi:  profectus 

Nomen  Achemenides  :  Trojam,  genitore  Adamasto        sum  Troiam 

Paupere,  mansissetque  utinam  fortuna  !  profectus.     615 

Hie  me,  dum  trepidi  crudelia  limina  linquunt, 

Jmmemores  socii  vasto  Cyclopis  in  antro 


608.   Hortamur  euvt 
fari,  qui  sit,  et  ex  quo 


616.  Hie  socii  imme- 
mores  mei  deseruere  mo 
in  vasto  antro  Cyclopis, 
dum 


NOTES. 


i)97.  HcjRsit :  hesitated — paused. 

599.  Testor :  in  the  sense  of  precor. 

600.  Hoc  spirabile  lumen :  by  this  vital 
light  of  heaven — by  this  light  (air)  of  hea- 
ven, which  we  breathe,  and  by  which  we 
live.     Lumen :    in   the   sense   of   atr,  vel 
aura. 

€03.  Iliacos  Penates.  The  Penates  pro- 
perly were  the  household  gods — the  gods  of 
one's  country.  Hence  the  word  came  to 
signify,  one's  house  and  country,  and  what- 
ever a  person  held  most  dear,  by  meton. 
See  fan  ii.  717. 

604.  Pro  quo  :  for  which — for  his  being  a 
Greek,  and  having  taken  part  in  the  war 
against  Troy.      Sceleris  injuria.      Ruaeus 
says,  iniquitas  criminis.     Si  scelus  meum 
tantum  cst,  says  Heyne. 

605.  Spargite :  in  the  sense  of  projicile  : 
tear  me  in  pieces,  and  cast  me  into  the  sea. 

606.  Si  perco,  &c.     Dr.  Wharton  makes 
the  following  reflections  upon  this  passage. 
Nothing,  says  he,  can  more  forcibly  strike  the 
imagination,  than   these  circumstances   of 
the  wandering  Trojans,  sheltered  in  a  wood, 
upon  an  unknown  coast,  and  hearing  strange 
and  terrible  noises  during  a  dark  and  moon- 
less night;  and  not  knowing  whence  the 
dreadful  sounds  proceeded,  or  by  what  they 
might  be    occasioned.     At  daybreak,  how 
sudden  and   great  the  surprise,  to  see  the 
ghastly  figure  of  a  man,  who  first  runs  to- 
wards thorn  with  great  precipitation,  as  if 
to  beg  some  assistance ;  but  suddenly  starts 
back  at  the  sight  of  Trojan  habits  and  arms. 
At  last,  recovering  himself  a  little,  he  re- 
golves  to  li ing  himself  into  their  hands, what- 
^ypr  miffht  be  the  cpns.equenci". 


into  a  vessel,  he  gives  them  the  dreadful 
narration  of  Polyphemus,  informs  them  that 
this  was  the  island  of  the  Cyclops,  begs 
them  to  leave  it  instantly,  and  concludes 
most  pathetically,  that  if  he  must  die,  it 
would  be  some  comfort  to  him  to  perish  by 
the  hatods  of  men,  and  not  by  monsters. 

607.  Amplexus :    embracing   our   knees, 
and  falling  upon  his  own  knees,  he  clung 
to  us.     Servius  observes,  that  the  several 
members  of  the  body  were  consecrated  to 
particular  deities  :  the  ear,  to  memory ;  the 
knees,  to  mercy ;  the  right  hand,  to  faith. 
Suppliants  were  accustomed  to  throw,  or 
cast  themselves  upon  their  knees,  and  em- 
brace  those  of  the  person  of  whom   they 
asked  or  begged  any  thing. 

608.  Cretus :  in  the  sense  of  ortus. 

610.  Haud  multa  moratus:  delayed  not 
a  moment. 

611.  Prasenti  pignore.     The  right  hand 
among  all  nations  is  considered  a  pledge  of 
friendship.     Prttsens  here  signifies,  ready — 
propitious.     So  adsum,  I  am  present,  signi- 
fies also,  to  favour — to  be  propitious. 

613.  Ithaca  :  an  island  in  the  Ionian  tea. 
It  formed  a  part  of  the  dominion  of  1 
ses.     Hodie,  Jsola  del  Compt 
614.  Adamasto:  Adamastus  my  father  being 
a  poor  man.     He  mentions  his  poverty  as  an 
excuse  for  his  going  to  the  war ;  it  was  not 
his  choice.     Sinon  pleads  the  same  excuse. 
See  JEn.  ii.  87.     Ltinam  :  I  wish  the  same 
state  of  poverty  had  remained  to  me ! 

617.  Cyciopis.  Polyphemus  is  here  meant. 
It  is  said  he  was  the  son  of  Neptune  and 
Thoosa,  the  daughter  of  Phorcys.  it  is 
said  that  T'ivss«=,  on  his  return  frojrc  Trov. 


278  P.  VIRGIL1I  MARON1S 

618.  Ejus  domus  in-  Deseruere.     Domus  sanie  dapibusque  cruentis, 
tus  est  opaca,  ingens,  ef  jntus  opacaj  ingens  :  ipse  arduus,  altaque  pulsat 
Sidera ;  Di,  talem  terris  avertite  pestem ! 
Nee  visu  facilis,  nee  dictu  affabilis  ulli. 
Visceribus  miserorum,  et  sanguine  vescitur  atro. 
623.    Egomet   vidi,  Vidi  egomet,  duo  de  numero  cum  corpora  nostro, 
cum  tile   resupinus  in  Prensa  manu  magna,  medio  resupinus  in  antro, 
medio  antro  frangeret  Frangeret  ad  saxum,  sanieque  aspersa  natarent 


manu,  ad  saxum  Manderet,  et  tepidi  tremerent  sub  dentibus  artus. 

628.  Fecit  id  quidem  Haud  impune  quidem  :  nee  taha  passus  Ulysses, 

haud  impune :  nee  Ulys- Oblitusve  sui  est  Ithacus  discrimine  tinto. 

Nam  simul  expletus  dapibus,  vinoque  sepultus 
Cervicem  inflexam  posuit,  jacuitque  per  antrum 
Immensus,  saniem  eructans  ac  frusta  cruento 
Per  somnum  commixta  mero  ;  nos,  magna  precati 
Numina,  sortitique  vices,  una  undique  circum 
Fundimur,  et  telo  lumen  terebramus  acuto 
Ingens,  quod  torva  solum  sub  fronte  latebat, 


620 


625 


630 


635 


NOTES. 


visited  Sicily,  and  the  straits  of  Messina. 
He  lost  a  part  of  his  fleet  in  the  whirlpool 
of  Charybdis.  This  was  a  dangerous  place 
to  all  who  attempted  to  pass  the  straits.  It 
gave  rise  to  this  proverb  :  Incidit  in  Scytlum, 
qui  vult  vitare  Charybdim^  implying  that  in 
avoiding  one  evil,  we  frequently  fall  into 
a  greater.  But  no  whirlpool  is  now  to  be 
found,  sufficiently  large  to  answer* to  the 
description  given  by  the  poets  and  other  an- 
cient writers.  It  is  probable  some  change 
has  been  effected  in  this  part  of  the  sea  in 
the  course  of  time. 

621.  JVec  facilis  visu:  nor  is  he  easy  to 
be  looked  upon,  nor  easy  to  be  spoken  to 
by  any  one.  His  terrific  aspect  fills  you 
with  dread,  and  deprives  you  of  the  power 
of  speech.  Servius  says :  Cujus  possit  etiam 
aspectus  ferre  formidinem ;  and  Stephens  : 
Cujus  ne  aspectum  quidem  facile  quis  susti- 
neat. 

625.  Limina  aspera.  Limen  properly 
signifies  the  threshold  of  the  door ;  also  the 
door  itself,  by  meton.  If  it  be  taken  in  this 
sense  here,  then  limina  aspersa  sanie  natarent 
may  mean :  the  door  being  bespattered 
with  the  blood,  trickled  or  ran  down.  Ruseus 
Says,  pnrta.  It  may  be  taken  either  way. 

(»27.  Manderet :  in  the  sense  of  devoraret. 

029.  Itfiacus :  a  name  of  Ulysses,  from 
Ithaca,  his  native  island.  Tanto  discrimine : 
in  so  important  a  crisis — in  so  great  dan- 
ger. 

631.  Inftexam:  bent,  or  reclined.  Per- 
sons in  a  complete  state  of  intoxication  are 
unable  to  hold  their  heads  erect.  They  re- 
cline them  either  upon  their  shoulders  or 
brejvst.  This  was  the  case  with  Polyphe- 
His  head  was  reclined  before  he  lay 


632.  Immensus.  Some  read  immmsum, 
to  agree  with  antrum.  But  immensus  is  pre- 
ferable, referring  to  the  dimensions  of  Po- 
lyphemus. Frusta  commixta:  pieces  (of 
human  bodies)  mingled  with  bloody  wine. 
Per  somnum  is  to  be  connected  with  eruc- 
tans. 

634.  Sortiti  vices :  having  drawn  by  lot 
our  parts  to  act,  all  at  once,  we  surround 
him  from  all  quarters,  and  dig  out,  &e. 
Donatus  thinks  it  should  be  tenebramus,  in- 
stead of  terebramus :  we  darken,  or  extin- 
guish the  light  of  his  eye  :  which  would 
express,  as  he  thinks,  the  quickness  and 
celerity  of  their  action.  But  Homer, 
whom  Virgil  here  follows,  expressly  men- 
tions the  circumstance  of  the  boring  out  of 
the  monster's  eye  ;  and  compares  the  ac- 
tion of  Ulysses  and  his  companions  to  a 
carpenter  boring  a  piece  of  timber.  Cir- 
cumfundimur,  is  probably  hereB  used  in  the 
sense  of  the  middle  voice  of  the  Greeks. 

636.  Latebat  :  lay  concealed;  because 
his  eye  was  shut  in  sleep.  Quod  solum, 
&c.  The  Cyclops  are  represented  as  hav- 
ing only  one  eye,  and  that  one  in  their 
forehead.  This  is  doubtless  a  fiction.  No 
such  people  ever  existed.  Eustathius  ex- 
plains the  fable  thus  :  that  in  violent  pas- 
sion, men  see  only  one  single  object,  as  that 
passion  directs  ;  in  other  words,  see  with 
one  eye  only  :  and  further,  that  passion 
transports  men  into  savages,  and  renders 
them  brutal  and  sanguinary,  like  Polyphe- 
mus ;  and  he,  who  by  reason  extinguishes 
that  passion,  may  be  said  to  put  out  that 
eye.  Others  explain  it  by  alleging  that 
Polyphemus  was  a  man  of  uncommon  wis- 
dom and  penetration,  who  is  therefore  rep- 
resented as  having  only  one  eye,  and  that 


.    LIB.  Ill, 


Argolici  clypei  aut  Phcebeae  lampadis  instar  : 

Et  tandem  laeti  sociorum  ulciscimur  umbras. 

Sed  fugite,  6  miseri,  fugite,  atque  ab  litore  funem 

Rumpite.  640 

Nam,  qualis  quantusque  cavo  Polyphemus  in  antro 

Lanigeras  claudit  pecudes,  atque  ubera  pressat ; 

Centum  alii  curva  haec  habitant  ad  litora  vulgo 

Infandi  Cyclopes,  et  altis  montibus  errant. 

Tertia  jam  Lunae  se  cornua  lumine  complent,          645    . 

Cum  vitam  in  sylvis,  inter  deserta  ferarum 

Lustra  domosque  traho,  vastosque  ab  rupe  Cyclopas 

Prospicio,  sonitumque  pedum  vocemque  tremisco. 

Victum  infelicem,  baccas,  lapidosaque  corna 

Dant  rami,  et  vulsis  pascunt  radicibus  herbae.  650 

Omnia  collustrans,  hanc  primum  ad  litora  classem 

Conspexi  venientem  :  huic  me,  quaecunque  fuisset, 

Addixi :  satis  est  gentem  effugisse  nefandam.  g53(  gatis  egt 

Vos  animam  hanc  potius  quocunque  absumite  leto.         efFugisse 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  summo  cum  monte  videmus     655      655.  Cum  videmus 
Ipsum  inter  pecudes  vasta  se  mole  moventem  summo  monte,  paste- 

Pastorem  Polyphemum,  et  litora  nota  petentem  : 
Monstrum   horrendum,    informe,    ingens,    cui   lumen 

ademptum. 

Trunca  manum  pinus  regit,  et  vestigia  firmat. 

Lanigerae  comitantur  oves  :  ea  sola  voluptas,  660     660.  Comitantur  «/w 

Solamenque  mali :  de  collo  fistula  pendet.  ea.  est  sola  veluptas  ipsi 


NOTES. 


near  his  brain,  to  denote  his  superior  wis- 
dom and  sagacity;  but  that  Ulysses  out- 
witted him,  and  was  said,  for  that  reason, 
to  put  out  his  eye. 

637.  Phcebece.  lampadis  :  the  lamp  of  Phoe- 
bus— the  orb  of  the  Sun.  The  Grecian 
shield  was  large  enough  to  cover  the  whole 
man  :  and  as  that  was  of  an  oval  form,  the 
comparison  denotes  both  the  figure  and 
magnitude  of  this  eye. 

639.  Miseri.  He  calls  them  miserable, 
or  unfortunate,  in  having  come  to  this  coast, 
and  being  exposed  to  such  danger.  Sed 
fugite.  This  interruption  in  his  speech  is 
extremely  beautiful.  The  fear  of  the  Cy- 
clops, and  the  recollection  of  the  dangers, 
which  he  had  escaped,  rush  upon  his  mind, 
and  stop  him  for  a  moment,  to  give  the 
Trojans  advice  to  flee  immediately.  He 
then  resumes  the  subject. 

He  informs  them  that  there  were  on  the 
island  a  hundred  other  infandi  Cyclopes, 
horrid  Cyclops,  such,  and  as  huge  as  Poly- 
phemus. 

645.  Tertia  cornua  Lunce,  &c.  By  this  we 
are  to  understand  that  it  had  been  about 
three  lunar  months  since  he  had  been  in 
that  unhappy  situation  :  cum  traho  vitam, 
&c. 

647.  Deserta  lustra:  the  deserted  dens, 
or  haunt?. 


649.  Infelicem  :   poor — scanty.     Corna  .- 
the  fruit  of  the  corneil  tree.     It  is  round, 
and  protected  by  a  hard  shell. 

650.  Pascunt  :  in  the   sense  of  nutriunt. 
Dant :  in  the  sense  ofprcebent. 

651.  Collustrans  :  in  the  sense  ofcircum- 
spiciens. 

652.  Addixi  me  huic  :  I  have  surrendered 
myself  to  it,  whatever  it  may  be — I  have 
given  myself  up  into  your  hands ;  do  with 
me  as  you  please. 

654.  Vos  potius  absumite :  take  away 
this  life  of  mine  by  any  death,  rather  than 
leave  me  behind  to  die  by  the  hands  of 
these  monsters  of  rapacity.  Absumite  :  in 
the  sense  of  perdite. 

658  Cui  lumen :  whose  eye  had  been 
taken  out.  Cui :  in  the  sense  of  citjua. 
The  dat.  is  frequently  used  by  the  poets  in 
the  sense  of  the  gen.  Est  is  to  be  supplied 
with  ademptum. 

659.  Truncapinus:  a  cut  pine  guides  hip 
hand.  From  this  we  may  form  some  idea 
of  his  stature.  His  staff  is  the  trunk  of  a 
pine.  Heyne  reads  manu  :  in  his  hand. 

661.  Mali :  in  the  sense  of  miseries  vel 
doloris.  Fistula  pendet  de  collo.  These 
words  are  probably  spurious.  They  arc 
left  out  in  some  editions.  Heinsius,  Do- 
natus,  and  Heyne  reject  them.  Nor  does 
Homer  mention  any  such  circumstance 


280 


P.  V1RGILII  MARONLS 


Postquam  altos  tetigit  fluctus,  et  ad  sequora  venit : 
Luminis  effossi  fluidum  lavit  inde  cruorem, 
Dentibus  infrendens  gemitu  :  graditurque  per  aequor 
Jam  medium,  necdum  fluctus  latera  ardua  tinxit.      665 
666.  Nos  trepidi  ctepi-  Nos  procul  inde  fugam  trepidi  celerare,  recepto 
gnus  celerare  fugam  pro-  Supplice  sic  merito,  tacitique  iricidere  funem  : 
cul  inde,  supplice,  sic  Verrimus  et  proni  certantibus  tequora  remis. 
merito,  recepto  a  noois    «        •  j          •*.  •  •    • 

669.  Polyphemus  sen-  Sensit>  et  ad  somtum  vocis  vestigia  torsit. 

sit  hoc,  et  torsit          *  Verum  ubi  nulla  datur  dextra  affectare  potestas,       670 

670.  Nulla   potestas  Nee  potis  lonios  fluctus  aequare  sequendo  ; 
datur  itti  affectari  nos  Clamorem  immensum  tollit,  quo  pontus  et  onmes 
dextra ;  nee  potis  est      Intremuere  undae,  penitusque  exterrita  tellus 

673.    Exterrita  fuit  i^}^  curvisque  immugiit  ^Etria  cavernis. 

At  genus  e  sylvis  Cyclopum  et  montibus  altis  675 

Excitum  ruit  ad  portus,  et  litora  complent. 
Cernimus  adstantes  nequicquam  lumine  torvo 
N     ./Etnaeos  fratres,  ccelo  capita  alta  ferentes, 

aerice  quercXauTcon^  Concilium  horrendum  :  quales  cum  vertice  celso 
feKD  Aeriae  quercus  aut  coniferae  cyparissi  680 

682.  Acer  metus  agit  Constiterunt,  sylva  alta  Jpvis,  lucusve  Diana?. 
socios  prrocipites  excu-  PraBcipites  metus  a'cer  agit  quocunque  rudentcs 
tere  Excutere,  et  ventis  interidere  vela  secundis. 


NOTES. 


whom  Virgil  here  imitates.  Ea  sola  voluptas, 
&c.  probably  refers  to  his  sheep. 

663.  Inde :  in  the  sense  of  deinde.  Or, 
perhaps  it  may  be  considered  merely  ex- 
pletive. 

665.  Fluctus :  in  the  sense  of  aqua. 

668.  Certantibus :  in  the  sense  of  laboran- 
fibus. 

669.  Sonitum  vocis.     This  may  refer  to 
the  sound  of  their  voices.     For  though  it  is 
said  they  went  off  silently  ;  this  can  only 
mean,  they  did  it  with  as  little  noise   as 
possible.     There  must  have  been  some,  to 
give  the  necessary  orders.      But  more  pro- 
bably to  the  sound  of  their  oars  ;  for  vox 
sometimes  signifies  any  sound  whatever. 

670.  jQffectare  dextra  :   to  grasp  or  seize 
with  his  right  hand. 

The  common  reading  is  dextram,  but  this 
is  more  difficult.  Heyue  reads  dextra  ; 
which  is  approved  by  Valpy,  although  he 
retains  dextram.  Davidson  observes  some 
ancient  copies  have  dextra  attrectare. 

671.  Fluctus  :  in  the  sense  of  mare.    He 
could  not  equal  the  depth  of  the  sea. 

673.  Undas  intremuere.     Dr.  Trapp  says, 
this  is  a  most  noble  hyperbole.     Some  there 
are,  who  think  it  too  bold.     But  they  not, 
only  forget  the  prerogative  of  poetry,  but 
the   real   nature   of  fear  ;    which   always 
swells  and  heightens  its  object.     Penitns  : 
in  the  sense  ofintimc. 

674.  Immugiit  :  in  the  sense  of  remugiit. 

675.  Genus:  in  the  sense  of  gens.     Some 
r;npies  read  gens. 


677.     Lumine  :    in   the   sense   of  •> 
Nequicquam  :  in  vain  ;    because  we  were 
out  of  their  reach. 

679.  Concilium  :  in  the  sense  of  turbarn. 

680.  Conifers,  cyparissi  :    such  as  when, 
the  aerial  oaks,  or  cone  bearing  cypresses 
stand  together  with   their  lofty   tops,  &c. 
The  cypress  tree  bears  a  fruit  resembling 
the  figure  of  the  cone ;  hence  called  conife.ra. 
The  quercus  was  sacred  to  Jove  ;  hence  alta 
sylva  Jovis  :  and  the  cypress  was  sacred  to 
Proserpina    or  Diana ;    hence    lucus  Di- 
ana. 

682.  PrcRcipites :    in  the  sense  of  celcrrx. 
Quocunque  :    for  quocunque  modo,   in  any 
direction  or  way  whatever. 

683.  Excutere  rudenles.      Rudentcs  may 
be  taken  for  those  ropes,  which  seamen  CM 
the  sheets.     By  the  help  of  these,  they  drsrer 
in  the  sail  when  they  wish  to  go  near  the 
wind  ;  or  let  it  out  when  they  sail  before 
it,  or  with  a  fair  wind.     It  is  usually  fasten- 
ed to  the  extremity  of  the  sail,  or  to  the 
boom  or  yard  which  extends  the  sail.     Thai 
it  does  not  here  mean  the  cables,  will  ap- 
pear, when  we  consider  that  they  had  al- 
ready cut  their  cables,  incidercfnnem,  verso 
667  supra,  and  were  out  at  sea.     Excuterr 
rudentes,  therefore,  will  be,  to  let  out,  to  loos*- 
or  extend  the  sheets,  so  as  to  sail  before  thf 
wind.       This  is  more  fully  expressed  by 
in-tender e  vela  secundis  viniis,  to  spread  the 
sails  to  the  favorable  winds.     It  was  not  so 
much  the  object  of  vEneas,  in  this  juncture. 
to  proceed  on  his  direct  course,  as  to  f=ai!  in 


JSNEIS.     LIB.  ill. 


Contra,  jussa  monent  Heleni  Scyllam  atque  Charybdim  : 
Inter  utramque  viam,  leti  discriraine  parvo,  685 

Ni  teneant  cursus ;  certum  est  dare  lintea  retro. 
Ecce  autem  Boreas  angusta  a  sede  Pelori 
Missus  adest :  vivo  prretervehor  ostia  saxo 
Pantagiae,  Megarosque  sinus,  Tapsurnque  jacentem. 
Talia  monstrabat  relegens  errata  retrorsum  690 

Litora  Achemenides,  comes  infelicig  Ulyssei. 

Sicanio  prastenta  sirm  jacet  insuia  contra 
Plemmyrium  undosum  :  nomen  dixere  priores 
Ortygiam.     Alpheum  fama  est  hue,  Elidis  amnem, 


690.  Relegens  retror- 
sum litora  errata  jam 
ante  a  se 

694.  Fama  est  Alphe- 
um  amnem  Elidis  egis- 
se  sibi  occultas  vias  hue 
subter  mare  ;  qui  amni* 
exiens  e  tuo  ore,  O  Are- 
thusa,  nunc 


NOTES. 


any  direction,  so  as  to  escape  the  hands  of 
the  Cyclops.  Heyne  says,  explicate,  inten- 
dere,  evolvere  rudentes.  See  267.  supra. 

684  Contra  jussa  Heleni-:  on  the  other 
hand,  the  commands  of  Helenus  warn  (my 
companions)  of  Scylla  and  Chary bdis. 
That  they  may  not  hold  their  course  in 
cither  way,  in  so  great  danger  (small  a  dis- 
tance) of  death,  it  is  determined  to  sail 
backward.  That  we  may  not  pass  near 
Scylla  and  Chary  bdis,  nor  near  the  monster 
Polyphemus,  and  his  associates  ;  in  either 
way,  we  should  be  in  imminent  danger  of 
death,  we  determine  to  spread  our  sails 
backward.  The  usual  explication  of  this 
passage  refers  utramque  viam,  to  Scylla  and 
Charybdis  :  implying  that  the  passage  be- 
tween the  rock  Scylla  and  the  whirlpool 
Charybdis  was  dangerous,  and  paritm  a 
morte  dislare.  The  explanation,  referring 
•utramque  viam  both  to  the  straits  of  Mes- 
sina, and  the  Cyclops,  appears  the  easiest. 
Jn  order  to  shun  the  dangers  of  each,  they 
determined  to  sail  back  into  the  open  sea, 
or  from  whence  they  came.  The  wind 
probably  at  that  moment  blew  from  the 
south,  and  prevented  them  from  pursuing 
their  direct  course.  But  shifting  to  the 
north,  they  changed  their  purpose,  and  sail- 
ed down  the  eastern  shore  of  Sicily.  This, 
and  the  two  following  lines,  Heyne  conjec- 
tures are  an  interpolation. 

685.  Discrimine  :  in  the  sense  of  spatio, 
vel  distantia  :  also,  ofpericulu. 

686.  JVi  :  in  the  sense  of  ne.    Lintea  : 
in  the  sense  of  vela. 

687.  Pelori.      Pelorus   is  the    northern 
promontory  of  Sicily,  forming,  with  Italy, 
the  straits  of  Messina,  so  called  from  a  city 
of  that  name  on  the  Sicilian  shore.     These 
straits  are  about  one  mile  and  a  half  wide. 
The  wind  blowing  from  them,  was  fair  for 
him  to  sail  down  the  eastern  shore  of  Sicily, 
according  to  the  direction  of  Helenus.     It 
is    here    called    Boreas,   because    it  came 
from  the  north.     ./Eneas  speaks  of  this  wind 
as  a  person  sent,  or  commissioned    by  Hea- 
ven to  aid  and  assist  him  :  Missus  adest. 
Angusta  sede.     RUJTUS  says  :  angusto  freto. 

689.    Panldgif  off  in.     Paritagia  \v;is  n 


small  river,  whose  mouth  (ostia)  was  en- 
closed on  each  side  with  a  steep  rock.  The 
prep,  e,  vel  ex,  is  understood  before  vivo 
saxo.  Megaros  Sinus  :  the  hay  of  Megara. 
This  bay  lies  between  the  river  Terias  and 
Syracuse.  In  this  bay  was  Tapsus,  a  pe- 
ninsula, which  lay  low,  and  almost  level 
with  the  sea. 

690.  Monstrabat  :   Achemenides  pointed 
out  to  us   these  things,  as  he  was  sailing 
back  along  the  shores,  along  which  he  had 
wandered  before. 

Virgil  here  follows  the  opinions  of  those 
who  make  Ulysses  to  have  sailed  from  the 
country  of  the  Lotophagi  in  Africa,  to  the 
southern  part  of  Sicily  ;  and  turning  the 
promontory  of  Pachynum,  sailed  along  the 
eastern  shore,  and  visited  /Etna,  and  the 
country  of  the  Cyclops.  The  course  of 
.<Eneas  being  to  the  south,  was  the  reverse 
of  that  of  Ulysses.  Achemenides,  therefore, 
might  be  said  to  sail  back  again,  with  the 
greatest  propriety.  Dr.  Wharton  observes, 
that  Virgil  is  an  exact  observer  of  proba- 
bility. If  it  should  be  objected  by  any  one, 
that  ^Eneas  was  a  perfect  stranger  to  this 
coast,  and  could  not  be  supposed  acquaint- 
ed with  the  several  places,  which  he  passed ; 
an  answer  is  at  hand  :  Achemenides,  who 
had  lately  passed  along  the  same  shores, 
pointed  them  out  to  him. 

691.  Infelicis :  unfortunate.      This  may 
refer  in  general  to  the  disasters  he  suffered 
in  his  return  from  Troy ;  and  particularly 
the  loss  of  a  part  of  his  fleet  in  the  straits  of 
Messina.     The  return  of  Ulysses  from  Troy, 
is  the  subject  of  the  Odyssey. 

692.  Insula  prcztenta  :  an  island   lies  in 
front  of  the  Sicilian  bay,  over  against  bois- 
terous Plemmyrium.     This  was  a  promon- 
tory near  Syracuse,  against  which  the  waves 
from  the  sea  beat.     Hence  the  epithet  undo- 
sum.    Between  this  promontory  and  Syra- 
cuse lay  the  island  of  Ortygia. 

693.  Primes  :  in  the  sense  of  Majorca. 

694.  Alpheum.     Alpheus,  a  celebrated  ri- 
ver  of  J,he  Peloponnesus,  rising  from  the 
mountain  Stymphalits,  running  in  a  westerly 
direction,  passing  through  a  part  of  Arcadia 
and  Elis,  falls 


282' 


P.  VIRGIL1I  MARONIfc 


Occultas  egisse  vias  subter  mare  ;  qui  mine  t>95 

Ore,  Arethusa,  tuo  Siculis  confunditur  undis. 
697.  Ut  eramus  jussi  Jussi  numina  magna  loci  veneramur  :  et  inde 

He/eno,  veneramur         Exsupero  prcepingue  solum  stagnantis  Helori. 
Hinc  altas  cautes  projectaque  saxa  Pachyni 
Radimus  ;  et  fatis  nunquam  concessa  moved  700 

Apparet  Camarina  procul,  campique  Geloi. 
Immanisque  Gela,  fluvii  cognommc  dicta. 
Arduus  inde  Agragas  ostentat  maxima  longe 
Moenia,  magnanimum  quondam  generator  equorum. 
Teque  datis  linquo  vends,  palmosa  Selinus  :  705 

Et  vada  dura  lego  saxis  Lilybeia  ca3cis. 
Hinc  Drepani  me  portus  et  illsetabilis  ora 
Accipit.     Hie,  pelagi  tot  tempestatibus  actus, 
Heu !  genitorem,  ornnis  curse  casusque  levamen, 
710.  Hie,  O  optime  Amitto  Anchisen  :  hie  me,  pater  optime,  fessum       710 

pater,  deseris  me  fessum  DeseriSj  heu  !  tantis  nequicquam  erepte  periclis. 


NOTES. 


696-  Arethusa.  This  was  a  fountain  on 
the  west  side  of  the  island  of  Ortygia.  The 
poets  feigned  that  Alpheus,  the  river-god, 
being  in  love  with  the  nymph  Arethusa, 
rolled  his  stream  from  Elis  under  ground, 
passing  through  the  sea,  without  intermin- 
gling with  it,  and  arose  up  in  this  fountain, 
mingling  his  waters  with  those  of  the  nymph. 
What  makes  this  fable  the  more  absurd,  is, 
that  the  distance  between  the  Peloponnesus 
and  Sicily  is  not  less  than  450  miles.  Egisse  : 
in  the  sense  offtcisse.  Ore :  in  the  sense  of 
fonte.  Undis :  in  the  sense  of  aquis. 

698.  Exsupero  :  in  the  sense  of  prattereo. 
It  is  some  times  written,  exupero.      Helo- 
rL     HelorUs,  or   Elorue,  was  a  river  falling 
into  the  sea,  a  little  to  the  north  of  the  pro- 
montory Pachynum.  It  overflowed  its  banks 
like  the  Nile  of  Egypt,  and  rendered  the 
country   fertile,  through  which  it  passed. 
Hence  the  epithet  stagnans,  overflowing — 
stagnating. 

699.  Pachyni.    The  southern  promonto- 
ry of  Sicily  was  called  Pachynum.    Hodie, 
Capo  Passaro. 

701.  Camarina.  The  name  of  a  lake  at 
the  southern  part  of  Sicily,  near  a  city  of 
the  same  name,  built  by  the  people  of  Syra- 
cuse. In  the  time  of  a  plague,  which  the  in- 
habitants imagined  originated  from  its  stag- 
nant waters,  they  consulted  the  oracle  of 
Apollo  concerning  the  expediency  of  drain- 
ing it.  The  oracle  advised  them  to  let  it 
remain,  alleging  it  would  be  better  to  en- 
dure its  noxious  vapors,  than  to  remove  it. 
This  explains  the  words  :  nunquam  eoncessa 
moveri  fatis ;  never  permitted  by  the  fates  to 
be  removed.  However,  the  people  made 
the  experiment,  and  they  found  the  words  of 
the  oracle  true.  For  the  enemy  entered  on 
the  ground  where  the  lake  stood,  and  took 
the  city.  Hodie,  Lago  di  Camarina.  Campi 
fir.fai :  the  plains  of  Gdrts,  Geloi ;  an  adj. 


of  Gelas,  or  Ge/a,  a  river  not  far  from  Ca- 
marina, near  the  mouth  of  which  stood  Ge- 
la,  once  a  large  (iwmanis)  and  respectable 
city,  founded  by  the  Rhodians  and  Cretans. 
It  was  destroyed  by  the  Agrigentini. 

702.  Dicta  cognomine:  called  after  the 
name  of  the  river. 

703.  Agragas:    a    city    situated    at   the 
mouth  of  a   river  of  the  same  name.     It 
was  built  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  or  moun- 
tain:  hence  called  arduus,  high.     It  was 
one  of  the  largest  cities  of  Sicily.    Its  horses 
were  celebrated  for  their  performance  at  the 
Olympic    games.       Hence,   quondam,  &c. 
once  the  breeder  of  generous  horses. 

705.  Selinus :  a  city  whose  plains  abound- 
ed in  palrn-trees.     Hence  the  epithet  palmo- 
sa.    Datis  :  in  the  sense  of  faventibus. 

706.  Lilybeia:    an  adj.   from  Lilybeum, 
the   western  promontory  of  Sicily.      The 
water  here  is  said  to  be  shoal  to  the  distance 
of  three  miles  from  the  land,  and  the  bottom 
rocky.     Hence  lego :  I  coast  along  the  Li- 
lybe'ian   shallows,    dangerous  (dura)   with 
latent  rocks.     Ruasus  interprets  dura  by  as-> 
pera.     In  this  sense  it  will  allude  to  the 
roughness  of  the  sea,  occasioned  by  the 
rocks  lying  on  the  bottom. 

707.  Portus  Drepani.     Drepanum  (hodie, 
Trtpani)  a  city  and  harbor  a  few  miles  to  the 
north  of  the  promontory  just  mentioned. 
Here  TEneas  lost  his  father.     He  therefore 
calls  it  illcetabilis  ora :  an  unjoyous  coast. 
It  is  said  the  inhabitants  still  show  his  tomb. 

708.  Aclus:  in  the  sense  ofjactatus. 

709.  Levamen:  in  the  sense  of  solatium. 

710.  Fessum :  weary — worn  out  with  toils 
and  misfortunes. 

711.  Erepte:   voc.  agreeing  with  optime 
pater.  In  placing  the  death  of  Anchises  here, 
Virgil  differs  from  Strabo,  who  represents 
^Eneas  as  arriving  in  Italy  with  his  father 
and  his  son  Ascanius- 


NEIS.     LIB.  1H. 


Nee  vates  Helenus,  cum  multa  horrenda  moneret, 
Hos  mihi  praedixit  luctus ;  non  dira  Celaeno. 
Hie  labor  extremus,  longarum  haec  meta  viarum. 
Hinc  me  digressum  vestris  Deus  appulit  oris.  716 

Sic  pater  JEneas,  intentis  omnibus,  unus 
Fata  renarrabat  Divum,  cursusque  docebat : 
Conticuit  tandem,  factoque  hie  fine  quievit. 


713.  DiraCeheno  non 


714-  Hic 
mus  labor 


718.  Jfaffi  narration** 


NOTES. 


712.  Moneret :  in  the  sense  of  prtzdiceret. 

714.  Hie  extremus  :  this  line  may  be  taken 
in  two  senses :  either  to  mean  the  end  of 
Anchises'  labor,  and  the  termination  of  his 
long  voyage,  or  that  the  death  of  his  father 
was  to  j^Eneas  the  greatest  of  all  his  afflic- 
tions, and  the  end  of  his  voyage  toward  the 
Italian  coast.     Ruseus  takes  it  in  the  former 
sense  ;  Mr.  Davidson  in  the  latter. 

715.  Deus  appulit :  a  god  directed  me, 
departing  hence  (from  the  coast  and  port  of 
Drepanum)  to  your  shores. 


717.  Unus  rtnarrabat :  he  alone  related 
the  purposes  (decrees)  of  the  gods  (toward 
him,)  and  declared  his  wanderings.     Unus : 
in  the  sense  of  solus. 

718.  Quievit :  he  rested — he  went  to  rest. 
Segrais  observes  that  the  second  and  third 
books  may  be  recited  in  two  hours.     The 
story  did  not  appear  long  to  Dido  and  the 
guests  :  for  he  ceased,  intentis  omnibus,  and 
at  midnight  too,  nor  will  they  appear  long 
to  any  reader  of  taste  and  judgment. 


QUESTIONS. 


How  did  ^Enoas  employ  his  time  during 
liis  residence  at  Antandros  ? 

How  many  ships  had  he  when  he  set  sail  ? 

At  what  time  of  the  year  did  he  set  sail  ? 

How  long  probably  after  the  capture  of 
the  city  ? 

To  what  place  did  he  direct  his  course  ? 

What  city  did  he  found  in  Thrace  ? 

What  did  he  call  the  name  of  it? 

What  did  he  call  his  followers  from  this 
circumstance  ? 

Did  he  soon  abandon  the  idea  of  remain- 
ing in  Thrace  ? 

Why  did  he  thus  abandon  it  ? 

Who  was  Polydorus  ? 

How  came  he  by  his  death  ? 

From  Thrace,  to  what  place  did  ^Eneas 
(direct  his  course  ? 

Where  is  Delos  situated? 

Of  what  cluster  of  islands  is  it  one  ? 

How  was  he  here  received  ? 

Who  was  at  that  time  king  of  the  island  ? 

For  what  is  this  island  famous  ? 

What  is  the  fable  or  story  respecting  it  ? 

From  what  Greek  word  is  the  name  de- 
rived ? 

What  is  the  signification  of  that  word  ? 

Did  he  consult  the  oracle  of  Apollo  at 
this  place  concerning  the  land  destined  to 
him? 

What  answer  did  he  receive  ? 

How  did  his  father  Anchises  interpret 
that  answer  ? 

From  Delos,  to  what  place  did  he  sail? 

What  prevented  liim  from  making  a  set- 
tlement in  Crete  ? 

What'did  lie  call  the  city,  which  he  there 
founded? 

Whv  diH  /Enoas  £0  to  Trotc  '' 


Who  were  the  founders  of  the  Trojan 
race  ? 

Of  what  country  were  they  natives  ? 

From  Crete,  to  what  country  was  he  di- 
rected to  sail  ? 

How  did  he  receive  this  instruction  ? 

What  befel  him  soon  after  he  set  sail  ? 

What  land  did  he  first  make  ? 

In  what  sea  are  the  Strophades  ? 

By  whom  were  these  islands  inhabited  ? 

Who  was  the  chief  of  the  Harpies? 

Did  she  give  to  tineas  any  intimation  of 
suffering  and  want,  before  he  should  find  a 
permanent  settlement  ? 

How  was  this  prediction  accomph'shed  ? 

From  these  islands,  which  way  did  be  di- 
rect his  course ? 

At  what  places  did  he  land  ? 

What  games  did  he  celebrate  ? 

For  what  was  this  coast  celebrated  ? 

Between  whom  was  the  battle  fought.'' 

From  Actium,  to  what  part  of  Epirus  did 
he  proceed  ? 

What  surprising  news  did  he  hear  on  en- 
tering the  port  ? 

Was  the  meeting  of  his  friends  very  in- 
teresting as  well  as  unexpected  ? 

What  does  Dr.  Trapp  observe  of  it  ? 

How  was  Andromache  employed  at  that 
time  ? 

What  effect  had  the  sight  of  JEneas  and 
the  Trojans  upon  her  ? 

Leaving  Epirus,  what  sea  did  he  first  i 
over  ? 

How  many  miles  is  Italy  from  Epirus  in 
that  place  ? 

What  was  the  name  of  the  promoii" 
where  he  landed  ? 

What  cmiv-p.  rJir)  hn  tl'fm  t*ko: 


284  P.  VIRGILH  MARONJS 

Why  did  lie  not  pass  through  the  strait  How  large  was  their  eye  said  to  be : 

of  Messina  ?  What  was  their  employment  according  to 

Where  does  this  strait  lie  ?  the  poets  ? 

What  is  the   navigation   of  it — safe  or  Who  had  been  upon  this  coast  a  short 

dangerous  ?  time  before  the  arrival  of  ^Eneas  ? 

What  renders  it  dangerous  ?  To  what  place  was  Ulysses  bound  ? 

Why  is  Sicily  sometimes  called  Trina-  What  misfortune  befel  him  in  the  strait 

cria  ?  of  Messina  ? 

What  are  the  names  of  its  three  promon-  What  did  he  do  to  Polyphemus  ? 

tories  ?  Why  did  lie  thus  punish  him  ? 

Where  did  ./Eneas  first  land  on  this  island  ?  From  whom  did  ^Eneas  receive  this  ac- 

What  famous  mountain  was  near  ?  count  of  the  Cyclops  ? 

How  long  did  he  remain  ?  How  many  of  these  giants  were  there 

Was  there  an  eruption  at  that  time?  then  on  the  isi;. 

What  effect  had  it  upon  the  Trojans?  Who  was  Achemenides? 

What  is  the  fabulous  account  of  the  cause  On  what  part  of  Sicily  did  ^Eneas  after- 

of  an  eruption  ?  ward  land  ? 

Is  this  very  far  from  the  true  cause  ?  What  is  the  name  of  the  port  ? 

Who  were  the  inhabitants  of  that  part  of  What  loss  befel  him  here  ? 

Sicily  ?  Does  this  close  the  account,  which  /Eneas 

Who  was  at  that  time  their  king  ?  gave  to  Dido  at  her  request  ? 

From  what  circumstance  were  they  call-  When  does  the  poem  open? 

pd  Cyclops  ?  Where  was  ./Eneas  at,  that.  ' 


LIBER    QUARTUS. 


Tins  book  opens  with  the  love  of  Dido  for  ^Eneas,  and  her  conference  with  her  sister 
Anna  upon  the  subject.  Juno  perceiving  her  passion,  conceived  the  plan  of  forming 
a  connexion  between  them.  To  effect  this  the  easier,  she  endeavors  to  draw  Venus 
over  to  her  views.  In  the  mean  time,  ^Eneas  and  Dido  prepare  to  go  on  a  party  of 
hunting ;  and  while  in  the  chase,  Juno  raises  a  violent  tempest.  The  thunder  rends  the. 
skies,  and  torrents  of  ram  fall.  The  party  seek  shelter  wherever  they  can.  Through 
a  device  of  Juno,  ^Eneas  and  Dido  repair  to  the  same  cave,  where  the  Goddess  conse- 
crates their  nuptials.  Fame  immediately  spread  the  news  abroad  ;  and  it  reached  the 
ears  of  larbas,  king  of  the  Getuli,  the  reputed  son  of  Jupiter  Ammon.  He  had  for- 
merly proposed  a  match  with  Dido,  who  rejected  his  offers.  As  soon  as  he  heard  that 
she  was  married  to  a  stranger,  he  was  transported  to  rage,  mingled  with  grief.  In 
this  state  of  mind  he  made  complaint  to  his  father,  who,  taking  pity  on  him,  sends 
Mercury  to  dissolve  the  match,  and  to  order  vEneas  to  prepare  to  leave  Carthage  for 
Italy.  In  obedience  to  his  commands,  he  privately  makes  the  necessary  preparations 
for  setting  sail.  Dido  perceiving  Ins  movements,  endeavors  to  dissuade  him  from  his 
purpose,  in  the  tenderest  and  most  affectionate  strain ;  but  it  had  no  influence  over 
him.  Being  warned  a  second  time,  he  weighs  anchor  in  haste,  and  the  love-sick 
Queen  beholds  him  leaving  her  coast.  The  sight  wrung  her  soul,  and  drew  from  her 
lips  the  most  severe  reproofs  and  bitter  imprecations.  She  enjoins  it  upon  her  people 
to  revenge  the  injury  done  to  her,  and  to  pursue  his  descendants  with  irreconcilable 
hatred.  Having  oidered  a  funeral  pile  to  be  erected,  she  ascends  it,  and  with  her 
own  hand  puts  an  end  to  her  existence.  The  nature  of  the  subject  renders  this  book 
highly  interesting ;  and  it  is  considered  one  of  the  finest  of  the  ./Eneid- 

AT  regina,  gravi  jamdudum  saucia  cura> 

NOTES. 

i.  Regina.    Dido,  sometimes  called  Eliza,  calls   him   Met  ten.     Her   grandfather  was 

was  a  Tyrian  princess.     Josephus  informs  fiadczorus,  and  her  great  grandfather  was 

us  her  father's  name   was  Metginus.     He  Ithobalus,  called  in  Scripture  Ethbaal,  whose 

obtained  his  information  from  the  records  of  daughter  Jezebel  was  married  to  Ahab,  king 

ihe   Tynans:  and  Theophilus  of  Antioch  of  Israel.    Virgil,  however,  makes  the  namo 


.     LIB.  IV. 


Vulnus  alit  venis,  et  caeco  carpitur  igni. 

Multa  viri  virtus  animo,  multusque  recursat 

Gentis  honos  :  haererit  intixi  pectore  vultus, 

Verbaque  :  nee  placidam  membris  dat  cura  quietem.     5  p 

Postera  Phcebea  lustrabat  lampade  terras,  iustrabaUercas  Phcebel 

Humentemque  Aurora  polo  dimoverat  umbram  :  lampade 


NOTES. 


of  her  father  to  be  Belus.  JEn.  i.625.  Marol- 
lius  has  given  a  list  of  the  kings  of  Tyre,  and 
makes  Belus  an  abbreviation  of  Ithobalus, 
the  father  of  Pygmalion  uid  Dido  ;  but  he 
follows  fabulous  and  traoHronary  accounts, 
which  should  always  be  received  with  cau- 
tion. Among  other  things,  what  renders 
his  account  doubtful,  is,  that  he  brings  Dido 
upon  the  stage  of  action:  more  than  a  hun- 
dred years  before  the  destruction  of  Troy. 

After  the  death  of  his  father,  Pygmalion 
nscended  the  throne.    He  was  an  avaricious 
prince,  and  stopped  at  nothing  by  which  he 
«;ould  increase  his  riches.     He  conceived  the 
plan  of  murdering  Accrbas,  or  Sicharbas,  the 
beloved  husband  of  his  sister.     Virgil  calls 
him  Sichaus,  softening  the  name  to  make 
it  flow  more  easily  into  his  verse.     Sichaius 
was  the  richest  of  all  the  Tyrians.     Pyg- 
malion coveted  his  treasures ;  but  there  was 
no  way  to  possess  them  while  he  was  living. 
He  therefore  formed  the  purpose  of  taking 
away  his  life.     He  came  upon  him  unex- 
pectedly, and  slew  him  while  he  was  per- 
forming his  devotions  before  the  altar.  This 
atrocious  deed,  the  base  prince  had  the  ad- 
dress to  conceal,  for  some  time,  from  his 
sister.     At  length  the  whole  matter  was  laid 
open  to  D.do  by  the  ghost  of  her  deceased 
husband,  and  she  was  admonished  to  flee 
her  country.     Having  collected  what  trea- 
sure she  could  on  so  sudden  an  emergency, 
and  seizing  some  vessels   that  wer^  then 
ready  for  sea,  she  set  sail,  accompanied  by 
many  of  her  countrymen  :  and,  after  a  long 
and  tedious  voyage,  she  arrived  in  Africa. 
It  appears  to  have  been  her  purpose  to  join 
her  countrymen,   who,  many  years  before, 
under  Xorus  and  Carchedon,  had  formed  a 
settlement,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of 
Utica,  about  15  miles  from  the  place  where 
Tunis  now  stands.     This  place  was  after- 
ward rendered  famous  by  the  death  of  the 
second  Ca/o,  who   was  hence  called  Cato 
Uticensis.     Dido  met  with  a  welcome  recep- 
tion, and  was  desired  to  build  a  city  on  the 
spot  where  she  landed.     For  this  purpose, 
she  purchased  a  tract  of  country  of  the  na- 
tives, many  of  whom  joined  her,  together 
with  some  from  Utica.     She  called  her  city 
Catharda  or  Cart/i<tge,  which,  in  the  Phcmi- 
cian  and  Hebrew  languishes,  signifies  a.  new.' 
city.     It  stood   about  700  years,  and  was 
destroyed  by  the  Romans   under  Scipio,  in 
the  year  of  Rome  603,  and  before  Christ 
145.     See  Rollin's  An.  His.  lib.  ii.  ch.  1. 
There  are  seme  who  sav  that  Dido,  on 


her  arrival  in  Africa,  found  Carthage  alrea- 
dy built,  and  that  she  only  fortified  it,  and 
added  a  tower  or  citadel,  which  she  called 
Byrsa.     This  word  is  evidently  from  the 
Hebrew  Bosra,  which  means  a  fortification, 
or  fortified  place.     The  Greeks,  mistaking 
the  meaning,  or  overlooking  it,  supposed, 
from  the  similarity  of  the  words,  that  it  was 
the  same  with  their  Byrsa,  which  means  a 
bull's  hide.     Virgil  followed   the  received 
opinion.     See  TEn.  i.  367.     It  has  been  the 
general  opinion  that  Virgil,  hi  making  ./Ene- 
as and  Dido  cotemporary,  is  guilty  of  an 
anachronism.     Bochart  is  positive  of  this, 
and  says  that  all  the  ancient  chronologers 
of  any  credit,  place  the  destruction  of  Troy, 
at  least  60  years  before  the  reign  of  Saul, 
king  of  Israel ;  and  the  time  of  Dido's  build- 
ing Byrsa,  the  fortress  of  Carthage,  at  least 
200  years  after  it,  making  260  years  to  in- 
tervene between   the  destruction  of  Troy, 
and  the  building  of  Byrsa.     In  this  case,  the 
destruction  of  Troy  will  be  1160  years  be- 
fore the  Christian  era.     Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
however,  in  his  chronology,  has  brought  it 
down  nearly  300  years ;  and  thus  makes 
./Eneas  and  Dido  cotemporary.     However 
the  case  may  be,  it  was  undoubtedly  a  re- 
ceived opinion  among  the  Romans,  that  they 
were  cotemporary,  and  this  was  sufficient 
for  the  poet ;  and  even  if  he  knew  otherwise, 
he  acted  prudently  in  following  the  general 
opinion,  since  it  contributed  so  much  to  the 
embellishment  of  his  poem. 

Jamdudum :  a  long  while.  Servius  ex- 
plains it  by  nimiitm,  or  vehement  ius.  Though 
it  were  only  a  short  time  since  ^Eneas  came 
to  Carthage,  yet,  with  respect  to  Dido's 
passion,  and  the  impatience  of  her  love,  it 
might  be  said  to  be  a  long  time.  ( 
RUCBUS  says,  solicitudinc. 

2.  Mil  vulnus :  she  nourishes  a  wound  in 
her  veins,  and  is  consumed  by  the  secret  fire 
of  love.     This  is  said  in  allusion  to  Cupid's 
arrow  and  torch  ;  the  former  to  wound,  and 
the  latter  to   inflame.      Cceco  igni.    Valjiy 
says,  "  a  concealed  passion." 

3.  Mulla  viri  rirtus :  the  many  virtues  of 
the  hero,  and  the  many  honors  of  his  race, 
recur  to  her  mind.     By  his  father,  /Kuras 
descended  from  the  royal  family  of  Troy ; 
and,  by  fenus  his  mother,  from  Jove  him- 
self. 

6.  Phabeti  Lampade:  with  the  lamp  of 
Phoebus,  that  is,  with  the  sun.  By  Topmo- 
st*. Polo:  in  the  sense  of  rrrfo. 


286 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


8.  Male  sana  regina  Cum  sic  unanimem  alloquitur  male  sana  sororem : 
alloquitur  Anna  soror,  quse  me  suspensam  insomnia  terrent ! 

10.  Quis  novus  hospes  Quis  novus  hie  nostris  successit  sedibus  hospes  ! 
hie  auccessit  Quern  sese  ore  ferens  !  quam  forti  pectore  et  armis  ! 

12.  Eum  esse  genus  Credo  equidem,  nee  vana  fides,  genus  esse  Deorum. 
Deorum  Degeneres  animos  timor  arguit.     Heu,  quibus  ille 

Jactatus  fatis  !  quae  bella  exhausta  canebat ! 
Si  mihi  non  animo  fixum  immotumque  sederet,  15 

16.  Ne  vellem  sociare  Ne  cui  me  vinclo  vellem  sociare  jugali, 
mecuimjugalivinculo,  Postquam  primus  amor  deceptam  morte  fefellit ; 
postqu&m meus  primus  gi  non  pertaesum  thalami  taedas jg|  fuisset ; 

imJ4    Sedoptem   vel  Huic  uni  f°rsan  Potui  succumb JB^culpae. 
ima  tellus  dehiscat  mi-  Anna,  fatebor  enim,  miseri  post  fata  SichsBi  20 

hi,  vel  pater  omnipotens  Conjugis,  et  sparsos  fraterna  caede  penates, 
adigat  me  fulmine  ad  golug  hie  inflexit  sensus,  animumque  labantem 
umbras   pallentes  um-  (        }{      agnosco  veteris  vestigia  flummae. 
bras  Erebi',  profundam-       *  « 

quenoctern,priusquam,Sed  mim  vel  ^us  optem  pnus  ima  dehiscat, 
O  pudor,  ego  violo  te     Vel  pater  omnipotens  adigat  me  fulmine  ad  umbras,    25 


NOTES. 


8.  Male  sana :  the  love-sick  queen  address- 
ed her  concordant  sister.  Unanimem,  here, 
is  very  emphatical.  It  implies  that  there 
was  such  a  harmony  and  agreement  sub- 
sisting between  them,  that  they  both  seemed 
to  be  animated  with  the  same  soul:  (of 
unus  and  animus?)  Male  sana :  Male,  here, 
has  the  force  of  non.  The  queen  was  so  in 
love  with  /Eneas,  that  she  disregarded  the 
sober  dictates  of  reason,  and  her  better 
judgment,  Valpy  says,  u  with  disturbed 
mind."  Insomnia :  dreams.  Suspensam  :  in 
the  sense  of  solicit  am. 

11.  Quern  sese  ferens  ore:  what  an  illus- 
trious person,  showing  himself  (to  be)  by 
his  countenance  !  of  how  great  fortitude  and 
prowess ! 

The  Quam  forli  pectore  et  armis,  is  an 
elliptical  expression.  It  is  thus  filled  :  Quam 
forti  pectore  est  ille  ;  et  quamfortibus  armis. 
The  preposition  c,  or  ex,  being  still  under- 
stood, governing  the  ablative  cases.  By  the 
forti  pectore,  we  are  to  understand  his  forti- 
tude in  undergoing  hardships,  and  support- 
ing misfortunes :  and  by  the  armis,  his  cou- 
rage and  prowess  in  arms. 

13.  Timor  arguit :  fear  shows  a  base  and 
ignoble  mind.     As  fear  argues  a  base  and 
ignoble  mind,  so  courage  and  valor  bespeak 
a  noble  and  divine  original.     The  poet  has 
filled  the  speech  of  Dido  with  these  abrupt 
half  sentences,  and  made  her  speak  incohe- 
rently, on  purpose  to  show  the  confusion 
and  perturbation  of  her  mind. 

14.  Exhausta :    drawn  out — endured  to 
the  last.    Not  only  begun,  but  accomplished, 
and  with  resolution  brought  to  an  end.  Here 
is  plainly  an  allusion  to  the  draining  of  some 
bitter  cup  to  the  very  last  dregs.     A  parti- 
ciple from  erbmirto.     Fat  in.     The  word  fa- 


tum  signifies,  sometimes,  as  hi  this  place — 
distress — misfortunes — calamities. 

14.  Canebat :  in  the  sense  of  narrabat. 

15.  Sederet :  in  the  sense  ofmaneret. 

16.  Sociare :  to  connect  myself  in  mar- 
riage with  any  one. 

17.  Primus  amor  :  after,my  first  love  de- 
ceived me,  disappointed  by  the  death    oi' 
my  husband.     She  had  pictured  to  herself 
an  uninterrupted  course  of  conjugal  felicity, 
of  which  she  was  disappointed  by  the  death 
of  her  husband.     This  led  her  to  enter  into 
the  resolution  of  never  forming  a  second 
connexion. 

18.  Si  non  pertctsumfuisset :  if  I  had  not 
been  weary  (displeased)  with  the  marriage 
bed,  and  nuptial  torch,  perhaps,  &c.     Tcedce. 
It  was  a  custom  among  the  Romans  to  carry 
a  torch  before  the  newly  married  wife,  when 
she  was  conducted  to  the  house  of  her  hus- 
band.    Hence  it  is  often  put  for  the  nuptials 
themselves. 

19.  Potui :  I  might  yield  to  this  one  fault. 
Potui :  in  the  sense  of  potuissem. 

Second  marriages  were  considered  disre- 
putable among  the  Roman  women,  as  show- 
ing a  want  of  respect  for  the  memory  of  the 
deceased,  and  as  conveying  a  suspicion  of 
incorttinency. 

But  culpa  is  sometimes  taken  simply  for 
the  indulgence  of  the  passion  of  love,  how- 
ever innocent. 

21.  Fraterna  c<zde.   Sichaeus  was  murder- 
ed, by  her  brother,  at  the  altar.     Hence  the 
murder  is  called  fraternal.     Fata:  in  the 
sense  of  mortem.     See  note  1.  supra. 

22.  Inflexit  sensus :  he  alone  hath  chang- 
ed my  inclinations,  and  made  an  impression 
upon  ray  wavering  mind. 


^SNEIS.     LIB.  IV, 


Pallentes  umbras  Erebi,  noctemque  profundam, 
Ante,  pudor,  quam  te  violo,  aut  tua  jura  resolvo. 
Ille  meos,  primus  qui  me  sibi  junxit,  amores 
Abstulit ;  ille  habeat  secum,  servetque  sepulchre. 
Sic  effata,  sinum  lachrymis  implevit  obortis.  30 

Anna  refert :  O  luce  magis  dilecta  sorori, 
Solane  perpetua  mcerens  carpere  juventa  ? 
Nee  dulces  natos,  Veneris  nee  praemia  n6ris  ? 
Id  cinerem,  aut  Manes  credis  curare  sepultos  ? 
Esto  :  aegram  nulli  quondam  flexere  mariti ; 
Non  Libya?,  non  ante  Tyro  :  despectus  larbas, 
Ductoresque  alii,  quos  Africa  terra  triumphis 
Dives  alit :  placitone  etiam  pugnabis  amori  ? 
Nee  venit  in  mentem,  quorum  consederis  arvis '! 
Hinc  Getulae  urbes,  genus  insuperabile  bello,  40 

Et  Numidae  infraeni  cingunt,  et  inhospita  Syrtis  : 
Hinc  deserta  siti  regio,  lateque  furentes 


28.  Ille  Sicfueus  abstu- 
lit  meos  amores,  qui 

31.  O  <M,  magig  dilec- 
ta sorori  luce,  sola-ne 
mo3rens  carpere  in  per- 
petuS.  juventa  ? 

34.  Credis  cinerem 
Sich&i,  aut  sepultos 

36.  Esto :  larbas  de- 
spectus e*/,  aliique  due- 
tores 


NOTES, 


26.  Erebi :  the  place  of  the  dead — the  in- 
fernal regions. 

27.  Ante.     The  ante  here  is  plainly  ex- 
pletive.    Prius  goes  before  it,  and  is  to  be 
connected  with  quam.     Some  copies  have 
violem  and  resolvam.     Pudor :  in  the  sense  of 
pudicitia. 

30.  Implevit  sinum  :  she  filled  her  bosom 
with  flowing  tears.  Servius  and  Turnebus 
take  sinum,  here,  for  the  cavity  of  the  eye. 
But  the  common  import  of  the  word  is  much 
more  expressive,  as  it  shows  her  tears  to  be 
much  more  copious,  and  paints  her  passion 
as  more  violent.  Refert :  in  the  sense  of 
responded  Luce  :  in  the  sense  of  vita. 

32.  Sola-ne  carpere :  will  you  fade  and 
wither  away,  mourning  alone  as  a  widow 
through  all  your  youth,  £c.  Ruseus  says, 
an  sola  consumeris  dolens  per  tot  am  juventu- 
tem.  But  carpere  may  be  used  in  the  sense 
of  the  Greek  middle  voice.  The  meaning 
is  obvious. 

35.  Nulli  mariti :  no  suitors  moved  you 
sorrowing — while    your  loss  was  fresh   in 
your  memory,  and   your   grief  unabated. 
Mariti :  in  the  sense  of  prod.    JEgram  :  in 
the  sense  ofdolentem.     Te  is  understood. 

36.  larbas.     Among  the  many  who  made 
suit  to  Dido,  was  larbas,  a  rich  and  power- 
ful prince  of  Africa,  and  reputed  son   of 
Jupiter  Ammon.     But  Justin  gives  a  very 
different  account  of  the  matter  from  the  one 
given  here  by  the  poet.     He  says,  larbas, 
having  gotten  ten  of  the  principal  Cartha- 
ginians, demanded  of  them  Dido  in  marri- 
age ;  and,  in  case  of  a  refusal,  he  threaten- 
ed to  declare  war  against  them.     Fearing 
to  deliver  the  message  to  the  queen,  they 
said  the  king  demanded  a  person  who  might 
teach  him  and  his  people  the  arts  of  civilized 
life ;  but  that  no  one  could  be  found  who  was 
willing  to  leave  his  relations  and  friends  «o 


undertake  the  business ;  upon  this  the  queei:- 
rebuked  them,  and  declared  that  if  the  safe- 
ty of  his  country  required  it,  any  one  should 
be  willing  to  give  up  even  his  life.  They 
then  opened  the  whole  matter,  saying,  the 
very  thing  she  had  enjoined  on  others,  she 
had  to  perform  herself,  if  she  would  consult 
the  good  of  the  city.  Being  taken  by  this 
device,  after  much  lamentations,  and  many 
invocations  of  her  husband,  she  declared 
that  she  would  obey  the  call  of  her  country. 
Having  passed  three  months  in  this  manner, 
she  caused  a  funeral  pile  to  be  erected  in 
one  part  of  the  city,  as  if  to  appease  the 
Manes  of  her  departed  husband,  and  to  of- 
fer sacrifices  for  him  before  her  nuptials. 
She  ascended  the  pile,  and  taking  a  sword 
in  her  hand,  said  to  her  people,  that  she 
would  go  to  her  husband  as  they  required, 
arid,  with  her  own  hand,  put  an  end  to  her 
existence.  While  Carthage  remained,  she 
was  worshipped  as  a  goddess. 

37.  Terr  a  dives  triumphis.  It  appears  from 
Servius,  that  the  Africans  were  the  inven- 
tors of  triumphal  shows.  Some  say  they 
never  triumphed.  But  Justin  tells  us  that 
Asdrubal,  in  particular,  was  honored  with 
four  triumphs.  Placilo:  in  the  sense  of 
grata.  JVe  is  interrogative. 

40.  Getulae  urbes.     The  Getuli  were  a 
brave  and  warlike  people,  to  the  south  of 
Carthage.     Hinc,   when  it  has  its  corres- 
pondent hinc,  the  former  is  rendered,  on  the. 
one  side ;  and  the  latter,  on  the  other  side. 

41 .  JVwmicte.  The  Numidians,  again,  were 
a  people  fierce  and  uncivilized,  lying  to  the 
westward.    Inhospita  Syrtis.  Both  the  great- 
er and  the  less  Syrtis  lay  in  the  Sinus  Liby- 
cus,  to  the  north  and  east  of  Carthage,  and 
rendered  the  navigation  dangerous. 

42.  Deserta  si'i  :    rendered  desert   by 


P.  V1RGILI1  MARONIS 


Barcaei.     Quid  bella  Tyro  surgentia  dicam, 

Germanique  minas  ? 

45.  Ego  equidem  reor  D'is  equidem  auspicibus  reor,  et  Junone  secunda, 
Iliacas  carinas  tenuisse  Hue  cursum  Iliacas  vento  tenuisse  carinas. 
cursum  hue  vento,  Dis  Q         t    urbem,  soror,  hanc  cernes !  quse  surgere  reg 
auspicibus,   et    Junone  J;  rTTn 

secunda.  Conjugio  tali !    leucrum  comitantibus  armis, 

Punica  se  quantis  attollet  gloria  n  bus  ! 

Tu  modo  posce  Deos  veniam,  sacrisque  litatis, 

Indulge  hospitio,  causasque  innecte  morandi ; 

Dum  pelago  desaevit  hyems,  et  aquosus  Orion  ; 

Quassataeque  rates,  et  non  tractable  co^lum. 

54.  Animum  jam  in|      His  dictis  incenslim  animurn  infiammavit  amorc, 
censum  amore  ISpemque  dedit  dubiae  menti,  solvitque  pudorem. 

59    Sed  Junoni  ante      Principle  delubra  adeunt    pacemque  per  ara* 
omnes,  cui  jugalia  vin-  Exquirunt :  mactant  lectas  de  more  bidentes 
cla  sunt  curro.  Legiferae  Cereri,  Phceboque,  patrique  Lyaeo  : 

60.  Pulcherrima  Dido  Junoni  ante  omnes,  cui  vincla  jugalia  curae. 
ipsa    tenens    pateram  j        tenens  dextra  pateram  pulcherrima  Dido, 
dextra  fundit  vmum  in-  £      .  /.      ,• 

ter  media  cornua  can-  Candentis  vaccae  media  inter  cornua  fundit : 
dentis  vaccse :  Aut  ante  ora  Deum  pingues  spatiatur  ad  aras, 


50 


55 


(5(1 


NOTES. 


48.  Barecei.    These  were  a  people  to  the 
east,  inhabiting  a  dry  and  barren  country. 

Qmd  dicam :  why  shall  I  mention  the 
wars  arising  from  Tyre,  and  the  threats  of 
yonr  brother  ?  Justin  says,  when  Pygmali- 
on understood  that  Dido  had  fled  her  coun- 
try, and  taken  with  her  much  treasure,  he 
determined  to  pursue  her ;  but  was  dis- 
suaded from  his  purpose  by  his  mother,  and 
the  threats  of  the  gods. 

45.  Junone  secunda.  Juno  is  here  parti- 
cularly named,  because  she  presided  over 
marriage,  and  because  Carthage  was  un- 
der her  peculiar  protection.  Auspicibus :  in 
the  sense  offautoribus,  vel  auctoribus.  Se- 
cunda :  in  the  sense  of  propitia. 

49.  Quantis  rebus :  by  what  noble  deeds 
will  the  Carthaginian  glory  exalt  itself,  the 
arms  of  the  Trojans  accompanying  yours  ? 

50.  Sacris  litatis :  sacrifices  being  offered. 
The  proper  signification  of  litare,  is,  to  pro- 
pitiate by  sacrifice.     Sacris  :  in  the  sense  of 
victimis. 

51.  Innecte :  devise  causes  for  detaining 
him. 

52.  DescBvit.      RUSBUS  takes  this  in  the 
sense  of  desmviet,  the  present  for  the  future. 

53.  Non  tractabile :  in  the  sense  ofprocel- 
losum,  vel  swvum.  Cesium:  the  air  or  weather. 
./Eneas  arrived  in  Africa,  it  is  probable,  in 
the  latter  part  of  autumn,  some  time  before 
the  approach  of  winter.     It  appears  to  be 
the  plan  of  Anna  to  detain  him  during  the 
pleasant  part  of  the  season,  until  the  navi- 
gation should  become  dangerous,  and  when 
it  would  be  imprudent  to  set  sail ;  in  the 
hope  that  having   passed  so  long  a  time 
with  them,  he  might  be  persuaded  finally  to 
settle  at  Carthage,  and  give  over  his  intend- 
ed purpose  of  settling  in  Italy. 


54.  Incensum :  burning,  or  inflamed  with 
love. 

55.  Dubia  :  wavering.     Solvit  pudorem  : 
removed  her  scruples  in  regard  to  disrespect 
to  the  memory  of  her  late  husband.    Valpy. 

57.  Exquirunt  pacem  per  aras  •  they  seek 
peace  by  the  altars.     TJiis  refers  to  the  way 
of  prying  into  the  entrails  of  the  victims,  in 
order  to  know  the  will  of  the  gods.     Biden- 
tes lectas  de  more.     It  was  a  regulation  thai 
no  victims  should  be  offered  to  the  g 
but  such  as  were  without  blemish.  Bid> . 
properly  sheep  of  two  years  old. 

58.  Legifer<s    Cereri.       Ceres   was   the 
daughter  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  and  the  god- 
dess of  husbandry.     It  is  said,  she  was  the 
first  institutor  of  laws,  especially  those  of 
marriage.     See  Eel.  v.  79.     Plmbo.     Dido 
offers  sacrifices  to  Phoebus,  as  the  god  wlir- 
presided  over  futurity,  that  he  might  send 
her  favorable  omens.     See  Eel.  iv.  10.     Tu 
father  Bacchus,  as  the  god  of  mirth  and 
jollity,  that  he  might  crown  the  match  with 
joy.     See  Eel.  v.  69.     And  especially  (anl< 
omnes)  to  Juno,  as  the  goddess  who  presided 
over  nuptials.     Cui  vincla  jugalia  cure? :  to 
whom  the  marriage  knot  is  for  a  care.     See 
JEn.  i.  4. 

61.  Fundit,  £c.     This  was  according  tr» 
the  manner  of  the  Romans  performing  sa- 
crifice.    After  the  immolatio.  which  consist- 
ed in  throwing  corn  and  frankincense,  to- 
gether with  the  mo/a,  (which  was  made  of 
bran  or  meal  mixed  with  salt  and  water,) 
upon  the   head  of  the  victim,  the  priest 
sprinkled  wine  between  the  horns. 

62.  Spatiatur:    she    walks  before    U.n- 
images  (ora)   of  the  gods,  &c.     It   was  ;; 
custom  among  the  Romans  for  matrons  to 
walk  on  holy  day  P.  in  ;i  irravo  and  solemn 


.     LIB.  IV. 


Instauratque  diem  donis,  pecudumque  reclusis 
Pectoribus  inhians,  spirantia  consulit  exta. 
Heu,  vatum  ignarae  mentes  !  quid  vota  furentem, 
Quid  delubra  juvant?  est  moilis  flamma  medullas 
Interea,  et  taciturn  vivit  sub  pectore  vulnus. 
Uritur  infelix  Dido,  totaque  vagatur 
Urbe  furens  :  qualis  conjecta  cerva  sagitta, 
Quam  procul  incautam  nemora  inter  Cressia  fixit 
Pastor  agens  telis,  liquitque  volatile  ferrum 
Nescius  :  ilia  fuga  sylvas  saltusque  peragrat 
Dictaeos  :  haeret  lateri  lethalis  arundo. 
Nunc  media  ^Eneam  secum  per  moenia  ducit ; 
Sidoniasque  ostentat  opes,  urbemque  paratam. 
Incipit  effari,  mediaque  in  voce  resistit. 
Nunc  eadem,  labente  die,  convivia  quserit  ; 
Iliacosque  iterum  dernens  audire  labores 
Exposcit,  pendetque  iterum  narrantis  ab  ore. 
Post,  ubi  digressi,  lumenque  obscura  vicissim 
Luna  premit,  suadentque  cadentia  sidera  somnos  ; 
Sola  domo  moeret  vacua,  stratisque  relictis 
Incubat :  ilium  absens  absentem  auditque  videtque 
Aut  gremio  Ascanium,  genitoris  imagine  capta, 
Detinet,  infandum  si  fallere  possit  amorem. 
Non  coepta?  assurgunt  turres,  non  arma  juventus 
Exercet,  portusve,  aut  propugnacula  bello 
Tuta  parant :  pendent  opera  interrupta,  mimeque 
Murorum  ingentes,  aequataque  machina  coelo. 


(35     05.  Earn  furentem 


69.  Talis,  qualis  eer~ 
70  va,     sagitta     conjecta, 
quam  pastor  agens  telis 
fixit    incautam    procul 
inter   Cressia    nemora, 
liquitque    volatile    fer- 
rum in  vulnere,  nescius 
75/acft 

74.  Nunc  Dido  ducit 
JEneam  secum 


79.  Ore  JEntu,  nar- 
80  rantis 

80.  Ubi  omnes  digressi 
sunt  ad  quiettm 

83.  Ilia  absens  audit- 
quo  videtoue. 

85 


NOTES. 


manner,  before  the  altars,  with  torches  in 
their  hands.  Ora :  in  the  sense  of  statuas, 
vel  imagines. 

63.  Instaurat:  she  passes  the  day  in  of- 
ferings.    Ruseus  says,  renovat  sacri/icia  per 
diem. 

64.  Inhians:  prying  into — exploring  at- 
tentively.    Spirantia :    throbbing — palpita- 
ting.    Exta:  properly  the  part   which  we 
call  the  lungs,  including  the  heart,  liver.  &c. 

65.  Vatum :  in  the  sense  of  extispicum. 

66.  Moilis  flamma  est:   a   gentle   flame 
consumes.     Est :  in  the  sense  of  edit.    Fu- 
rentem :  in  the  sense  of  amantem.  Taciturn : 
concealed. 

69.  Qualis  cerva.  This  is  a  very  proper 
comparison,  and  agrees  almost  in  every  cir- 
cumstance. There  is  a  peculiar  beauty  in 
the  hcRrit  lateri  lethalis  arundo,  which  strong- 
ly images  the  fast  hold  that  the  arrows  of 
Cupid  had  gotten  of  Dido's  heart.  Cressia : 
an  adj.  Cretan. 

71.  Ferrum :  in  the  sense  of  arundinem. 

74.  Mcenia  :  properly  the  fortifications  of 
a  city.  Ruseus  says,  m-ynimenta. 

77.  Eadem  :  the  same  entertainment  she 
had  received  the  preceding  night. 

81.  Luna  obscura  vicissim :  the  moon,  in 
turu  obscure,  withdraws  her  light.  This 
shows  the  approach  of  day.  When  the 


stars  disappear  in  the  superior  light  oi'  the 
sun,  they  are  said  to  set ;  so  when  the  sun 
disappears,  and  withdraws  his  light,  they 
become  visible,  and  are  said  to  rise.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  the  moon.  Vicissim  : 
after  having  given  light  in  her  course. 

82.  Reliclis  strafis.  The  couch  on  which 
./Eneas  had  been  sitting,  and  which  he  hati 
just  left  to  retire  to  rest. 

84.  Capta :  taken,  or  captivated  with  the 
resemblance  of  his  father,  she  hugs,  &c. 

88.  Pendent :   stand,  or  remain.     /, 
rupta :  in  the  sense  of  imperfecta.     Ingentcs 
mincE  murorum.     Heyne  takes  this  simply 
for  the  high  walls,  (alti  wmn,)  which  by 
their  altitude,  presented  a  threatening  as- 
pect.    Valpy  is  of  the  same  opinion :  but 
most  interpreters  take  mince  murorum  to  be 
the  fortifications  built  upon  the  walls,  which 
presented  a  threatening  appearance  to  an 
enemy.     Hortensius  and  Rueeus  are  of  opi- 
nion, they  were  huge  and  unfinished  parts 
of  the  wall,  which  seemed  to  threaten  a 
ruin,  and  presented  a  terrific  appearance. 

89.  Machina.     By  this  we  are  most  pro- 
bably to  understand  the   engines   used  in 
raising  stones,  beams,  and  timber  generally, 
for  carrying  on  the  building.     Heyne  says, 
moles — adifieiwn*  referring  to  the  buildings 
themselves. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONI8 


90.  Quam  (Didoncm)      Quam  simul  ac  tali  persensit  pcste  tciieri  90 

fiimul  ac  Saturnia,  cha-  Chara  Jovis  coniux,  nee  famam  obstare  furori, 
Sffi  ifi£S££  Talibus  aggreditur  Venerem  Saturnia  dictis  :    [ 
famam  obstare  ejus  fu-  Egregiam  vero  laudem,  et  spoha  ampla  refertis 
rori,  aggreditur  Vene-  Tuque  puerque  tuus,  magnum  et  memorabile  numen  ; 
rem  talibus  dictis  :  vero  |jna  ^o\o  Divum  si  foemina  victa  duorum  est  :  95 

SSLSm  £ee  me  adeo  falHt,  veri.am  te  m<Enia  nostra, 
ct  ampla  spolia,  mag-  Suspectas  habuisse  domos  Cartnagims  altae. 
num  et  memorabile  nu-  Sed  quis  erit  modus  ?  aut  quo  nunc  certamina  tanta  ? 
men  ;  si  una  fcemina  Quin  potius  pacem  aBternam  pactosque  hymenseos 
victa  est  dolo  duorum  Excrcemus  ?  habes,  tola  quod  mente  petisti  :  100 

Divum.     ISec  adeo  fal-  .     ,   ,  J1 

lit  me,  te,  veritom  nos-  Ardet  amans  Dldo>  traxitque  per  ossa  furorem. 
tra  mcenia  habuisse  do-  Communeni  hunc  ergo  populum,  paribusque  regamus 
mos    altac  Carthaginis  Auspiciis  :  liceat  Phrygio  servirc  marito, 
saspectas.  Dotalesque  tuae  Tyrios  permittere  dextra. 

tcMs       n°Stm  C°n~     Olli'  sensit  enim  simula^  mente  locutam, 
103.   Liceat  Didoni  Quo  regnum  Italiae  Libycas  averteret  oras, 

scrvire  Sic  contra  est  ingressa  Venus  :  Quis  talia  demens 

107.   Contra  Venus  Abnuat,  aut  tecum  malit  contendere  bello  ? 


110 


105 


locutam    esse  simulata  Sed  fatis  "icerta  feror,  si  Jupiter  unam 
mente,    quo  avcrtoret  Esse  velit  Tyriis  urbcm,  Trojaque  profectis  : 

NOTES. 

90.  Peste:  in  the  sense  of  amorc.  Ruxus         99.  Hymenocos  :  match. 


says,  veneno. 

93.  Spolia :  in  the  sense  of  vicforiam. 

94.  Atenen.       This  is   the   reading   of 
Heyne,  after  Pierius,  Heinsius,  and  Burman- 
ims.    It  is  also  approved  by  Valpy,  though 
he  retains  the  common  reading,  nomen.     In 
n  note  upon  this  passage,  he  has  numen,  and 
observes  that  vestrum  is  understood.    "Your 
divine  power  will  be  nobly  employed,"  says 
he.    Hcyne  jnakes  this  turn  to  the  words : 
Magnum  vero  et  memorabile  erit  numen  ves- 
trunii  si  vos  duo  Dei  circumveneritit  unamfoc- 
minam.    He  takes  numen  in  the  sense  of 
potcstas,  vel  potentia.    Nomen  is  the  com- 
mon reading.     This  part  of  Juno's  speech 
is  extremely  satirical.     Tuus  puer :  Cupid. 
He  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Venus. 

98.  Avt  qua  nunc :  or,  for  what  purpose 
now  ares,  great  contentions?  Juno  and 
Venus  took  opposite  sides  in  the  affairs  of 
./Eneas  and  ,hc  Trojans.  The  former  is 
always  n>]  scnted  their  bitterest  enemy, 
and  lh.-  ihcir  warmest  friend.  The 

whole  of  .hmo's  speech  is  artful,  and  the 
plan  deep  laid.  She  now  proposes  to  lay 
down  their  arms,  to  conclude  a  lasting  peace 
—-to  form  a  match  between  ^Eneas  and 
Dido,  and  by  these  means  unite  the  Trojans 
with  the  Carthaginians  into  one  people. 
This  plan,  could  she  have  brought  it  about, 
Would  havn  bcon  to  her  a  complete  victorv 
over  her  antagonist.  The  common  reading 
is  certamine.  ianto.  Heyne  reads  certcnnina 
fanta,  which  is  much  easier,  and  he  says,  is 
the  tr.no  rending. 


102.  Regamus  hunc popul 'urn.    The  mean- 
ing plainly  is :  Let  us  rule  this  people  (c oro- 
munem)  composed  of  Trojans  and  Cartha- 
ginians, with  equal  authority  and  power. 
Let  them  be  both  equally  under  our  protec- 
tion and  auspicious  influence.    ..luspiciis-' 
in  the  sense  of  potestatc. 

103.  Phrygio.    Servius,  and  some  others, 
say,  that  Phrygio,  here,  is  a  word  of  con- 
tempt, and  implies  that  ./Eneas  was  in  exile 
and  in  slavery,  as  the  Phrygians  then  were. 
But  Virgil  uses  the  words  Phrygius  arid 
Trojanus  promiscuously.    Beside,  Juno  plays 
the  hypocrite,  and  would,  therefore,  industri- 
ously avoid  every  expression  that  might  be 
offensive,   or  render  her  suspected.      Tlv- 
expression  servire  marito  is  in  allusion  to  one 
of  the  three  ways  of  contracting  marriage 
among  the  Romans,  (viz.)  Coemptio :  when 
the  parties  solemnly  bound  themselves  to 
each  other  by  the  ceremony  of  giving  and 
taking  a  piece  of  money.     Py  this  the  wo- 
man gave  herself  over  into  the  power  of  the 
man,  and  entered  into  a  state  of  liberal  ser- 
vitude, or  subjection  to  him. 

104.  Dotales :  as  a  dowry.    Dos  is  proper- 
ly  the   patrimony  of  the  wife — an}r  thing 
given  to  the  husband  with  the  wife.    TJ/n'os, 
nempe,  regnum  Carthagmis. 

105.  Olli :  for  illi,  by  anlilhtsis. 

110.  Feror  incerta  fatis,  si :  I  am  rendered 
uncertain  by  the  decrees  of  the  gods,  whe- 
ther, &0. 


ttNBIS.     LIB.  IV. 


Miscerive  probet  populos,  ant  tbedera  jungi.  uegnum  Italics  ad  Liby- 

-Tu  conjux  :  tibi  fas  animum  tentare  precando.  cas  oraK 

Perge  ;  sequar.     Turn  sic  excepit  regia  Juno  :          114,   113-  T 
Mecum  erit  iste  labor :  nunc  qua  ratione,  quod  instaf, 
Confieri  possit,  paucis,  adverte,  docebo. 
Venatum  JEneas,  unaque  miserrima  Dido, 
lu  nemus  ire  parant,  ubi  primes  crastinus  ortus 
Extulerit  Titan,  radiisque  retexerit  orhem. 
His  ego  nigrantem  commixta  grandine  nimbum, 
Dum  trepidant  alae,  saltusque  indagine  cingunt, 
Desuper  infiindam,  et  tonitru  crelum  omne  ciebo. 
Diffugient  cornites,  et  nocte  tegentur  opaca. 
Speluncam  Dido  dux  et  Trojanus  eandem 
Devenient.    Adero,  et,  tua  si  mihi  certa  voluntas, 
Connubio  jungara  stabili,  propriamque  dicabo. 
Hie  Hymenreus  erit.     Non  adversata,  petenti 
Annuit,  atque  dolis  risit  Cytherea  repertis. 

Oceanum  interea  surgens  Aurora  reliquit. 
It  portis,  jubare  exorto,  delecta  juventus, 
Retia  rara,  plagae,  lato  venabula  f'erro, 
Massylique  ruunt  equites,  et  odora  canum  vis. 
Reginam  thalamo  cunctantem  ad  limina  primi 
Poenorum  expectant :  ostroque  insignis  et  auro 
Stat  sonipes,  ac  froena  ferox  spumantia  mandit. 
Tandem  progreditur,  magna  stipante  caterva, 


jux  ;  fas  est  tibi  tcntaro 
115.  Nunc,  adverte  tu, 
docebo  paucis  verbis, 
qua  ralioue,  id,  quod 
instat,  possit  confieri. 


121.  Dum  alffl  trepi- 
120dant,  cinguntque  saltus 
indagine,  ego   desuper 
infundam  his  nigrantem 
nimbum,  grandine  com- 
mixta,  et   ciebo  omnc 
coDlum  tonitrd. 
125      125.  Si  tua  voluntas 
sit  certa  mihi 


130 


128.  Cytherea  non 
adversata  annuit  ei  pe- 
tenti, atque  risit  dolly 


NOTES. 


114.  Excepit :  replied — answered. 

117.  Venatum:  a  sup.  inwm,  of  the  verb 
,  put  after  the  verb  ire.  Dido  is  here 
called  miserrima,  most  unhappy,  on  account 
of  the  issue  of  her  love. 

119.  Titan:  in  the  sense  of  Sol.  See  Eel. 
iv.  6.  and  Geor.  Hi.  48.  Radiisque:  and 
shall  have  disclosed  the  world  by  his  beams. 
The  poets  pretended  that  light  sunk  into 
the  ocean  every  night,  and  was  every  morn- 
ing brought  from  hence  by  the  returning 
sun.  Hence  the  propriety  of  the  verb  extu- 
hrit. 

121.  Dum  alts.  By  ate,  Servius  under- 
stands the  horsemen,  or  riding  hunters,  who 
are  termed  ate,  wings,  because  they  covered 
the  foot  as  the  cavalry  of  an  army.  Or  ate 
may  signify  the  horsemen  in  general  spread 
over  the  ground,  like  stretched  out  wings. 
Trepidant  very  strongly  expresses  the  hurry 
and  bustle  of  a  company  of  horsemen,  fly- 
ing and  scampering  over  the  ground  in  quest 
of  their  prey.  Indagine.  By  this  some  un- 
derstand the  arranging  of  the  hounds,  and 
the  placing  of  them  in  proper  places  for  tak- 
ing the  game :  but  Rutkus,  and  most  commen- 
tators, take  it  for  the  nets  and  toils  in  which 
the  game  was  taken.  For  ate,  Ruajus  has 
equites. 

126.  Jungarn  :  I  will  join  them  in  firm 
wedlock,  and  will  consecrate  her  to  be  his 
own.  I  will  give  her  over  to  be  his  peculiar 
propertv. 


127.  Hie  HymencEUs  erit :  this  shall  be  a 
marriage.  Some  take  the  meaning  to  be 
that  Hymen  should  be  present.  But  this 
would  be  unnecessary,  since  the  nuptials 
were  to  be  performed  by  Juno,  without  tho 
assistance  of  any  other.  See  Geor.  iii, 
60.  Cytherea,  a  name  of  Venus.  See  ^n. 
i.  229. 

130.  Jubare:  in  the  sense  of  luce  vel  dilu- 
eulo. 

131.  Retia  rara :  the  wide  nets,  the  toils, 
the  spears  of  broad  point,  and  the  Massilian 
horsemen,  &c.  rush  forth. 

1;>2.  Odora  vis  canum.  Vis  is  here  used 
in  the  sense  of  cojria,  or  multitude.  And 
odora,  in  the  sense  ofodororuni,  by  antiptosis : 
a  multitude  of  strong  scented  dogs.  Mas- 
syli.  They  were  a  people  of  Africa,  placed 
by  Virgil  to  the  westward  of  Carthage.  Lit* 
tie  is  known  concerning  them. 

133.  Primi :  in  the  sense  ofprimora* 

135.  Stat  sonipes  insignis :  her  horse 
stands  ready,  richly  decked  in  purple  aud 
^old.  Stai :  in  the  sense  of  adest.  To  take 
it  literally  would  ill  agree  with  the  fino 
image  of  the  courser  here  given;  feroj: 
mandit  spumantia  frcena.  Insignis :  in  the 
sense  of  ornatus. 

137.  Circitmdata  Sidoniam :  covered  with 
a  Tyrian  cloak.  Tho  chlamys  was  both  a 
military  and  hunting  dress.  It  was  a  loose 
upper  garment,  which  covered  the  breast- 
plate, and  folded  about  the  Jpft  arm  to  (To 


292  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Sidoniam  picto  chlamydem  circumdata  limbo  : 
138.  Cui  est  pharetra  Cui  pharetra  ex  auro  ;  crines  nodantur  in  aurum  ; 

Aurea  purpuream  subnectit  fibula  vestem. 

Necnon  et  Phrygii  comites,  et  laetus  lulus,  140 

Incedunt :  ipse  ante  alios  pucherrimus  omnes 
142.  JEneas  ipse  pul-  Infert  se  socium  ^Eneas,  atque  agmina  jungit  : 
cherrimus  ante  omnes  Qualis,  ubi  hybernam  Lyciam  Xanthique  fluenta 

a' M3:1Sr£±^  D-rit>  «  ™™  «-'"  invisit  Apollo, 
Apollo,  ubi  deserit  hy-  Instauratque  chores,  mixtique  altana  circum 
bemam  Lyciam,  fluen-  Cretesque  Dryopesque  fremunt,  pictique  Agathyrsi  : 
taque  Xanthi,  ac  invisit  Ipse  jugis  Cynthi  graditur,  mollique  tiuentem 
materaamDelmn   ^  Fronde  premit  crinem  fiiigens,  atque  implicat  auro  : 
auro  °'  m  Tela  sonant  humeris.     Haud  illo  segnior  ibat 

jEneas  ;  tantum  egregio  decus  enitet  ore.  150 

151.  Postquam  ven-      Postquam  altos  ventum  in  montes,  atque  invia  lustra, 
turn  erf  in  altos  monies,  Ecce  ferge  gaxi  dejectJE  verticc  capras 
atque  invia  lustra  ;  ecce  r\  *  , .  A 

fens  capra  dejecta?  ver-  Decurrere  jugis  :  aha  de  parte  patentes 
ticesaxidecurrSre  jugis  Transmittunt  cursu  campos,  atque  agmina  cervi 

153.    De  alia   parte  Pulverulenta  fuga  glomerant,  montesque  relinquunt. 
:ervi  transmittunt         At  puer  Ascanius  mediis  in  vallibus  acri  1 56 

Gaudet  equo  :  jamque  hos  cursu,  jam  prseterit  illos: 
Spumantemque  dari  pecora  inter  inertia  votis 

159.  Optatque  votis  Optat  aprum,  aut  fulvum  descendere  monte  leonem. 
spumantem  aprum  dari      Interea  magno  misceri  murmure  coelum  160 

iter  inertia  pecoralncipit  .  insequitur  commixta  grandine  nimbus. 
Et  Tyrii  comites  passim,  et  Trojana  juventus, 
Dardaniusque  nepos  Veneris,  diversa  pe^  agrost 
Tecta  metu  petiere  :  ruunt  de  montibus  amnes. 
Speluncam  Dido  dux  et  Trojanus,  eandem  165 

Deveniunt :  prima  et  Tellus  et  pronuba  Juno 

NOTES. 

fend  them  from  the  wild  beasts.    The  con-     here   mentioned  seemed  to  be  selected  for 
struction  is  a  Grecism.  Apollo's  retinue,  on  account  of  their  skill  in 

43.  Qualis.    The  poet  (^n.i.  498.)  com-     archery. 

pared  Dido  to   Diana :   here  he  compares  148.  Premit :    binds  up.     Fingens  :  ad- 

^Eneas  to  Apollo,  her  brother.     It  was  a  justing  it.     Mollifronde :  with  a  soft  wreatk 

common  opinion  that,  at  certain  times  of  the  of  leaves.      Rueeus   says,    ttne.ro,  corona, 

year,  the  gods  changed  the  place  of  their  Auro  :  in  the  sense  of  aurea  vitta. 

residence.      Servius   says,  it  was  believed  149.  Haud  segnior :   he  moved  not  less 

that  Apollo  gave  out  oracles  at  Patara,  a  city  graceful  than  he— than  Apollo  himself. 

of  Lycia,  a  country  of  Asm  Minor,  during  150.  Ore  :  in  the  sense  ofvultu. 

the  six  months  of  the  winter ;  and  at  Delos,  152.  Dejecta :  dislodged — routed.  Jugis  : 

the  remaining  six  months  of  the  year.  Hence  the  sides  of  the  rocks,  or  mountains. 

he  was  called  both  Patareus  and  Delius.  154.  Transmittunt :  in  the  sense  of  per- 

fluenta :  in  the  sense  ofjluvium.  currunt. 

44.  Matemam  Delum.    See  ^En.  iii.  75.  155.  Glomerant  fugd  :  in  their  flight,  they 
146.    Cretesque  :    the    Cretans,  Dryopes,  crowd  together  the  dusty  herds,  &c.    Ruseus 

and  painted  Agathyrsi,  mingled  together,  ex-  says,  colligunt  se  in  greges  pulverulentos. 

wnf     A  r  J0y  (f''emun*)  around  the  altars.  159.  Optat  votis  :  he  wishes  with  vows— 

When  Apollo  came,  or  was  thought  to  come  he  greatly  wishes,  that  a  foaming  boar,  Sic, 

to  Delos,  the  several  people  that  came  to  163.  Dardanius  nepos  Generis :  the  Tro- 

3°n?l            oracle,  celebrated  his   arrival  jan  grandson  of  Venus— Ascanius.    Tecta  : 

with  hymns  and  dances.     Dryopes.     These  teotum  signifies  any  covered   place.     Here 

were   a  people   who  dwelt  at   the  foot  of  shells,  or  retreat  from  the  storm, 

mount  Parnassus.     Agathyrsi.    These  were  IG&^&llus  et  pronuba.     Pronuba,  a  title 

a.  people  of  Scythia,  who  used  to  paint  their  of  Juno&ipm   her  being   the  goddess  of 

with  various  colors.      The  nations  marriage  :   compounded  of  pro  and  nubo. 


JENEI8.     LIB.  IV. 


167.  Conscius  connu- 
biis  fulsit 

169.  Hie  dies  primus 
170  fuit  causa  lethi  Didoni, 
primusque    fuit    causa 
malorum 


175 


178.  Parens  terra  ir- 
ritata  iraDeorum  pro- 
genuit  illam,  ut  homines 
perhibent,  extremara 


Dant  signum  :  fiilserc  ignes,  et  conscius  aether 
Connubiis ;  summoque  ulularunt  vertice  Nymphae. 
Ille  dies  primus  lethi,  primusque  malorum 
Causa  fuit :  neque  enim  specie  famave  movetur, 
Nee  jam  furtivum  Dido  meditatur  amorem  : 
Conjugium  vocat :  hoc  praetexit  nomine  culpam. 
Extemplo  Libyae  magnas  it  Fama  per  urbes : 
Fama,  malum,  quo  non  aliud  velocius  ullum : 
Mobilitate  viget,  viresque  acquirit  eundo  : 
Parva  ujetu  primo  :  mox  sese  attollit  in  auras, 
Ingrediturque  solo,  et  caput  inter  nubila  condit. 
Illam  Terra  parens,  ira  irritata  Deorum, 

-pi  ,     .'.  ,-,  _.  -          1  I^IIJIUCI.11,,  CAUC1J1O.M.I 

Jkxtremam,  ut  perhibent,  Cceo  Enceladoque  sororem  sororem  Coeo  Encelado- 
Progenuit,  pedibus  celerem  et  pernicibus  alis  :  180  que,  celerem  pedibus, 
lyionstrum  horrendwm,  ingens  :  cui  quot  sunt  corpore  et  pernicibus  alis 

Tot  vigiles  oculi  subter,  mirabile  dictu  !  [pluma?, 

rn.ii-  ,    .    .         L"  '  rendum,    mgens  ;     cui 

lot  linguae,  totidgm  ora  sonant,  tot  subngit  aures.         sunt  tot  vfgiies  oculi 

Nocte  volat  creli  medio  terraeque  per  umbram 
Stridens,  nee  dulci  declinat  lumina  somno. 
Luce  sedet  custos,  aut  summi  culmine  tecti, 
Turribiis  aut  altis,  et  magnas  territat  urbes  : 
Tarn  ficti  pravique  tenax,  quam  nuntia  veri. 
Haec  turn  multiplici  populos  sermone  replebat 
Gaudens,  et  pariter  facta  atque  infecta  canebat : 
Venisse  ^Eneam,  Trojano  a  sanguine  cretum, 
Cui  se  pulchra  viro  dignetur  jungere  Dido  : 
Nunc  hyemem  inter  se  luxu,  quam  longa,  fovere, 


subter,  mirabile  dictu  ! 

185  tot  linguae,  totidem  ora 
sonant,  subrigit  tot  au- 
res, quot  sunt  plumse  in 
corpore. 

191.  Canebat  ^neam 
venisse,  cretum  a  Tro- 

190  Jano  sanguine,  cui  viro 
pulchra  Dido  dignetur 
jungere  se:  nunc  luxu 
fovere  inter  se  hyemem. 
quam  longa  est, 


NOTES. 


Its  primitive  meaning  is  bride-maid.  Some 
rank  Tellus  among  the~Bivinities  that  pre- 
sided over  marriage.  She  gave  signs  of 
disapprobation  by  an  earthquake,  or  some 
motion  of  the  earth.  Servius  says,  there 
was  no  omen  more  inauspicious  to  nuptials 
than  this.  Juno  also  gave  her  sign  against 
the  match,  by  rain  and  storms  of  hail. 
Flashes  of  lightning  supplied  the  place  of 
the  nuptial  torch  ;  and  the  only  song  was 
the  howling  of  the  mountain  nymphs. 
These  were  all  sad  presages  of  the  future. 

169.  Ille  dies  primus  fuit  causa :  that  day, 
thejirsl   (in  an  especial  manner,)  was  the 
cause  of  death  to  Dido ;  and  the  beginning 
{primus)  of  her  woes. 

170.  Specie  fama-ve.     By  the  species  we 
are  to  understand  the  appearance  and  de- 
formity of  the  action,  as  it  passed  in  review 
before  her  own   mind ;    and  by  fama,  the 
scandal  and  infamy  of  it,  in  the  eyes  of  the 
world. 

172.  PrcEtexit:  palliates  or  covers.  Cul- 
pam :  hi  the  sense  ofcrimen. 

174.  Fama  malum  quo  :  Fama,  a  fiend, 
than  which  there  is  not  another  more  swift, 
&c.  In  this  account  of  fame,  the  Poet  imi- 
tates Homer's  description  of  discord.  A  ju- 
dicious critic  is  of  opinion  that  this  descrip- 
tion of  fame  is  one  of  the  greatest  orna- 
ments of  the  jflBneid,  It  has  not,  however, 


escaped  censure.    Malum  :  in  the  sense  of 
pest  is  vel  monstrum. 

179.  Coeo  Enceladoque.  These  were  two 
Giants,  who  took  the  lead  in  the  war 
against  the  gods.  They  were  the  sons  of 
Titan  and  Tellus.  Their  object  in  the  war 
was  to  restore  their  father  Titan  to  the 
throne,  from  which  Jupiter  had  driven  him. 
They  attempted  to  attack  Heaven,  by  put- 
ting mount  Ossa  upon  Pelion ;  but  in  the 
attempt  they  were  chastised  by  Jupiter,  in 
an  exemplary  manner.  At  this  vengeance 
(ira)  of  the  gods,  Tellus  was  irritated  ;  and 
by  way  of  revenge,  produced  fame,  their 
youngest  sister,  swift  on  the  foot,  and  on 
the  nimble  wing. 

184.  Medio:  in  the  middle  of  heaven  and 
earth — between  heaven  and  earth.  Um- 
bram :  in  the  sense  of  tcnebra.s. 

186.  Luce  :  in  the  sense  of  die.  Cuslos  : 
a  spy. 

188.  Tarn  tenax:  as  tenacious  of  false- 
hood  and  wickedness,  as  a  messenger  of 
truth. 

189.  Sermone  :    in  the  sense  of  rumore- 

190.  Canebat:   she    equally   proclaimed 
facts  and  fictions. 

193.  JYunc  Jbttre  luxu  :  that  now  in  lux- 
ury they  caress  one  another  during  the 
winter,  as  long  as  it  may  be.  Hyemem 
longa  :  in  the  sense  of  ton^am  /*w- 


K  V1RG1L11  MAUOMfe 


198.  Hie  satus  Am- 
mone,  Nympha  Gara- 
mantide  rapta,  posuit 
Jovi  centum  immania 
templa  in  latis  regnis, 
posuit  centum  aras ;  sa- 
craveratque 

203.  Isque  amens  ani- 
mi,  et  accensus  amaro 
rumore,  dicitur  supplex 
orasse  Jovem  multa  su- 
piuis  manibus,  stans  an- 
te aras,  inter  media  nu- 
mina  Divum. 


212.  Cni  dedimus  litus 


Regnorum  immemores,  turpique  cupidine  eaptos. 

Haec  passim  Dea  fceda  virum  diffundit  in  ora.       195 
Protinus  ad  regem  cursus  detorquet  larbam ; 
Incenditque  anirnum  dictis,  atque  aggerat  iras. 
Hie  Ammone  satus,  rapta  Garamantide  Nympha, 
Templa  Jovi  centum  latis  immania  regnis, 
Centum  aras  posuit ;  vigilemque  sacraverat  ignem.  200 
Excubias  Divum  ssternas,  pecudumque  cruore 
Pingue  solum,  et  variis  florentia  limina  sertis. 
Isque  amens  animi,  et  rumore  accensus  amaro, 
Dicitur  ante  aras,  media  inter  numina  Divum, 
Multa  Jovem  manibus  supplex  orasse  supinis  :          205 
Jupiter  omnipotens,  cui  nunc  Maurusia  pictis 
Gens  epulata  toris  Lenaeum  libat  honorem, 
Aspicis  haec  ?  an  te,  genitor,  cum  fulmina  torques, 
Nequicquam  horremus  ?  caecique  in  nubibus  ignes 
Terrificant  animos,  et  inania  rnurmura  miscent  ?        210 
FcKmina,  qua?  nostris  errans  in  finibus  urbem 
Exiguam  pretio  posuit,  cui  litus  arandum, 
Cuique  loci  leges  dedimus,  connubia  nostra 
Reppulit,  ac  dominum  ^Enean  in  regna  recepit. 


NOTES. 


mem.  Ruceub  says,  traducere  hytmem  inter 
se  luxu. 

194.  Cupidine  :  by  cupido,  Servius  in- 
forms us  that  the  ancients  understood  an 
ungovernable  artd  irregular  passion  of  love 
— lust.  Captos  :  enslaved. 

198.  Hie  Ammone  satus :  this  man,  sprung 
from,  Ammon,  had  built  to  Jove,  &e.  Jupiter 
Ammon  had  a  celebrated  temple  and  oracle 
in  Libya,  on  a  spot  of  ground  watered  by 
a  fountain,  and  enclosed  by  a  pleasant  grove. 
This  temple  is  said  to  have  been  built  by 
Bacchus,  or  Hercules.  This  Ammon  some 
will  have  to  be  the  same  with  flam,  the  son 
of  Noah.  Sir  Isaac  Newton  thinks  him  to 
have  been  the  father  of  Sesostris,  and  co- 
temporary  with  Solomon,  king  of  Israel, 
larbus  was  the  son  of  this  Jupiter  Ammon, 
by  the  nymph  Garamantis.  Aggerat :  in  the 
.sense  of  auget. 

200.  Vigilem  ignem  :    Plutarch   informs 
us   that  in   this  temple  there  was  a  lamp 
continually  burning.     This  was  also  a  cus- 
tom  common  to  many  nations.     Posuit  : 
in  the  sense  of  (zdificavit. 

201.  Excubias  ceternas  Divum :  a  perpe- 
tual watch  of  the  gods — sacred  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  gods.     Solum :  a  tract  of  ground 
enriched  by  the  blood  of  victims. 

202.  Limina  Jiorent ia :  an  entrance  (into 
the  temples)  adorned  with  various  garlands. 
Amens  animi :    distracted   in  mind ;   of  a, 
privitivum,  and  mens. 

204.  Numina :  the  shrines  or  statues, 
which  represented  the  gods.  Supinis.  Ru- 
aeus  says,  elatis:  properly,  with  the  palm 
upwards. 

206.  Cui  nunc:  to  whom  the  Moorish 


nation,  feasting  on  painted  couches,  &c. 
The  Maurusii,  vel  Mauri,were  inhabitants  oi' 
Mauritania,  an  extensive  country  in  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
on  the  north  by  the  Mediterranean  sea,  and 
on  the  east  by  Numidia  and  Carthage.  It 
seems  this  news  reached  larbas,  while  ho 
and  his  people  were  feasting  upon  the  re- 
mains of  the  victims  which  had  been  offer- 
ed to  Ammon.  At  such  banquets,  it  was 
usual  to  pour  forth  wine  by  way  of  libation 
to  the  gods — an  offering  of  wine. 

207.  LencEum  fionorem:  simply,  wine — 
the  liquor  of  Bacchus.  Lenoeus,  a  name  of 
Bacchus,  used  as  an  adj.  derived  from  a 
Greek  word,  signifying  a  wine-press.  Epu- 
lata :  feasting,  or  having  feasted. 

209.  C'ceci:  undirected — fortuitous.  Ig- 
nes :  lightnings.  Inania  murmura :  vain, 
or  empty  sounds. 

212.  Posuit :   in  the  sense  of  condidif. 
Litus  arandum :  the  shore  to  be  ploughed. 
The  province  or  territory  of  Carthage  is 
here  called  litus,  because  it  lay  along  the 
sea  coast — a  tract  of  country  to  cultivate. 
Pretio.    This  alludes  to  the  price  paid,  or 
stipulated  to  be  paid,  for  her  territory,  or 
tract  of  country.     See  the  following  note. 

213.  Cuique  dedimus :  and  on  whom  we 
imposed  the  laws  of  the  place.    We  are 
told  that  Dido  engaged  to  pay  the  Africans 
an  annual  tribute  for  the  tract  of  country 
which  she  purchased  for  her  colony.     This, 
however,  the  Carthaginians  afterwards  re- 
fused to  do,  and  was  the  cause  of  the  first 
war  in  which  they  were  engaged.    Except- 
ing this  tribute,  Carthage,  from  the  first, 
was  an  independent  sovereignty. 


,£NEIS.     LIB. 


Et  mine  ille  Paris,  cum  semiviro  comitatu,  215 

Maeonia  mentum  mitra  crinemque  madentem 
Subnexus,  rapto  potitur  :  nos  munera  templis 
Quippe  tuis  ferimus,  famamque  fovemus  inanem. 

Talibus  orantem  dictis,  arasque  tenentem 
Audiit  omnipotens  :  oculosque  ad  mosnia  torsit 
Regia,  et  oblitos  famae  melioris  amantes. 
Tune  sic  Mercurium  alloquitur,  ac  talia  mandat : 
Vade,  age,  nate,  voca  Zephyros,  et  labere  pennis 
Dardaniumque  ducem,  Tyria  Carthagine  qui  nunc 
Expectat,  fatisque  datas  non  respicit  urbes, 
Alloquere,  et  celeres  defer  mea  dicta  per  auras.  226      j^Q 

Non  ilium  nobis  genitrix  pulcherrima  talem  Dardanium  ducem,  qui 

Promisit,  Graiumque  ideo  bis  vindicat  armis  :  nunc  expectat  in  Tyria 

Sed  fore  qui  gravidam  imperiis,  belloque  frementem        Carthagine,  nonque  re- 
Italiam  regeret,  genus  alto  a  sanguine  Teucri  *&%£?    "***   ^^   ™ 

Proderet,  ac  totum  sub  leges  mitteret  orbem.  '227.J^apdfchenim» 

Si  nulla  accendit  tantarum  gloria  rerum,  genitrix    non  promisit; 


217.  Subnexus  quoad 
mentum  rnadentemque 
crinem  Mceonia  mitra, 

P°titur  raPto 

220.  Omnipotens  au- 
diit  turn  orantem  in  ta- 
libus  dictis,  tenentem- 
que  aras,  torsitque  ejus 
oculos  ad  regia  moenia, 
et  ad  amantes  oblitos 
225  rnelioris  famae. 


NOTES. 


215.  Et  nunc  ille  Paris.    Here  larbas 
calls  jEneas,  Paris,  to  denote  him  effemi- 
nate, and  a  ravisher,  who  had  carried  off  a 
princess  whom  he  considered  his  own.     In 
allusion  to  this,  ho  says,  potitur  rapto :  he 
possesses  the  ravished  prize.     Semiviro  co- 
mitatu :  with  his  effeminate  train.     This  is 
said  in  allusion  to  the  Phrygians,  who  were 
great  worshippers   of  the  goddess   Cybele, 
whose  priests  were  eunuchs. 

216.  Mceonia  mitra :  a  Maeonian,  or  Ly- 
dian   mitre.     This  was  a  kind  of  bonnet 
worn  by  the  Lydian  and  Phrygian  women. 
It  was  a  part  of  dress  unbecoming  in  men, 
more  especially  when  it  had  the  fillets  or 
strings  with   which  it  was  tied  under  the 
chin.     larbas  mentions  it  as  a  mark  of  in- 
famy and  badge  of  reproach.    Mozonia :  an 
extensive  country  in  the  Lesser  Asia.     It  is 
here  used  as  an  adj.  Its  more  modern  name 
is  Lydia,  from  Lydus,  one  of  its  kings,  as 
Strabo  tells  us.     That  part  bordering  upon 
Ionia  and  Caria,  still   retains  its  ancient 
name.     Athenaeus  observes,  that  Homer  at- 
tributes the  use  of  unguents  to  none  of  his 
characters  in  the  Iliad,  besides  Paris.  These 
were  chiefly  for  the  hair.     The  use  of  them 
was  considered  a  mark  of  effeminacy.    lar- 
bas therefore  says  of  ^Eneas,  Iliat  his  hair 
was  moistened  or  besmeared  with  unguents 
— crinem  madentem. 

217.  Subnexus :  in  the  sense  ofsubligatus. 

218.  Quippe  nos  ferimus : .  we  to  be  sure 
bring  offerings  to  thy  temples,  and  cherish 
the  vain  report  of  being  thy  offspring. 

larbas  speaks  by  way  of  complaint.  The 
offerings  which  we  present  unto  thee  are  of 
no  avail,  and  the  report  of  thy  being  our 
father  is  vain  and  without  foundation,  or 
else  thou  wouidst  not  have  suffered  this  evil 
*o  fall  upon  me.  Heync  observes,  that  the 


words  of  larbas,  quippe,  &c.  are  extremely 
ironical.  Ironia  acerbavocabulo,  quippe,  in- 
est,  says  he.  Both  Ruaeus  and  Heyne  take 
quippe  in  the  sense  of  scilicet.  But  quippe. 
may  be  taken  perhaps  in  the  sense  of  dum : 
while  we  are  presenting  offerings  unto  thee , 
&c.  /Eneas  is  enjoying  the  ravished  prize. 

219.  Tenentem  aras:  holding  the  altars. 
It  was  a  custom  in  the  more  solemn  acts  of 
religion,  to  embrace  the  altars.  It  was  es- 
pecially so  for  suppliants. 

221.  Amanies:  lovers — ./Eneas  and  Dido, 

223.  Pennis :  in  the  sense  of  alis.  Mer- 
cury was  represented  as  having  winged 
shoes',  on  which  he  was  borne  through  the 
air.  They  were  called  talaria. 

225.  Expectat :  in  the  sense  of  moratur. 

228.  Bis  vindicat :  preserved  him  twice, 
fee.     jEneas   was   twice   saved   by   Venus 
from  impending  death :  once  in  a  contest, 
with  Diomedc,  when  he  was  struck  to  the 
ground  by  the  stroke  of  a  huge  stone,  and 
would  have  been^slain,  had  not  Venus  cast 
her  veil  over  him,  and  carried  him  off  from 
the  fight ;  and  a  second  time,  when  under  her 
own  conduct,  he  passed  unhurt  through  the 
flames  of  Troy,  and  the  midst  of  his  ene- 
mies, during  the  sack  of  that  city. 

229.  Gravidam  imperiis.      Ruseus  f 
plenum  regnis.      Servius  says,   parituram 
impcria,  vet  wide  multi  imptratores possun' 
creari.     Heyne  says,  quce  proferet  multos  po- 
tentes,  et  late  imperantcs  populos.    It  appears 
to  be  in  the  sense  of  paritura  magnvm  im~ 
penum,  populumque   late  dominant  em.    In 
which  a  mighty  empire  is  about  to  be  es- 
tablished, says  Valpy. 

231.    Proderet  genus:  should  ovine 
prove  his  descent,  &c. 


i*.  VUtGILlI  MAKON1S 


nobis  ilium  yb/-e  talem,  j\ec  super  ipse  sua  molitur  laude  laborem  : 
iltwnab  armis  Grai '  **  Ascanio-ne  pater  Romahas  invidet  arces  ? 
sed  promisit  ilium  fore  QUI^  strmt 1  aut  qu&  spe  inimica  in  gente  moratur  ?    235 
union,  qui  regeret Itali- Nee  prolem  Ausoniam  et  Lavinia  respicit  arva? 
am  gravidam  imperiis,  Naviget.     Haec  summa  est :  hie  nostri  nuntius  esto. 
^^roderet16     bell°  '      ^ixerat.     ^e  patris  magni  parere  parabat 
9M237TOHiceestoilKnun-  ImPeri°  ;  et  primum  pedibus  talaria  nectit 
tius  nostri  Aurea  ;  quse  sublimem  alis,  sive  aequora  supra, 

Seu  terram,  rapido  pariter  cum  flamirie  portarit. 
Turn  virgam  capit  :  hac  animas  ille  evocat  Oreo 
Pallentes  ;  alias  sub  tristia  Tartara  mittit : 
Dat  somnos  adimitque,  et  lumina  morte  resignat. 
Ilia  fretus  agit  ventos,  et  turbida  tranat 
Nubila.     Jamque  volans  apicem  et  latera  ardua  cernit 
Atlantis  duri,  coelum  qui  vertice  fulcit : 

.    248.  Atlantis,  cui  pi-  Atlantis,  cinctum  assidue  cui  nubibus  atris 
rnferum  caput  assidue  Piniferum  caput  et  vento  pulsatur  et  imbri : 
cinctum   atris   nubibus  XT*     u  •    r  • 

pulsatur  et  vento  etim-  ^lx  humeros  «»  tegit  :  turn  flumma  mento 
bri :  nix  infusa  Praecipitant  senis,  et  glacie  riget  horrida  barba. 

Hie  primum  paribus  nitens  Cyllenius  alis 
Constitit :  hinc  toto  praeceps  se  corpore  ad  undas 
Misit :  avi  similis,  quoe  circuin  litora,  circum 
Piscosos  scopulos,  humilis  volat  sequora  juxta. 
256.Haud  aliterCyl-  Hand  aliter,  terras  inter  ccelumque,  volabat 


240 


245 


250 


256 


NOTES. 


233.  Molitur  laborem :  undertake  the  en- 
terprise for  his  own  glory. 

235.  In  gente  inimicd :  in  a  hostile  nation. 
This  is  said  by  anticipation,  because  of  the 
enmity  which  subsisted  between  Rome  and 
Carthage  in  after  times.     Slruit:    in  the 
aense  of  parat. 

236.  Lavinia  arva.     See  ^n.  i.  2. 

239.  Talaria.  These  were  a  kind  of 
winged  shoes,  which  the  poets  say.  the  mes- 
sengers of  the  gods  wore — sandals. 

241.  Flamine :  in  the  sense  of  vento. 

242.  Virgam.     This  was  the  celebrated 
rod,  or  Caduceus,  presented  to  Mercury  by 
Apollo,  in  return  for  his  lyre.     Mercury,  in 
his  way  to  Arcadia,  observing  two  serpents 
going  to  fight,  appeased  them  by  casting 
down  his  rod  between  them.     Hence  a  rod 
wreathed  round  with  two  serpents,  became 
a  symbol  of  peace.     Oreo :  the  place  of  the 
dead. 

243.  Tarlara:  the  lowest  part  of  hell — 
the  place  of  the  damned. 

244.  Lumina  morte  resignat:    he  opens 
eyes  in  death.     This  is  the  sense  given  to 
resigno  by  Turnebus,  Davidson,  and  others. 
They  think  the  poet  alludes  to  a  Roman 
custom  of  opening  the  eyes  on  the  funeral 
pile,  though  shut  all  the  time  the  corpse  lay 
in  the  house.     But  Servius  takes  resigno  in 
the  sense  of  claudo ':    he   closes,   or  shuts 
eyes  in  death.  RUHBUS  says,  aperil  oculos  ex 
mortc,  id  est,  revocat  corpora  e  morte.     This 
teems  to  be  the  opinion  of  Ileyne. 

?47.  Atlantis  ditri.     Atlas  is  a  very  high 


mountain,  or  rather  range  of  mountains, 
commencing  at  the  Atlantic  ocean,  to  which 
it  gives  name,  and  running  in  an  easterly 
direction,  dividing  Mauritania  from  Libya 
Interior.  It  is  fabled  that  Atlas,  king  of 
Mauritania,  was  transformed  into  this 
mountain  by  Perseus,  at  the  sight  of  his 
Gorgon's  head,  because  he  refused  to  treat 
him  with  hospitality.  Virgil  describes  the 
mountain  as  retaining  the  form  and  shape 
of  a  man.  Atlas  was  a  very  skilful  astro- 
nomer and  astrologer :  this  probably  gave 
rise  to  the  fable.  His  supporting  heaven 
on  his  shoulder  is  explained,  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  the  top  of  the  mountain  being 
lost  in  the  clouds.  Its  top,  or  summit,  was 
covered  with  perpetual  snow.  Hence,  m.r 
infusa  tegit  humeros. 

248.  Cui :  in  the  sense  of  cujus. 

250.  Mento  senis :  from  the  chin  of  tho 
old  man. 

252.  Cyllenius :  Cyllenius  moving  (nitens) 
on  equal  or  balanced  wings,  stopped.  This 
was  a  name  of  Mercury,  from  Cyllene,  in 
Arcadia,  the  place  of  his  birth.  He  was 
the  son  of  Maia,  the  daughter  of  Atlas,  by 
Jupiter. 

254.  Similis  avi.  The  whole  of  this  pas- 
sage is  in  imitation  of  Homer,  Od^s.  Lib. 
v.  43.  The  bird  here  alluded  to,  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  coot,  or  cormorant. 

256.  Volabat.  This  and  th«  two  follow- 
ing lines,  Heyne  marks  as  spurious.  They 
were  probably  left  in  an  unfinished  state. 
JJentlv  would  alter  volabnt  in  Jegtbat,  which 


.     LIB.  J  V . 


Litus  arenosum  Libyse,  ventosque  secabat, 
Materno  veniens  ab  avo  Cyllenia  proles. 

Ut  primura  alatis  tetigit  magalia  plantis, 
jEneam  fundantem  arces,  ac  tecta  novantem 
Conspicit :  atque  illi  stellatus  iaspide  fulva 
Ensis  erat,  Tyrioque  ardebat  murice  laena 
Demissa  ex  humeris  :  dives  quae  munera  Dido 
Fecerat,  et  termi  telas  discreverat  auro. 
Continue  invadit :  Tu  nunc  Carthaginis  altae 
Fundamenta  locas,  pulchramque  uxorius  urbem 
Extruis  !  lieu,  regni  rerumque  oblite  tuarum  ! 
Ipse  Deum  tibi  me  clar'o  demittit  Olympo 
Regnator,  coelum  et  terras  qui  numine  torquet : 
Ipse  haec  ferre  jubet  celeres  mandata  per  auras : 
Quid  struis  ?  aut  qua  spe  Libycis  teris  otia  terris  ? 
Si  te  nulla  movet  tantarum  gloria  rerum, 
Nee  super  ipse  tua  moliris  laude  laborem ; 
Ascanium  surgentem  et  spes  haeredis  liili 
Respice  :  cui  regnuin  Italia3  Romanaque  tellus 
Debentur.     Tali  Cyllenius  ore  locutus, 
Mortales  visus  medio  sermone  reliquit, 
Et  procul  in  tenuem  ex  oculis  evanuit  auram. 

At  vero  ^Eneas  aspectu  obmutuit  amens  ; 
Arrectasque  horrore  com93  ;  et  vox  faucibus  hsesit. 
Ardet  abire  fuga,  dulcesque  relinquere  terras, 
Attonitus  tanto  monitu  imperioque  Deorum. 
Heu  !  quid  agat  ?  quo  nunc  reginam  ambire  furentem 
Audeat  affatu  ?  quse  prima  exordia  sumat  ? 
Atque  animum  nunc  hue  celerern,  nunc  dividit  illuc ; 
In  partesque  rapit  varias,  perque  omnia  versat.         286 


lenia  proles  veniens  ab 
materno  avo  volabat 
arcnosum  litus  Libyze, 
'inter  terras  coelumque. 
~bU  secabatque  ventos. 


265 


270 


275 


280     280.  Com®  swt  ar- 
rectse 


NOTES. 


is  tlie  reading  of  Davidson ;  but  without 
sufficient  authority.  Between  heaven  and 
earth,  lie  flew  along  the  sandy  shore,  and 
cut  the  winds. 

258.  Ab  materno  avo.     Mercury  was  the 
son  of  Maia,  the  daughter  of  Atlas,  which 
made  him  his  grandfather  on  his   mother's 
side.     Cyllenia  proles :  simply,  Mercury. 

259.  Magalia :  neu.  plu.  either  the  huts 
of  the  African  shepherds,  mentioned  Geor. 
iii.  340,  or.the  towers  and  buildings  of  Car- 
thage erected  on  the  spot  where  the  magalia 
once  stood. 

261.  Ensis  erat  illi  stellatus :  there  was  to 
him  a  sword  studded  with  yellow  jasper. 
The  hilt  and  scabbard  were  studded  with 
gems,  sparkling  like  stars,  particularly  with 
jaspers.    Servius  informs  us  it  was  a  receiv- 
ed opinion  that  there  was  a  virtue  in  the 
jasper -stone,  to  assist  orators  in  their  plead- 
ings, and  that  Gracchus  wore  one  of  them 
for  that  puspose. 

262.  Lama.     This   was   a   thick  double 
garment — a  cassock.  Ardebat:  in  the  sense 
offulgebat. 

264.  Disr.rr.wat  tr.las :  had  distinguished 


the  web  with  a  small  thread  o'f  gold.  Rueeu? 
says,  distinxerat. 

265.  Invadit :  in  the  sense  of  aUoquilUr. 

266.  Uxorius :  a  slave  to  your  wife.     It 
refers  to  the  pron.  tu,  understood. 

267.  Oblite :  the  voc.  of  oblitus,  agreeing 
with  JEneas,  understood. 

271.  Teris  otia :  you  waste  your  time. 
Struis :  in  the  sense  of  facis,  vel  paras. 

276.  Tali  ore:    in  the  sense  of  talibus 
verbis. 

277.  Reliquit:   in  the  sense  of  mi-- 
Mercury  had  assumed  a  human  form,  morta- 
les  visus,  in  his  conference  with  ./Eneas  :  but 
as  soon  as  he  had  ended  his  speech,  in  me- 
dio sermone,  and  before  ./Eneas  had  time  to 
make  any  reply,  he  left,  changed,  or  put  it 
off,  and  vanished  from  his  eyes.     Sermo  is 
properly  a  conference  between  two  or  more 
persons,  and,  when  one  only  has  spoken,  it 
is  not  complete  or  finished. 

279.  Amens  :  in  the  sense  of  atlonitus  vel 
stupefaclus. 

283.  Quo  affatu  :  in  what  words— by  what 
address.  Ambire :  to  speak  to— to  address. 

285.  Diviiit :  in  the  sense  of  vcrht. 


tfJb  P.  VIKGILII 

Haec  alternant!  potior  sententia  visa  est. 

Mnesthea  Sergestumque  vocat,  fortemque  Cloanthum  : 

289.  Jubet  ut  taciti  Classem  aptent  taciti,  sociosque  ad  litora  cogant, 

Arma  parent ;  et,  quse  sit  rebus  causa  novandis,      290 
Dissimulent :  sese  interea,  quando  optima  Dido 
Nesciat,  et  tantos  rumpi  non  speret  amores, 

293.    Interea   statuit  Tentaturum  aditus,  et  quae  inollissima  fandi 
sese  tentaturum  aditus,  Tempora  ;  quis  rebus  dexter  modus.      Ocyus  omnes 

tl^^U^r  ImPe»°  '*"  P/™';  •?  J»»»  <•*"'•  295 

dus  sit  dexter  rebus  con-       At  regma  dolos  (quis  tallere  possit  amantem  ?) 
ficicndis  Praesensit,  motusque  excepit  prima  futuros, 

Omnia  tuta  timens.    Eadem  impia  Fama  furenti 

Detuiit  armari  classem,  cursumque  parari. 

Saevit  inops  anirni,  totamque  incensa  per  urbem       300 
301.7Wi$qualisThy-Bacchatur :  qualis  commotis  excita  sacris 
as,  excita  Thyas,  ubi  audito  stimulant  trieterica  Baccho 

Orgia,  nocturnusque  vocat  clamore  Cithasron. 

Tandem  his  ^Eneam  compellat  vocibus  ultro  : 

305.  O  perfide  homo,  Dissimulare  etiam  sperasti,  perfide,  tantum  305 

sperasti  te  posse  Posse  nefas,  tacitusque  mea  decedere  terra  ? 

Nee  te  noster  amor,  nee  te  data  dextera  quondam, 

Nee  moritura  tenet  crudeli  funere  Dido  ? 

Quin  etiam  hyberno  moliris  sidere  classem, 

Et  mediis  properas  Aquilonibus  ire  per  altum,          310 
Sll.Ocrudelisfawj^/Crudelis  !  Quid?  si  non  arva  aliena  domosque 
Quid?  ei/«non  peteres  Ignotas  peteres,  et  Troja  antiqua  maneret ; 

Troja  per  undosum  peteretur  elassibus  aequor  ? 

NOTES. 

287.   Ukc  altemanti :  this  plan  seemed  and  carried  about  in  procession  by  his  irau- 

t he  better  to  him,  wavering  in  mind,  and  tic  votaries.    The  mysteries  of  Bacchus  were 

examining  what  had  best  be  done  in  his  celebrated  every  third  year :  hence  they  arc 

present  situation.  Ruseus  says  consilium,  for  called  trieterica. 

Sententia.  m  Tf)       .  abacchanal.  from  a  Greek 

S3.  Aditus :  the  avenues  or  passages  to  word  signffying.  to  roar  about  in  wild  and 

her  heart.     Qwce  :  what  might  be  the  fittest  frantic  disorder 
or  softest  moments  of  addressing  her,  to 

obtain  her  consent.     Rebus  :  for  effecting         303-  Wocturnu*  Cilharon.    < 

his  purposes.  a  mountain  in  Beotia  sacred  to  Bacchus. 

298.  Excepit :    heard— found   out.      Ti-  Here  his  mjste'ies  were  celebrated  in  the 

mensomnia  tuta:  fearing  all  things   when  most  distinguished  manner  by  his  infatuated 

even  safe— fearing  danger  when  all  things  f°U°wers.     They  were,  for  the  most  part, 

are  safe.     Furenti  :  in  Ihe  sense  of  ad  aures  celebrated  m  the  night.     Hence  nocturnus 

furentis,  sive  amantis.     Impia :  in  the  sense  Citha>.ron.     Earn  is  understood  after  vocat. 
of  5CB«a,  says Heyne.     Detuiit:  in  the  sense         307.  Dextera  quondam  data:    thy  right 

of  nunciavit.  hand   once  given.     This    alludes   to  their 

300.  Inops  animi :  devoid  of  reason.  marriage.    Supra,  172.     Tenet  is  to  be  sup- 

301.  Qualis  Thyas  :  as  abacchanal  roused  plied,  or  repeated,  with  each  of  the  preced- 
at  the  moving  of  the  sacred  symbols,  &c.  Ser-  ing  nominatives. 

mus  informs  us  that  commovere  sacra  was  a  309.  Moliris  classem :  do  you  prepare  your 

phrase  used  by  the  Romans  to  signify  the  fleet  in  the  winter  season.    The  north  winds 

opening  of  the  solemnities  of  particular  di-  were  directly  against  ./Eneas  in  sailing  from 

Vinitics,  on  their  high  festival  days ;  when  Africa  to  Italy.     This   speech  of  Dido   is 

their  sacred  symbols  were  removed  from  tender  arid  persuasive.     And  since  it  ap- 

their  temples,  in  order  to  be  carried   about  peared  his  purpose  to  sail  to  Italy,  she  en- 

Jn  pompous  procession.     This  was  particu-  deavors  to  dissuade  him  from  it,  until  the 

larly  the  case  in  celebrating  the  Orgta,  or  winter  and  contrary  winds  were  over,  in  the 

mysteries  of  Bacchus,  when  the  statues  of  hope  that,  by  repeated  instances  of  her  af- 

fhut  god  were  removed  from  hjs  temples,  fection  and  regard,  he  might  be  induced  to 


JENEIS.     LIB.  IV . 


Mene  tugis  !  per  ego  has  lacrymas  dextramque  tuam,  te,     aw.  Ego  oro  te  per 

Quaodo  aliud  mihi  jam  iniserae  nihil  ipsa  reliqui, 

Per  connubia  nostra,  per  inceptos  Hymenaeos  ; 

Si  bene  quid  de  te  merui,  fuit  aut  tibi  quicquam 

Dulce  raeurn ;  miserere  domus  labentis,  et  istam, 

Oro,  si  quis  adhuc  precibus  locus,  exue  mentem. 

Te  propter  Libycae  gentes,  Nomadumque  tyranni 

Odere,  infensi  Tyrii :  te  propter  eundem 

Extinctus  pudor,  et,  qua  sola  sidera  adibam, 


has    lacrymas,     tua.ni- 

316  ^Ue  ^extram  (quando 
ipsa  jam  reliqui  nihil 
aliud  mihi  miseree)  per 
nostra 

317.  Aut  si  quicquam 
go0mcum   fuit   dulce  tibi. 
*    miserere 

321.  Odere  me,  el  Ty- 

.  ,  rii   infensi  sunl  mihi  ; 

Fama  prior.     Cui  me  moribundam  deseris,  hospes  ?        propter  te  eundem,  meus 
Hoc  solum  nomen  quoniam  de  conjuge  restat.  putlor  extinctus  erf,  et 

Quid  moror  ?  an  mea  Pygmalion  dum  mcenia  frater    325  mea  pri( 
Destruat  ?  aut  captam  ducat  Getulus  larbas  ? 
Saltern  si  qua  mihi  de  te  suscepta  fuisset 
Ante  fugam  soboles  ;  si  quis  mihi  parvulus  aula 
Luderet  ./Eneas,  qu  i  te  tantum  ore  referret ; 
Non  equidem  omnino  capta  aut  deserta  viderer. 

Dixerat.     Ille  Jovis  monitis  immota  tenebat 
Lumina,  et  obnixus  curam  sub  corde  premebat. 
Tandem  pauca  refert :  Ego  te,  quse  plurima  fando 
Enumerare  vales  nunquam,  regina,  negabo 
Promeritam  :  nee  me  meminisse  pigebit  Elisae  ; 


327.  Siqua  soboles  sal- 
tern suscepta  fuisset  mi- 
hi de  te  ante  fugam ;  si 
330  WH*  parvulus  JEneas 


334.  O  Regina,  ego 
nunquam     negabo     te 
335  promeritam  ease  plurima 


Dum  memor  ipse  mei,  dum  spiritus  hos  reget  artus.       enumerarTfando 
Pro  re  pauca  loquar.     Nee  ego  hanc  abscondere  furto    ^336,  Dum  ego  ipse  erf) 
Speravi,  ne  finge,  fugam  ;  nee  conjugis  unquam  memor  mei,  dum 


NOTES. 


give  over  the  idea  of  it  altogether.  Sidere : 
in  the  sense  of  tempore. 

316.  Hymenceos:  in  the  sense  of  amores. 
Qui  novitaie  sunt  dulces,  says  Servius. 

319.  Mentem :  purpose — design  of  leav- 
ing me. 

320.  Tyranni  Nomadum :  the  kings  of  the 
Numidians.     The  ancient  Romans  used  the 
words  iyrannus  and  rex  promiscuously. 

321.  Tyrii  infensi.     She  here  alludes  to 
the  purpose  of  her  brother  to  pursue  her,  as 
already  mentioned. 

322.  Pudor  extinctus :  my  chastity  is  gone, 
and  my  former  fame,  by  which  alone  1  reach- 
ed the  stars. 

324.  Quoniam  hoc  nomen  :    since   this 
name  alone  remains  of  the  husband.     It  is 
to  be  observed  that  Dido  does  not  address 
him  by  the  endearing  name  of  husband,  but 
by  that  of  stranger  or  guest,  hospes  :  and 
she  can  look  upon  him  in  no  other  light, 
since  he  is  going  to  leave  her. 

325.  Quid  moror  ?    what  do  I  wait  for  ? 
328.  Siquis  parvulus :  if  any  little  /Eneas 

could  play  to  me  in  my  hall,  who  only 
might  resemble  you  in  form,  1  should  not, 
&c.  Some  ancient  copies  read  tame.n,  in- 
stead of  tantum  :  who  nevertheless  should 
resemble  thee,  &c.  Some  explain  the 
words,  qui  le  tantum  referret  ore.  ;  as  if  Dido 
did  not  wish  her  son  to  resemble  Ericas  in 
his  roind.  cruelty  and  Inrdnogs  of  heart, 


but  only  in  person  and  features.  But  this 
sentiment  does  not  very  well  agree  with  the 
present  strain  of  her  discourse  ;  which  is 
full  of  tenderness,  soft  address,  and  moving 
expostulation. 

Since  she  could  not  enjoy  his  person,  it 
would  have  been  some  alleviation  of  her 
distress,  if  she  had  a  son  by  him,  who  might 
only  set  the  image  of  the  father  before  her 
eyes,  if  he  could  do  nothing  more.  Heyne 
reads  tamen.  Ruaeus  says,  qui  reprEsenta* 
rit  te  tantum,  modb  I'ullu. 

330.  Capta.  Ruaeus  interprets  this  to  be 
decepta,  which  is  very  harsh,  and  cannot  bo 
the  meaning  of  the  speaker.  Capta  refers 
to  what  she  had  said  just  before,  326  supra, 
aut  captam  ducat  Getulus  larbas. 

In  order  to  paint  her  distress  to  ^Encas 
in  the  liveliest  colors,  she  represents  him 
as  the  only  person,  on  whom  she  could  de- 
pend for  protection ;  and  now  he  was  going 
to  abandon  her,  considers  herself  forlorn, 
deserted,  and  left  a  prey  to  her  enemies, 
who  had  already,  as  it  were,  made  her  their 
captive.  This  is  the  dreary  imago  that 
haunts  her  disturbed  fancy  by  day,  and  IMF 
dreams  by  night.  See  verse  466.  infra. 

333.  Refert :  in  the  sense  of  responded 

337.  Loquar  pauca  pro  re:  I  will  speak  a 
few  things  to   the  point  in  question. 
ego  speravi :  nor  did   I  hope  to  conceal  my 
departure.  £;<-.      This  i?  a.  rrj?lv  to  pidpV 


P.  VIRGIL1I   MARGIN  IS 


Praetendi  taedas,  aut  haec  in  foedera  veni. 
Me  si  fata  meis  paterentur  ducere  vitam 
Auspiciis,  et  sponte  mea  componere  curas  ; 
Urbem  Trojanam  primum  dulcesque  meorum 
Relliquias  colerem  ;  Priami  tecta  alta  manerent 
Et  recidiva  manu  posuissem  Pergarna  victis. 
345.  Grynsus  Apollo  ged  nunc  italiam  magriam  Grynseus  Apollo  ; 
iiissit  me  capessere  mag-  ¥     ,.         T       .       .        «  & 
nam    Italiam,    Lycile  Italiam  Lycise  jussere  capessere  sortes. 
eortes  jussere  me     •      Hie  amor,  haec  patria  est.     Si  te  Carthaginis  arces 

»    Phoenissam,  Libycseque  aspectus  detinet  urbis  : 
350.    Fas  sit  et  noi  Quse  tandem  Ausonia  Teucros  considere  terra 
Invidia  est  ?  et  nos  fas  extera  quterere  regna. 

patris  Anchisffi,  quoties  humentibus  umbris 

et  terret  me  in  somnis,  Nox  operit  terras,  quoties  astra  ignea  surgunt, 
quoties  Admonet  in  somnis  et  turbida  terret  imago  : 

354.  Puer  Ascanius,  ]\|e  puer  Ascanius,  capitisque  injuria  cliari, 

regno  Hesperus  fraudo  et  futalibus  arvUr. 


340 


345 


350 


355 


Hesperise,  et  fatalibus  Nunc  etiam  interpres  Divum,  Jove  missus  ab  ipso, 
arvis,  admonet  me.         (Tester  utrumque  caput)  celeres  mandata  per  auras 


iNOTES. 


accusation,  dissimulare  etiam,  &c.     Verse 
305,  supra. 

339.  Prcetendi.  Ruceus  takes  this  in  the 
sense  of  pr&texui,  in   allusion  to  verse  172, 
where  it  is  said  of  Dido,  pr&texit  culpam 
hoc  nomine  :  nor  did  I  ever  cover  over  our 
marriage  with   the  name  of  husband,  or 
come  into  the  bands  of  Hymen. 

Some  take  pra&tendi  in  the  sense  of  pr<z- 
tuli  :  nor  did  I  ever  bear  before  me  the 
nuptial  torch  :  in  allusion  to  a  Roman  cus- 
tom of  carrying  lighted  torches  before  the 
new  married  couple.  In  either  case,  the 
plain  meaning  is :  I  had  no  part  in  our 
nuptials — I  consented  not  to  them ;  nor  did 
I  enter  into  any  contract  of  that  nature. 
This  answers  Dido's  charge  against  him  : 
JVec  te  nosier  amor,  &c.  Verse  305,  supra. 

340.  Si  fata  paterentur  :  if  the  destinies 
had  permitted  me  to  lead  my  life,  £c. 

This  passage  furnishes  the  critics  with  a 
pretext  to  condemn  ./Eneas  of  ingratitude 
and  insensibility.  Was  it  not  enough,  say 
they,  for  him  to  let  Dido  know  that  he  was 
forced  by  the  Destinies  elsewhere,  without 
insulting  her  with  an  open  declaration,  that 
he  preferred  other  objects  to  her  ?  But  we 
shall  not  think  JEneas  so  much  to  blame, 
if  we  consider  the  true  meaning  of  his 
wo"ds.  Dido  had  urged  him  to  stay  ;  he 
answers,  it  is  not  in  his  power,  because  the 
Destinies  opposed  it :  hi  proof  of  it,  he  as- 
sures her  that  if  they  had  left  him  to  his 
own  choice,  he  woi  .Id  never  have  left  his 
native  country  :  he  would  have  "ebuilt 
Troy,  which  now  lay  in  ashes.  This  is  not 
saying ;'  if  I  were  at  liberty.,  t  would  for- 
sake you  and  return,  and  rebuild  Troy  ; 
but  I  would  nevar  have  formed  any  other 
design  than  that  of  repairing  the  desolation 


of  my  country.  What  makes  the  objection 
appear  the  more  specious  is,  that  Virgil  uses 
colerem  for  coluissem  ;  but  there  are  many 
instances  where  the  imperfect  of  the  sub. 
has  the  same  signification  with  the  plup., 
and  it  is  plain  that  it  has  in  the  present 
instance,  both  from  the  sense,  and  the  use 
of  posuissem  in  the  following  line,  with 
which  the  preceding  verbs  are  connected. 
Auspiciis  :  in  the  sense  of  voluntate.  Cu- 
ras :  in  the  sense  of  negotia,  says  Heyne. 

344.  Recidiva :  rebuilt — raised  up  after  a 
fall.     Posuissem :  in  the  sense  of  restituissem. 

345.  Grynwus  Apollo.     The  epithet  Gry- 
niRus  was   given  to  Apollo  from  Gryna,  a 
city  of  JEolia,  near  which  was  a  grove  call- 
ed  Gryrcccwm,  where  Apollo  had  an  oracle 
of  great   antiquity,   and   also   a    splendid 
temple. 

346.  Lycics,  sortes.   Lycia  :    a  maritime 
country  of  Asia  Minor,  in  which  was  the 
city  Patara,  where  Apollo  had   a  famous 
temple  and  oracle.     This  and  some  other 
Oracles  were  called  Sortes,  because  they  de- 
termined the  fate  of  the  person  by  casting 
or  drawing  lots,  throwing  dice,  or  by  some 
such  method,  which  was  thought  to  be  un- 
der the  immediate  direction  of  the  god. 

350.  Fas.  This  word  properly  signifies 
a  divine  law — what  is  right  or  lawful — also 
a  duty  towards  God.  Et,  often,  as  here, 
hath  the  sense  of  etiam,  vel  qnoque. 

355.  Fatalibus  anis  :  fields  destined  to 
him  by  fate. 

./Eneas  had  all  along  been  directed  to  go 
to  Italy,  under  the  assurance  of  a  peaceful 
settlement.  This  country  the  Gods  had 
destined  to  him. 

357.  Ttsior  utrumque  caput  :  I  call  to 
witness  each  God,  viz.  Mercury  and  Jove. 


J2NE1S.     LIB.  IV. 


Detuiit.  Ipse  Deum  manifesto  in  lumine  vidi 
Intrantem  muros,  vocemque  his  auribus  hausi. 
Desirie  meque  tuis  incendere,  teque  querelis  :  360 

Italiarn  non  sponte  sequor. 

Talia  dicentem  jamdudum  aversa  tuetur, 
Huc'illuc  volvens  oculos,  totumque  pererrat 
Luminibus  tacitis,  et  sic  acceiisa  profatur  : 
Nee  tibi  Diva  parens,  generis  nee  Dardanus  auctor,  365 
Perfide,  sed  duris  genuii  te  cautibus  horrens 
Caucasus,  Hyrcanaeque  admdrum  uoera  tigres. 
Nam  quid  dissimulp  ?  aut  quae  me  ad  majora  reservo  ? 
Nam  fletu  ingemuit  nostro  ?  num  lumina  flexit  ?       [est  ? 
Num  lachrymas  victus  dedit  ?  aut  miseratus  amantem 
Quae  quibus  anteferam  ?  jam  jam  nee  maxima  Juno, 
Nee  Saturnius  hsec  oculis  pater  aspicit  aequis. 
Nusquam  tuta  fides.     Ejectum  litore,  egentem 
Excepi,  et  regni  demens  in  parte  locavi : 
Amissam  classem,  socios  a  morte  reduxi. 
Heu  !  furiis  incensa  feror.    Nunc  augur  Apollo, 
Nunc  Lyciae  sortes,  nunc  et  Jove  missus  ab  ipso 
Interpres  Divum  fert  horrida  jussa  per  auras. 
Scilicet  is  Superis  labor  est,  ea  cura  quietos 
Sollicitat.     Neque  te  teneo,  neque  dicta  refello.       380 
I,  sequere  Italiarn  ventis ;  pete  regna  per  undas. 


362.  Dido  jamdudum 
aversa  tuetur  Mum  di- 
centem 


374.  Excepi  eum  ejec- 
turn  litore,  egentem  om- 
nium ;  et  demens  locavi 
cum  in,  parte  regni 


NOTES. 


Caput,  by  synec.  is  here  put  for  the  whole 
body,  or  person  :  so  also  in  line  354.  Val- 
py  understands  it  of  Dido  and  ^neas.  But 
he  is  singular  in  this.  Ruseus  says,  utrum- 
que  Deum. 

359.  Hausi  his  auribus :  I  drew  his  voice 
into  these  ears — I  heard  his  voice.     This  is 
a  pleonasm  us  common  to  most  languages. 
It  adds  strength  to  the  affirmation. 

360.  Incendere:  to  trouble — afflict. 

362.  Aversa  :  in  the  sense  of  infensa. 

363.  Pererrat :  surveys  him  all  over. 

364.  Tacitis  :  steady — fixed. 

365.  JVec  tibi  Diva,  &c.     Dido,  finding 
JEneas  deaf  to  all  oer  entreaties,  after  re- 
calling all  the  fine  things  she  had  said  of 
him,  verse  12  et  sequens,  breaks  forth  into 
the  most  bitter  invectives :  Nor  is  a  goddess 
your  parent — nor  Dardanus  the  founder  of 
your  race  ;  but  frightful  Caucasus  brought 
you  forth    among   its  hard  rocks,  and  the 
Hyrcanian  tigers  gave  you  suck. 

Caucasus :  a  very  inhospitable  mountain, 
which  divides  Scythia  from  India.  It  lies 
between  the  Caspian  and  Euxine  seas. 
Hyrcanioz  tigres ;  Hyrcania,  a  country  in 
Asia,  anciently  a  part  of  Parthia,  lying  be- 
tween Media  on  the  west,  and  Margiana  on 
the  east ;  and  having  the  Caspian  sea  on  the 
north.  It  is  subject  to  the  Persians.  Ho- 
rfie,  Tabarestan.  This  country  was  infested 
with  the  most  savage  beasts.  Adtnorunt : 
they  moved  their  teats  to  you. 


368.  Majora :  in  the  sense  of  ma/ores  in- 
jurias. 

369.  JVwm  ingemuit  nostro :  did  he  sigh 
at  my  tears?   did  he  move  his  eyes,  &c. 
This  refers  to  331  supra :  Ille  Jovis  monitis 
immota  tenebat  lumina. 

371.  QUCK  quibus  anteferam :  what  things 
can  I  mention  before  these?  Ruaeus  says  :  In- 
ter qua  omnia  signa  immanitatis,  qutsnam  aliis 
majora  dicam.  Valpy  says :  how  shall  I  ex- 
press myself?  to  which  feeling  shall  I  first  give 
utterance  ?  But  the  words  will  bear  another 
meaning :  before  whom  can  I  carry  these 
things  ?  viz.  my  complaints.  To  this  we  are 
led  from  considering  what  follows ;  as  if 
Dido  had  said :  to  whom  can  I  apply  for  re- 
dress ?  since  neither  powerful  Juno,  nor  fa- 
ther Jove  regards  my  sufferings  with  equal 
eyes.  There  is  justice  neither  in  heaven 
nor  earth. 

373.  Ejectum :  shipwrecked. 

375.  Reduxi:  in  the  sense  of  seriavi.  &er 
J!En.  vii.  431.     Amisxam ;  in  the   sense  of 
quassatam. 

376.  Nunc  augur  Apollo.     She  here  al- 
ludes to  what  /Eneas  had  said  before,  verse 
345,  et  sequen*.     Ftror :  in  the  sense  of  ra- 
pior. 

381.  I,  sequere  Italiam  rcntis,  &c.  This 
Quintilian  gives  as  an  instance  of  the  iro- 
nical style.  Nothing  is  more  in  character 
of  an  injured  lover,  than  to  order  him  to  do 
the  very  thing,  which  was  contrary  to  her 


302 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


382.  Spero  equidera  Spero  equidem  mediis,  si  quid  pia  numina  possum, 
»  ±T8™o;Z!TttuPPIicia  hausurum  scopulis,  et  nomine  D.do 
saepe    vocaturum  Dido  feaePe  vocaturum.     feequar  atris  ignibus  absens  : 
nomine,  si  pia  numina  Et,  cum  frigida  moris  anima  seduxerit  artus,  385 

possunt  ejficere  quid        Omnibus  umbra  locis  adero.    Dabis,  improbe,  pcenas  : 
yum87*  o^rJm™  veriet  Audiam»  et  haec  Manes  veniet  mihi  lama  sub  imos.* 
mthi  s^bljnoT          *  His  medium  dictis  sermonem  abrumpit,  et  auras 

jEgra  fugit,  seque  ex  oculis  avertit  et  aufert, 

390.    Linquens   cum  Linquens  multa  metu  cunctantem  et  multa  parantern 
cunctantem  metu,  et      Dicere.     Suscipiunt  famulse,  collapsaque  membra     391 
Marmoreo  referunt  thalamo,  stratisque  reponunt. 

At  pius  ^Eneas,  quanquam  lenire  dolentem 
Solando  cupit,  et  dictis  avertere  curas  ; 

395.  Labefactus  quoad  Multa  gemens,  magnoque  animum  labefactus  amore  : 
animum  magno  amore,  jugsa  tamen  £)ivum  exsequitur,  classemque  revisit.  396 
tamen  exseqmtur  jussa  Tum  M 


400 


Deducunt  toto  naves  :  natat  uncta  carina  ; 

401.  Cernas  'frojanos  Frondentesque  ferunt  remos,  et  robora  sylvis 
migrantes,    ruentesque  Infabricata,  fugae  studio. 

402.  Ac  veluti  cum  Migrantes  cernas,  totaque  ex  urbe  ruentes. 
I™  P™,8ng£  Ac  veluti  ingen.em  formica,  farns  acervum 

tern  acervum  farris,  re-  ^um  populant,  hyemis  memores,  tectoque  reponunt  : 
ponuntque  in  tecto        It  nigrum  campis  agmen,  pra3damque  per  herbas 


NOTES. 


inclinations.  Serviiis  observes  too,  that 
Dido  commands  in  a  way  that  implies  dis- 
suasion, by  mentioning  the  winds  and  the 
waves,  which  served  to  remind  him  of  his 
danger ;  and  by  using  the  word  sequere,  as 
if  Italy  fled  from  him. 

382.  Spero  equidem :  I  hope  indeed  you 
will  suffer  punishment  among  the  interven- 
ing rocks,  &c.  Hausurum :  part.  perf.  of 
fiaurio :  to  drink.  This  seems  to  be  used 
in  allusion  to  the  death  which  she  hoped  he 
would  die,  that  is,  by  drowning.  This  was 
reckoned  the  peculiar  punishment  reserved 
by  Heaven  for  perfidious  lovers.  Dido :  a 
Greek  ace.  of  the  contracted  nouns. 

384.  Absens  sequar,  &c.  The  meaning 
is :  that  the  remembrance  of  Dido,  whom 
he  had  abandoned,  though  absent,  would 
still  haunt  his  guilty  mind,  like  a  grim  fury. 
This  satisfaction  she  should  have  in  life  ;  and 
when  death  should  -separate  her  soul  and 
body,  and  her  ghost,  umbra,  should  be  at 
liberty  to  range  over  the  universe,  it  should 
also  haunt  him  wherever  he  went.  Atris 
ignibus  refers  probably  to  the  representation 
of  the  furies,  armed  with  torches;  which 
Cicero  explains  of  the  stings  and  torments 
of  a  guilty  conscience. 

386.  Umbra  adero :  I,  a  shade,  or  ghost, 
will  be  present  with  you,  &c. 

387.  Hcec  fama  veniet :  this  news   shall 
come  to  me  under  the  lowest  shades.    The 
ancients  observed  a  threefold  distinction  in 
the  immortal  part  of  man,  viz  :  the  Umbra. 


phantom  or  shade,  which  commonly  fre- 
quented the  place  where  the  body  was  bu- 
ried ;  or  haunted  those  abodes  to  which  it 
had  been  accustomed  in  life  :  the  Manes, 
which  were  confined  to  the  lower  regions ; 
and  the  Spiritus,  which  returned  to  heaven, 
its  original  abode.  Manes  is  frequently  ta- 
ken for  the  place  of  the  dead,  by  me  ton. 
which  is  the  meaning  here. 

388.  Auras  :  in  the  sense  of  lucem. 

389.  «/22gra  fugit  auras :  faint,  she  fled  the 
light — she  withdrew  from  further  conference 
with  ./Eneas,  into  her  private  apartment. 
Here,  quite   overcome,  she  fainted,  as  we 
may   suppose,  when  her  servants  came  to 
her   aid,    and    placed  her  upon   her   bed. 
"  She  withdrew  from  the  light  to  her  apart- 
ment," says  Valpy.     Some  think  she  fainted 
quite  away,  and  ceased  to  breathe ;  but  this 
is  not  consistent  with  what  follows :  avertit 
et  aufert,  &c. 

390.  Multa.     The  multa  in  the  preceding 
part  of  the  line,  appears  entirely  expletive. 

393.  Dolentem :  referring  to  Dido.  Some 
copies  have  dolorem,  as  Heyne  informs  us. 

398.  Deducunt:  launch  the  lofty   ships 
along  the  whole  shore. 

399.  Ferunt  remos .  they  bring  from  the 
woods  green  (unwrought)  oars,  and  rough 
timber ;  such  was  their  hurry  and  impa- 
tience  to  be  gone      Frondentes:    covered 
with    leaves — not   even  stripped   of   their 
leaves. 

403.  Tec  to  :  in  their  cells,  or  holes. 


.     LIB.  IV. 


4]  Q 


Corivectant  calle  angusto  :  pars  grandia  trudunt      405 
Obnixae  frumenta  humeris  :  pars  agmina  cogunt, 
Castigantque  moras  :  opere  omnis  semita  fervet. 

Quis  tibi  tune,  Dido,  cernenti  talia  sensus  ? 
Quosve  dabas  gemitus,  cum  litora  fervere  late 
Prospiceres  arce  ex  summa,  totumque  videres 
Misceri  ante  oculos  tantis  clamoribus  sequor  ? 
Improbe  amor,  quid  non  mortalia  pectora  cogis  ! 
Ire  iterum  in  lachrymas,  iterum  tentare  precando 
Cogitur,  et  supplex  animos  submittere  amori  ; 
Ne  quid  inexpertum,  frustra  moritura,  relinquat. 
Anna,  vides  toto  properari  litore  :  circuin 
Undique  convenere  :  vocat  jam  carbasus  auras, 
Puppibus  et  laeti  nautae  imposuere  coronas. 
Hunc  ego  si  potui  tantum  sperare  dolorem — 
Et  perferre,  soror,  potero.     Miserae  hoc  tamen  unum 
Exsequere,  Anna,  mihi :  solam  nam  perfidus  ille 
Te  colere,  arcanos  etiam  tibi  credere  sensus ; 
Sola  viri  molles  aditus  et  tempora  ndras. 
I,  soror,  atque  hostem  supplex  affare  superbum : 


408.  Quis  sensus  e  rat 
tune  tibi 

410.Videresque  totum 
sequor  misceri 

412.  Quid  non  cogis 
mortalia  pectora  perpc- 
trare 


415 


419.  O  soror,  si  ego 
potui  sperare  hunc  tan- 
turn  dolorem,^o/m'/>er- 
ferre  ;  et  potero  perferre 
eum. 

421.  Nam  ille  perfi- 
dus  homo  solebat  colere 
te  solam,  etiam  credere 
arcanos  sensus  tibi :  tu 
sola  noras  molles  aditus 


NOTES. 


405.  Convectant:  they  carry  often.     By 
using  this  verb,  the  poet  represents  those 
animals  marching  backward  and  forward, 
and  returning  frequently  to  their  cells,  full 
laden  with  their  booty,  like  soldiers  reaping 
the  spoils  of  an  enemy.     Pars  obnixce :  a 
part,   shoving  with   their  shoulders,  push 
along  the  large  grains. 

406.  Moras :  in   the  sense  of  morantes : 
those  that  delay.     Frequent  allusions  have 
been  made  by  poets  of  all  ages  to  the  ants, 
as  examples  of  industry,  wisdom,  and  fore- 
sight.   "  Go  to  the  ant,  thou  sluggard,  con- 
sider her  ways,  and  be  wise,"  says  Solomon. 
Modern  observation  has  not  discovered  in 
them  any  such  instances  of  industry.     On 
certain  days  they   carry  out  of  their  cells, 
and  expose  to  the  warmth  of  the  sun,  their 
eggs  ;  but  we  find  no  store  of  provisions 
laid   up   against   approaching   want.     For 
during  the  cold  season  of  the  year,  they  lie 
in  a  torpid  state,  and  require  no  food. 

409.  Fervere :  to  be  all  in  a  bustle — to  be 
busily  occupied. 

412.  Improbe :  in  the  sense  of  crudelis, 
vel  vehemens. 

414.  Cogitur  ire  iterum:  she  is  forced 
again  to  go  into  tears,  -again  to  try  him  by 
supplication,  £c.  As  the  poet  had  used 
cogis  just  before,  so  here  he  repeats  the 
same  word,  and  shows  the  constraining 
power  of  love  in  Dido's  conduct — she  is 
forced,  in  spite  of  her  pride,  her  resentment, 
her  resolutions,  and  her  imprecations. 

Animos.  Animus,  in  the  plu.  properly 
signifies  the  affections  or  passions  of  the 
mind.  The  meaning  of  the  passage  is  :  she 
is  forced  again  to  have  recourse  to  tears, 
again  to  try  him  with  prayers,  and  to  submit 
her  passions,  her  resentment,  her  pride,  and 


her  indignation,  to  love — to  give  up  all  to 
the  superior  power  and  efficacy  of  her  love. 

415.  Moritura  frustra.      Commentators 
are  not  agreed  upon  the  meaning  of  the 
word  frustra  in   this   place.     Servius  con- 
nects  it  with   inexpertum.     The   meaning 
then  will  be :  that  she  might  not  leave  any 
thing  unattempted,  though  in  vain ;  since 
she  was  resolved  to  die.     But  it  is  more  like 
a  lover  to  entertain  some  glimmering  hope 
as  long  as  the  dear  object  is  within  reach. 
The  better  meaning  is  :  lest  by  leaving  any 
thing  unattempted,  or  untried,  she  should 
die  in  vain — she  should  seem  to  throw  away , 
her  life. 

416.  Properari:  there  is  a  hastening,  stir, 
or  bustle  around  on  the  whole  shore.     This 
verb  is  used  impersonally. 

418.  Nautoz   imposuere:  the  joyous  ma- 
riners have  placed  garlands  on  the  sterns. 
It  was  a  custom  among  sailors  to  deck  the 
sterns  of  the  ship,  both  at  sailing  and  land- 
ing.    The  reason  for  this  was,  that  on  the 
sterns  was  a  chapel  in  honor  of  the  gods 
Peta>ci,  who  were  considered  the  patroms 
and  protectors  of  the  ship. 

419.  Si  ego  'potui  sperare,  &c.     Ruaeus 
obscures   this,  and    the  following  line,  by 
connecting  them   closely   together.      It  is 
plain  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  the  words  potui 
perferre,   which  must  be   supplied.      This 
sudden  and  abrupt  transition  is  perfectly 
agreeable  to  the  temper   of  Dido's  mind, 
and  shows  the  propriety  of  potero  being  in 
the  future;  which  otherwise  cannot  be  jus- 
tified on  any  principles  of  language. 

421.  Exsequere:  do— perform. 

422.  Colere :  in  the  sense  of  amarc. 
424.  Hostem.    This  word  sometimes  was 

•used  by  the  ancients  in  the  sense 


304 


P.  VIRGIL1I    MARONIS 


bem,  misi-ve. 


425.  Ego  non  juravi  Non  ego  cum  Danais  Trojanam  exscindere  gentem 

-~  Aulide  '^^  classemve  ad  Pergama  misi  :  42(5 

^ec  Pat"s  Anchisffl  cineres  Manesve  revelli. 
Cur  mea  dicta  negat  duras  demittere  in  aures  ? 
Quo  ruit  ?  extremum  hoc  miserae  det  munus  amanti  : 
Expectet  facilemque  fugam,  ventosque  ferentes.       430 
Non  jam  conjugium  antiquum,  quod  prodidit,  oro  j 
Nee  pulchro  ut  Latio  careat,  regnumque  relinquat. 
Tempus  inane  peto,  requiem  spatiumque  furori  ; 
Dum  mea  me  victam  doceat  fortuna  dolere. 
Extremam  hanc  oro  veniam  :  miserere  sororis  !        435 
Quam  mihi  cum  dederit,  cumulatum  morte  remittam. 


NOTES. 


a  guest  or  stranger.  Cicero  says:  Apud 
major  es  nostros,  is  dicebatur  hostis,  quern  nunc 
peregrinus  dicemus. 

426.  Aulide :  abl.  of  Aulis,  a  town  upon 
the    strait,  which  separates    Eubcea   from 
Beotia,  nearly  opposite  Chalcis.     Here  the 
Greeks,  on  their  way  to  the  siege  of  Troy, 
took  an  oath  never  to  return  to  their  coun- 
try, till  they  had  destroyed  that  city. 

427.  Revelli :  in  the  sense  of  violavi. 

428.  Demittere:  to  admit — receive. 

430.  Ferentes :  in  the  sense  of  secundos. 
Munus:  benefit— favor. 

431 .  JVon  jam  oro :  I  do  not  now  plead 
our  former  marriage,  which  he  hath  viola- 
ted.    Antiquus  sometimes  signifies,  honor- 
able.    This  is  the  sense  Mr.  Davidson  gives 
to  the  word  in  this  place. 

433.  Peto  inane  tempus :  I  ask  a  little 
time  as  a  respite,  and  a  space  for  (allaying) 
my  love.  Ad  extinguendum  amorem,  says 
Ruffius. 

435.  Veniam  :  request — favor. 

436.  Quam  mihi   cum.    This  verse  has 
very  much  perplexed  commentators,  and  di- 
vided their  opinions.     The  readings,  also, 
are  various.     Ruseus1  reading  is  most  gene- 
rally approved.     He  makes  the  following 
comment  upon  the  passage :  Cum  contulerit 
mihi  hoc  bene/icium  paulb  longioris  /none, 
hanc    extremam   gratiam,  remittam    ilium, 
sinam  abire,  et  adjiciam  meam  mortem,  quasi 
cumulum  votis  ejus. 

The  meaning  of  this  much  disputed  pas- 
sage will  in  a  great  measure  depend  upon 
the  reading  either  of  cummatum  or  cumula- 
tam.  Servius  reads :  Quam  mihi  cum  de- 
deris,  cumulatam  morte  relinquam,  referring 
to  her  sister  Anna.  Morte  relinquam,  he 
takes  in  the  sense  of  sola  morte  relinquam  te. 
Here  cumulatam  is  made  to  agree  with  the 
pron.  te.  But  of  this  it  is  difficult  to  make 
any  sense.  Nor  will  it  be  easier,  if  we  refer 
the  cumulatam  to  veniam,  as  some  commen- 
tators have  done.  Heyne  reads :  Quam 
mihi  cum  dederis,  cumulatam  morte  remittam, 
referring  likewise  to  Anna.  Cumulatam 
remittam^  he  takes  in  the  sense  of  cumulate. 


referam,  and  morte  in  the  sense  of  antequam 
moriar,  vel  grata  ero  per  totam  vitam  usque 
ad  mortem.  This  must  appear  to  the  most 
superficial  reader  a  forced  and  unwarranted 
exposition ;  and  nothing  but  the  difficulty  at- 
tending the  reading  could  have  led  that 
learned  commentator  into  it.  Valpy  ob- 
serves of  this  exposition  of  Heyne,  that, 
"  though  stated  by  him  with  considerable 
confidence,  it  appears  forced  and  impro- 
bable." 

If  we  consider  the  passage  as  referring  to 
^Eneas,  it  will  be  rendered  easier.  In  this 
case,  we  must  read  cumulatum.  Ruseus 
considers  it  in  this  view,  but  appears  to  have 
mistaken  the  sense  of  cumulatum,  and 
thereby  given  to  the  words,  cumulatum 
morte  remittam,  a  turn  which  they  will 
hardly  bear.  Adjiciarn  meam  mortem,  quasi. 
cumulum  votis  ejus,  says  he.  By  adjiciam 
meam  mortem,  we  are  to  understand  that 
Dido  informed  her  sister  of  her  resolution 
to  kill  herself,  and  that  she  makes  a  direct 
declaration  to  that  effect.  But  from  the 
subsequent  part  of  the  story,  it  appears  to 
have  been  her  anxious  sqJicitude  to  conceal 
from  her  that  desperate  resolution.  And, 
by  cumulum  votis  ejus,  we  are  given  to  un- 
derstand that  her  death  was  an  object  of 
desire  to  ./Eneas — that  it  would  afford  him 
pleasure,  and  be  a  source  of  gratification  to 
him.  But  this  is  altogether  inconsistent, 
with  those  feelings  winch  he  manifested  to- 
wards her,  verse  393  supra,  et  sequens ;  and 
also  with  those  tender  expressions  of  his  in 
the  sixth  book,  when  he  met  her  in  the  re- 
gions below.  See  verse  450,  et  sequens. 

Hortensius  reads  cumulatum,  and  takes  it 
in  the  sense  of  abunde  pensatum :  abundant- 
ly, or  fully  compensated,  or  requited. 

Dido  had  besought  ./Eneas  to  stay  a  short 
time  longer  with  her,  till  the  weather  should 
be  more  favorable  for  his  departure,  since 
he  was  resolved  to  leave  her ;  and  till  she 
should  bring  her  mind  the  better  to  bear  his 
loss.  This  was  the  extremam  veniam,  the 
last,  the  only  favor  she  asked  of  him  ;  and 
if  granted  to  her,  she  would  dismiss  him,  or 


/ENEIS.     LIB.  1\  . 


Talibus  orabat,  talesque  miserrima  fletus 
Fertque  refertque  soror :  sed  nullis  ille  movetur 
Fletibus,  aut  voces  ullas  tractabilis  audit. 
Fata  obstant ;  placidasque  viri  Deus  obstruit  aures. 
Ac  velut  annoso  validam  cum  robore  quercum 
Alpini  Boreae,  nunc  hinc,  nunc  flatibus  illinc 
Eruere  inter  se  certant ;  it  stridor,  et  alte 
Consternunt  terram  concusso  stipite  frondes  : 
Ipsa  ha3ret  scopulis  :  et  quantum  vertice  ad  auras 
JEthereas,  tantum  radice  in  Tartara  tendit. 
Haud  secus  assiduis  hinc  atque  hinc  vocibus  heros 
Tunditur,  et  magno  persentit  pectore  curas  : 
Mens  immota  manet ;  lachrymae  volvuntur  inanes. 

Turn  vero  infelix  fatis  exterrita  Dido 
Mortem  orat :  tsedet  cceli  convexa  tueri. 
Quo  magis  inceptum  peragat,  lucemque  relinquat ; 
Vidit,  thuricremis  cum  dona  imponeret  aris, 
Horrendum  dictu  !  latices  nigrescere  sacros ; 


440 

441,  Ac  velut  cum 
Alpini  Bore®  nunc  hinc, 
nunc  illinc  certant  inter 
sc  flatibus  eruere  quer- 
445  curn  validam  annoso 
robore. 

445.  Tendit  tantum 
radice  ad  Tartara,quan- 
tum  vertice  tendit  ad 
aethereas  auras. 

450 


453.  Cum  imponeret 
dona  thuricremis  aris. 
vidit  sacros  latices. 


NOTES. 


consent  to  his  departure,  fully  compensated 
or  requited  for  the  favor  and  indulgence,  by 
her  death. 

Dido  here  conforms  to  the  usual  language 
of  disappointed  lovers,  who  suppose  they 
confer  the  greatest  possible  favor  upon  those 
they  love,  by  dying  for  their  sake.  See 
Eel.  viii.  verses  59  and  60.  The  most 
weighty  objection  to  this  interpretation  is, 
that  it  includes  a  declaration  of  her  death ; 
but  it  does  not  necessarily  imply,  that  it 
would  be  by  her  own  hand.  Her  grief, 
sorrow,  and  affliction,  in  consequence  of  his 
loss,  might  become  insupportable,  and  bring 
her  to  the  grave. 

But,  after  all  the  ingenuity  displayed  by 
commentators,  cumulatum,  perhaps,  is  to  be 
taken  in  its  usual  acceptation.  Cumulatum 
morte  remittam :  I  will  dismiss  him  loaded, 
or  oppressed,  with  my  death — with  the  re- 
flection and  consciousness  of  being  the  cause 
of  my  death,  by  leaving  me  in  this  cruel 
manner. 

This  appears  the  least  objectionable  of 
any  solution  that  has  been  proposed.  Nor 
does  it  necessarily  include  the  idea  of  sui- 
cide. Dido  may  be  supposed  to  declare, 
that  though  he  should  comply  with  her  re- 
quest, and  tarry  with  her  till  the  weather 
became  favorable  for  his  departure,  yet  that 
she  should  eventually  be  unable  to  support 
his  loss,  and  that  grief  and  disappointment 
would  be  the  cause  of  her  death. 

For  this  suggestion,  I  acknowledge  my 
obligations  to  a  distinguished  classical 
scholar  of  our  own  country. 

438.  Miserrima  soror:  her  sister,  most 
distressed,  carries,  and  again  carries,  such 
tears — such  piteous  mesfnnvH.  P,-rm  n/in 
f.  says  Hrynr. 


439.  Tractabilis :  in  the  sense  of  exora- 
bilis. 

442.  Borece.  The  north  wind  is  here 
called  Alpine,  from  the  circumstance  of  the 
Alps  lying  north  of  Mantua,  and  a  great 
part  of  Italy.  And  the  poet  would  give  us 
to  understand  that  the  north  wind  had  its 
seat  among  those  mountains,  and  from 
thence  descended  in  storms,  and  mighty 
blasts. 

446.  Tantum  radice.  This  is  said  accord- ' 
ing  to  the  opinion  of  those  naturalists,  who 
suppose  the  roots  of  the  tree  equal  to  the 
body.  Tartara:  neu.  pleu.  properly  the 
lowest  part  of  hell — that  place  which  the 
poets  assign  for  the  punishment  of  offend- 
ers. In  Tartara :  toward  Tartarus — down- 
ward. It  is  opposed  to  ad  tzihereas  auras  : 
toward  heaven — upward. 

448.  Curas :  in  the  sense  of  dolores. 

449.  Inants :  his  tears  are  useless — una- 
vailing, both  with  respect  tothimself  and  Di- 
do ;  as  they  produced  not  the  effect  which 
she  desired,  and  altered  not  his  steadfast  re- 
solution. 

451.  Ta>det:  it  irketh  her  to  behold  the 
canopy  of  heaven.  Convexa,  neu.  plu.  of 
convexus,  taken  as  a  substantive.  It  appears, 
hence,  that  convexus  in  Latin,  has  a  differ- 
ent meaning  from  convex  in  English.  The 
convex  face  of  heaven  to  us  is  invisible.  It 
is  the  vaulted  arch,  or  canopy  alone,  which 
we  can  behold — the  cava  cce/t  convexitas,  as 
Dr.  Clark  explains  it.  So,  also  :  t'n  conre.ro 
nemorum,  in  the  bosom,  or  under  the  shelter 
of  the  bending  groves.  And  Justin,  speak- 
ing of  the  actions  of  Xerxes,  says  :  monies 
in  planum  dnctbat,  pf  rnnre.ra  raUinm  rrqvn- 
bat. 


306 


T.  VIRGILII  MARONI3 


Fusaque  in  obscomum  se  vertere  vina  cruorem.       455 
456.  Effata  esl  hoc  vi-  Hoc  visum  nulli,  non  ipsi  effata  sorori. 
sum  nulli,  non  etiam      Praeterea,  fuit  in  tectis  de  marmore  templum 
Conjugis  antiqui,  miro  quod  honore  colebat, 
Velleribus  niveis  et  festal  fronde  revinctum. 

JFJS&SS1—  "inc  exaudiri  voces, et  veA-  voca»tis  46° 

visa  sunt  exaudiri,  cum  Visa  vm,  nox  cum  terras  obscura  teneret : 

obscuranoxteneretter-Solaque  culminibus  ferali  carmine  bubo 

ras ;  solaque  bubo  stepe  Saepe  queri,  et  longas  in  tlctum  ducere  voces. 

visa  est  queri  ferali  car-  ]\fuitaque  praeterea  vatum  nrsedicta  piorum 

eHucTr  CUimmlbUS'Terribili  monitu  horrificant.     Agit  ipse  furentem     465 

466.  jEneas  ipse  ferus  In  somnis  ferus  jEneas  :  semperque  relinqui 
agit   earn  furentem  in  Sola  sibi,  semper  longam  incomitata  videtur 
;  semperque  yi- jre  viarrij  et  Tyrios  desertdi  quaerere  terra. 

Tul^Eiimeiiiduin  veluti  demen8  videt  agmina  Pentheus, 
longam  viam,  et  qua;-  Et  solem  gemmum,  et  duplices  se  ostendere  Thebas  : 
rer.e  Aut  Agamemnonius  scenis  agitatus  Orestes,  471 

Armatam  facibus  matrem  et  serpentibus  atris 
Cum  fugit ;  ultricesque  sedent  in  limine  Dirae. 

Ergo  ubi  concepit  furias,  evicta  dolore, 
Decrevitque  mori ;  tempus  secum  ipsa  modumque   475 


NOTES. 


4.w.  Obsc&num  cruorem.  Servius  explains 
ubscKnum,  by  mali  ominis,  of  bad  omen.  So 
says  Heyne.  Vina  fusa  :  the  wine  poured 
out  upon  the  altar,  to  turn,  £c. 

4Sl.,Fuit  in  tectis:  there  was  in  the  pa- 
lace a  marble  chapel  of  her  former  husband. 
By  templum,  some  understand  the  sepulchre 
of  Sichceus,  which  Dido  had  caused  to  be 
built  in  her  palace,  and  which  she  had  con- 
secrated to  his  memory.  Others  think  it 
to  have  been  a  chapel,  or  shrine,  sacred  to 
liis  memory.  Others  again  take  it  to  be  an 
image  or  statue  sacred  to  his  memory.  Ser- 
vius  thinks  Virgil  had  reference  to  the  cus- 
tom of  the  Romans,  of  the  bride,  when  she 
came  to  the  door  of  her  husband's  house, 
which  was  garnished  with  flowers  and 
leaves,  binding  about  the  posts  woollen  fil- 
lets, and  washing  them  over  with  melted 
tallow  to  keep  out  enchantments  and  sor- 
cery. According  to  him,  Dido,  in  building 
this  temple  to  Sichseus,  had  devoted  herself 
to  him  forever,  by  performing  the  same  nup- 
tial rites  towards  him  as  if  he  had  been 
living ;  and  thereby  signified  her  resolution 
never  to  marry  again.  But  this  appears  a 
refinement.  It  is  much  easier  to  consider  it 
a  reference  to  the  general  custom  of  adorn- 
ing the  door-posts  of  temples  with  fillets  of 
wool,  especially  on  holy-days. 

401.  Viri:  of  her  husband  calling  her. 

462.  Bubo :  the  owl.  Ferali  carmine :  in 
a  inournful  strain — cry.  Sola:  some  copies 
have  sera,  in  reference  to  the  time  of  her 
singing ;  which  is  generally  late  at  night. 
f^oces :  notiv;.  ' 

lilvi,   p/rir'v/?,     S'om'T  copies  have  jp?-/V>- 


rum :  but  piorumis  the  best.     It  is  a  proper 
epithet  of  prophets.     Heyne  reads  piorum. 

469.  Eumenidum :  as  crazy  Pentheus  sees 
bands  of  furies,  and  a  double  sun,  and  Thebes 
to  show  itself  double.     The  poet  here  com- 
pares the  fury  of  Dido  with   that  of  the 
frantic  Pentheus  and  Orestes.    Pentheus  was 
king  of  Thebes  in   Beotia,  son  of  Echion, 
and  grandson  of  Cadmus.     He  prevented 
his  subjects  from  worshipping  Bacchus,  and 
commanded  that  god  to  be  put  in  prison ; 
for  which  he  was  deprived  of  his  senses  by 
the  god.     After  this,  he  went  to  mount  Ci- 
theron,  where  the  bacchanals  were  celebrat- 
ing their  orgies.     As  soon  as  they  saw  him, 
they  set  upon  him,  and  tore  him  in  pieces. 
See  Ovid  Met.  3.  700.     Virgil  here  speaks 
of  the   furies   as  being  an  army  (agmina) 
whereas   they  were  only  three  in  number. 
See  Geor.  i.  278. 

470.  Et  solem:    This  lino  is  taken  from 
Euripides. 

47-1.  Orestes.  He  was  the  son  of  Aga- 
memnon. He  is  said  to  have  been  haunted 
by  the  ghost  of  his  mother,  Clytemnestra, 
whom  he  had  slain,  and  by  the  furies.  He 
went  to  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  at  Delphi,  to 
consult  in  the  business,  and  was  informed 
that  he  had  been  acquitted  by  the  court  of 
Areopagus,  at  Athens.  Whereupon  the  fu- 
ries blocked  up  the  door,  so  that  he  could 
not  get  out.  He,  however,  made  his  escape. 
Hence  the  expression,  sedent  limine :  they 
sit  in  the  door.  See^En.  in.  331.  Agilalus  :. 
acted,  or  exhibited  on  the  stage. 

474.  Concepit :  received  or  arlmittr<l 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  IV. 


Exigit  ;  et,  moestam  dictis  aggressa  sororem, 
Consilium  vultu  tegit,  ac  spem  fronte  sercnat : 
luveni,  germana,  viam,  gratare  sorori, 
Quae  mihi  reddat  eum,  vel  eo  me  solvat  amantem. 
Oceani  finem  juxta  Solemque  cadcntem, 
Ultimus  ^Ethiopum  locus  est :  ubi  maximus  Atlas 
Axem  humero  torquet,  stellis  ardentibus  aptum. 
Hinc  mihi  Massylae  gentis  monstrata  sacerdos, 
Hesperidum  templi  custos,  epulasque  draconi 
Quae  dabat,  et  sacros  servabat  in  arbore  ramos, 
Spargens  humida  mella,  soporiferumque  papaver. 
Hoec  se  carminibus  promittit  solvere  mentes, 
Quas  velit ;  ast  aliis  duras  imrnittere  curas  ; 
Sistere  aquam  fluviis,  et  vertere  sidera  retro  : 
Nocturnosque  ciet  Manes.     Mugire  videbis 
Sub  pedibus  terrain,  et  descendere  montibus  ornos, 
Tester,  chara,  Deos  et  te,  germana,  tuumque 
Dulce  caput,  magicas  invitam  accingier  artes. 
Tu  secreta  pyram  tecto  interiore  sub  auras 


480 


487.   Heec 

485  se    posse    solvere    tilcis 
mentes,  quau  velit ;  ast 
#*immittere  duras    curas 
aliis 

492. 0  chara  germana, 
testor  Deos  et  te,  tuum- 
490  que  dulce  caput,  me  in- 
vitam accingier  ad  has 
494.  Tu  secreta  erige 
pyram  in  interiore  tecto 
sub  auras ;  et  superim- 
ponas  arma  viri 


NOTES. 


476.  Exigit:  she  concludes — fixes  upon. 
t'lggressa  :  in  the  sense  of  compellans. 

477.  Serenat  spem  fronte :  she  brightens, 
(or  clears  up)  hope  on  her  countenance.    She 
shows    it    on   her    countenance.      Vultu : 
visage — looks. 

481.  JEthiopum.    Ethiopia  is  properly  a 
country   of  Africa,  now  called  Abyssinia. 
But  the  name  was  frequently  applied  by  the 
ancients   to  any  country  lying  in  a  warm 
climate.     JEthiops  is  compounded  of  tv/o 
Greek    words,  and   means   a  person  of  a 
tawny  complexion — one    scorched    by  the 
heat  of  the  sun. 

482.  Aptum ;    fitted — adorned — bespan- 
gled with  refulgent  stars.      See  247,  supra. 
Axem  :  for  ccclum. 

483.  MassylcE  genlis.      The   Massyli  or 
Masvesyli  were  a  people   between  the  rivers 
Malva  and  Mulucha,  both  of  which  fall  into 
the  Mediterranean.     Hence  the  adj.  Massy- 
lus.     Sacerdos  :  in  the  sense  of  saga.  Mon- 
strata :    was  shown  to  me.     Est  is  under- 
stood. 

484.  Custos  templi  Hesperidum.    The  gar- 
dens of  the  Hesperides,\ irgil  places  in  Mauri- 
tania, near  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic,  and 
not   far  from  the  town  of  Lixus.     There 
arc,  however,  various  opinions   respecting 
their  situation.     The  Hesperides  were  the 
fabled  daughters  of  Atlas,  or  of  Hesperus, 
his  brother,  and  the  nymph  Hesperis.  Their 
father  gave  them  gardens,  in  which  were 
trees  producing  golden  apples.     Hercules, 
at  the  command  of  Eurystheus,  king  of  My- 
cenae, stole   the  apples,    having   slain    the 
dragon   that  kept    them.       These    apples 
were  sacred  to  Venus. 

The  truth  of  the  matter  is  this  :  the  Hes- 
wrides  were  phephonle^ps  of  noMo  birth. 


whose  flocks  produced  wool  of  a  reddish 
color,  somewhat  resembling  gold,  which 
Hercules  plundered,  having  slain  their  keep- 
er, whose  name  was  Draco.  The  Greek 
word  for  sheep,  signifying  also  apples, 
made  the  poets  feign  that  Hercules  stole 
the  apples  of  the  Hesperides  :  and  their 
keeper's  name  being  Draco,  led  them  to 
pretend  they  were  kept  by  a  dragon.  Sec 
Eel.  vi.  61. 

486.  Soporiferum  papaver.  As  the  dragon 
was  always  to  be  awake,  a  question  arises, 
how  the  priestess  came  to  feed  him  with 
poppy.  To  solve  this  there  are  several 
conjectures.  Some  will  have  it  that  pop- 
pies mixed  with  honey,  was  his  food,  and 
had  no  effect  to  lay  him  asleep.  Others 
say  it  was  to  procure  sleep  for  him  at 
certain  intervals.  Serrius  thinks  that  the 
poppy,  which  procures  sleep  to  men,  has  a 
contrary  effect  upon  dragons,  and  keeps 
them  awake.  Others  again,  to  avoid  this 
difficulty,  make  a  full  stop  after  ramot, 
connecting  this  line  with  the  following  one. 
Some  again  think  it  is  only  mentioned  to 
show  the  skill  of  the  Sorceress,  that  ^h^ 
was  even  able  to  lay  the  wakeful  dragon 
asleep.  But  as  ihis  animal  had  a  hundred 
heads,  we  may  suppose  that  they  kcj>r 
awake  and  slept  by  turns.  She  is  said  !•> 
be  the  keeper,  custos,  of  the  temple, 
cause  she  gave  food  to  the  dragon,  am! 
supported  him. 

to  free  minds  from 
love  by  her   magic   rites  (caniv 
charms. 

493.  Accingur  inritan  :  that   I  was  un- 
willing to  betake  myself  to  t  n.  rts. 
>^ier:  by  paragogw,  for  timn^;.     Thr 
verb  h^ro  i*  n<--<                                           rn»p^ 


P.  VIRGILli  MARON1B 


JSrige  :  et  arma  viri,  thalamo  quae  fixa  reliquit          495 
Impius,  exuviasque  omnes,  lectumque  jugalem. 
Quo  peril,  superimponas.     Aboiere  nefandi  ;" 
Cuncta  viri  monumenta  jubet  raonstratque  sacerdos. 
Hsec  effata^gilet :  pallor  simul  occupat  ora. 
Non  tamen  Anna  novis  prsetexere  funera  sacris        500 
o01.Necconcipittan-Qermanam  credit:  nee  tantos  mente  furores 
tos  furores  esse  in  ejus  Concipit  .   aut  r,raviora  timet,  quam  morte  Sichaei. 
mente  ;  aut  timet  gra-  ,-,      N  K 
viora  quam  qua  vfene-  Erg°  Jussa  Parat-       „ 

rant  morte  Sichaei.  Er-      At  regina,  pyra  penetrali  in  sede  sub  auras 
go   parat   qua     jnssa-JErecta  ingcnti,  taedis  atque  ilice  secta,  505 

erant  .          .rotenditque  locum  sertis,  et  fronde  coronat 

ere5cta'm  penetrali  sede  Funerea:  super  exuvias,  ensemque  relictum, 
sub  auras,  e  tsedis  atque  Effigiemque  toro  locat,  baud  ignara  futun. 
secta  ilice  Stant  arse  circum  :  et  crines  effusa  sacerdos, 

509.     Effusa    gwoffd  Tercentum  tonat  ore  Deos,  Erebumque,  Chaosque,  510 
Tergeminamque  Hecaten,  tria  virginis  ora  Diana?. 
Sparserat  et  latices  simulates  fontis  Averni ; 
Falcibus  et  messEe  ad  Lunam  quseruntur  ahem* 
Pubentes  herbao,  nigri  cum  lacte  veneni. 


NOTES. 


middle  voice.  It  has  a  reflux  significa- 
tion. 

495.  Arma  viri.  The  sword  wljich  JEne- 
as  left  hanging  in  Dido's  bedchamber. 

498.  Jubet :  the  priestess  orders  and  di- 
rects me  to  burn  #11  the '  memorials  of  the 
cursed  man.  Those  she  had  just  mention- 
ed— his  sword — his  clothes — the  bridal 
bed,  &c. 

500.  Prcetexere :  in  the  sense  of  celare. 

504.  Penetrali  sede :  in  the  inner  court — 
middle  of  the  palace. 

505.  Tcedis.     The  tceda  or  teda  was  a  tree 
of  a  resinous  nature,  of  which  torches  were 
made.     The  ilex  was  a  species  of  oak  called 
the  holm.    Of  these  two  kinds  of  wood  the 
funeral  pile  was  constructed. 

506.  Intendit :  in  the  sense  of  cingit. 
508.  Effigiem :  she  places  his  image  on 

the  bed  upon  his  clothes  and  sword. 

One  of  the  rites  of  magic  was  to  prepare 
an  image  of  the  person  against  whom  the 
enchantment  was  designed,  either  of  wax  or 
wool,  and  use  it  in  the  same  manner  as 
they  would  have  used  the  person  himself  if 
he  had  been  present.  Or,  super  may  be 
taken  in  the  sense  of  insuper  (moreover ;)  or 
super-local  may  be  considered  a  compound 
word  in  the  sense  of  super  imp onit.  The 
meaning  will  then  be,  that  the  image,  the 
clothes,  and  sword,  were  placed  upon  the 
bed  without  any  reference  to  their  situation. 

510.  Tonat  ore :  she  thunders  out  with 
her  voice  three  hundred  gods.  Servius  in- 
forms us,  that  in  the  sacred  rites  of  Hecate 
in  particular,  they  used  to  imitate  thunder ; 
which  gives  a  reason  for  the  use  of  the  word 
tonat.  Hortensius  would  read  sonat.  We 
are  not  to  suppose  that  the  priestess  invoked 


the  precise  number  of  three  hundred  gods — 
that  definite  number  is  used  for  au  indefinite 
number.  Erebum.  Erebus  was  the  son  of 
Chaos  and  JYox.  For  aiding  the  Titans  in 
their  war  against  the  gods,  he  was  changed 
into  a  river,  and  placed  in  the  lowest  part  of 
hell.  He  is  one  of  the  infernal  gods.  Chaos. 
He  was  the  most  ancient  of  the  gods,  and 
the  father  of  them  all,  according  to  Hesiod. 
Geor.  iv.  347. 

511.  Hecaten.    Hecate  is  called  tergemi- 
nam  from  the  circumstance  of  her  having 
three  names\    In  heaven  she  is  called  Luna ; 
on  the   earth  Diana ;  in   hell  Proserpina. 
Hecate  was  not  so  properly  her  name,  as 
an  epithet  given  her  to  denote  her  hundred 
various  qualities ;  or  because  she  was  ap- 
peased by  a  hundred  victims.  From  a  Greek 
word  signifying  a  hundred.     The  goddess 
was  painted  with  three  heads,  one  of  a  horse, 
another  of  a  dog-,  and  another  of  a  man. 
Hence  tria  ora  virginis  :  the  triple  form  of 
the  virgin. 

512.  Sparserat:  she  had  sprinkled  the  fic- 
titious (or  substituted)  waters  of  the  lake 
Avernus.     In  performing  magic  rites,  those 
materials   requisite   to   the   occasion,   that 
could  not  be  conveniently  procured,  were 
allowed  to  be  emblematically  represented ; 
as  in  the  present  case.     Avtrni.    Avernus, 
a  lake  in  Campania,  fabled  to  be  the  en- 
trance of  hell.     Its  waters  were  of  a  very 
noxious  quality,  which  occasioned  an  un- 
wholesome atmosphere ;  insomuch  so,  that 
it  was  shunned  by  birds  of  every  kind.    Its 
name  is   of  Greek  origin.     See  Geor.  iv. 
493. 

514.  Pubentes  herba:   full  blown  herbs, 
cut   by  moonlight,  are  sought,  for.      Tin1 


LIB.  iv. 


309 


Quairitur  et  uascentis  equi  de  fronte  revuisus, 

Et  matri  praereptus  amor. 

Ipsa  mola  manibusque  piis,  altaria  juxta, 

Unum  exuta  pedem  vinclis,  in  veste  recincta, 

Testatur  moritura  Deos,  et  conscia  fati 

Sidera :  turn,  si  quod  non  aequo  fcedere  amantes 

Curae  numen  habet  justumque  memorque,  precatur. 

Nox  erat,  et  placidum  carpebant  fessa  soporem 
Corpora  per  terras,  sylvaeque  et  saeva  quierant 
JEquora  :  cum  medio  volvuntur  sidera  lapsu  : 
Cum  tacet  omnis  ager,  pecudes,  pictseque  volucres, 
Quaeque  lacus  late  liquidos,  quaeque  aspera  dumis    526 
Rura  tenent,  somno  positae  sub  nocte  silenti 
Lenibant  curas,  et  corda  oblita  laborum. 
At  non  infelix  animi  Phrenissa  :  neque  unquam 
Solvitur  in  somnos,  oculisve  aut  pectbre  noctem 
Accipit.     Ingeminant  euros,  rursusque  resurgens 
Saevit  amor,  magnoque  irarum  fluctuat  aestu. 

Sic  adeo  insistit,  secumque  ita  corde  volutat : 
En  !  quid  ago  ?  rursusne  procos  irrisa  priores 


515     515.  Et   amor 

revuisus  de  fronte  nas- 
centis  equi,  et  prterup- 
tus  matri 

517.  Dido  ipsa  mori- 
tura, exuta  quoad  unum 

520  pedem  vinclis,  in  re- 
cincta veste,  stans  justa 
altaria,  mola  piisquG 
manibus,  testatur  Deos, 
et  sidera  conscia  fati. 
Turn  precatur  numen, 
si  quod  justumque  me- 
morque habet  amantes 
junctos  non  sequo  fcedere 
curse  sibi 

526.    Quseque    late 
tenent   liquidos    lacus, 

530  (lU£D(lue  tenent  rura  as- 
pera dumis,  omnes  po- 
sit® sub  silenti  nocte 
lenibant  curas  somno  ; 
et  corda  oblita  sunt  la- 
borum. 


NOTES. 


Jews,  which  were  thought  to  distil  from  the 
moon  upon  herbs,  were  reckoned  favorable 
for  magic.  Those  herbs,  however,  were  to 
be  cut  with  brazen  sickles,  ahenis  falcibus. 
Lacte :  in  the  sense  of  succo. 

516.  Et  amor  revuisus :  and  the  love  (of 
the  mare)  torn  from  the  forehead  of  a  newly 
foaled  colt.  The  poet  here  means  what  is 
called  the  kippomanes ;  of  which  there  are 
two  kinds.  See  Geor.  iii.  280.  et  sequent. 
The  one  here  meant  is  very  different  from 
the  one  there  described.  According  to  the 
account  given  of  it  by  the  ancients,  it  was 
a  lump  of  flesh  growing  on  the  forehead  of 
the  foal  just  brought  forth,  which  the  mare 
presently  devours,  or  else  she  loses  all 
affection  for  her  young,  and  denies  it  suck. 
Its  being  so  greedily  sought  after  by  the 
mother,  is  the  reason  of  its  being  called  her 
love.  The  circumstance  just  mentioned  gave 
rise  to  the  vulgar  opinion  of  its  efficacy  in 
philtres,  love  potions,  and  magic  rites. 

518.  Exuta  pedem.  It  appears  from  this 
passage  that  Dido  put  herself  in  the  habit 
of  a  sorceress.  According  to  Ovid,  it  was 
their  custom  to  strip  bare  one  of  their  feet,and 
to  be  clad  in  a  loose  flowing  robe.  Rutmis 
takes  recincta,  in  the  sense  ofsuccincta;  but 
in  this  he  differs  from  most  commentators. 
Heyne  takes  it  in  the  sense  of  soluta. 

520.  JVbn  cequo  f/xdere :  by  this  we  are  to 
understand  an  inequality  in  the  love  and  af- 
fection of  the  parties — in  an  unequal  match: 
where  love  is  riot  reciprocated. 

522.  Nox  erat.  The  whole  of  this  de- 
scription is  a  most  beautiful,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  perfect  image  of  nature.  Dr. 
Trapp  objects  to  it  as  imperfect.  But  it  is 
to  l>e  observed  that  the  poet  did  not  design 


it  as  a  description  of  night  in  general ;  but 
only  of  a  calm  and  serene  one,  in  order  that 
he  might  set  off  to  greater  advantage  the 
opposite  image  of  Dido's  anxiety  and  dis- 
quietude. And  indeed  nothing  could  give 
us  a  more  lively  idea  of  herrestless  situation, 
than  thus  to  set  it  forth  in  opposition  to  the 
universal  quiet  and  repose  which  reigned 
over  all  nature  beside.  She  is  so  far  from 
partaking  of  the  blessings  of  sleep  with  the 
rest  of  the  world,  that  the  silence  and  soli- 
tude of  the  night,  which  dispose  others  to 
rest,  only  feed  her  care,  and  swell  the  tumult 
of  her  passion. 

524.  Lapsu  :  in  the  sense  ofcursu. 

527.  Tenent :  in  the  sense  of  incolunt. 

528.  Lenibant  curas,  &c.     This  beautiful 
line  Heyne  marks  as  spurious,   and   con- 
cludes the  sentence  at   silenti.     It  is  not 
found  in  some  ancient  MSS. 

529.  Phcenissa.     Dido  is  so  called,  be- 
cause she  was  a  native  of  Phoznicia,  a  coun- 
try lying  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  within  the  boundaries  of  which 
was  the  kingdom  of  Tyre.     The  words  fc- 
nicbat  curas  are  to  be  supplied. 

530.  Nocttm:  in  the  sense  of  quictem. 

:.  Irarum  :  passions— affections.  Amor 
sou-it.  Here  love  is  represented  as  a  mighty 
sea,  which  had  been  for  some  time  calm  and 
still ;  but  now  begins  to  rise  hi  furious  >v 
and  rack  her  soul  with  a  variety  of  tumul- 
tuous passions.  Volulat :  in  the  sense  of 
cogiiat. 

534.  Rursus-ne  irrisa,  &:c.  Ruacus  and 
Servius  take  rursus  in  the  sense  of  v  ids  sun  : 
shall  I  in  turn  have,  &c.  Dido  had  rejected 
the  match  of  larbus  and  others  ;  and  shall 
she  now  pay  court  to  them,  as  they  had 


310 


P.  VIRGIL!!  MARON1S 


Experiar  ?  Nomadumque  petam  connubia  supplex,  535 
Quos  ego  sum  toties  jam  dedignata  maritos  ? 
Iliacas  igitur  classes,  atque  ultima  Teucrum 
53H.Quiane  juvat  me  Jussa  sequar?  quiarie  auxilio  juvat  ante  levatos, 

veteris  facti'  stat  apud  Q1"8  me  autem,  fac  velle,  sinet?  ratibusque  superbis 
eos  bene  memores  ejus  ?  Invisam  accipiet  ?  nescis  heu,  perdita,  necdum         541 
540.    Autem  fac  me  Laomedonteae  sends  perjuria  gentis  ? 

Quid  turn  ?  sola  fug§.  nautas  comitabor  ovantes  ? 
dum   erf™  egcHt^wSa,  -^n  Tyriis,  omnique  manu  stipata  meorum, 
fuga  comitabor  Insequar  ?  et  quos  Sidonia  vix  urbe  revelli, 

544.  An  stipata  Tyriis,  Rursus  agam  pelago,  et  ventis  dare  vela  jubebo  ? 
omnique  manu  meorum  Qum  morere,  ut  merita  es,  ferroque  averte  dolorem 
Tu  lachrymis  evicta  meis,  tu  prima  furentem 
His,  germana,  malis  oneras,  atque  objicis  hosti. 
Non  licuit  thalami  expertem  sine  crimine  vitam 
1  .      Degere  more  ferae,  tales  nee  tangere  curas? 

Sichfo  cineri  Pno  'seT  Non  servata  fides  cineri  promissa  Sichaeo. 
vat*  w/.  Tantos  ilia  suo  rumpebat  pectore  questus. 

556.  Forma  Dei  re-  /Eneas  cels£  in  puppi,  jam  certus  eundi, 
deuntis    eodem    vultu  Carpebat  somnos,  rebus  jam  rite  paratis. 

nis^sa^e^st^rursu's  Huic  S6  f°rma  Pei»  VultU  redeuntis  eodem> 
ita'tiulnore6^:  similis  Obtulit  in  somnis,  rursusque  ita  visa  monere  est 
Mercurio  quoad  omnia,  Omnia  Mercurio  similis,  vocemque,  coloremque; 


545 


550 


555 


NOTES. 


formerly  done  to  her?     Irrisa:  mocked — 
despised.     RUOJUP  says,  contemnenda. 

336.  Dedignata  turn:  disdained  as  hus- 
bands. 

537.  Ultima :  the  lowest — basest. 

538.  Qwia-ne  juvat :  because  it  delighted 
me  formerly,  that  they  should  be  relieved  by 
my  assistance ;   and  the   grateful  remem- 
brance of  my  former  deed  remains   with 
them,  duly  mindful  of  it  ?    Dido  here  speaks 
ironically.     Some  copies  have  exilio,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  friendly  retreat  which  Dido  gave 
to  JGneas  and  his  followers :  but  auxilio  is 
the  most  approved  reading. 

541.  Invisam:  hated — an  object  of  their 
aversion.     Some  copies  have  irrisam.    This 
is  the  reading  of  Ruteus.     Heyne  reads,  in- 
risam,  and  assures  us  it  is  the  best. 

542.  Necdum  sentis,  £c.     Here  Dido  al- 
ludes to  the  well  known  story  of  Laomedon, 
who  defrauded  the  gods,  Neptune  and  Apol- 
lo, of  their  hire  for  building  the  walls  of 
Troy.     See  Geor.  i.  502.    Laomedontea  :  an 
udj.  in  the  sense  of  Trojance. 

543.  Ovantes :  in  the  sense  of  IcBlantes,  vel 
/riumphantes.     It  is  applicable  to  mariners 
in  general,  who  usually  set  out  with  accla- 
mations of  joy  :  but  here  it  is  to  be  consider- 
ed in  that  particular  in  which  Dido  viewed 
them  as  triumphing  over  her  in  their  depar- 
ture.    Insequar.    Some  copies  have  infcrar. 
This  is  the  reading  of  Heyne,  and  Valpy 
ufter  him. 

•,.r»4-1.  St.ipafft :  in  thp  sense  of  cwifata. 


546.  Rursus  agam :  shall  I  again  conduct 
on  the  sea,  those  whom  with  difficulty  I  forced 
from  the  Sidonian  city  ?  Sidonia :  an  adj. 
from  Sidon,  which  formed  a  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tyre  :  here  in  the  sense  of  Ty- 
ria.  Revelli :  this  expresses  the  difficulty  of 
her  former  enterprise. 

248;  Tu,  Germana,  evicta  :  thou,  O  sister, 
overcome  by  rny  tears,  thou  first,  &c.  Fu- 
rentem :  in  the  sense  ofamantem.  Dido 
here  alludes  to  the  speech  of  her  sister.  See 
verse  32.  supra,  and  following.  Anna  could 
not  bear  to  see  her  pine  away  in  mournful 
widowhood,  and  therefore  dissuaded  her 
from  it,  and  encouraged  a  love  for  TEneas. 

550.  JVbn  licuit:   was  it  not  lawful  for 
me,  without  blame,  to  lead  a  life  free  from  the 
marriage  bed,  &c.    Some  copies  have  exper- 
tam  vitam:  a  life  having  experienced  the 
marriage  bed.     But  the  other  is  evidently 
the  most  approved  reading. 

Though  Dido  here  seemingly  approves  of 
a  single  life  ;  by  representing  it  #s  the  life 
of  a  savage  beast,  she  in  fact  condemns  it ; 
and  insinuates  that  marriage  is  the  most 
perfect  society,  and  distinguishes  the  life  of 
man  from  that  of  brute  animals. 

551.  Tangere:  to  know, or  experience. 

558.  Similis  Mercurio  omnia:  like  Mer- 
cury in  all  things.  All  the  commentators 
make  this  god  to  be  Mercury  himself,  except 
Catrou.  He  thinks  it  to  be  some  other  god, 
who  assumed  the  likeness  of  Mercury 


J2NEI&     LIB.  IV.  an 

Et  crines  flavos,  et  membra  decora  juventae  ; 

Nate  Dea,  potes  hoc  sub  casu  ducere  somnos  ?         560 

Nee,  quse  circumstent  te  deinde  pericula,  cernis  1 

Demens  !  nee  Zephyros  audis  spirare  secundos  ?  5?3>  ^a  f***1  corta 

r    J     c      •  mon  versat  dolos 

Ilia  dolos  dirumque  netas  m  pectore  versat, 

Certa  mori,  varioque  irarum  fluciuat  sestu. 

Non  fugis  hinc  prseceps,  dum  prsecipitare  potestas  ?  565     566.    Dum  potestas 

Jam  mare  turbari  trabibus,  srevasque  videbis  est  ^bi  prarcipitare 

Collucere  faces  ;  jam  fervere  litora  flammis  ; 

Si  te  his  attigerit  terris  Aurora  morantem. 

Eia  age,  rumpe  moras  :  varium  et  mutabile  semper 

Fcemina.     Sic  fatus  nocti  se  immiscuit  atrse.  570 

Turn  vero  jEneas,  subitis  exterritus  umbris, 
Corripit  e  somno  corpus,  sociosque  fatigat : 
PrEecipites  vigilate,  viri,  et  considite  transtris  : 

Solvite  vela  citi.     Deus  aethere  missus  ab  alto,  I .» 

Festinare  fugam,  tortosque  incidere  funes,  575 

Ecce  iterum  stimulat.     Sequimur  te,  sancte  Deorum,         575.  Ecce  Deus  rnis_ 
Quisquis  es,  imperioque  iterum  paremus  ovantes.  sus  ab  alto  sethere  ite- 

Adsis,  6,  placidusque  juves,  et  sidera  ccelo  rum  stimulat  me     ,ti- 

Dextra  feras.     Dixit :  vaginaque  eripit  ansem  nare  fugam,  incider  iUe 

^  ,     .  .  r   *?       ?.          if  rot\  tortos  funes. 

Fulmmeum,  strictoque  lent  retmacula  terro.  580 

Idem  omnes  simul  ardor  habet :  rapiuntque,  ruuntque  : 

Litora  deseruere  :  latet  sub  classibus  aequor. 

Adnixi  torquent  spumas,  et  ccerula  verrunt.  583<  c^uia  marzff. 

Et  jam  prima  novo  spargebat  lumine  terras 
Tithoni  croccum  linquens  Aurora  cubile  :  585 

NOTES. 

560.  Sub  hoc  casu :  in  this  juncture  or  Gods,  whoever  thou  art,  &c.     This  mode  of 
crisis  of  affairs.  expression  is  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks. 

561.  Deinde:  this  appears  to  be  in  this          578.  O  adsis :  O  may  thou  be  propitious;, 
place  entirely  expletive.  Videtur  otiosum  csse,         579.  Dextra  sidera  :  favorable,  or  propi- 
says  Heyne.  tious  stars  in  the  heavens.     Feras :  give — 

563.  Versat:  in  the  sense  of meditatur.  grant. 

566.  Turbari  trabibus  :  to  be  in  commo-  580.    Ferit :  in  the  sense  of  secat.     Fid- 
tion  with  ships.  Heyne  says,  implerinavibus  mineum  :  shining,  glittering.     Ruaeus  says, 
Carthaginicnsium  :  and  Ruffius,  agilari  re-  coruscantem. 

mis.  582.  Deserv.ere  litora.    This  change  of  the 

567.  Fervere :   to   glitter — to  shine  with  tense  adds  much  to  the  description.     They 
flames.     The  meaning  is,  that  as  soon  as  hale  off,  and  hurry  away ;  and  no  sooner  have 
the  morning  shall  return,  Dido  will  pursue  they  done  this,  than  they  have  left  the  shore, 
you  with  her  ships,  with  torches  and  with  and  are  completely  out  to  sea. 

flames.  You  must  weigh  anchor  and  be  585.  Et  jam  Aurora:  and  now  Aurora, 
gone.  'caving  the  saffron  bed  of  Tithonus,  first 
570.  Fcemina :  a  woman  is  something  al-  spreads  the  earth  over  with  early  light.  Ti- 
ways  variable,  and  subject  to  change.  This  thonus  was  either  the  son  or  brother  of  La- 
is a  singular  construction.  Mercury  here  omedon,  king  of  Troy.  On  account  of  his 
insinuates  that  hatred  may  succeed  to  Di-  beauty  and  gracefulness,  Aurora  fell  in  lovo 
do's  love  for  him  ;  which  might  induce  her  with  him,  and  endued  him  with  immortality ; 
to  seek  revenge.  Umbris :  apparition.  but  not  thinking  to  bestow  on  him  perpetu- 

572.  Fatigat :  arouses  his  companions.  al  youth  and  beauty,  he  grew  so  weak  and 

573.  digitate :    wake    quick— in    haste,  exhausted  by  old  age,  that  he  wished  for 
Transtris  :  the  seats  or  benches  on  which  the  mortality.     But  the  goddess  not  being  able 
rowers  sat.  to  restore   it  to  him,   in  pity  to  hi? 

575.  Tortos  funes :  the  ropes,  or  cables,  by  changed   him    into   a    grasshopper, 

which  the  ships  were  moored.     Dr.  Bentley  Geor.  iii.  48.     This  is  a  most  beautifi 

Hunks  the  anchors  are  intended  ;  but  how  cumlocution  to  denote  tho  early  da wn. 

*»rlos  can  be  applied  to  thorn,  I  see  not.  tho  earth  bccoi-i.  ightened  l>v  tl 

~.7<v  s.-fpc'p  Deonrm :  O  holvonoofthr  Imams  of  ' 


.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


liegina  e  speculis,  ut  primuin  albescere  lucem 
Vidit,  et  jequatis  classem  procedere  velis ; 
Litoraque  et  vacuos  sensit  sine  remige  portus  : 
589.  Percussa  quoad  Terque  quaterque  manu  pectus  percussa  decorum, 

iieeCtUoad  afla'  Flaventesclue  abscissa  comas  :  Proh  Jupiter  !  ibit     590 
venteTcomas^ait":  Proh  ^c>  a^'  et  nostns  illuserit  advena  rcgnis  ? 

Non  arma  expedient,  totaque  ex  urbe  sequentur  ? 
593.  JVbn-ne  alii  diri-  Diripientque  rates  alii  navalibus  ?  ite, 
Pient  Ferte  citi  flammas,  date  vela,  impellite  remos.          594 

Quid  loquor  ?  aut  ubi  sum  ?  quae  mentem  insania  mutat '.' 
597.  Decuit  te  turn  Infelix  Dido  !  mine  te  facta  impia  tangunt. 

cum  da-  Turn  decuit,  cum  sceptra  dabas.    En  dextra,  fidesque  ! 
*  fo]fa°  Quern  secum  patrios  aiunt  portare  Penates  ! 
fidesque  illius,    quem  Quem  subiisse  humeris  confectum  actate  parentem  ! 
aiunt  Non  potui  abreptum  divellere  corpus,  et  undis          600 

601.  Non  potui  absu-  Spargere  ?  non  socios,  non  ipsum  absumere  ferro 
™bsumlre  AscanlumT*  Ascanium»  patriisque  epulandum  apponere  mensis'' 
sum  f^rro,  apponeroq^e  ^erum  anceps  pugnae  fuerat  fortuna  :  fuisset. 
eum,  Quem  metui  moritura  ?  faces  in  castra  tulissem  : 

Implessemque  foros  flammis :  natumque  patremque  605 
ls"Cum  genere  extinxem :  memet  super  ipsa  dedissem. 
Sol,  qui  terrarum  flammis  opera  omnia  lustras  ; 
Tuque,  harum  interpres  curarum  et  conscia,  Juno  : 
Nocturnisque,  Hecate,  triviis  ululata  per  urbes, 


«emmemtsuper  e. 


NOTES. 


587.  Velis  aquatis :  the  sails  were  equal- 
ly distended  on  each  side  of  the  mast.  This 
shows  that  the  wind  blew  fair,  and  directly 
after  them :  in  nautical  phrase,  wing  and 
wing. 

593.  Diripient  alii :  will  not  others  tear 
my  ships  from  the  docks,  and  go  in  pursuit 
of  him  ? 

596.  JVwnc  impia  facta.  Mr.  Davidson 
observes  that  this  is  the  reading  of  the 
Cambridge  edition,  founded  on  the  autho- 
rity of  Probus  and  the  Codex  Mediceus ; 
and  it  makes  the  sense  obvious.  By  impia 
facta,  we  are  to  understand  the  violation  of 
her  faith  to  Sichseus,  and  her  amours  with 
./Eneas;  by  which  she  brought  on  herself 
infamy  and  disgrace.  Now  she  feels  the 
weight  of  those  actions,  and  the  punish- 
ment due  to  her  deeds.  Ruaeus  and  others, 
who  read  fata,  take  impia  in  the  sense  o'* 
erudelia.  Jfunc  ultima  fata,  dura  sors,  su- 
prema  dies  instant  tibi,  says  Ruasus.  Heyne 
and  Davidson  read  facta. 

599.  Subiisse :  to  have  carried,  or  borne 
upon  his  shoulders. 

600.  Divellere.     There  is  here  an  allusion 
to  the  manner  in  which  the  Bacchanals  tore 
the    bodies  of  Orpheus  and    Pentheus  in 
pieces. 

602.  Apponerc  :  served  him  up  to  be  feast- 
ed upon  at  his  father's  table.  Reference  is 
herehad  to  the  story  of  Progiie,  who,  to  be  ro- 
upon  Tereus,  for'his  cruel  treatment. 


of  her  sister  Philomela,  served  up  his  sou 
Itys  for  him  at  a  banquet.     See  Eel.  vi.  78. 

603.  Fortuna :  in  the  sense  of  eventus. 

604.  MoriFura :  in  the  sense  of  cum  de- 
creverim  mori.      Castra :    in   the   sense   of 
c  la  wem. 

605.  Foros :  the  decks  or  hatches  of  his 
ships.     Extinxtm :  by  syn.  for  extinxissem  : 
in  the  sense  of  interfecissem. 

607.  Sol.     Dido  invokes  the  sun,  either 
because  he  is  the  supporter  of  life  in  gene- 
ral, or  because,  surveying  all  things  here 
below,  could  be  a  witness  of  her  wrongs ; 
Juno,  because  she  was  the  goddess  of  mar- 
riage ;  and   Hecate,  because  she   presided 
over  magic  rites ;  the  Furies,  because  they 
were  the    avengers  of  wrongs.     Flair 

in  the  sense  of  luce. 

608.  Interpres :  interpreter  of  these   my 
cares    (sorrows)     and    conscious    of   my 
wrongs.     Servius  takes  interpres  to  mean< 
witness,  judge,  or  arbitress.     RUBBUS  inter- 
prets curarum  by  nuptialium  negotiorum. 

609.  Hecate  ululata :  Hecate  invoked,  or 
called    upon,   &c.     When    Pluto   ravished 
Proserpine,   or  Hecate,  her   mother  Cere? 
traversed  the  earth  in  search  of  her  with 
lighted   torches,  stopping   at   those  places- 
where  two  or  three  ways  met,  to  invoke  her 
name,  which  she  did  with  a  doleful  outcry. 
Hence  it  became  a  custom  in  her  sacred 
rites,  for  the  matrons,  on  certain  days,  to  go 
nhont  fun  st roots:  and  crops-ways-  fillii  . 


JfeNBIS.     LIB.  IV. 


fit  Dirse  ultrices,  et  Di  morientis  Elisae,  610 

Accipite  haec,  meritumque  mails  advertite  numen, 
Et  nostras  audite  preces.     Si  tangere  portus 
Infandum  caput,  ac  terris  adnare  necesse  est ; 
Et  sic  fata  Jovis  poscunt  :  hie  terminus  hoeret : 
At  bello  audacis  populi  vexatus  et  armis, 
Finibus  extorris,  complexu  avulsus  liili, 
Auxilium  imploret,  videatque  indigna  suoruni 
Funera  :  nee,  cum  se  sub  leges  pacis  iniqua; 
Tradiderit,  regno  aut  optata  luce  fruatur  ; 
Sed  cadat  ante  diem,  mediaque  inhumatus  arena.     620 
Hsec   precor :    hanc  vocem  extremam  cum  sanguine 

fundo. 

Turn  vos,  6  Tyrii,  stirpem  et  genus  omne  futurum 
Exercete  odiis :  cinerique  haec  mittite  nostro 
Munera :  nullus  amor  populis,  nee  foedera  sunto. 
Exoriare  aliquis  nostris  ex  ossibus  ultor  ; 
Qui  face  Dardanios  ferroque  sequare  colonos, 
Nunc,  olim,  quocunque  dabunt  se  tempore  vires. 
Litora  litoribus  contraria,  fluctibus  undas 
Imprecor,  arma  armis :  pungent  ipsique  nepotes, 


612.  Si  necesse  est 
infandum  caput  tangere 
portus,  ac 

615  615.  At  vexatus  bello 
et  armis  audacis  populi, 
extorris  suis  finibus. 
avulsus  complexu  liili 


624.  Esto  uullus  ante 


625  '"'* 


628.  Imprecor  liter 
contraria  litoribus, 
das  contrarias  fluctib 
anna  conlraria  armis  • 


NOTES. 


air  with  shrieks  and  howlings.  Nocturnis 
triviis.  The  epithet  nocturnis  is  used,  be- 
cause the  rites  of  Hecate  were  celebrated 
in  the  night,  and  in  a  place  where  three 
ways  met.  See  511,  supra. 

611.  Advertite:  turn  a  due  regard  to  my 
misfortunes.  Ruseus  a»d  others  understand 
by  malis,  the  wicked,  to  wit,  the  Trojans. 
But  this  seems  not  to  agree  with  the  tenor 
of  the  subject.  Ruaeus  says :  applicatt  nu- 
men meritum  a  sceleratis  hue.  Heyne,  on  the 
other  hand,  says :  advertite  restrum  numen 
(vim  et  potestatem)  contra  improbos  et  impioa 
Trojanos.  Davidson  renders  the  words: 
turn  your  divine  regard  to  my  wrongs. 

613.  Caput :  properly,  the  head ;  by  sy- 
nec.  the  whole  body — here,  jEneas. 

614.  Hceret :  in  the  sense  ofjixus  sit. 
615.-  At  bello  vexatus.  It  was  a  prevailing 

opinion  among  the  ancients,  that  the  pray- 
ers of  the  dying  were  generally  heard,  and 
their  last  words  prophetic.  Thus  Virgil 
makes  Dido  imprecate  upon  ^Eneas  a  series 
of  misfortunes,  which  actually  had  their 
accomplishment  in  his  own  person,  or  in 
his  posterity.  After  his  arrival  in  Italy,  he 
was  engaged  in  a  war  with  Turnus,  a  bold 
and  warlike  prince.  He  was  torn  from  the 
embrace  of  his  son,  and  as  it  were  an  exile, 
forced  to  go  to  Etruria,  to  implore  the  as- 
sistance of  Evander.  See  ^En.  viii.  80.  He 
saw  his  friends  slain,  and  lie  dead  before  his 
eyes.  It  is  said  he  submitted  to  the  terms 
of  a  disadvantageous  peace  with  king  La- 
tinus,  among  which  it  was  stipulated  that 
the  Trojans  should  abandon  their  native 
language,  drop  their  appellation,  and  adopt 
Hiat.  of  tho  J;atiis  Tn  the  tbir/l  war  aftpr 


this  treaty,  in  a  war  with  the  Tuscans,  he 
was  himself  slain  (ut  plerique  tradunf)  by 
Mezentius  their  king,  on  the  banks  of  the 
river  Numicus,  where  his  body  was  left  un» 
buried,  and  finally  carried  off  by  its  waters. 
and  never  more  seen.  The  Romans  and 
Carthaginians  were  bitter  enemies  to  each 
other  :  no  league,  no  religious  obligations^ 
could  bind  them  in  peace  ;  and  after  Han- 
nibal arose,  he  proved  himself  Dido's  aven- 
ger. He  entered  Italy  with  fire  and  sword  : 
the  Roman  armies  fled  before  him;  and 
Rome  itself  was  providentially  saved  from 
his  conquering  arms. 

617.  Indigna:  cruel  —  undeserved. 

620.  Cadat  ante  diem  :  let  him  fall  berbrv 
his  time  —  let  him  die  an  untimely  death. 

621.  Vocem  :  in  the  sense  of  verba. 

623.  Mittite  haec  :  present  these  offering 
to  my  ashes.  This  is  said  in  allusion  to  the 
sacrifices  that  were  offered  to  the  dead. 
They  were  usually  poured  upon  the  tomb, 
a  ul  consisted  of  milk,  wine,  and  blood. 
Exercete:  in  the  sense  ofpersequtmini. 

625.  Etcoriart  aliquis  ultor:  arise  some 
avenger  from  my  bones.  This  is  much 
more  forcible,  and  shows  more  fully  thr 
state  of  her  mind,  than  if  she  had  used  the 
third  person.  Allusion  is  here  made  to 
Hannibal.  Dardanios  colonos  :  simply,  the 
Trojans.  Dardanios:  an  adj.  from  1> 
ma,  one  of  the  founders  of  Troy. 

627.  Olim.     This  word  signifies  the  fu- 
ture, as  well  as  the  past  time  :  now,  here- 
after, whenever  power  shall  preset 

628.  Contraria  :  in  the  s<>n  ;. 


40 


314  P.  V1RGILU  MARONIS 

Haec  ait :  et  partes  animum  versabat  in  omnes,    630 
Invisam  quaerens  quam  primum  abrumpere  lucem. 
632.  Affata  est  Barcen  Turn  breviter  Barcen  nutricem  affata  Sichaei, 

Namque  suam  patria,  aritiqua  cinis  ater  habebat : 
634.  O  chara  nutrix,  Annam,  chara,  mihi,  nutrix,  hue  siste  sororem  : 
siste    sororem   Annam  Die  corpus  properet  fluviali  sparo-ere  lympha,  635 

licirfprope-Et  pecudes  secum  et  monstrata  piacula  ducat. 
Sic  veniat :  tuque  ij>sa  pia  tege  terapora  vitta. 

639.  Animus  est  mtA^acra  Jovi  Stygio  qua  rite  incepta  paravi, 
perficere  sacra  rite  in-  "erhcere  est  animus,  finemque  imponere  cuns ; 
eepta,  quro  paravi  Sty-  Dardaniique  rogum  capitis  permittere  flammae.         640 
ffio  Jovi,  imponereque  £Jic  ait.      Ilia  gradum  studio  celerabat  anili. 

At  trepida,  et  cceptis  immanibus  effera  Dido, 
Sanguineam  volvens  aciem,  maculisque  trementes 
44.  Interfusa  quoad  interfusa  genas,  et  pallida  rnorte  futura, 
tjementes  genas  maca- T  .  .  ,.,- 

li^et  pallida  Intenora  domus  irrumpit  lirnma,  et  altos 

Conscendit  furibunda  rogos,  ensemque  recludit 
Dardanium,  non  bos  quaesitum  inunus  in  usus. 
,  Hie  postquam  Iliacas  vestes  notumque  cubile 
Conspexit,  paulum  lachrymis  et  mente  morata, 
Incubuitque  toro,  dixitque  novissima  verba  :  65d 

Dulces  exuviae,  dum  fata  Deusque  sinebant, 
Accipite  hanc  animara,  meque  his  exsolvite  curis. 
Vixi,  et,  quern  dederat  cursurn  fortuna,  peregi  : 
Et  nunc  magna  mei  sub  terras  ibit  imago. 

NOTES. 

635.  Spargerejfturiali  lympJiu :  to  sprinkle     ing,  it  was  called  pyra ;  and  after  it  was 
her  body  with  river  water.  It  was  a  custom      consumed,  bustum :  all  of  which  are  deriv- 
of  the   Greeks  and  Romans  to  wash  their      ed  from  the  Gieek.  * 

bodies  before  they  performed  sacrifice.     See  .  647.  Munus  non  quatsitum  :  a  present  not 

JEn.  ii.  719.     But  this  was  only  observed  in  designed,  or  gotten  for  such  a  use — for  being 

regard  to  the  superior  gods.  They  sprinkled  the  instrument   of  her  death.     From  this, 

themselves  only,  when  they  were  to  offer  sa  some  infer  that  ./Eneas  had  made  Dido  this 

orifice  to  the  infernal  gods,  as  in  the  present  present   of   a    Trojan    sword — Dardanium 

case.  ensem.  But  it  is  more  probable  that  it  was  a 

636.  Pecudes :  in  the  sense  of  victimas.  present  from  Dido  to  tineas ;  and  that  in 
Monstrata :  in  the  sense  ofjussa,  vel  desig-  his  hurry  to  be  gone,  he  had  left  it  with 
nata.  some    other    things,   in   her   bedchamber. 

638.  Stygio  Jovi :    Pluto.     He  was  the  Quazsitum.       Ruaeus      says,     comparatum. 

brother  of  Jupiter,  and  in  the  division  of  the  Heyne,  ^ara/twn,  acceptum,  datum. 

world,  the  infernal  regions  fell  to  him  by  lot.  652.  Curis :  troubles — sorrows. 

The  epithet  Slygius  is  added,  from  Slyx,  a  654.  Et  nunc  :  and  now  my  ghost  (imago) 

Avell  known  fabulous  river  of  hell.    "  shall  descend  illustrious  to  the  shades  be- 

640.  Permittere :  to  commit  the  funerai  low.     Mei :  in  the  sense  of  mea,  agreeing 
pile  of  the  Trojan  (^Eneas)  to  the  flam  ^  with  imago. 

Capitis :  by  synec.  for  the  body,  or  whole  Turnebus   thinks   the   epithet  magna  is 

man — here,  the  Trojan,  to  wit,  JEneas.  used,  because  ghosts  make  their  appearance 

641.  Studio :  zeal — officiousness.  at  night,  when  to  the  affrighted  imagination 

642.  Immanibus :  awful — horrid.  Effera :  of  the  spectators,  the  object  appears  larger 
in  the  sense  of  ejferata.  than  life.     But  this  is  a  very  singular  opi- 

644.  Interfusa :  spotted — streaked.  nion.     Dido  is  speaking  in  the  language  of 

645.  Irrumpit :  she  rushed  into  the  inner  majesty,   and  setting  forth  her  illustrious 
npartment  of  the  palace.     It  is  plain  that  deeds.     She  had   built   a  flourishing  city, 
limen  signifies  any  part  of  the  house,  as  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  powerful  king- 
well  as  the  threshold.    The  funeral  pile  was  dom — she  had  punished  her  brother  for  the 
erected  in  penetrali  side,  in  the  inner  apart-  death  of  her  husband — she  had  reigned  in 
ment.     See  504,  supra.  glory — in  a  word,  she  had  been  happy  in 

646.  Rogos.     The  funeral  pile  was  called      every  instance,  till  the  Trojan  fleet  visited 
s,  before  it  w»s  set  on  fire :  while  barn-     her  coaet.  In  this  situation  of  mind,  nothing 


65f> 


2BNEIS.     LIB.  IV. 

Urbem  praeclaram  statui  :  mea  mosnia  vidi  : 
Ulta  virum,  pcenas  inimico  a  fratre  recepi  : 
Felix,  heu  nimium  felix  !  si  litora  tantum 
Nunquam  Dardaniae  tetigissent  nostra  carinae. 
Dixit  :  et,  os  impressa  toro,  moriemur  inultae  ! 
Sed  moriamur,  ait  :  sic,  sic  juvat  ire  sub  umbras. 
Hauriat  hunc  oculis  ignem  crudelis  ab  alto 
Dardanus,  et  nostrae  secum  ferat  omina  mortis. 

Dixerat  :  atque  illam  media  inter  talia  ferro 
Collapsam  aspiciunt  comites,  ensemque  cruore 
Spumantem,  sparsasque  manus.     It  clamor  ad  alta 
Atria  :  concussam  bacchatur  fama  per  urbem  : 
Lamentis,  gemituque,  et  fcEmineo  ululatu 
Tecta  fremunt  :  resonat  magnis  plangoribus  aether. 
Non  aliter  quam  si  immissis  ruat  hostibus  omnis 
Carthago,  aut  antiqua  Tyros  ;  flammaeque  furentes    670  audiit  /HEC,  exterritaquc 
Culmina  perque  hominum  volvantur  perque  Deorum.      ^^Z'et^ 

Audnt  exammis,  trepidoque  extemta  cursu,  ra  pugnis,  ruit  per  mc- 

Unguibus  ora  soror  fbedans  et  pectora  pugnis,  dios,  et  clamat  morien- 

Per  medios  ruit,  ac  morientem  nomine  clamat  :  tern  sororem  nomine 

Hoc  illud,  germana,  fuit?  me  fraude  petebas?          675     6™- 

M  .    ,         .  ^n  6a<hocmihi;  wteignes, 

Hoc  rogus  iste  mihi,  hoc  ignes  araeque  parabant  /  araeque    parabant  hoc 

Quid  primum  deserta  querar?  comitemne  sororem         mihi? 
Sprevisti  moriens  ?  eadem  me  ad  fata  vocasses,  680.    Struxi    rogum 

Idem  ambas  ferro  dolor,  atque  eadem  hora  tulisset.        etia.m  his  manibus,  vo- 
His  etiam  struxi  manibus,  patriosque  vocavi  680^™  £j™?  %£ 

Voce  Deos  ;  sic  te  ut  posita  crudelis  abessem  ?  sem  te  sic  posita  ?   O 

Bxtinxsti  me  teque,  soror,  populumque,  patresque      soror,  extinxsti  me  teqne 


660  661.  Crudelis  Darda- 
nus hauriat  hunc  ignem 
suis  oculis  ab  alto,  et 

664.  Comites  aspi- 
ciunt illam  collapsam 
ferro  inter  media- talia 
665  verba,  ensemque  spu- 
mantem,  manusquc  e.ju.s 
sparsas  cruore 

671.  Perque  culmimi 
Deorum 

672!  Soror  exanimis 


NOTES. 


can  be  more  natural  than  for  her  to  conceive 
her  ghost  to  be  of  great  and  illustrious  rank, 
and  distinguished  even  in  the  other  world 
above  others,  as  she  had  been  herself  dis- 
tinguished in  this. 

656.  Recepi  pcencu.  She  had  recovered 
from  her  brother  her  own  wealth,  and  the 
vtreasure  for  which  he  murdered  her  hus- 
band. It  is  with  great  propriety,  therefore, 
she  uses  the  word  recepi,  when  speaking  of 
the  revenge  she  had  taken  of  Pygmalion. 

659.  Moriemur  inullce :  shall  I  die  unre- 
venged?  but  let  me  die.  Thus,  thus,  it  de- 
lights me  to  descend  to  the  shades  below. 
Inultce:  unrevenged  of  ^Eneas  and  the  Tro- 
jans. The  fatal  moment  having  arrived, 
the  poet  represents  her  to  us  in  the  very  act 
of  stabbing  herself,  by  the  turn  of  his  verse. 
The  repetition  of  the  sic  sets  her  before  us, 
plunging  the  instrument  in  her  breast,  and 
thrusting  it  home  with  a  kind  of  desperate 
complacency.  Impressa  os  toro:  having 
Jussed  the  bed,  she  said,  <fec. 

666.  Kacckatur  :  in  the sense  of  discnrrit. 
Concussam :  in  the  sense  of  commolam,  vcl 
attonitam. 

668.  Fremunt :  in  the  sense  of  resonant. 

669.  Ruat:  falls.     Rnceus  says,  subver- 
tatitr. 


670.  Furentes:  the  furious  flames  were 
rolling  through  the  houses  of  men,  and  the 
(temples)  of  the  gods.  Culmen  is  properly 
the  ridge  of  the  house ;  by  synec.  put  for 
the  whole  house. 

675.  Hoc  illud  fuit :  O  sister,  was  this 
your  design — was  this  the  object  you  had 
in  view,  in  erecting  this  funeral  pile  ? 

677.  Deserta :  being  thus  abandoned,  ef 
what  shall  I  first  complain  ? 

678.  Fata :  in  the  sense  of  mortem. 

679.  Dolor :  pain — ache — anguish.  Heyne 
says,  oulftut. 

681.  Sicpotita:  thus  lying  dead. 

682.  Extinxstt :  thou  hast  destroyed  me 
c.;ad  thyself,  &c.  Some  copies  have  exstinj'^ 
\  .  the  first  person.     By  this  Anna  turns  the 
reproach  from  Dido  to  herself.     But  most 
commentators   prefer   the    second    person. 
Sidonios  patrcs.     By  these  we  are  to  under- 
stand probably  the  Carthaginian  senators, 
or  the  legislative  branch  of  the  government. 
It  is  plain  that  they  are  distinguished  from 
the  body   of  the   people.      Extinxsti:    by 
syn.  for  extinxisti.     Dale :  in  the  sense  ol 

ferte.  Lymphis :  in  the  sense  of  aquam. 
This  was  a  rite  performed  towards  the  bo- 
dies of  the  dead  by  their  nearest  relations. 
Hence  the  mother  of  Eoryalus  regrets  that 


P.  VIRGILH  MARONIS 

683.  Date  aquam  ut  Sidonios,  urbemque  tuam.     Date,  vulnera  lymphis 
abluam  vulnera  Abluam  ;  et,  extremus  si  quis  super  halitus  errat, 

Ore  legam.     Sic  fata,  gradus  evaserat  altos,  685 

Semianimemque  sinu  germanam  amplexa  fbvebat 
Cum  gemitu,  atque  atros  siccabat  veste  cruores. 
Ilia,  graves  oculos  conata  attollere,  rursus 
Deficit :  infixum  stridet  sub  pectore  vulnus. 
Ter  sese  attollens  cubitoque  innixa  levavit,  690 

Ter  revoluta  toro  est :  occulisque  errantibus,  alto 
692.  Jngemuitque,  ea  Quaesivit  caelo  lucem,  ingemuitque  reperta. 

repertu.  Turn  Juno  omnipotens  longum  miserata  dolorem, 

Difficilesque  obitus,  Irim  demisit  Olympo, 
Quae  luctantem  animam  nexosque  resolveret  artus.  695 
696.  Nam  Proserpina  Nam,  quia  nee  fato,  merita  nee  morte  peribat, 

nondum  abstulerat  illi  Sed  iniscra  ante  diem,  subitoque  accensa  furore  : 

flavum  crinem  vertice,  Nondum  illi  flavum  Proserpina  vertice  crinem 

damnaveratque     caput  A,    4 

Stygio  Oreo,  quia         Abstulerat,  Stygioque  caput  damnaverat  Oreo. 

Ergo  Iris  croceis  per  ccelum  roscida  pennis,  700 

702.  Ego  jussa  fero  Mille  trahens  varios  adverse  Sole  colores, 

hunc    crinem    sacrum  Devolat,  et  supra  caput  adstitit :  himc  ego  Diti 

export Ivoquetea6l8t°  Sacrum  jussa  fero,  teque  isto  corpore  solvo. 
705.  Omnis  calor  di-  Sic  ait :  et  dextr&  crinem  secat.      Omnis  et  una 

lapsus  est.  Di  lapsus  calor,  atque  in  ventos  vita  recessit,  705 

NOTES. 

she  had  not  shut  his  eyes,  nor  washed  his  nishment  of  atrocious  conduct.     The  east/- 
wounds.    ./En.  ix.  485.  a/,  or  accidental,  was,  when  a  person  took 

684.  Siquis  extremus :  if  any  last  breath  away  his  own  life  in  some  way  or  other : 
remain,  that  I  may  catch  it  with  my  mouth,  such  an  one  was  said  to  die  before  his  time. 
Virgil  is   here  thought  to  allude  to  a  cere-  This  was  the  case  with  Dido. 

mony   among   the    Greeks   and  Romans :  697.    Furore :    passion.      Diem :    in   the 

when  a  person  was  just  expiring,  the  nearest  sense  of  tempus. 

relation  put  his  mouth  to  his  that  he  might  698.  JVbndum  ille :    Proserpine  had   not 

catch  the  last  breath.      Rueeus  interprets  yet  plucked  for  her  the  yellow  lock,  &c. 

super  by  adhuc.     Super-err  at  is  evidently  The  ancients  had  a  notion  that  none  could 

used  in  the  sense  of  superesset.     The  substi-  die  till  Proserpine,  either  in  person,  or  by 

tution  of  asset  for  errat  makes  the  reading  Atropos,   had  cut  a  lock  of  hair  from  the 

easy.     Some  copies  have  esset.  crown  of  their  head.     This  was  considered 

688.  Conata  :  agreeing  with  Dido.  a  kind  of  first-fruits  to  Pluto.     This  custom 

689.  Vulnus  stridet :   the   wound  hisses,  took  its  rise  from  sacrifices  :  when  they  used 
occasioned  by  the  gushing  out  of  the  blood,  to  pluck  some  of  the  hairs  from  the  front  of 
Injixum :  made.  the  victim,  and  cast  them  into  the  fire. 

693.  Dolorem:  pain.     Obitus:  departure  699.  Oreo:  dat.ofOrcus,anameofPluto. 

— death.  700.  Iris  ergo:  dewy  Iris   flies  through 

695.  Resolveret  animam:  might  separate  heaven.     Iris  was  the  messenger  of  the  god- 
her  soul  and  body.     Nezos  artus  :  compact-  desses,  especially  of  Juno.     She  is  said  to 
ed  or  united  limbs.  be  the  daughter  of  Thaumas  and  Electra. 

696.  Quianecfato.     The  ancients  divided  Servius  observes  that  Iris  is,  for  the  most 
death  into  three  kinds :  natural,  merited  '»r  part,  employed  in  matters  of  mischief,  and 
deserved,  and  accidental.     The  natural  death  contention.     See  JEn.  v.  606.  and  ix.  803. 
was  when  a  person  accomplished  the  ordi-  Iris :    the   rainbow.      This  interesting  ap- 
nary  term  of  human  life,  or  that  space  al-  pearance  is  occasioned  by  the  rays  of  the 
lotted  to   him  in  the  councils  of  the  gods,  sun,  reflected  by  the  vapors  or  drops  of  rain. 
The  merited  or  deserved  death  was,  when  It  can  only  take  place,  or  be  seen,  when  the 
a  person  was  deprived  of  life  by  the  imme-  sun  and  clod1fr*,re  opposite  to  each  other,  in 
Hiate  interposition  of  the  gods  for  the  pu-  regard  to  the  spectator. 


.t:\KhS.     LIB.  IV. 


317 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  book  ? 
What  is  its  nature,  and  character  ? 
How  does  it  commence  ? 
What  plan  did  Juno  propose  to  effect  her 
purpose  of  averting  the  Trojans  from  Italy? 
Did  she  effect  a  union  between  Dido  and 


Was  that  union  dissolved  ? 

By  whom  was  it  dissolved  ? 

By  whom  was  ^neas  commanded  to  leave 
Carthage  ? 

How  did  Dido  receive  the  information 
that  he  was  ordered  to  leave  her  ? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  her  ? 

What  course  did  she  pursue  in  order  to 
divert  him  from  his  purpose  ? 

As  soon  as  the  match  was  concluded  be- 
tween Dido  and  ^Eneas,  was  the  news  of 
that  event  spread  abroad  ? 

By  whom  was  it  spread  ? 

Whom  does  Virgil  imitate  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  Fame  ? 

Who  was  larbas  ? 

What  had  he  previously  proposed  to 
Dido  ? 

How  was  that  proposition  received  ? 

What  effect  had  the  news  of  Dido's  mar- 
riage upon  that  prince  ? 

How  was  he  occupied  at  that  time  ? 

Who  was  said  to  be  his  father  ? 

Who  was  Jupiter  Ammon  ? 

Had  he  any  celebrated  temple  ? 

Where  was  it  situated  ? 

Whom  does  Sir  Isaac  Newton  make  this 
Ammon  to  have  been  ? 

Does  Justin  the  historian  give  a  different 
account  of  this  matter  ? 

What  does  he  say  of  it  ? 

What  was  the  issue  of  it  as  related  by 
him? 

In  what  character  was  Dido  considered 
afterward  by  her  countrymen  ? 

Who  was  Dido  ? 

What  is  the  meaning  of  that  word  ? 

By  what  other  name  was  she  sometimes 
called  ? 

What  was  the  name  of  her  father,  ac- 
cording to  Josephus  ? 

What  does  Virgil  call  him  ? 

What  does  Marollius  call  him  ? 

Is  Belus,  probably,  an  abbreviation  of  Itho- 
balus  ? 

To  whom  was  she  married  at  Tyre  ? 

Who  was  Sichseus  ? 

What  office  did  he  hold  ? 

What  was  the  character  of  Pygmalion, 
her  brother  ? 

What  atrocious  deed  did  he  perform  ? 

What  was  his  conduct  afterward  ? 

How  was  Dido  informed  of  the  cruel 
deed? 

What  advice  did  the  ghost  of  her  hus- 
band give  her  ? 

What  did  she  do  inconsequence  of  that  ? 


Did  many  of  her  countrymen  accompany 
her? 

What  appears  to  have  been  her  original 
purpose  in  leaving  Tyre  ? 

Had  a  colony  of  Tyrians  previously  set- 
tled in  Africa  ? 

Who  were  the  leaders  of  that  colony  ? 
Where  did  they  settle  ? 

What  did  they  call  their  settlement  ? 

How  was  Dido  received  by  her  country- 
men? 

What  did  they  desire  her  to  do  ? 

What  did  she  call  her  city  ? 
*     What  is  the  meaning  of  that  word  hi  the 
Pho3nician  language  •* 

But  do  not  some  give  a  different  account : 

What  do  those  historians  say  ? 

What  did  she  call  the  town  or  citadel? 

What  is  the  meaning  of  Byrsa  in  the 
Greek  language  ? 

To  what  mistake  did  that  lead  ? 

How  have  some  attempted  to  explain  that 
story  ? 

What  does  Rollin  say  of  it  in  his  history 
of  Carthage  ? 

Did  Dido  purchase  any  tract  of  country 
for  her  city  ? 

What  was  the  nature  of  the  contract  ? 

Did  the  Carthaginians  perform  it  ? 

What  was  the  consequence  of  their  refu- 
sal? 

Is  it  supposed  by  some  that  Virgil  is  guil- 
ty of  an  anachronism  in  making  Dido  and 
^Eneas  cotemporary  ? 

What  does  Bochart  say  of  it  ? 

Upon  what  does  he  found  his  conclusions  ? 

Does  Sir  Isaac  Newton  make  a  different 
calculation  ? 

How  much  later  has  he  brought  down  the 
destruction  of  Troy  ? 

Is  it  a  fair  conclusion  that  it  was  a  gene- 
ral received  opinion,  they  were  cotemporary? 

Was  this  sufficient  ground  for  the  poet  to 
assume  it  as  a  fact? 

Does  the  introduction  of  Dido  into  the 
./Eneid  add  much  to  its  embellishment  ? 

How  long  did  Carthage  continue  ? 

What  was  the  character  of  its  inhabitants? 

Were  the  Carthaginians  a  powerful  na- 
tion ? 

Who  was  the  most  distinguished  com- 
mander and  general  among  them  ? 

By  whom  was  Carthage  finally  destroyed? 

In  what  year  of  Rome  was  that  effected  ? 

Finding  she  could  not  prevail  upon  /Ene- 
as to  remain  at  Carthage,  what  desperate 
resolution  did  Dido  make  ? 

Under  what  pretence  did  she  order  the 
altar  to  be  erected  ? 

What  effect  had  the  departure  of  the 
Trojans  from  her  coast  upon  her  ? 

Did  she  make  any  imprecation 
/Eneas  and  the  Trojans  ? 


318  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Was  it  realized  with  regard  to  ./Eneas,  if  How  many  celebrated  wars  were  waged 

we  may  believe  history  ?  between  them  ? 

Was  it  realized  in  regard  to  the  Romans,  How  does  the  book  conclude  ? 

his  descendants  ?  How  did  Dido  put  an  end  to  her  life  ? 

Was  there  always  a  jealousy  subsisting 
between  the  two  nations  I 


LIBER    QUINTUS. 


THIS  book  opens  with  the  departure  of  ^Enefcs  from  Carthage.  He  had  not  been  long  at 
sea  before  a  violent  storm  arose,  which  forced  him  to  turn  his  course  to  Sicily.  He 
entered  the  port  of  Drepanum.  Here  he  is  received  with  great  cordiality  and  affection 
by  king  Acestes.  After  offering  sacrifice,  and  celebrating  the  anniversary  of  his  father's 
death,  VEneas  institutes  four  kinds  of  games  in  honor  of  him.  These  occupy  from  verse 
114  to  602.  In  the  mean  time,  the  Trojan  women,  at  the  instigation  of  /rw,  who  was 
sent  by  Juno  for  that  purpose,  set  fire  to  the  ships,  in  the  hope,  by  these  means,  to  put 
an  end  to  the  voyage  of  which  they  were  weary.  At  the  intreaty  of  TEneas,  Jupiter 
sent  a  heavy  shower  of  rain,  which  extinguished  the  flames.  Four  of  the  fleet,  how- 
ever, were  lost.  Upon  this  Nautes  advises  ^Eneas,  since  he  had  lost  part  of  his  fleet,  to 
leave  in  Sicily  the  aged,  and  all  who  were  weary  of  the  voyage.  This  advice  was 
confirmed  the  following  night  by  the  ghost  of  Anchises,  which  appeared  to  him  in  a 
vision.  It  also  directed  him  to  go  to  the  Sibyl  of  Cuma,  who  would  conduct  him  to 
the  infernal  regions,  where  he  should  receive  a  fuller  account  of  his  own  fortune,  and 
of  that  of  his  race. 

The  hero  followed  the  advice ;  and  having  founded  a  city,  which  he  called  Acestes,  after 
his  venerable  friend,  he  set  sail  for  Italy.  " 

He  had  not  long  been  at  sea,  before  he  lost  Palinurus,  the  pilot  of  his  ship,  who  fell  over- 
board in  sleep ;  after  which  ^Eneas  took  upon  himself  the  duty  and  business  of  pilot. 

This  book  is  of  a  gay  and  lively  nature,  and  very  properly  comes  after  the  tragical  account 
of  Dido's  unhappy  end.  The  games  are  imitated  from  the  23d  book  of  the  Iliad,  where 
Achilles  is  represented  as  instituting  games  in  honor  of  his  friend  Patroclus. 

INTEREA  medium  ^Eneas  jam  classe  tenebat 
Ccrtus  iter,  fluctusque  atros  Aquilone  secabat : 
Moenia  respiciens,  quae  jam  infelicis  Elisae 
Collucent  flammis  :  quae  taritum  accenderit  ignem, 

5.  Sed  duri  labores  Causa  latet :  duri  magno  sed  amore  dolores  5 

ex  magno  amore  pol-  Pollute,  notumque,  furens  quid  fcemina  possit, 
luto,  noti;  quidque  fu-Xriste  per  augurium  Teucrorum  pectora  ducurit. 
"",  ^±*dS±!  /a~      Ut  pelagus  tenuere  rates,  nee  jam  amplms  ulla 

9.  Sed  undique  COD-  Occurrit  tellus,  ccelum  undique,  et  undique  pontus  ; 
lum,  et  undique  pontus  Olli  coeruleus  supra  caput  adstitit  imber, 
npparef  Noctem  hyememque  ferens :  et  inhorruit  unda  tenebri?. 

NOTES. 

1.  Medium  Her.     This  is  literally  the  mid-  by  the  wind ;  or  he  cut  the  blackened  waves 
die  of  his  course.     But  this,  strictly  speak-  before  the  wind.     Aquuo  :  the  north  wind, 
ing,  cannot  be  ;  for  he  beheld  the  flames  of  put  for  wind  in  general ;  the  species  for  the 
Dido's  funeral  pile.     Ruaeus  and  Davidson  genus.     M&nia,:  in  the  sense  of  urbem. 
take  medium  in  the  sense  ofprofundum  ;  and  6.     Polluto  :  in  the  sense  of  IOP.SO,  vel  via- 
understand  the  phrase  to  mean,  that  /Eneas  lato. 

had  gotten  into  the  full  or  deep  sea.     If  we  7.  Per  triste  augurium  :  through  gloomy 

could  read  mare  instead  of  iter,  then  there  presages  or  conjectures. 

would  be  no  difficulty  in  this  interpretation.  8.  Ut :  in  the  sense  of  quando. 

2.  Certus :  determined  on  going.   Fluctus  10.  Imber:  in  the  sense  of  nubes  vel  mm- 
atros  Aquttone :  he  cut  the  waves  blackened  fa<s,     Olli:  for  illi,  by  antithesis. 


.     LIB.  V. 


Ipse  gubernator  puppi  Palinurus  ab  alta  : 
Heu  !  quianam  tanti  cinxerunt  aethera  nimbi  1 
Quidve,  pater  Neptune,  paras  ?  sic  deinde  locutus, 
Colligere  arma  jubet,  validisque  incumbere  remis  ; 
Obliquatque  sinus  in  ventum,  ac  talia  fatur  : 
Magnanime  ./Enea,.  non,  si  mihi  Jupiter  auctor 
Spondeat,  hoc  sperem  Italiam  contingere  coelo. 
Mutati  transversa  fremunt,  et  vespere  ab  atro 
Consurgunt  venti  :  atque  in  nubem  cogitur  aer. 
Nee  nos  obniti  contra,  nee  tendere  tantum 
Sufficimus  :  superat  quoniam  fortuna,  sequamur  : 
Quoque  vocat,  vertamus  iter.     Nee  litora  longe 
Fida  reor  fraterna'Erycis,  portusque  Sicanos, 
Si  modo  rite  memor  servata  remetior  astra. 
Turn  pius  jEneas  :  Equidem  sic  poscere  ventos 
Jamdudum,  et  frustra  cerno  te  tendere  contra. 
Flecte  viam  velis.     An  sit  mihi  gratior  ulla, 
Quoque  magis  fessas  optem  demittere  naves  ; 
Quam  quse  Dardanium  tellus  mihi  servat  Acesteh, 


15 


12.  Palinurua  ipse 
gubernator  exclamat  ab 
alta  puppi :  heu  !  quia- 
nam 


21.  Nos  sufficimus  nee 

_ -.  tendere  contra,  nee  tan- 

•*"  turn  obniti 

24.  Nee  reor  fida  fra- 
terna-  litora  Erycis,  Si- 
canosque  portus  ease 
longe. 

28.  An  ulla  tellus  sit 

"*>  gratior  mihi,  qudque 
magis  optem  demittere 
fessas  naves,  quam  quse 
servat  mihi  Dardanum 
Acesten,  et  qua  com- 
plectitur  ossa  paths  An- 

30  chisee  in  ejus  gremio  ? 


NOTES. 


13.  Quianam :  in  the  sense  of  cur. 

14.  Qwrftte,  pater  Neptune,  paras?    This 
apostrophe  to  Neptune  gives  us  a  very  lively 
idea  of  his  wonder  and  astonishment. 

15.  Arma :  properly  signifies  any  kind  of 
instruments  whatever — here  the  tackling  of 
the  ship — the  sails,    spars  and  rigging  of 
every  description.     Davidson  confines  it  to 
the  sails.     But  this  is  not  necessary.     It  was 
proper   that   all   things   should  be  stowed 
away,  as  well  as  the  sails  reefed,  that  the 
ship  might  the  better  weather  the  storm. 

16.  Obliquat  sinus  :  he  turns  the  sail  into 
the  wind — he  brings  the  vessel  more  into  the 
wind — he  lies,  in  nautical  language,  nearer 
the  wind. 

17.  Auctor :  the  founder  of  our  race. 

18.  Ccelo  :  in  this  weather.     Vespere  :  in 
the  sense  of  Occidents. 

19.  Transversa :  an  adj.  neu.  plu.  taken 
as  an  adverb  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks. 

21.  JVec  nos  sufficimus :  nor  are  we  able 
to  proceed  against  it,  nor  so  much  as  to  hold 
our  own — to  bear  up  against  the  storm — to 
contend  against  it. 

24.  Reorjida  :  I  think  the  faithful  frater- 
nal shores  of  Eryx,  &c.     Eryx  was  the  son 
of  Butes  and  Venus,  according  to  common 
report.     Some  say,  his  mother  was  Lycaste, 
a  Sicilian  courtezan,  who,  on  account  of  her 
extraordinary   beauty,   was   called   Venus. 
Virgil,   following  tradition,  calls   him  the 
brother  of  ^Eneas,  both  being  reputed  to  bo 
the  sons  of  Venus.     His  grandfather  was 
Jlmycus,  who  was  slain  by  Pollux  in  a  con- 
test with  the  gauntlet :  upon  which  Butes 
fled  into  Sicily,  and  founded  a  city.     Eryx^ 
in  like  manner,  was  slain  by  Hercules.     He 
gave  his  name  to  a  mountain  and  city  not 
far  from  the  Prmnontorium  Lilybcmm. 

25.  Si  mod"  ri'?. :  if  now,  remembering- 


rightly,  I  measure  over  again  the  stars  ob- 
served before.  From  the  relative  situation 
of  those  stars  which  he  had  observed  upon 
the  coast  of  Sicily,  and  from  their  corres- 
pondence with  his  present  observations,  he 
judges  himself  to  be  on  that  coast  again. 

27.  Tendere:  strove— contended, 

28.  Viam  :  in  the  sense  of  cursum.    Turn 
your  course  before  the  wind.     The  south- 
west wind  was  favorable  for  them  to  go  to 
Sicily. 

29.  Demittere:  in  the  sense  of  dirigere. 

30.  Acesten.     What  is  said  of  the  origin 
of  Acestes,  is  so  incorporated  with  fable, 
that  little  dependence  can  be  placed  upon  it. 
The  account,  which  Dionysius  Halicarnas- 
sus  gives,  is  probably  the  most  correct.     If. 
appears  that  Laomedon,  king  of  Troy,  be- 
ing  offended  at   some    Trojan   nobleman, 
caused  him  and  his  sons  to  be  put  to  death. 
Lycophron  calls  him  Phcenodamus :  but  Set-- 
vius  and  Pomponins  call  him  Hippotes.    But 
thinking  his  daughters,  who  were  three  hi 
number,  less  deserving  his  displeasure,  the 
king  sold  them  to  some  Sicilian  merchants, 
on  condition  that  they  should  transport  them 
to  some  foreign  country.     A  person  of  some 
distinction  being  on  board,  by  the  name  of 
Crinisus,  Crimis-us,  orCrimissus.  fell  in  love 
with  one  of  them,  whose  name  was  EL 
and  married  her.    Soon  aller  she  bore  n 
whom  Virgil  calls  Acestes,  but  others  Egestet, 
or  JEgestes.     Upon  the  death  of  Laomcdon, 
he  obtained  permission  of  Priam  to  return 
to  Troy;  where  he  was  during  the  siege 
and  destruction  of  that  city,  when  be  con- 
tracted a  friendship  with  ^Eneas.     He  after- 
ward returned  to  Sicily.     The  river  Crini- 
sus being  afterward  called   by  his  name. 

fave  rise  to  tho  fabulous  account  of  Ui- 
irth 


?.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 

• 
• 

Et  patris  Anchisae  gremio  complectitur  ossa  / 
32.    Ubi  hcec    dicta  Haec  ubi  dicta,  petunt  portus,  et  vela  secundi 
Intendunt  Zephyri  :  fertur  cita  gurgite  classis  : 
Et  tandem  laeti  notae  advertuntur  arenae. 

35.  At  Acestes  ex  ex-      At  procul  excelso  miratus  vertice  mentis  35 

celso  vertice  mentis  pro-  Ad  ventum,  sociasque  rates,  occurrit  4cestes, 


fl 
rit  nobis,  horridus  Iroia  Cnmiso  conceptum  flumme  mater 

39.  Quem  Troia  ma-  Quern  genuit.     Veterum  non  immemor  ille  parentum, 
tcr    genuit  conceptum  Gratatur  reduces,  et  gaza  laetus  agresti  40 

C4?iC°umUnoisntera  clara  ExciPil»  ac  fessos  °Pibus  solatur  amicis. 
dies  fogftratrtSw  pri*      Postera  cum  primo  Stellas  oriente  fugarat 
mo  oriente,  JEneas         Clara  dies  ;  socios  in  coetum  litore  ab  omni 
Advocat  /Eneas,  tumulique  ex  aggere  fatur  : 

45.  Quorum  genus  est  Dardanidae  magni,  genus  alto  a  sanguine  Divum,       45 

Annuus  exactis  completur  mensibus  orbis  ; 
Ex  quo  relliquias  divinique  ossa  parentis 

50.  O  Di,  vos,  sic  vo-  Condidimus  terra,  moestasque  sacravimus  aras. 
luiBtis.  Jamque  dies,  ni  fallor,  adest  ;  quern  semper  acerbum, 

«£  TeiSTSfS  8"»P"  honoratum,  sic  Di  voluistis,  habebo.  50 

Gaetulis    syrtibus,   de-  Hunc  ego  Gaetuhs  agerem  si  syrtibus  exul, 
prensus-ve  Argolicove  mari  deprensus,  et  urbe  Mycenae  : 

55.  Nunc  ultro  adsu-  Annua  vota  tamen,  solemnesque  ordine  pompas 

ZS^M^**"^''*?"™*".  suis  al.aria  donis. 
reor  haud  sine  numine  Nunc  ultro  ad  cmeres  ipsius  et  ossa  parentis, 
Divum  Haud  equidem  sine  mente,  reor,  sine  numine  Divum, 

NOTES. 

33.  Gurgite:  in  the  sense  of  mari.  49.  Acerbum:  afflictive  —  sorrowful. 

34.  Lceti  :  socii  is  understood  :  my  joyous  50.  Habebo  :   I  shall  consider.    Ageretn  : 
companions.  I  would  obfervB,  or  keep. 

35.  Miratus:    observing—  wondering  at.  53-  Solemnes  pompas.     This  is  peculiarly 
Our  arrival  was  unexpected,  and  a  matter  of  P^per  in  this  place.     Pompa  properly  signi- 
wonder  to  him.  "es  a  funeral  or  other  procession  ;  and,  exsc- 

a,-    Tr  quertr  :  /  would  perform  the  exsequice,  or  fu- 

37.  Homdw  r  in  inciiffi  r  :  rough  with  j  a  ve-  ^  obg       ies  ^      inci     }  %  wh'ich  waB 

lins  and  the  hide  of  an  African  bear      The  the  followm     of  the  ^Orp8/to  the  grave,  or 

word  korrulus  is  very  applicable  to  the  dress  funeral    Ue  e  Hence  ex$v     ia,  cam|  to  rig. 

and   equipage   of  a   hunter,    bearing    his  nif   tfae  whole  funeral  rites  .  from  ,            , 

darts  and  javelins  in  his  hands,  and  guard-  foifow 

ed  against  the  savages  of  the  mountains.  54  'Siruerem  altaria:  j  wou]d  cover  the 

In  which  character   Acestes  is  here  repre-  altars  with  hig  own                  ifts<     Thege 

sented.     Libystidis  :  an  adj.  homLifystis,  were  milk^  win     hon       and  bloodi      ured 

and  that  from  the  noun  Libyt.     Pliny  says  the  tomb>     r        these  h  wag  thouffht 

there  were  no  bears  in  Africa,  on  account  of  the  Umbra^  or  shade  of  the  deceased,  fed, 

its  great  heat.     But  there  are  many  good  and  especially  upon  the  blood.     Valpy  sav«, 

authorities  against  him.     Solinus  says  the  fit  offerings. 

Numidian  bears*  excel  all  others  in  beauty  56_  Haud  ^  men(^     ^neas  here  attri. 

and  form  :  which  is  probably  the  reason  that  buteg  their  arrival  in  gicil    to  the  interposi- 

Virgil  dresses  Acestes  in  one  of  their  skins.  tion  of  the      d    ag  lf  th      deglgned  it  to  af  -. 

39.  Genuit  :  in  the  sense  ot  pepent.  ford  him  a^  opportunity  of  paying  divine 

40.  Agrettigaza:  with  his  homely  fare,  honors  to  his  father.     Mente:  diign.     Ru- 
Gaza  is  a  word  of  Persian  origin,  and  signi-  ^us           comt/,;0. 

fies  any  kind  of  sumptuous  expense,  either  58<  JL(Ktum  honorem  :  the  joyous  festival. 

m  provision  or  furniture.     Ms  is  to  be  con-  Ruaeus    interprets   ^nojtm  by  sacrificium. 

nected  with  reduces.  But  it  i(J  plain  that  honorem  mciudes  every 

44.  dggere  :  summitate,  says  Ruaeus.  part  of  the  rites  and  ceremonies  which  were 

46.  Annuus  orbis:  the  annual  circle  (to  performed  upon  that  occasion,  a  swell  HS  the- 
vint.  a  year)  is  completed.  offerings  ov 


;NEI;S.    LIB.  v. 


Adsumus  ;  et  portus  delati  intramus  amicos. 
Ergo  agite.  et  laetum  cuncti  celebremus  honorem  : 
Poscamus  ventos,  atque  haec  me  sacra  quotannis 
Urbe  velit  posita  templis  sibi  ferre  dicatis. 
Bina  bounrj  vobis  Troja  generatus  Acestes 
.Dat  numero  capita  in  naves :  adhibete  Penates 
Et  patrios  epulis,  et  quos  colit  hospes  Acestes. 
Praeterea,  si  nona  diem  mortalibus  almum 
Aurora  extulerit,  radiisque  retexerit  orbem, 
Prima  citae  Teucris  ponam  certamina  classis. 
Quique  pedum  cursu  valet,  et  qui  viribus  audax, 
Aut  jaculo  incedit  nielior,  levibusve  sagittis  ; 
Seu  crudo  fidit  pugnam  committere  csestu  ; 
Cuncti  adsint,  meritaeque  expectent  praemia  palmse. 
Ore  favete,  omnes,  et  cingite  tempora  ramis. 

Sic  fatus,  velat  materna  tempora  myrto  : 
Hoc  Elymus  facit,  hoc  aevi  maturus  Acestes, 
Hoc  puer  Ascanius  :  sequitur  quos  caetera  pubes. 
Ille  e  concilio  multis  cum  millions  ibat 
Ad  tumulum,  magna  medius  comitante  caterva. 
Hie  duo  rite  mero  libans  carchesia  Baccho 
Fundit  humi,  duo  lacte  novo,  duo  sanguine  sacro ; 
Purpureosque  jacit  flores,  ac  talia  fatur  : 
Salve,  sancte  parens  :  iterum  salvete,  recepti 


5b'.  Et  nos  delati  hut: 
intramus 

59.  Poscamus  ventos 
60  ab  eo,  atque  ut  velit  me, 
urbe  posita,  quotannis 
ferre  hsec  sacra  in  temp- 
lis dicatis  sibi 

62.  In  singulas  naves 


G5 


67.  Et  qui  incedit  au- 
dax viribus 


70 


75  75.  Hie  ibat  medius  e 
concilio  cum  multis  mil- 
libus  ad 


80 


NOTES. 


GO.  Posita  urbe :  a  city  being  built — that 
is,  after  they  had  founded  a  city  and  erected 
temples  i«n  it  dedicated  to  him. 

61.  Acestes  generatus.     Acestes   sprung 
from  Troy,  gives,  £c.     Bina  capita  bourn  : 
simply,  two  oxen. 

62.  tAdhibete  Penates,  &c.     Servius  is  of 
opinion  that  the  poet  here  alludes  to  the 
Roman  custom  called  Lectisternia,  or  sacred 
banquets,  prepared  at  the  solemn  games  for 
the  gods,   whose   images  were   placed   on 
couches,  and  set  down  at  the  most  honorable 
part  of  the  table,  as  principal  guests. 

64.  Si  :  in  the  sense  of  cum. 

66.  Ponam:    in  the  sense   of  instituam. 
jEneas  here  institutes  four  kinds  of  games 
or  sports — a  rowing  match — a  foot  race — a 
shooting  match,  and  a  gauntlet  fight ;  and 
proposes  suitable  rewards  for  the  victors  in 
each. 

67.  Valet :  in  the  sense  ofprcestat.     Ince- 
dit :  in  the  sense  of  est. 

69.  Fidit :  in  the  sense  of  audet. 

70.  Prozmia  merita  palmoz :    rewards    of 
meritorious  victory — or  rewards  worthy  of 
victory.     Palmai:  in  the  sense  of  victoria, 
by  melon. 

71.  Faicte  omnes  ore :  favete  ore,  velfavetc 
linguis,  was  the  phrase  made  use  of  by  the 
public  criers  before  the  celebration  qf  solemn 
games  or  sacrifices.     The  import  seems  to 
be :  Favor  us  with  your  religious  attention 
»•- pronounce  n<">  words  <">f  bad  omen  that 


may  profane  the  sacred  ceremonies  :  or,  let 
us  have  the  concurrence  of  your  prayers  to 
render  the  gods  favorable  to  us :  or,  lastly, 
aid  us  by  your  applause  and  joyful  acclama- 
tions. 

72.  Velat  tempora.    The  poet  here  alludes 
to  a  practice  among  the  Romans,  of  persons 
of  every  age  and  condition,  who  appeared 
at  these  solemn  games,  to  wear  a  garland 
upon  their  heads.     The  myrtle  was  sacred 
to  Venus ;  hence  the  propriety  of  the  expres- 
sion, materna  myrto. 

73.  Maturus  cevi  :  a  Grecism.  In  the  sense 
ofprovectus  atate,  vel  annis. 

77.  >Hic  duo  rite  :  here  in  due  form  offer- 
ing, he  pours  on  the  ground,  &c.  Carchesia  : 
large  bowls  without  handles  :  plu.  ofcarche- 
sium.  Libans :  pouring  out — offering.  Bac- 
cho :  for  vino.  Mero  :  pure — unmixed. 

80.  Ilerum  salvete :  Ye  ashes  revisited  in 
vain,  and  soul  and  shade  of  my  father,  again 
hail. — Cineres  recepti  nequicquam.  By  these 
words  Servius  understands  Anchises  himself, 
whom  ./Eneas  rescued  from  the  flames  of 
Troy  in  vain  ;  since  he  lost  him  before  his 
arrival  in  Italy.  But  the  sense  given  above 
is  easier,  ^neas  lost  his  father  a  year  be- 
fore on  his  way  to  Italy  ;  but,  meeting  with 
a  storm,  he  was  obliged  to  go  to  Africa. 
Now  on  his  return  he  visits  his  tomb,  and  in 
a  manner  receives  him  again,  but  in  vain ; 
since  it  was  not  permitted  that  lie  should 
take  him  with  him  to  Italy.  Jmmnw  . 

11 


:&2  P.  VIRGIL11  MARONte 

Nequicquam  cineres,  animaeque  umbrseque  paternie. 
02.  Non  iicuit  mihi  Non  licuit  fines  Italos,  fataliaque  arva, 
tecum   quferere   Italos  ]\jec  tecum  Ausonium,  quicunque  est,  quaerere  Tybrim. 

Dixerat  hsec  :  adytis  cum  lubricus  anguis  ab  imis 

85.  Cum  ingens  lu-  Septem  ingens  gyros,  septena  volumina  traxit,  85 

;*P-  Amplexus  placide  tumulum,  lapsusque  per  aras  : 

e87gcSStergacoBrulea>Coerule8e  cui  terSa  notae,'maculosus  et  auro 
notffiwce7irfcSan/,et  cw-Squamam  incendebat  fulgor  :  ceu  nubibus  arcus 
jus  squamam  fulgor      Mille  trahit  varies  adverse  Sole  colores. 

90.  Tandem  ille  ser-  Obstupuit  visu  ^Eneas  :  ille  agmine  tango  90 
pens  longo  agmine  inter  Tandem  inter  pateras  et  levia  pocula  serpens. 

Libavitque  dapes,  rursusque  innoxius  imo 
Successit  tumulo,  et  depasta  altaria  liquit. 
H6c  magis  inceptos  genitori  instaurat  honores  : 
Incertus,  Geniumne  loci,  famulumne  parentis  95 

Esse  putet :  credit  quinas  de  more  bidentes, 
Totque  sues,  totidem  nigrantes  terga  juvencos  : 
Vinaque  fundebat  pateris,  animamque  vocabat 
Anchisae  magni,   Manesque  Acheronte  remissos. 
Necnon  et  socii,  qua?  cuique  est  copia,  laeti  100 

Dona  ferunt :  onerant  aras,  mactantque  juvencos. 
Ordine  ahena  locant  alii :  fusique  per  herbam 
Subjiciunt  verubus  prunas,  et  viscera  torrent. 

Expectata  dies  aderat,  nonamque  serena 
Auroram  Phaethontis  equi  jam  luce  vehebant.         10i> 

NOTES. 

brmque,     fclonie  consider  these  as  genitives  Genii  appointed,  some  the   protectors   of 

connected  with  and    governed  by  cineres.  countries  and  cities,  and  others  the  guar- 

Servius  explains  it  upon  the  principles  of  dians  of  particular  persons,  who  never  left. 

Plato  and  Aristotle ;    who  gave  to  man  a  them  even  after  death, 

fourfold  soul— the  intellectual,  the  sensual,  93.    Vocabat.     ^neas  here   not  merely 

the  vital,  and  the  vegetative.     To   each   of  called  upon  his  ghost  to  partake  of  the  re- 

theso  they  assigned  a  shade  or  ghost.     It  is  past  he  had  prepared,  but  invoked  him  as  a 

most  probable  the  poet  here,  as  elsewhere,  god  to  be  propitious  to  him,  thereby  deify- 

uses  the  plural  for  the  singular,  in  order  to  ing  him. 

aggrandize  his  subject :  that  is,  aninue  for  99.  Manes  remissos  Acheronte :  the  shade 

ornma,  and  umbra  for  umbra,  in  the  voc.  Or  ghost  sent  back  from  the  dead  to  partake 

sing.     This  is  the  opinion  of  RUJEUS  and  Of  the  banquet.     Acheron :  a  fabulous  river 

Heyne.  Of  nen — often  put  for  hell  itself:  or  the  place 

84.  Adytis.     The  tomb  of  Anchises  here  Of  the  dead,  as  here 

is  spoken  of  as  a  temple-a  shrine.  m  ^                            .        .  in  ^ 

87.  Cm  :   m  the  sense  of  cujus       Tar-  of  secu^m  copiam  qU(K  Jt  unicuique, 
ga:  ace.  plu.  governed  by  incendcbant,  or 

some  other  verb  of  like  import,  understood.          101-  Onerant :  Some  copies  have  onerant- 

88.  Fulgor  maeuhnis:  a  brightness  varie-      ?M«-     Heinsius,  Pierius,  and  Heyne  omit  the 
gated  with  gold — with  a  golden  hue.     In-     <lue- 

cmdebat :  made  or  rendered  resplendent.  103-  Viscera :  by  this  we  are  to  understand 

91.  Serpens :  a  part,  of  the  verb  serpo,     the  meat  in  general. 

agreeing  with  ille  in  the  preceding  line.  105.  Equi  Phatthontis  :  the  horses  of  the 

92.  Libavit  dapes  :   tasted  the  banquet,  sun  brought  the  ninth,  £c.     PhcKton  was  the 
and  again,  £c.     The  dapes  was  the  oifer-  son  of  Phcebus  and  Clymene.     He  obtained 
ing  to  the  shade  of  Anchises,  spoken  of  54,  from  his  father  the  management  of  his  cha- 
supra.  riot  for  one  day  ;  but  unable  to  govern  the 

93.  Depasta :  fed  upon— just  tasted.  fiery  steeds,  he  was  precipitated  into  the  Po. 

94.  Inslaural :   in  the  sense  of  renovat.  See  Ovid.  Met.  2.     Here  put  for  the  Sun 
Honores  :  in  the  sense  ofsacrificia.  himself.     The  poets  represented  the  sun  as 

95.  Incerius-ne  :    uncertain   whether  he  drawn  in  a  chariot  by  four  horses,  whose 
should  consider  him  (the  serpent)  to  be,  &c.  names  were  Pyrms,  Eous,  JEthon,  and  Phk- 
The  ancients  had  a  notion  that,  th€re  were  gow,  all  of  Greek  origin. 


J4NEI8.     UB.  V. 

Famaque  iiiiitinios  et  clari  nomen  Acesta> 
Excierat :  laeto  compliant  litora  coatu, 
Visuri  jEneadas,  pars  et  certare  parati. 
Munera  principio  ante  oculos,  circoque  locantur 
In  medio  :  sacri  tripodes,  viridesque  coronae, 
Et  palmae,  pretium  victoribus  ;  armaque,  et  ostro 
Perfusae  vestes,  argenti  aurique  talenta  : 
Et  tuba  commissos  medio  canit  aggere  ludos. 

Prima  pares  ineimt  gravibus  certamina  remis 
Quatuor,  ex  omni  delectae  classe,  carinse. 
Velocem  Mnestheus>  agit  acri  remige  Pristm, 
Mox  Italus  Mnestheus,  genus  a  quo  nomine  Memmi 
Ingentcmque  Gyas  ingenti  mole  Chimaeram, 
Urbis  opus,  triplici  pubes  quam  Dardana  versu 
Impellunt :  terno  consurgunt  ordine  remi. 
Sergestusque,  domus  tenet  a  quo  Sergia  nomen, 
Centauro  invehitur  magna  ;  Scyllaque  Cloanthus 
Ccerulea,  genus  unde  tibi,  Romane  Cluenti. 

Est  procul  in  pelago  saxum,  spumantia  contra 
Litora ;  quod  tumidis  submersum  tunditur  olim 
Fluctibus,  hyberrii  condunt  ubi  sidera  Cori  : 
Tranquillo  silet,  immotaque  attollitur  unda 
Campus,  et  apricis  static  gratissima  mergis. 
Hie  viridem  ./Eneas  frondenti  ex  ilice  metam 
Constituit,  signum  nautis,  pater  :  unde  reverti 
Scirent,  et  longos  ubi  circumflectere  cursus. 


IUH.  Pars  visor  i 
vEneadas,  et  pars  pa- 
rati certare. 

111.  Pretium  deslina- 
lum  victoribus 

110  113.  Tuba  canit  eN  me- 
dio aggere  ludos  com- 
missos esse. 

1 15.  Quatuor  carinnc 
delect®  ex  omni  classe, 
pares  gravibus  remis 

115  H7.  A  quo  nomine 
oritur  genus 

118.  Gyas  agit  ingen- 
tem  Chimseram  ex  in- 
genti mole 

121.  Sergestusque,  a 

1 20  fluo  Sergia  domus  tenet 
nomen,  invehitur  mag- 
na Centauro ;  Cloan- 
thusque  invehitur  cffira- 
lea  Scylla ;  unde  genus 
cst  tibi 

j  25  127.  Silet  in  tranquillo 
ctelo,  attolh'turque  ex  im- 
mota  unda,  tanquam 
campus 

129.  Hie  pater  jEneas 
constituit  viridem  me- 

,  o«  tarn  ex  frondenti  ilice, 
tanquam  signum  nautis ; 
unde. 


NOTES. 


108.  JEneadas  :  in  the  sense  of  Trojanos. 

110.  Sacri  tripodes.     The  tripod  was  pro- 
perly a  kind  of  three-footed  stool  or  table, 
on  which  were  placed  the  sacred  bowls  arid 
other  vessels  for  the  libation.     It  is  called 
sacred  on  account  of  its  various  uses  in  the 
ceremonies  of  religion.    We  learn  from  Ho- 
mer that  the  Greeks  used  to  make  presents 
of  tripods  to  their  heroes  and  great  men. 

111.  PalnuR.     The  palm  was  the  ordina- 
ry prize  of  every  conqueror  at  the  games. 
Plutarch  gives  this  reason  for  it ;  because 
the  palm  is  a  fit  emblem  of  fortitude,  as  it 
is  not  crushed,  nor   borne   down  by   any 
weight ;    but   still   maintains  its    growth, 
and   rises   superior  to   opposition.     Perfu- 
SK:  dyed,  or  colored.    Talenta;  one  talent 
of  each. 

116.  Agit:  in  the  sense  of  regit  vel  gu- 
bernat.     Acri  remige :  with  a  valiant  band 
of  rowers. 

117.  A  quo  nomine  :  from  whose  name  is 
the  family  of  Memmius.     In  order  to  recom- 
mend himself  to  the  noble  families  at  Rome, 
Virgil  derives  their  origin  from  Trojans  of 
distinction.     Genus :  in  the  sense  of  fami- 
lia, 

118.  Opus  urbis :  in  the  sense  of  instar 
urbis. 

119.  Triplici  versu:  with  a  triple  row  of 
oars.     What  Virgil  says  of  the  nature  of 
these  boats,  is  in  anticipation ;  but  it  was 


not  necessary  that  he  should  conform  ex- 
actly to  chronological  fact.  The  galley,  it 
is  well  known,  was  not  invented  till  long 
after,  and  was  of  various  sizes.  Some  had 
two,  some  three,  and  others  four  banks,  or 
rows  of  rowers  :  and,  accordingly,  they  were 
called  Biremis,  Triremis,  quadriremis.  &:<• 
Their  banks  of  rowers  were  raised,  sloping- 
ly  one  above  another,  so  that  those  of  the 
second  bench  rested  their  feet  where  those 
of  the  first  were  seated,  &c.  Remi  consur- 
gunt terno  ordine.  By  this  we  are  to  under- 
stand that  the  oars  rose  together,  and,  as  it- 
were,  kept  time  throughout  the  three  rows. 
Rureus  makes  a  distinction  between  versus 
and  ordo.  The  first,  according  to  him,  sig- 
nifies the  series  of  oars  reckoned  horizontal- 
ly from  stem  to  stern.  The  ordines  he  makes 
to  bc\he  same  oars  reckoned  vertically,  or 
as  they  rose  obliquely  above  one  another. 

liJl.  Domus:  properly  the  house,  by jne- 
ton.  the  family — race. 

Genus :  race — family. 

125.  Olim:  continually — usually. 

126.  Condunt :  cover  over — hide  them  in 
clouds. 

127.  Tranquillo.     In  calm  weather  this 
rock  was  visible ;  but  in  storms  it  was  cover- 
ed with  waves,  and  resounded  with  the  dash- 
ing of  the  waters.     It  rose  above  the  qpr- 
face  like  a  plane. 


324 


P.  VIRGILII  MAROMfc* 


132.   Ipsi    ductores  Turn  loca  sorte  legunt  :  ipsiquc  in  puppibus  aur 
longe  effulgent  in  pup-  Ductores  longe  effulgent  ostroque  decori  : 


Soque.  aUr°  °S~  C*tera  P°PU       vela<ur  fronde  juventus, 

135.    Perfusa  quoad  Nudatosque  humeros  oleo  perfusa  nitescit. 

nudatos  humeros  oleo  Considunt  transtris,  intentaque  brachia  remis  ; 

nitescit.  Intend  expectant  signum  :  exultantiaque  haurit 

Corda  pavor  pulsans,  laudumque  arrecta  cupido. 

Inde,  ubi  clara  dedit  sonitum  tuba,  finibus  omnes, 
Haud  mora,  prosiluere  suis  :  ferit  rethera  clamor     140 
Nauticus  ;  adductis  spumant  freta  yersa  lacertis. 
Infindunt  pariter  sulcos  :  totumque  dehiscit 
Convulsum  remis  rostrisque  tridentibus  aequor. 
Non  tarn  prascipites  bijugo  certamine  campum 
145.  Currus  non  tarn  Corripuere,  ruuntque  efifusi  carcere,  currus  :  14»r> 

prsecipites      corripuere  p^ec  sjc  immissis  aurigSB  undantia  lora 

Concussere  jugis,  pronique  in  verbera  pendent. 
Turn  plausu  fremituque  virum,  studiisque  faventum 
Consonat  omne  nemus,  vocemque  inclusa  volutant 
Litora;  pulsati  colles  clamore  resultant.  150 

151.Gyaseffugitan-Eff     it  ante    jj        primusque  elabitur  undis 

te  ahos  :  pnmusque  ela-  —,  ,   .    ,     ~, 

bitur  undis  inter  turbam  Turbam  mter  fremitumque  Gyas  :  quern  demde  Cloan- 

fremitumquc.  Consequitur,  melior  remis  ;  sed  pondere  pinus       [thus 


NOTES. 


134.  Popuka  fronde.  Servius  observes, 
the  reason  of  their  wearing  garlands  of  tho 
poplar  tree,  was,  that  they  were  celebrating 
funeral  games.  Hercules,  it  is  said,  brought 
that  tree  from  the  infernal  regions. 

136.  Brachia  intenla  remis:  their  arms 
are  stretched  to  the  oars.  Ruaeus  has  no 
stop  after  remit,  but  connects  it  with  the 
following  words.  This,  however,  is  not  so 
easy  :  and,  beside,  it  takes  from  the  so- 
lemnity of  the  description.  The  verb  sunt 
ig  understood. 

•  138.  Pulsans  pavor  :  throbbing  fear,  and 
an  eager  desire  of  praise,  draws  their  beat- 
ing hearts.  This  is  very  expressive.  It 
raises  such  palpitations  in  their  breasts,  as 
if  it  would  draw  their  hearts  out  of  their 
bodies.  Pulsans  is  a  very  proper  epithet  to 
pavor,  beating — palpitating. 

139.  Finibus.  Finis,  here,  means  the  line, 
place,  or  bound,  from  which  they  start — the 
mark.  Sonitum:  the  signal. 

141.  Lacertis  adductis.     Dr.  Trapp  ob- 
serves, by  this  we  are  to  understand  the 
motions  of  the  rowers,  when,  in  pulling  at 
the  oar,  they  draw  the  arms  close  to  the 
body.     This  they  do,  especially  when  they 
row  with  all  their  strength. 

142.  Infindunt  pariter  sulcos :  they  cleave 
furrows  in  the  sea  at  the  same  time — they 
start  all  at  once. 

143.  JRquor  convulsum :  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  sea  convulsed,  &c.     Some  edi- 
tions have  stridentibus.     But  this  violates 
the  measure  of  the  verse  ;.  the  first  syllable 
/if  sfridentibus  being  always  long.     Ancient 


medals  explain  the  matter ;  on  some  of 
which  there  is  plainly  seen  a  rostrum,  or  beak 
of  a  ship  with  three  teeth.  Tridens,  of  trey 
and  dens. 

144.  Prcccipiles:  in  the  sense  of  celeres. 
Ce.rtamine :  the  chariot  race.  Bijugo  signi- 
fies or  implies  that  two  horses  were  yoked 
or  harnessed  in  the  chariot.  Macrobius  ob- 
serves that  Virgil  here  excels  Homer.  In- 
deed nothing  can  be  more  finely  imagined, 
or  represented  more  to  the  life.  Career : 
the  mark,  or  starting  place ;  me/a,  the  goal 
or  turning  place.  Curry s,  by  meton.  for 
equi. 

146.  JVec  aurigCB  sic :  nor  have  the  cha- 
rioteers so  shook,  &c.  Jugis:  the  yoke, 
by  meton.  put  for  the  horses  harnessed  in  it. 
Immissis  jugis  :  the  horses  flying  with  loos- 
ened reins' — at  full  speed. 

148.  Studiis  :   in  the  sense  of  acclaim- 
tionibus. 

149.  Lilora  inclusa,  &c.    Ruaeus  observes 
that  this  is,  by  a  figure  called  commutatio, 
for  volulant  inclusam  vocem.    Or  perhaps  in- 
clusa may  be  taken  here  in  the   sense   of 
curva. 

151.  Primus.  Davidson  has primis,  agree- 
ing with  undis.  He  glides  away  on  the 
nearest  waves.  Primus  is  however  the 
easier,  and  conveys  the  same  idea.  It  is 
the  reading  of  Ruaeus  and  others.  Resul- 
tant :  echo  it  back. 

153.  Pinus :  the  timber  of  the  pine  tree, 
put  by  meton.  for  the  ship  or  galley  made 
of  it. 


KNElS.     LIB.  V. 


325 


Tarda  tenet.     Post  hos,  sequo  discrimine,  Pristis 
Centaurusque  locum  tendunt  superare  priorem.        155 
Et  nunc  Pristis  habet ;  nunc  victam  prseterit  ingens 
Centaurus ;  nunc  una  ambaB  junctisque  feruntur 
Frontibus,  et  longa  sulcant  vada  salsa  carina. 

Jamque  propinquabant  scopulo,  metamque  tenebant ; 
Cum  princeps,  medioque  Gyas  in  gurgite  victor,       160 
Rectorem  navis  compellat  voce  Menoeten  : 
Quo  tantum  mihi  dexter  abis  ?  hue  dirige  cursum, 
Litus  ama,  et  losvas  stringat,  sine,  palmula  cautes  : 
Altum  alii  teneant.     Dixit :  sed  ca3ca  Mencetes 
Saxa  timens,  proram  pelagi  detorquet  ad  undas. 
Quo  diversus  abis  ?   iterum,  Pete  saxa,  Mencete, 
Cum  clamore  Gyas  revocabat :  et  ecce  Cloanthum 
Respicit  instantem  tergo,  et  propiora  tenentem. 
Hie  inter  navemque  Gya3  scopulosque  sonantes 
Radit  iter  laevum  interior,  subitusque  priorem 
Praeterit ;  et  metis  tenet  aequora  tuta  relictis. 
Turn  vero  exarsit  juveni  dolor  ossibus  ingens, 
Nee  lachrymis  caruere  gena? :  segnemque  Menceten, 
Oblitus  decorisque  sui  sociumque  salutis, 
In  mare  praecipicem  puppi  deturbat  ab  alta.  1' 

Ipse  gubernaclo  rector  subit,  ipse  magister  : 
Hortaturque  viros,  clavumque  ad  litora  torquet. 
At  gravis  ut  fundo  vix  tandem  redditus  imo  est 
Jam  senior,  madidaque  fluens  in  veste,  Mencetes, 
Summa  petit  scopuli,  siccaque  in  rupe  resedit. 
Ilium  et  labentem  Teucri,  et  risere  natantem  : 
Et  salsos  rlftent  revomentem  pectore  fluctus. 

Hie  keta  extremis  spes  est  accensa  duobus, 
Sergesto  Mnestheoque,  Gyam  superare  morantem. 
iSergestus  capit  ante  locum,  scopuloque  propinquat :  185 


163.  Et  sine  ut  pri- 
mula    stringat    tevas 
165  cautes 


170 


174.  Oblitusquc    SBJ 
Yftj  decoris,   salutisque  so- 
cium,  deturbat  segnem 
Menceten,     prsecipitem 

178.  At  ut  Mencetes 
senior  et  gravis  undift 
1  of)  Jam  tandem  vix  reddi- 
tus  est  imo  fundo ; 
fluensque  in  madida 
veste,  petit  summa  sco- 
puli, reseditque 


NOTES. 


154.  Discrimine:  in  the  sense  of intervallo. 
Superare :  in  the  sense  of  occupare,  vel  06- 
linere. 

156.  Habet.  This  is  the  reading  of  Hein- 
sius,  Heyne,  Davidson,  and  other?.    Ruaeus 
has  abit. 

157.  Junctis  frontibus.     They  moved  on 
together  head  and  head.    Neither  one  gain- 
ing of  the  other.     It  is  of  the  same   import 
with  (Kquatis  roslris. 

158.  Salsa  vada  :  the  briny  sea. 

160.  'Princeps :  in  the  sense  of  primus. 
Gurgite  :  in  the  sense  of  man. 

16 1 .  Rectorem:  ihe  helmsman — steersman. 
16r2.  Mihi.  Ruffius  conjectures  that  mihi 

here  is  merely  expletive,  as  in  many  other 
places.  Ama  litus :  keep  close  to  or  hug  the 
rock. 

166.  Dirersus :  contrary— a  different  way. 

170.  lilt  radit  interior,  &c.  In  the  races 
it  was  customary  to  keep  the  me/a,  or  goal, 
on  Uie  left  hand!  This  will  serve  to  explain 
the  present  case.  Cloanthus  on  the  inside 
(interior)  and  nearer  the  meta  than  Gyas. 


cut  along  the  left  way  (iter  Icevum)  and  sud- 
denly passed  Gyas,  who  just  before  had  been 
ahead  of  him  ;  pmterit  Gyam  modb  priorem. 
Both  in- the  naval  and  chariot  race  the  great 
art  lay  in  turning  as  near  the  goal  as  possi- 
ble. For  the  nearer  they  kept  to  it,  the 
shorter  circumference  they  had  to  make,  and 
the  less  distance  to  run.  Thia  was  a  great, 
advantage  to  be  gained,  but  it  was  attended 
with  danger.  Subitus.  Some  copies  hare 
sub-ito.  The  sense  is  the  same  with  either. 
Hey  no  has  wbitb,  on  the  authority  of  Bw- 
mannus  ;  but  observes  that  the  other  is  ttye 
more  poetical. 

17-2.  Jwen  i  •  the  dat.  in  the  sense  of  the  gen. 

174.  Decoris:  in  the  sense  of  dignilntit. 

176.  Rector  ipse.  Gyas  hitherto  had  only 
acted  as  pilot.     He  now  discharges  the  of- 
fice both  of  pilot  and  helmsman. 

177.  Litora:  to  the  rock  or  goal. 

178.  Redditus  eft  :   issued  or  rose  from, 
with  danger. 

183.  Accensa  est:  was  kindled— arose. 

184.  tivperare :  in  the  sense  of  praiterirr. 


P.  VIRGILH    MARONIS 


186.  Nee  tamen  ille  Nee  tota  tamen  ille  prior  praeeunte  carinii  : 

£££..  u^paTt^/  ^arte  p™'  Partem  r°stro  premit  *m»la  Prist*« 

prior  ;    JEmula   Pristis  At  media  SOC1OS  «ncedens  nave  per  ipsos 
premit    aliam    partem  Hortatur  Mnestheiis  :  Nunc,  nunc  insurgite  remis, 
rostro.  Hectorei  socii,  Trojae  quos  sorte  suprem&  190 

Delegi  comites  :  nunc  illas  promite  vires, 
Nunc  animos  ;  quibus  in  Gaetulis  syrtibus  usi, 
lonioque  mari,  Maleaeque  sequacibus  undis. 

194.  Ego  Mnestheus  Non  jam  prima  peto  Mnestheus,  neque  vincere  certo  :• 
non  peto  prima  /oca       Quanquam  6  !  sed  superent,  quibus  hoc,  Neptune,  dedisti. 
196.  Outinampossem  Extremes  pudeat  rediisse  :  hoc  vincite,  cives,  100 

Et  prohibete  nefas.     Olli  certamine  summo 
Procumbunt  :  vastis  tremit  ictibus  aerea  puppis, 
Subtrahiturque  solum  :  turn  creber  anhelitus  artus 
Aridaque  ora  quatit  :  sudor  fluit  undique  rivis.          200 

Attulit  ipse  viris  optatum  casus  honorem. 

202.  Namque   dum  Namque  furens  animi  dum  proram  ad  saxa  suburget 
Sergestus  furens  animi  interior,  spatioque  subit  Sergestus  iniquo  : 
suburget  proram 


Concuss33  cautes,  et  acuto  in  murice  remi 
Obnixi  crepuere  ;  illisaque  prora  pependit. 


NOTES. 


187.  Prior  parte.  The  meaning  is,  that 
Sergestus  was  ahead,  but  not  by  the  whole 
length  of  his  galley ;  only  by  a  part  of  it. 

190.  Hectorei  socii :  my  brave  companions, 
whom  I  chose,  &c.  In  order  to  animate 
them  the  more,  he  calls  them  Hectorei,  as 
brave  and  valiant  as  Hector.  Nothing  can 
be  more  expressive.  Sorte :  in  the  sense  of 
ruind,  vel  exitio. 

192.  Gcetulis:  African.    The  Gatuli  were 
a  people  of  Africa,  not  far  from  Carthage. 
The  word  is  here  used  as  an  adj.     Syr  lib  us : 
see  JEn.  i.  111.     Usi :  sunt  is  to  be  supplied. 

193.  Ionia  mari.     That  part  of  the  Medi- 
terranean lying  between  Epirus,  Italy,  and 
Sicily,  was  called  the  Ionian  sea.     Through 
or  over  this  sea  ./Eneas  passed  with  his  fleet. 
Malea.     Maleae,  a  promontory  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus between  the  Sinus  Argolicus  and 
the  Sinus  Laeonicus,  extending  about  five 
miles  into  the  sea.    It  was  dangerous  sailing 
near  it.    It  gave  rise  to  the  proverb,  Maleam 
Icgens,  obhviscere,  qua  sunt  domi.     The  epi- 
thet sequacibus,  given  to  the  waves  of  that 
coast,  represents  them  as   so   many  fierce 
and  devouring  monsters,  that  pursued  ships 
in  order  to  overwhelm  them. 

195.  Quanquanii  6  !  This  is  an  instance 
where  Virgil  is  eloquent  even  in  silence. 
This  abrupt  exclamation  is  more  expressive 
of  the  mind  of  Mnestheus  than  any  words 
could  have  been,  especially  to  those  who 
saw  the  looks  and  gestures  that  would  ac- 
company his  voice.  Having  observed  that 
lie  did  not  strive  with  an  expectation  of 
conquering,  he  turns  upon  himself:  O  that 
I  could !  but  let  them  conquer,  to  whom,  O 
Neptiuie.  thou  hast  given  that  honor. 


197.  Nefas:  disgraced-ignominy,  of  be- 
ing the  last  to  come  out.  Olli:  by  anti- 
thesis for  i//t,  they.  Procumbunt :  they  ply 
their  oars  with  the  greatest  earnestness — 
they  spring  upon  them  with  all  their  strength. 

199.  Solum  sublrahitur  :  the  surface  is 
drawn  from  under  them.  Whatever  is  spread 
under  any  thing  as  its  support  and  founda- 
tion is  called  in  Latin  solum,  as  the  sea  is  to 
a  ship ;  the  air  to  a  fowl  on  the  wing.  So 
rapidly  did  the  galley  move  that  the  surface 
of  the  sea  seemed  to  withdraw  from  under 
her. 

201.  Casus  ipse  :    chance   itself — mere 
chance. 

202.  Suburget  proram  :  while  he  presses 
the  prow  to  the  rock  on  the  inside,  &c.     In- 
terior* between   Mnestheus  and   the   goal, 
taking  a  nearer  course  to  it.     But  he  had 
not  left  to  himself  sufficient  room,  and  was 
therefore  forced  to  run  his  galley  upon  that 
part  of  the  rock  which  projected  farther  than 
the  other  points  of  the  same  rock.     Ruteus 
reads  prora  in  the  abl.     Heyne,  Davidson, 
and  Valpy,  read  proram.  . 

203.  Iniquo :  in  the  sense  of  angusto. 

205.  C'aules  concusscp.  :   the   rocks   were 
struck.     In  other  words,  the  galley  received 
a  violent  shock  ;  for  action  and  reaction  are 
equal.      Murice.     Murex  properly  signifies 
the  shell-fish,  of  the  liquor  of  which,  it  was 
thought,  purple  color  was  made.      Hence 
it  is  taken  for  the  prominence  of  a  rock, 
which  tapers  into  a  sharp  point  like  the  shell 
of  that  fish. 

206.  Crepuere :  in  the  sense  ofjracti  sunt. 
The  prow  ran  or  slid  up  upon  the  rock,  and 
in  that  elevated  situation  stuck  fnst. 


LIB.  V, 

Consurgunt  nautse,  et  magno  clamore  morantur  : 

Ferratasque  sudes,  et  acuta  cuspide  contos 

Expediunt,  fractosque  legunt  in  gurgite  remos. 

At  laetus  Mnestheus  successuque  acrior  ipso,  216 

Agmine  remorum  celeri,  ventisque  vocatis, 

Prona  petit  maria,  et  pelago  decurrit  aperto. 

Qualis  spelunca  subito  commota  columba,  213.  Talis  qualis  co- 

Cui  domus  et  dulces  latebroso  in  pumice  nidi,  lumba  ;  cui    domus  et 

Fertur  in  arva  volans,  plausumque  exterrita  pennis  215  °l 

~.  .  broso    pumice,    subito 

Dat  tecto  mgentem  :  mox  acre  lapsa  quieto,  coramota    e    spelunca, 

Radit  iter  liquidum,  celeres  neque  commovet  alas  :         volans  fertur  in  arva. ; 

Sic  Mnestheus,  sic  ipsa  fuga  secat  ultima  Pristis  exterritaque  dat  ingen- 

^Equora  ;  sic  illam  fert  impetus  ipse  volantem.  £?m  Plausum  *ecto  pea- 

Et  primum  in  scopulo  luctantem  deserit  alto  220 

Sergestum,  brevibusque  vadis  ;  frustraque  vocantem 

Auxilia,  et  fractis  discentem  currere  remis. 

Inde  Cyan,  ipsamque  ingenti  mole  Chimaeram 

Consequitur  ;  cedit,  quoniam  spoliata  magistro  est. 

Solus  jamque  ipso  superest  in  fine  Cloanthus  :         225 

Quern  petit,  et  summis  adnixus  viribus  urget. 

Turn  vero  ingeminat  clamor ;  cunctique  sequentem 

Instigant  studiis  :  resonatque  fragoribus  aether. 

Hi  proprium  decus,  et  partum  indignantur  honorem,         .  ^9>  H*  indignantur, 
TVT-  •     •  ooft ni  teneant  proprium  de- 

Ni  teneant ;  vitamque  volunt  pro  laude  pacisci.         230  cus  et  honorem /am  par. 

Hos  successus  alit :  possunt,  quia  posse  videritur.  turn;  voluntque  pacisci 

Et  fors  asquatis  cepisseTiTprliemTa  rostris ; 

Ni  palmas  ponto  tendens  utrasque  Cloanthus 

Fudissetque  preces,  Divosque  in  vota  vocasset  : 

Di,  quibus  imperium  est  pelagi,  quorum  aequora  curro  ; 

Vobis  laetus  ego  hoc  candentem  in  litore  taurum      236 

NOTES. 

207.  Clamore:  noise — bustle — confusion.  222.  Discentem:  w  the  sense  of  tentanieiu 
Morantur :  are  delayed — stopped.  224.  Cedit :  she  yields — falls  behind. 

208.  Sudes.  This  was  a  pole  used  by  boat-  225.  Cloanthus  superest,  &c.     Mnestheus 
men,  and  usually  prefixed  with  iron.    Hence  had  gotten  ahead  of  Sergestus  and  Gyas. 
the  epithet  ferratas.     Heyne  reads  trades.  and    Cloanthus  remained  alone  to  contest 

211.  Celeri  agmine:  by  or  with  the  quick  the  prize  with  him.     Him  he  pursues,  and 
motion  of  the  oars,    Acrior:  ardentaor,  says  presses  closely,  straining  every  nerve.     The 
RUJEUS.  prize  was  not  to  be  given  to  him  who  first 

212.  Petit  prona  :  he  seeks  the  easy  wa-  arrived  at  the  goal,  but  to  him  who  return- 
tors,  &c.     Pronus  here  is  easy — unobstruct-  ed  first  to  the  port,  or  place  from  whence 
ed,  as  appears  from  the  words  which  follow,  they  set  out. 

pelago  decurrit  aperto  :  he  runs  on  the  open  228.    Fragoribus.     Some  ancient  manu- 

sea.  scripts  have  clamoribus,  but  this  makes  false 

214.  Dulces  nidi:  the  nests  are  here  put  quantity.     The  other  is  doubtless  the  true 

for  the  young  ones  in  them,  by  meton.    Cui :  reading.     Studiis  :  huzzas — acclamations. 

in  ™J  SenSG,  °f  CUJU!'  ***-  Hi  indignaniur  :  these  consider  it  a 

,.   Dat  mgentem:    the   pigeon   gives  di  ^^  ^     Hi .  these   meaning 

the  stroke  to  her  nest  (tecto)  with  her  wings  the"crew  of  Cloanthus.     Hos,  in  verse  231 

when  she  first  leaves  it,  and  commences  her  infra<  ^  cfew  of  ^^heus. 

217.  Liquidum;  in  the  sense  of  aereum.  231-  ^lit:  in  the  sense  of  an«iutf. 

218.  Ultima  aquora :   by  this  we  are  to  232.  Et  fors  cepissent :  they  would  have 
understand  the  last  part  of  the  race — that  gotten  to  the  shore    together  ;   so   that  it 
part  of  it  which  lay  beyond  the  meta,  or  goal,  could  not  have  been  determined  who  was 

220.  Deserit:  inthesenseofprcettnt.  Bre-  the' victor,  and  both  received  equal  prizes, 
ribus  vadis :  simply,  shallows.  Here  the  rock  had  not  Cloanthus,  &c.  Fors :  in  th«  sensr 
on  which  his  galley  stuck-  of  forta sse. 


K  VIRG1L1I  MARONlJ 


Constituam  ante  aras  voti  reus,  extaque  salsos 
Porriciam  in  fluctus,  et  vina  liquentia  fundam.          f 
Dixit :  eumque  imis  sub  fluctibus  audiit  omnis 
Nereidum  Phorcique  chorus,  Panopeaque  virgo  ;      240 
Et  pater  ipse  manu  magna  Portunus  euritem 
Impulit.     Ilia  Noto  citius  voluchquc  sagitta 
Ad  terrain  fugit,  et  portu  se  condidit  alto. 

Turn  satus  Anchisa,  cunctis  ex  more  vocatis, 
Victorem  magna  praeconis  voce  Cloauthum  245 

Declarat,  viridique  advelat  tempora  lauro  : 
Muneraque  in  naves,  ternos  optare  juvencos, 
248.    Dat  ti  optare  Vinaque,  et  argenti  magnum  dat  ferre  talentum. 
rnos  juvencos   vina-  IpSis  praecipuos  ductoribus  addit  honores  : 

qiie,  et  ferre  magnum  Victori  chlamydem  auratam,  quam  plurima  circurn 

talentum  argenti ;  qua,  _,  ,      ,-    •  », 

want  munera  in  naves.  Purpura  Mseandro  duphci  Mehboea  cucurnt : 
250.  Victori  Cloantho  Intextusque  puer  frondosa  regius  Ida 

dat  auratam  Veloces  jaculo  cervos  cursuque  fatigat, 

Acer,  anhelanti  similis  :  quern  praepes  ab  Ida 
Sublimem  pedibus  rapuit  Jovis  armiger  uncis.  255 

L<ongaevi  palmas  nequicquam  ad  sidera  tendunt 
Custodes,  saevitque  canum  latratus  in  auras. 
At,  qui  deinde  locum  tenuit  virtute  secundum, 
Levibus  huic  ham  is  consertam  auroque  trilicem 
Loricam,  quam  Demoleo  detraxerat  ipse  Si6(l 


ttrn 


NOTES. 


237.  Reus  voti.   When  a  person  lias  taken 
upon  himself  a  vow  on  a  certain  condition, 
he  is  said  to  be  Reus  vo/i,  exposed  to,  or  lia- 
ble for  his  vow.     When  the  condition  is 
granted  on  the  part  of  the  gods,  he  is  said 
to  be  damnatus  voti  or  damnatus  votis :  bound 
to  the  performance  of  his  vow.     See  Eel. 
v.  80. 

238.  Porriciam  :  in  the  sense  ofprojiciam. 
This  verb  properly  signifies  to  place  an  of- 
fering to  the  gods  upon  an  altar  or  other- 
wise.    Liquentia  :  in  the  sense  ofpura. 

240.  Omnis  chorus :  all  the  choir  of  the 
Nereids,  &c.     The  Nereids  were  the  fabu- 
lous daughters  of  Nereus  and  Doris.     See 
Eel.  6.  35.     Phorci.     Phorcus  or  Phorcys 
was  a  marine  god,  the  son  of  Neptune  and 
Terra,  and  father  of  the  Gorgons.     Pano- 
pea,  one  of  the  Nereids.     Servius  says  she 
is  here  mentioned  by  name,  because  she  was 
the  only  virgin  among  them. 

241.  Pater  Portunus  ipse. :  father  Portu- 
nus himself,  &c.     Portunus,  one  of  the  ma- 
rine gods,  whose  name  is  derived  from  portus, 
because  he  presided  over  ports  and  harbors. 
Euntem  may  agree  either  with  cum,  (to  wit,) 
Cloanthum,  understood,  or  with  fiat-em.  The 
sense  is  the  same  in  either  case. 

It  may  be  observed,  that  Virgil  omits  no 
opportunity  to  instruct,  as  well  as  to  please. 
He  keeps  to  strict  decorum  in  this  first  game. 
He  gives  the  palm  of  victory  to  him  who  had 
invoked  the  gods.  He  shows  us,  also,  the 
rashness  of  youth  punished  in  the  case  of 


Gyas,  wj^ose  fool-hardiness  makes  him  io»c 
the  victory,  of  which  he  had  the  fairest 
prospects  at  the  first.  He  sets  forth  the 
equity  and  liberality  of  ^neas  in  reward- 
ing Sergestus  for  saving  hi;-;  Bailey,  since  lie 
could  not  give  him  a  prize  as  a  conqueror, 

242.  Ilia  :  to  wit,  navis.  Noto  :  the  south 
wind,  put  for  wind  in  general — the  species 
for  the  genus. 

250.  Circ  am  quam  plurima:  around  wliicl'i 
very  much  Meliboean  purple  run  in  a  double 
maze.  Maander  was  a  river  in  the  Lessee 
Asia,  running  between  Caria  and  Ionia  into 
the  JEgean  sea.  It  was  so  full  of  wind- 
ings and  turnings,  that  the  word  came  to 
be  used  for  any  turning  or  windings  what- 
ever. For  mceandro,  Ruaeus  sa.ysjlexu.  Mc~ 
libcea  was  a  city  in  Thessaly,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Ossa,  famous  for  dying  purple.  Here 
used  as  an  adj. 

252.  Regius  puer  intextus  :  the  royal  boy 
interwoven  in  it,  (the  chlamys^  pursues  with 
his  javelin,  and  with  speed,  &c.  The  boy 
here  meant  is  Ganymede.  He  was  taken  up 
from  Mount  Ida  by  Jove  in  the  form  of  an 
eagle,  and  made  cupbearer  to  the  gods  in 
the  place  of  Hebe.  See  JEn.  i.  28.  Fatigot  .- 
in  the  sense  of  sequitur. 

255.  Prcepes  armiger  Jovis:  the  swift- 
winged  armour-bearer  of  Jove — the  eagle, 
Pliny  observes  that  the  eagle  is  proof  against 
thunder ;  and  this  is  the  reason  of  its  being 
selected  for  Jove's  armour-bearer. 

260.  Loricam  cvnsertcnn.  &"•'.     The 


LIB..  V. 


329 


Victor  apud  rapidum  Simoenta  sub  Ilio  alto, 

Donat  habere  viro,  decus  et  tutamen  in  armis. 

Vix  illam  famuli  Phegeus  Sagarisque  ferehant 

Multiplicem.  connixi  humeris :  indutus  at  olirn 

Demoleus,  cursu  palantes  Troas  agebat. 

Tertia  dona  facit  geminos  ex  aere  lebetas, 

Cymbiaque  argento  perfecta,  atque  aspera  signis. 
Jamque  adeo  doriati  ornnes,  opibusque  superbi, 

Puniceis  ibant  evincti  tempora  taenis  : 

Cum  saevo  e  scopulo  multa  vix  arte  revulsus, 

Amissis  remis,  atque"  ordine  debilis  uno, 
Irrisam  sine  hoiiore  ratem  Sergestus  agebat. 
Qualis  saepe  viae  deprensus  in  aggere  serpens, 
^Erea  quern  obliquum  rota  trarisiit,  aut  gravis  ictu 
Seminecem  liquit  saxo  lacerumque  viator  : 
Nequicquam  longos  fugiens  dat  corpore  tortus  ; 
Parte  ferox,  ardensque  oculis,  et  sibila  colla 
Arduus  attollens  ;  pars  vulnere  clauda  retentat 
jVexantem  nodos,  seque  in  sua  membra  plicantem. 
Tali  remigio  navis  se  tarda  movebat : 
Vela  facit  tamen,  et  plenis  subit  ostia  velis. 
Sergestum  JSneas  promisso  munere  donat, 
Servatam  ob  navem  laetus,  sociosque  reductos. 
Olli  serva  datur,  operum  haud  ignara  Minervae, 

Cressa  genus,  Pholoe,  geminique  sub  ubere  nati.     285     285.  Cressa  quoad  ge 
Hoc,  pius  ^Eneas,  misso  certamine,  tendit  nus\  n°mine  Pholoe,  ge* 

Gramineum  in  campum,  quern  collibus  undique  curvis    r 
Cingebant  sylvae  :  mediaque  in  valle  theatri 
Circus  erat ;  quo  se  multis  cum  millibus  heros 


265 


269.  Evincti    quoad 
MO  tempora 

270.  Cum  Sergestus 
agebat    irrisam    ratem 
sine  honore,  vix  revul- 
sus e  ssevo  scopulo  mul- 
ta art6,   remis  amissis, 
atque  debilis  uno  ordine. 

275.  Aut  viator  gravis 
ictu    liquit  seminecem, 
lacerumque  saxo ; 
278.  Altera  pare  clauda 

280 


NOTES. 


of  mail  usually  consisted  of  several  thin 
plates  of  iron  or  brass,  which  were  fastened 
together  with  hooks  or  rings.  Hence  con- 
sertani  hariiis.  See  ^En.  iii.  467.  and  vii. 
639. 

264.  Multiplicem.     Multiplex,  any  thing 
Consisting  of  many  folds,  or  thicknesses.  Of 
multum  et  plico. 

265.  Agebat  palantes    Troas.     The  poet 
here  pays  to  /Eneas  a  very  high  compliment 
in   an  indirect  manner.     For  if  Damoleus 
was  able  to  drive  before  him  whole  troops 
of  Trojans,  flying  in  confusion  and  dismay  : 
how  great  a  hero  must  he  be,  who  slew  this 
mighty  champion  ! 

266.  Fecit:  in  the  sense  of  dat.      This 
pfesent  was  given  to  Gyas,  who  came  in  the 
third  victor.     Signis  :    with  figures — with 
carved  work. 

268.  Donati :  were  rewarded.     The  verb 
sunt  is  to  be  supplied. 

270.  Revulsus.     Some  copies  have  revul- 
sam,  agreeing  with  ratem  vel  navem.     But 
revulsus,  referring  to  Sergostus,  is  the  most 
approved  reading.      If  revulsatn   be   read, 
then  we  must  read  debilcm,  instead  of  debilis. 

271.  Debilis  uno  ordine :  disabled  in  one 
bank  or  tier  of  oars.     Dr.  Trapp  thinks 


this  means  all  the  oars  on  one  side.  But 
this  cannot  be,  since  the  galley  had  three 
banks  or  tiers  of  oars  on  a  side. 

273.  Airgere  vice.  Jigger  vice  is  properly 
the  eminence  or  the  highest  part  of  the 
road ;  which  is  raised  or  cast  up  in  the  mid- 
dle for  the  purpose  Of  carrying  off  the  rain. 

276.  Dat :  in  the  sense  of  move/  vel  /or- 
mat.  Tortus  :  in  the  sense  of  flexus. 

278.  Retentat :  in  the  sense  of  mofatur, 
Nezantem  nodos :  in  the  sense  of  torquentem 
se  in  nodos.  Heyne  reads,  nodis. 

284.  Serva  datur.  The  games  here  are 
imitated  from  Homer.  In  that  barbarous 
age,  that  one  of  the  prizes  should  be  a  fe- 
male, is  no  matter  of  wonder.  Haud  igna- 
ra :  not  unskilled  in  the  works  of  Minerva  j 
that  is,  in  manufactures.  The  Cretans  were 
very  skilful  in  manufactures  and  the  works 
of  the  loom. 

286.  Certamine:  in  the  sense  of/«do.  Mis* 
so :  in  the  sense  of/mi/o,  vel  dimisso. 

289.  Erat  circus  theatri.  The  tkeatrwii 
was  the  place  at  Rome  appropriated  for 
scenical  representations.  See  Geor.  ii.  381. 
The  circus  was  destined  for  the  celebration 
of  the  Roman  games,  especially  horse-races. 
It  was  built  by  Tarquinius  JPritcits. 


330 


P.  VJRGILII  MARONLS 


Consessu  medium  tulit,  extructoque  resedit.  290 

291.  Hie  pretiis  invi-Hic,  qui  forte  velint  rapido  contendere  cursu, 
fbrteTeUnt  ^^^  quijnvitat  Pretiis  animos,  et  premia  ponit. 

Undique  conveniunt  Teucri,  mixtique  Sicani  : 
Nisus  et  Euryalus,  primi. 
Euryalus  forma  insignis,  viridique  juventa  ; 
Nisus,  amore  pio  pueri  :  quos  deincle  secutus 
298  Salius   simul  et  ^egms  egreg&  Priami  de  stirpe  Diores. 
Patron  SKMUI  ^"hurlc  Hunc  Salius,  simul  et  Patron  ;  quorum  alter  Acarnan  ; 

Alter  ab  Arcadia,  Tegeaese  sanguine  gentis. 

300.  Turn  secuti  aunt  Turn  duo  Trinacrii  juvenes,  Elymus  Panopesquc, 
duo  Trinacrii  Assueti  sylvis,  comites  senioris  Acestse. 

302.  Prwterea  multi  Multi  prseterea,  quos  fama  obscura  recondit. 
secutisunt;  quos  obscu-  JEneas  quibus  in  mediis  sic  deinde  locutus  : 
r*  Accipite  haec  animis,  laetasque  advertite  mentes  : 

Nemo  ex  hoc  numero  mihi  non  donatus  abibit, 
306.  Dabo  iis  ferre  Gnossia  bina  dabo  laevato  lucida  ferro 


295 


300 


305 


. 

Omnibus  hie  erit  unus  honos.     Tres  praemia  primi 
Accipient,  flavaque  caput  nectentur  oliva. 

311.  Alter  victor  Iut-^Timus  equum  phaleris  insignem  victor  habeto.        310 
to  Alter  Amazoniarn  pharetram,  plenamque  sagittis 


NOTES. 


the  mountains  Aventinus  and  Palatinus,  for 
the  celebration  of  games  in  imitation  of  the 
Olympic  games.  This  Sicilian  valley,  hav- 
ing some  resemblance  to  it,  is  therefore  call- 
ed circus  theatri^  the  circuit  of  a  theatre. 
See  Geor.  ii.  381. 

290.  Resedit,  &c.  The  meaning  probably 
is,  that  tineas  sat  down  upon  an  eminence 
that  had  been  erected  for  the  occasion.  In 
this  case,  loco  is  to  be  understood  with  ex- 
tructo :  on  a  place  built  up.  Ruseus  seems 
to  think  otherwise:  he  says,  in  composite 
ctetu  resedit.  By  connecting  consessu  with 
extructo,  he  implies  that  the  company  or  as- 
sembly sat  down  on  an  elevated  place. 
And  it  is  no  way  improbable  that  ^Eneas, 
with  some  of  the  chief  men,  was  seated  in 
the  centre  of  the  whole  assembly  on  an  ele- 
vated place,  that  they  might  be  the  more 
conspicuous. 

There  seems  to  be  here  an  allusion  to  the 
custom,  in  the  Roman  camp,  of  the  general 
to  address  his  soldiers  from  the  agger,  or 
suggestus. 

292.  Pre.tiis.  By  pretium  we  may  under- 
stand the  value  of  the  rewards ;  and,  by 
pramia,  the  rewards  themselves. 

296.  Pio  amore.  Pius  amor  signifies  a 
generous,  tender,  and  disinterested  love, 
such  as  that  of  parents  to  children.  An  ac- 
count of  the  love  of  Euryalus  for  JVtsu*,  we 
have  in  the  9th  book,  verse  176,  and  follow- 
ing. Nothing  can  more  forcibly  set  forth 
his  love  for  the  lad,  than  that  tender  expos- 
tulation In  his  favor,  verse  427.  et  seq.  quod 
vitte* 


298.  Salius.     The  names  here  mentioned 
are  not  of  the  poet's  invention.     Varro  says 
that  Salius  came  into  Italy  with  Evander, 
and  there  instituted  the  Salian  dance ;  which 
was  performed  by  persons  clad  in  armor,  in 
honor  of  Mars.   Acarnan,  a  native  of  Acar- 
nania  :  a  region  of  Epirus. 

299.  Tegecea  gentis.     Tegea  was  a  city  of 
Arcadia,  sacred  to  Pan.     Patron  was  a  na- 
tive of  this  city,  and  Salius  was  of  Epirus. 
Heyne  reads  Arcadio,  an  adj.  agreeing  with 
sanguine:  of  Arcadian  blood.     But  Arca- 
dia is  the  common  reading. 

302.  Quos  fama:  whose  names,  fame  ob- 
scure by  length  of  time,  hath  concealed 
from  us. 

304.  Mentes:  thoughts — attention. 

306.  Gnossia  specula :  Gnossian  darts. 
Gnossius,  an  adj.  from  Gnossus,  a  city  of 
Crete,  whose  darts  and  missive  weapons 
were  very  much  celebrated.  The  spiculum 
was  about  five  feet  long,  tipped  with  steel 
of  a  triangular  form :  hence  lucida  Icevato 
ferro :  shining  with  polished  steel.  It  was 
the  same  with  thepilum,  a  military  weapon, 
used  by  footmen  ;  which,  in  a  charge,  they 
darted  against  the  enemy. 

309.  Nectentur :  they  shall  be  bound,  as 
to  the  head,  with  yellow  olive.  This  al- 
ludes to  the  conquerors  at  the  Olympic 
games,  who  were  crowned  with  garlands  of 
olive  leaves,  which  are  of  a  yellow  colour. 
The  olive  was  sacred  to  Minerva. 

311.  Amazoniam :  an  Amazonian  quiver ; 
one  of  the  same  form  with  those  that  the 
\mazous  used.  Thev  were  said  to  have 


JBNEIS.     LIB.  V.  331 

Threiciis  ;  lato  quam  circumplectitur  auro  312.   Balteus  e  lato 

Balteus,  et  tereti  subnectit  fibula  gemma.  auro 

Tertius  Argolica  hac  galea  contentus  abito. 

Haec  ubi  dicta,  locum  capiunt,  signoque  repente  315     315.  Ubi  hsec    tunl 
Corripiunt  spatia  audito,  lirnenque  relinquunt  dicta,  omnes 

Effusi,  nimbo  similes  :  simul  ultima  signant. 
Primus  abit,  longeque  ante  omnia  corpora  Nisus 
Emicat,  et  ventis  et  fulminis  ocyor  alis. 
Proxirnus  huic,  longo  sed  proximus  intervallo,         320 
Insequitur  Salius.     Spatio  post  deinde  relicto,  321.  Deinde,  spatio 

TVrtiiis  Fnrvahiq  relicto  postSalium,  Eu- 

ler  uryalus.  ryalus  waiter  tertius 

Euryalumque  Elymus  sequitur.     Quo  deinde  sub  ipso      323.  Sub  quo  ipso  ecce 
Ecce  volat,  calcemque  terit  jam  calce  Diores,  Diores  deinde  volat 

Incumbens  humero  :  spatia  et  si  plura  supersint,      325 
Transeat  elapsus  prior,  ambiguumve  relinquat.  326.  Ccrtamen  ambi- 

Jamque  fere  spatio  extremo  fessique  sub  ipsum  guum 

Finem  adventabant :  levi  cum  sanguine  Nisus 
Labitur  infelix,  caesis  ut  forte  juvencis 
Fusus  humum  viridesque  super  madefecerat  herbas.  329.  Ut  forte  ex  ju- 

Hic  juvenis,  jam  victor  ovans,  vestigia  presso  331  venci.  opi 

»T      •{  •      •     ,  •      •  super  humura,  madefe- 

Haud  tenuit  titubata  solo  :   sed  pronus  in  ipso  ceratque  virides  herbas. 

Concidit  immundoque  fimo,  sacroque  cruore. 

Non  tamen  Euryali,  non  ille  oblitus  amorum  :  334.  Hie  non  oblilu* 

Nam  sese  opposuit  Salio  per  lubrica  surgens  ;  335 est  Euryali,  non  obht, 

Tit  •     *    •        •  i  A  cst  smioriirn. 

Ille  autem  spissa  jacuit  revolutus  arena.  335  Lubrica  loca 

Emicat  Euryalus,  et  munere  victor  amici  336.  Ille  Salius  jacuii 
Prima  tenet,  plausuque  volat  fremituque  secundo.  333.  Tenet  prima  spa- 
Post  Elymus  subit ;  et  nunc  tertia  palma  Diores.  tia,  volatque 
Hie  totum  cavese  consessum  ingentis,  et  ora  340 

NOTES. 

been  a  nation  of  females  inhabiting  a  part  que  designant  melam,  says  Heyne.     They 

of  Thrace.     Much  is  said  of  them  ajfhong  fix  their  eyes  steadfastly  upon  the  goal.    L7- 

the  ancients,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  tima :  spatia  is  understood, 

doubtless  fable.     Alter:  in  the  sense  of  se-  3^3.  Omnia  corpora :  all  the  rest.     Nisus 

cundus.  is  to  be  taken   with  primus.    He  gets  the 

312.  Circumplectitur.    The  common  read-  start  of  all  the  others. 

ing  is  circum  amplectitur.   Heyne  reads  cir-  close           whom_to 

cumplectitur,  and  observes  that  the  best  co-  * 

pies  do  the  same.    Balteus  lato  auro.    Ruaeus  ****                                                      ..  . 

says,  latus  baUeus  ex  auro.  l   325-  ^  Plura  spatia  superset :   if  tl 

316.  Relinquunt   limen:  they   leave  the  had  been  more  distance  to  run,  h 
mark,  rushing  forth  like  a  tempest.     Corn-  have  overtaken  Elymus  and  gotten  ahead 
piunt  spatia:  they  seize  the  first  ground-  of  him  ;  or  at  least  left  the  victory  d< 

they  start.     Limen.     In  the  Roman  circus,         332.  Haud  tenuit:  did  not  hold  firm  IDS 

when  at  the  height  of  its  magnificence,  the  tottering  steps,  &c. 

racers  started  from  under  a  kind  of  portico  ;          337.  Munere:  in  the  sense  ofbenefirio. 
over  whose  threshold  they  leaped.     Hence         339.  Post  Elymus  subit :  afterward  Ely- 

limen  came  to  signify  the  starting  place,  mus  comes  out ;  and  now  Diores   (conies 

In  a  temporary  circus,  such  as  the  one  here  out)  the  third  victor.     Palma:  the  prize, or 

mentioned,  a  line  drawn  in  the  sand  served  victory  itself,  put  by  meton.  for  the  victor 

as  the  barrier,  or  starting  place.     Spatium  or  conqueror. 

we  may  suppose  to  be  the  whole  ground         340.  Ingentis  carea*.      The  middle  par 

lying  between  the  career  and  mela.     The  or  area  of  the  Roman  theatre  was  caL 

race  was  twice  that  distance,  or  divided  in  cavca,    because   it  was  considerably  1< 

the  middle  by  the  meta,  or  turning  place,  than  the  other  parts  of  it.     Hore  tl 

Hence  the  propriety  of  the  plu.  spatia,  as  mon  people  had  their  seats.     It  was 

applied  to  the  race  ground.  ble  of  containing  80,000  men. 

317.  Signant,  &c.     Notant  ocvlif.  cnimo-  put.  for  the  whole 


332  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Prima  patrum  magnis  Salius  clamoribus  implet; 
Ereptumque  dolo  reddi  sibi  poscit  honorem. 
Tutatur  favor  Euryalum,  lachrymseque  decorae. 
G  ratio  r  et  pulchro  veniens  in  corpore  virtus. 

345.  Diores  adjuvat  Adjuvat,  et  magim  proclamat  voce,  Diores,  345 
Bun/alum                      Qui  subiit  palmae  :   frustraque  ad  pra3mia  vcnit 

Ultima,  ei  primi  Salio  redduntur  honores. 
Turn  pater  ^Eneas,  Vestra,  inquit,  munera  vobis 
Certa  manent,  pueri,  et  palmam  movet  ordine  nemo. 
Me  liceat  casus  misereri  insontis  amici.  350 

Sic  fatus,  tergum  Gaetuli  immane  leonis 
Dat  Salio,  villis  onerosum  atque  unguibus  aureis. 
Hie  Nisus,  Si  titata,  inquit,  sunt  praemia  victis, 
Et  te  lapsorum  miseret ;  qua  munera  Niso 
Difijna  dabis,  primam  merui  qui  laude  coronam ;       355 
356.  Ni  eadem  inimica  Ni  me,  quse  Salium,  fortuna  inimica  tulisset  ? 
fortunatulissetme,quffiEt  gimul  his  dictis  faciem  ostentabat,  et  udo 

Turpia  membra  fimo.     Risit  pater  optimus  olli, 
362.  Post,  ubi  cursus  Et  clypeum  efferri  jussit,  Dldymaonis  artes, 
confecti  sun!,  et  peregit  Neptuni  sacro  Danais  de  poste  refixum. 
dona,   JEneas   inquit :  Hoc  juvenem  egregium  praestanti  munere  donat. 
Nunc,  si  sit  cui  virtus,      P5st>  ubi  confecti  cursus,  et  dona  peregit : 

aeiSre*Ui//cPTdsltS  e"  Nunc'  si  cui  virtus  animusque  in  pectore  prffisens, 

attollat'brachiaevinctis  Adsit,  et  evinctis  attollat  brachia  palmis. 

palmis  Sic  ait,  et  geminum  pugnae  proponit  honorem  ;         365 

NOTES. 

341.  Salius  implet  prima  ora :  Salius  fills  whose  lions  are  said  to  have  been  the  largest, 

the  whole  assembly  of  the  huge  pit,  and  the  and  the  most  savage. 

foremost  seats  of  the  fathers,  &c.     Virgil  355.  Laude :    in  the  sense  of  virtute  in 

here  applies  a  verb  to  two  nouns,  though  in  cursu.    Coronam  :  honor — reward.    Merui : 

strict  propriety  it  suits  only  one  of  them.  in  the  sense  of  meruissem. 

Implet  concessum  is  very  proper,  but  implet  ^    Tuli           Thi    yerb  here  has  a 

pnma  om  can  only  be  used  in  poetry      The  ^r  signification  :  to  bear  down,  to  over- 

patres  and  principal  men  sat  in  the  first  or  «.         ^  better  of     gome        ,am 

foremost  seats  ;    hence  the  epithet  prima.  £  .      HyPailage  :  for  tuliutm  inimicamfor- 

The  meaning  appears  to  be  this :  that  So-  tu^m  ^  thfg  is  hardl    allowable.  Ruius 

hiu  standing  before,  or  in  front  of  the  patres  k         R       .      h          *     f  obstitisseL 
or  principal  men,  demanded  the  palm  of 

victory  in   loud    and  vociferous  language,  359.  Artes:   the  workmanship  of  Didy- 

which  filled  the  ears  of  the  whole  assembly,  niaon.     This  is  a  fictitious  name,  signifying 

Prima  ora  patrum  :  in  the  sense  of  priores  a  skilful  or  ingenious  workman. 

ordineS)  quibus  seniores  sedebant.  360.  Rejixum  Danais :  torn  down  by  the 

344.   V"eniens :  in  the  sense  of  ezislens,  vel  Greeks  from  the  sacred  post  of  Neptune's 

apparens.  temple.      Servius  thinks   that  this  was  a 

346.  Venit  ad  ultima  proRmia.     The  three  buckler  or  shield,  which  Pyrrhus  had  taken 
first,  by  the  condition  of  the  race,  were  to  from  Neptune's  temple  in  the   sacking   of 
have  a  prize.     And  Diores,  who  was  next  Troy ;  and  that  after  his  death  it  fell  into 
to  Elymus,  was  entitled  to  the  third  or  last,  the  hands  of  Helenus,  who  presented  it  to 
provided  Salius  was  set  aside,  and  Euryalus  JEneas  at  his  departure  from  Epirus.     It 
allowed  to  have  the  first  prize.  was  usual  to  fix  up  arms  won  from  the  ene- 

351.  Tergum  :  in  the  sense  ofpellem,  my  on  the  door  posts  of  the  temples,  as  con- 

352.  Onerosum  villis  :    heavy  with  shag      secrated  offerings  to  the  gods. 

and  golden  claws.     The  fur  of  lions  and  363.  Virtus.     Tliis,  for  the  most  part,  sig- 

pther  wild   beasts  were    worn   in    ancient  nifies  military  bravery,  skill,  and  prowess, 

times  by  persons  of  distinction,  and  their  These  the  ancients  considered  the  most  va- 

claws  were  often   gilt  for   ornament    and  luable  qualities  and  the  first  virtues. 

§how.     Africa  was  infested  with  lions  and  364.  P.almis  :  with  his  hands  bound  with 

other  wild  beasts  of  prey,  especially  Gcetulia,  the  gauntlet. 


LIB.  V. 


V  ictori  velaturn  auro  vittisque  juvencum  ; 
Ensem,  atque  insignem  galeam,  solatia  victo. 

Nee  mora :  continue  vastis  cum  viribus  effert 
Ora  Dares,  magnoque  virum  se  murmure  tollit : 
Solus  qui  Paridem  solitus  contendere  contra  :  370 

Idemque  ad  tumulum,  quo  maximus  occubat  Hector, 


367.  Victo  enMtn  at- 
que insignem  galeam 
qua  sint  solatia  ejus. 


Victorem  Buten  immani  corpore,  qui  se 
Bebrycia  veniens  Arnyci  de  gente  ferebat, 
Perculit,  et  fulva  moribundum  extendit  arena. 
Talis  prima  Dares  caput  altum  in  praelia  tollit 
Ostenditque  humeros  latos,  alternaque  jactat 
Brachia  protendens,  et  verberat  ictibus  auras. 
Qua3ritur  huic  alius  :  nee  quisquam  ex  agmine  tanto 
Audet  adire  virum,  manibusque  inducere  caestus. 
Ergo  alacris,  cunctosque  putans  excedere  palma, 
jEneae  stetit  ante  pedes  :  nee  plura  moratus, 
Turn  laeva  taurum  cornu  tenet,  atque  ita  fatur  : 
Nate  Dea,  si  nemo  audet  se  credere  pugnae, 
Quss  finis  standi  ?  quo  me  decet  usque  teneri  ? 
Ducere  dona  jube.     Cuncti  simul  ore  fremebant 
Dardanidag,  reddique  viro  promissa  jubebant. 
Hie  gravis  Entellum  dictis  castigat  Acestes, 
Proximus  ut  viridante  toro  consederat  herbse  : 
Entelle,  heroum  quondam  fortissime  frustra, 


371.  Idemque  Darts 
ad  tumulum,  quo  maxi- 
mus Hector  occubat, 
perculit  victorem  Buten 
immani  corpore,  qui  fe- 
**  •  «*  rebat  se,  utpote  veniens 
de  Bebrycia  gente  Amy- 
ci,  et  extendit  cum  mori- 
bundum in  flava  arena, 


380 


384.  Quousque  decet 
385  me  teneri 

386.  Promissa  prcemia 
reddi 


NOTES. 


366.  Velalum  auro  vittisque :  ornamented 
with  gold  and  fillets — simply,  golden  fillets, 
by  hendiadis.  It  was  customary  to  adorn 
the  oxen  with  fillets,  and  gild  their  horns, 
both  when  they  were  designed  for  sacrifice, 
and  al»o  when  they  were  to  be  given  away 
as  rewards  of  merit. 

370.  Paridem.     Paris,  the  son  of  Priam, 
though  dissolute  and  effeminate  in  his  morals, 
was  naturally  strong  and  valiant,  as  appears 
from  Homer,  and  always  behaved  himself 
well  in  arms.     He  is  said  to  have  been  su- 
perior to  Hector  in  the  gauntlet  fight.    Mur- 
mur e  :  applause — shouts  of  applause. 

371.  Quo  maximus   Hector.      It  is  said, 
upon  the  death  of  Hector  there  was  a  truce 
of  two  months  between   the    Greeks  and 
Trojans,  during  which  games  were  celebrat- 
ed by  the  latter  at  Hector's   tomb  on  the 
promontory  of  Sigeum ;  where  Dares  distin- 
guished himself. 

372.  Buten  perculit :  he  smote  victorious 
Butes,  of  huge  body,  who  boasted  that  he 
sprung  from  the  Bebrycian  race  of  Amycus, 
&c.     The    Butes  here  mentioned  was  not 
the  son  of  Amycus  and  father  of  Eryx,  for 
he  must  have  been  dead  lonof  before;  but  of 
another  of  the  same  name,  who  lived  in  the 
time  of  .the  Trojan  wars,  and  ooasted  to  be 
of  tho  same  race  as  the  olia-r. 

373.  Bebryria.     This   was  the    original 
name  of  Bylhinia,  a  province  of  Asia  Minor. 
Here  Amycus  reigned.     He  is  said  to  have 
received  no  person  into  his  dominions,  only 


on  the  condition  that  they  would  try  the 
gauntlet  with  him.  He  was  at  last  van- 
quished and  slain  by  Pollux,  one  of  the  Ar- 
gonauts. 

379.  Audet  adire  virum :  dares  engage  the 
man,  and  draw  the  gauntlets  on  his  hands. 
It  is  not  easy  to  say  what  was  the  exact  na- 
ture of  the  csestus.  Some  take  it  to  be  a 
kind  of  club  or  bludgeon,  with  lead  at  the 
end.  It  is  more  probable,  however,  it  was 
a  sort  of  leathern  guard  for  the  hands  and 
arms,  composed  of  thongs,  and  filled  with 
lead  to  add  force  and  weight  to  the  blow. 
It  was  bound  about  the  hands  and  arms,  as 
high  as  the  elbows,  both  as  a  guard,  and  to 
keep  them  from  slipping  off.  This  explains 
evinctis  palmis,  364,  supra. 

To  this,  the  account  which  Virgil  here 
gives  of  the  weapon  best  agrees.  The  word 
ca&stus  most  probably  is  derived  from  the 
word  cccdo.  The  gauntlet  fight  was  so 
cruel  and  bloody  that  the  celebrated  Lycur- 
gus  made  a  law  forbidding  the  Spartans  to 
practise  it. 

380.  Excedere  palma :  to  decline  or  leave 
the  prize — to  depart  from  it. 

381.  Plura  moratus.    lUiii  u^  says, rfiu/tw* 
tardans.     Plura  here,  property  an  adj.  neu. 
plu.  is  taken  adverbially  in  imitation  of  the 
Greeks. 

384.  Standi:  in  the  sense  of expectandt. 

385.  Fremebant  ore  .    they  all  expressed 
approbation  with  their  mouth*. 


334  P.  VIRG1L1I  MARONIS 

390.  Tam-nc  patiens  Tantane  tarn  patiens  nullo  certamine  tolli  390 

sines i  tanta  dona  tolli     j)ona  sineg  ?  ubj  nunc  nobis  j)eus  ^  magister 

Eryx,  ille  Deu^nobls,  Nequicquam  memoratus,  Eryx  ?  ubi  fama  per  omnem 
nequicquam  memoratus  Trinacriam,  et  spolia  ilia  tuis  pendentia  tectis  ? 
tuus  magister?   Ubi  eat  Hie  sub  haec  :  Non  laudis  amor,  nee  gloria  cessit 
tua  fama  inelyta  Pulsa  meta  :  sed  enim  gclidus  tardante  senecta        396 

Sanguis  hebet,  frigentque  effcetae  in  corpore  vires. 
397.  Si,  si  nunc  ilia  Si  mihi,  quae  quondam  fuerat,  quaque  improbus  iste 
juventa  foret  mihi  qu»  Exultat  fidens,  si  nunc  foret  ilia  juventa  ; 

Haud  equidem  pretio  inductus  pulchroque  juvenco 
Venissem  :  nee  dona  moror.     Sic  deinde  locutus,    400 
In  medium  geminos  irnmani  pondere  caestus 
Projecit :  quibus  acer  Eryx  in  praelia  suetus 
Ferre  manum,  duroque  intendere  brachia  tergo. 
404.  Animi  spectato-  Obstupuere  animi :  tantorum  ingentia  septem 
rtimobstupuere:  septem  Te        boum  piumbo  msuto  ferroque  rigebant.  405 

mgentia  terga  tantorum  .  \         * 

boum  rigebant  piumbo  Ante  omnes  stupet  ipse  Dares,  longeque  recusat : 
ferroque  insuto.  Magnanimusque  Anchisiades,  et  pondus,  et  ipsa 

Hue  illuc  vinclorum  immensa  volumina  versat. 
Turn  senior  tales  referebat  pectore  voces  : 
Quid  si  quis  ccestus  ipsius  et  Herculis  arma  410 

Vidisset,  tristemque  hoc  ipso  in  litore  pugnam  ? 

413.  Cernis  ta  adhuc  Haec  germanus  Eryx  quondam  tuus  arma  gerebat. 
infecta  Sanguine  cernis  adhuc  fractoque  infecta  cerebro. 

414.  Ego  suetus  sum  His  magnum  Alciden  contra  stetit :  his  ego  suetus, 

fiof  "angutdataT  v"es  Dum  meli°r  vires  S™%"is  dabat>  «mula  necdum       415 
mihi,   necdum    s>mula  Temponbus  gemims  canebat  sparsa  senectus. 
senectus  sparsa  canebat  Sed,  si  nostra  Dares  haec  Troius  arma  recusat, 

NOTES. 

394.  Sub:  in  the  sense  of  ad.     Inquit,  or  the  gauntlet.     If  the  victory  fell  to  EryxT 
a.  verb  of  the  same  import,  is  understood,  he  was  to  have  the  oxen ;  and  if  he  were  van- 
JVbn:  in  the  sense  of  nee.  quished,  the  island  of  Sicily  was  to  fall  to 

395.  Enim :  in  the  sense  of  equidem.    He-  Hercules.    Some  say  one  of  the  oxen  passed 
bet :    is  chilled.     Tardante :   enfeebling  old  over  into  Sicily  and  was  taken  by  Eryx, 
age.  who  refused  to  give  it  up,  which  occasioned 

396.  Frigent :  fail.  In  the  sense  oftorpent.  the  combat. 

400.  Moror:  value — regard.  Prtzmium  412.  Tuus  germanus  Eryx  :  your  brother 

nan  euro,  says  Heyne.  Eryx.  See  verse  24,  supra. 

403.  Tergo :  properly  the  back ;  by  melon.  413.  Fracto.  This  is  the  reading  of  Heyne, 

the  hide  or  skin.  Ferre  manum  in  prcdia :  on  the  authority  of  Heinsius,  Burmannus, 

to  engage  in  fight ;  a  phrase.  Intendere :  and  others,  as  he  informs  us.  The  common 

in  the  sense  ofcingere.  reading  is  spa.no.  The  sense  is  the  same 

406.  Longe  :  in  the  sense  of  valde  vel  vehe-  with  either. 

menter.     Recusat :  declines  the  fight.  414.  bidden :  Hercules,  who,  though  the 

407.  Anchisiades :  the  son  of  Anchises —  reputed  son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmene,  was 
JEneas.     A  patronymic  noun.  also  called  Amphitryoniades,  from  Amphitryo, 

408.  Vinclorum :  by  syn.  for  vinculorum  :  the  husband  of  Alcmene ;  and  Abides,  from 
the  cautus  or   gauntlets  with    which  their  Alc(Kus  the  father  of  Amphitryo.     See  ^n. 
hands  and  arms  were  bound.  vi.  801. 

409.  Senior:  namely,  Entellus.  415.  JEmula  senectus:   envious  age,  not 
411.  Tristem  pugram.    The  fight  is  called     yet  spread   over   my   temples,  &c.      The 

tristem,  sad  or  woful ;  because   Eryx  was  meaning  is  :  while  old  age  had  not  yet  co- 

slain.     The  occasion  of  the  combat  is  said  vered  his  head  with  gray  hairs.     Some  say, 

to  have  been  this :   Hercules  having  slain  old  age  is  here  called  (cEWw/a)  envious,  be- 

Geryon,  king  of  Spain,  was  returning  with  cause  it  is  apt  to  envy  the  strength  and  vigor 

his  booty,  which  was  a  herd  of  fine  oxen,  of  youth,  and  emulate  their  feats  in  vain. 

In  his  way  having  visited  Sicily,  he  receiv-  But  it  may  be  called  envious  on  account  of 

ed  a  challenge  from  Eryx  to  fight  him  with  the  many  evils  and  infirmities  which  it 


J3NEIS.     LIB.  \. 


335 


Idque  pio  sedet  JSnese,  probat  auctor  Acestes  ; 

jEquemtis  pugnas.     Erycis  tibi  terga  remitto  ; 

Solve  metus  :  et  tu  Trojanos  exue  caestus.  420 

Hsec  fatus,  duplicem  ex  humeris  dejecit  amictum : 

Et  magnos  membrorum  artus,  magna  ossa,  lacertosque 

Exuit ;  atque  ingens  media  consistit  arena. 

Turn  satus  Anchisa  caestus  pater  extulit  aequos,  424.  Turn  pater  Juntas 

Et  paribus  palmas  amborum  inriexuit  armis.  425  satus  Anchisa  extulit 

Constitit  in  digitos  extemplo  arrectus  uterque, 
Brachiaque  ad  superas  interritus  extulit  auras. 
Abduxere  retro  longe  capita  ardua  ab  ictu  : 
Immiscentque  manus  nianibus,  pugnamque  lacessunt. 
Ille,  pedum  melior  motu,  fretusque  juventa  ;  430 

Hie,  membris  et  mole  valens :  sed  tarda  trementi 
Genua  labant :  vastos  quatit  aBger  anhelitus  artus. 
Multa  viri  nequicquam  inter  se  vulnera  jactant ; 
Multa  cavo  lateri  ingeminant ;  et  pectore  vastos 
Dant  sonitus  :  erratque  aures  et  tempora  circum 
Crebra  manus :  duro  crepitant  sub  vulnere  malae. 
Stat  gravis  Entellus,  nisuque  immotus  eodem  : 
Corpore  tela  modd  atque  oculis  vigilantibus  exit. 
Ille,  velut  celsam  oppugnat  qui  molibus  urbem, 
Aut  montana  sedet  circum  castella  sub  armis ; 
Nunc  hos,  nunc  illos  aditus,  omnemque  pererrat 
Arte  locum,  et  variis  assultibus  irritus  urget. 
Ostendit  dextram  insurgens  Entellus,  et  alte 
Extulit :  ille  ictum  venientem  a  vertice  velox 
Praevidit,  celerique  elapsus  corpore  cessit. 
Entellus  vires  in  ventum  effuditj  et  ultro 
Ipse  gravis,  graviterque  ad  terram  pondere  vasto 
Concidit :  ut  quondam  caya  concidit  aut  Erymantho,      concidit  aut 


435 


439.  Hie,  velut  qui 
44Q  oppugnat  molibus  cel- 
sam urbem,  aut  sedet 
sub  armis  circum  mon- 
tana castella,  nunc  per- 
errat hos,  nunc  illos 
aditus,  omnemque  lo- 


445 


cum  arte. 

448.  Ut  quondam  cava 
pinus    eruta  radicibus, 


NOTES. 


brings  along  with  it,  and  the  little  comfort  it 
yields,  as  if  it  envied  man  the  enjoyment  of 
life.  JEmula  .  in  the  sense  of  invida. 

418.  Sedet :  in  the  sense  of  placet  vel  pro- 
batur.   Auctor  :  the  author  or  adviser  of  the 
combat. 

419.  Terga:  the  gauntlets  of  Eryx. 
423.  Exuit :  in  the  sense  of  nudavit. 
423.  Innexuit :  bound  the  hands,  &c. 
426.  In  digitos :  upon  their  toes.     Each 

stood  tiptoe  that  the  blow  might  fall  with 
the  more  force. 

430.  /#«,  melior  motu :  the  former  (Dares) 
iamore  active  in  the  movements  of  his  feet, 
and  relying  upon  his  youth  ;  the  latter  (En- 
tellus) excelling,  &c. 

431.  Membris  et  mole:  simply,  the  size  of 
his  limbs,  by  hend. 

432.  Tarda  janua  labant :  his  feeble  knees 
totter  under  him  trembling.     Hard  breath- 
ing, &c. 

433.  Nequicquam :  in  vain,  because  tlioy 
were  without  effect.     Vulnera :  in  the  sense 
of  ictus. 

434.  Ingeminant :  they  repeat. 

435.  Errat:  moves,  or  passes  around,  &c. 


437.  Gravis  :  in  the  sense  ofjirmus. 

438.  Modo  exit :  he  only  with  his  body 
and  watchful  eyes  avoids  the  blows.     Exit : 
in  the  sense  of  cvitat  vel  eludit.     Tela :  for 
ictus. 

439.  Molibus  :  with  batteries :  engines. 

441.  Pererrat :  in  the  sense  of  exquirit. 

442.  Irritus:  being  foiled— disappointed 
— baffled. 

445.  Elapsus  cessit :  simply  for  elabitur. 

447.  Etipse gravis,  graviterque:  and  hea- 
vy he  fell  heavily  to  the  ground  with  his 
vast  weight.     The  graviterque  appears  to  be 
merely  expletive.     The  sense   is   complete 
without  it.    Entellus  had  raised  himself  with 
the  intention  of  giving  a  heavier  blow  to 
Dares,  who,  having  observed  it,  slipt  from 
the  stroke.     By  these  means  his  own  na- 
tural weight,  and  the  impetus  he  gave  to 
himself,  brought  him  to  the  ground.    Or  the 
gravis  may  refer  to  his  unwieldy  size  and 
bulk,  while  the  grotrcfer  refers  to  the  violence 
of  the  shock  he  gave  himself  in  missing  the 
blow  aimed  at  Dares.    But  this  is  rather  a 
refinement. 

448.  Enjmantto :  Erymanthus  was  a  fa- 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


h  ud    a 


Aut  Ida  in  magna,  radicibus  eruta  pinus. 

450.  Diversis  studiis  Consurgunt  siudiis  Teucri  et  Trinacria  pubes  : 
It  clamor  coelo  :  primusque  accurrit  Acestes, 
./Equaevumque  ab  humo  miserans  attollit  amicum. 
At  non  tardatus  casu,  neque  territus  heros  : 
Acrior  ad  pugnam  redit,  ac  vim  suscitat  ira  : 
Turn  pudor  incendit  vires,  et  conscia  virtus  : 
Praecipitemque  Daren  ardens  agit  aequore  toto  ; 
Nunc  dextra  ingeminans  ictus,  nunc  ille  sinistra. 
Nee  mora,  nee  requies  :  quam  multa  grandine  nimbi 
Culminibus  crepitant  ;  sic  densis  ictibus  heros 
Creber  utraque  manu  pulsat  versatque  Dareta. 
Tum  pater  ^neas'  procedere  longius  iras, 
Et  saevire  animis  Entellum  hand  passus  acerbis 
Sed  finem  imposuit  pugnae  ;  fessumque  Dareta 
Eripuit,  mulcens  dictis,  ac  talia  tatur  : 
.  Infelix  !  quce  tanta  animum  dementia  cepit  ! 
Non  vires  alias,  conversaque  numina  sentis  ? 
Cede  Deo.  Dixitque,  et  prselia  voce  diremit. 
468.  Ast  fidi  aquales  Ast  ilium  fidi  aequales,  genua  aegra  trahentem, 

ducunt  ilium  ad  naves,  J  ctantemque  utroque  caput,  crassumque  cruorem 

trahenteraque  »gra  ge-  Qre  ejectantem  mixtosque  in  sanguine  dentes,          470 
Ducunt  ad  naves  :  galeamque  ensemque  vocati 
Accipiunt  :  palmam  Entello  taurumque  relinquunt. 
Hie  victor,  superans  animis,  tauroque  superbus, 
Nate  Dea,  vosque  haec,  inquit,  cognoscite,  Teucriy 
Et  mihi  quae  fuerint  juvenili  in  corpore  vires,  475 

476.  Et  a  qua  morte  Et  qua  servetis  revocatum  a  morte  Dareta. 

servetis  Dixit  :  et  adversi  contra  stetit  ora  juvenci, 

480.  Arduusque,  dex-  Quj  donum  adstabat  pugnae  :  durosque  reducta 

tra     reducta,     hbravit  Lftravit  dextra  media  inter  cornua  casstus 

duros  caestus  inter  me-        .  ,_  «•••*• 

dia  cornua,  illisitque  eos  Arduus,  effractoque  ilhsit  in  ossa  cere   r<>. 

mossa,cerebroeifracto,Sternitur5  exanimisque  tremens  procumbit  humi,  bos. 


450 


455 


460 


465 


NOTES. 


mous  wood  and  mountain  in  Arcadia,  where 
Hercules  slew  the  celebrated  boar. 

453.  At  heros  non  tardatus  :  but  the  hero 
not  disabled,  nor  terrified  by  the  fall,  &c. 
By  the  rules  of  the  combat,  if  one  fell,  the 
other  was  not  to  take  the  advantage  of  it, 
but  allow  him  time  to  rise  and  return  to  the 
fight. 

459.  Sic:  in  the  sense  of  tarn,  correspond- 
ing  with  quam  in  the  preceding  line.  Mm- 
bi  :  storms. 

463.  Eripuit  fessum  Dareta:  he  rescued 


in  the  issue  of  the  combat,  with  judgment, 
and  with  an  improvement  of  the  moral.  He 
gives  his  readers  the  pleasure  of  seeing  an 
arrogant  boaster  humbled  by  an  infirm  Old 
man,  roused  by  his  courage  to  engage  in  an 
unequal  contest.  Whereas  in  Homer,  the 
younger  and  the  stronger  vanquishes  the 
more  feeble,  which  contributes  nothing  to 
the  surprise  or  pleasure  of  the  reader. 


466.  JVon  sentis  alias  vires  :  do  you  not 
perceive  other  strength,  and  the  gods  to  be 
charged  ?  Alias  vires  :  other  or  foreign 
strength—  that  which  you  did  not  expect  to 
be  exerted  against  you,  and  therefore  it  is 
in  vain  to  contend.  Cede  Deo.  By  the  god 
here  mentioned  we  are  to  understand  the 
one  by  whom  Entellus  was  aided  ;  perhaps 
Eryx.  whom  the  Sicilians  had  deified. 

470.  Ejectantem  :  some  copies  have  re- 
jectanlem.  Pierius  prefers  this.  Heyne  reads 
ejectantem;  so  also  Heinsius  and  Davidson. 

473.  Supmn,  :  in  the  sense  of  *.». 

476-   Revocatum  :    rescued—  freed- 
vered. 

478-  Donum  :  in  the  sense  of  pram 

481.  Sternitur:  the  ox  falls,  and  trembling, 
&c.  This  verse  Servius  thinks  a  very  bad 
one,  because  it  ends  with  a  monosyllable. 
Mr.  Davidson  thinks  it  is  to  be  admired  for 
that  very  reason.  This  abrupt  ending  of 
the  verse,  says  he,  is  like  a  rub  in  a  person's 


LIB.  V. 

Ille  super  tales  effudit  pectore  voces  :  482.  Super  bove 

Hanc  tibi,  Eryx,  meliorem  animam  pro  morte  Daretis 
Persolvo  :  hie  victor  caestas  artemque  repono. 

Protinus  ^Eneas  celeri  certare  sagitta  485 

Invitat,  qui  forte  velint,  et  praemia  ponit : 
Ingentique  manu  malum  de  nave  Seresti 
Erigit ;  et  volucrem  trajecto  in  fune  columbam, 
Quo  tendant  ferrum,  malo  suspendit  ab  alto. 
Convenere  viri :  dejectamque  aerea  sortem  490 

Accepit  galea  :  et  primus  clamore  secundo 
Hyrtacidae  ante  omnes  exit  locus  Hippocoontis : 
Quern  modo  navali  Mnestheus  certamine  victor 
Consequitur,  viridi  Mnestheus  evinctus  oliva. 
Tertius  Eurytion,  tuus,  6  clarissime,  frater, 
Pandare  :  qui  quondam,  jussus  confundere  foedus, 
In  medios  telum  torsisti  primus  Achivos. 
Extremus  galeaque  ima  subsedit  Acestes, 
Ausus  et  ipse  manu  juvenum  tentare  laborem. 

Turn  validis  flexos  incurvant  viribus  arcus,  500 

Pro  se  quisque,  viri,  et  depromunt  tela  pharetris  : 
Primaque  per  ccelum  nervo  stridente  sagitta 
Hyrtacidse  juvenis  volucres  diverberat  auras, 
Et  venit,  adversique  infigitur  arbore  mali. 
Intremuit  malus,  timuitque  exterrita  pennis  505 

Ales,  et  ingenti  sonuerunt  omnia  plausu. 
Post  acer  Mnestheus  adducto  constitit  arcu 


337 


488.  Et  suspendit  ab 
alto  malo  volucrem  co- 
lumbam 


492.  Locus  Hippocoou- 
tis  Hyrtacidae  exit  pri- 
mus ante  omnes 

495     495.  Eurytion  erfter- 
tius,  tuus 


501.  Turn  viri,  quis- 
que pro  se,  incurvant 
flexos  arcus 


506.  Omnia  loca 


NOTES. 


way ;  it  forces  him  to  stop  and  dwell  upon 
the  object  with  attention. 

483.  Meliorem:  either, because  brute  vic- 
tims were  more  acceptable  to  the  gods  than 
human  victims  ;  or  it  alludes  to  the  second 
victims,  which,  when  the  first  escaped,  were 
substituted  in  their  room,  and  were  called 
meliores,  better,     Jlnimam :  in  the  sense  of 
victimam. 

484,  Repono,  &c.     This  is  an  allusion  to 
the  gladiators   in  after  times,  who,  when 
their  age  exempted  them  from  practising  the 
art,  hung  up  the  arms  of  their  profession  on 
the   doorposts  of  the    temple  of  Hercules. 
Persolvo :  in  the  sense  of  immolo. 

487.  Ingentique  manu :  ./Eneas  may  not 
do  it  with  his  own  hand  ;  for  men  are  often 
said  to  do  what  they  order  to  be  done  by 
others.     Heyne  says,  magna  multitudine. 

488.  In  fune  trajecto:  by  a  rope  put  through 
the  mast  ;  trajecto  per  malum.     Volucrem : 
fluttering.     Ferrum :  for  sagittam. 

491.  JErea  galea  accepit,  &c.     In  war,  and 
among  soldiers,  a  helmet  supplied  the  place 
of  an  urn  to  receive  the  lots. 

492.  Hippocoonlis.     Hippocoon,  the  son 
of  Hyrtacus.     Homer  says  he  was  cousin  to 
Rhesus,  who  was  slain  by  Ulysses  and  Dio- 
mede  in  the  first  night  after  his  arrival  on  the 
Trojan  shore.     See  $Jn.  i.  469.     Lorns :  in 


496.  Pandare.  Pandarus  was  the  son  of 
Lycaon.  Homer  makes  him  to  have  broken 
the  truce  (confundere  fozdus)  between  the 
Greeks  and  Trojans,  when  they  had  agreed 
to  put  the  decision  of  the  war  upon  the  is- 
sue of  a  single  combat  between  Paris  and 
Menelaus.  Paris  was  rescued  by  Venus, 
when  he  was  nearly  overcome.  Juno,  un- 
willing that  the  disaster  of  Troy  should 
so  soon  be  terminated,  urged  Jupiter  to  bring 
about  a  violation  of  the  truce.  He  employ- 
ed Minerva  as  his  agent  in  the  business.  13y 
her  persuasion,  Pandarus  shot  an  arrow 
among  the  Greeks  at  Menelaus,  which  re- 
kindled the  war.  The  epithet  clarissime^  is 
given  to  him  as  being  a  distinguished  arch- 
er. Homer  equals  him  to  Apollo.  Ho  \vas 
at  last  killed  by  Diomede. 

498.  Acestes  subsedit.  Acestos  remained 
the  last  in  the  bottom  of  the  helmet :  that 
is,  the  lot  of  Acestes. 

501.  Tela  :  in  the  sense  of  sagitlce. 

502.  Sagitta  juvenis  Hyrtacidce :  the  ar- 
row of  the  youth  Hippocoon  first,  &c.    Stri- 
dente nervo  :  from  the  whizzing  string. 

503.  f'olucres  auras :  the  light  air. 

504.  Arbore  malt  :  in  the  wood  of  the  mast. 

505.  Timuit :  fluttered  with  her  wings — 
expressed  signs  of  fear. 

506.  Ingenti  plausu:  with  loud 
acclamations  of  the 


MS  l\  VIRGIL1I  MARONte 

Alta  petens,  pariterque  oculos  telumque  tetendit ; 
Ast  ipsam  miserandus  avem  coritingere  ferro 
Non  valuit :  nodos  et  vincula  linea  rupit,  510 

Queis  innexa  pedem  malo  pendebat  ab  alto. 
Ilia  Notos  atque  atra  volans  in  nubila  fugit. 
Turn  rapidus  jamdudum  arcu  contenta  pa'rato 
Tela  tenens,  fratrem  Eurytion  in  vota  vocavit : 
.iU.  Jam  speculates  Jain  vacuo  Icetam  ccelo  speculatus,  et  alis  51£ 

<  olumbam  Iffitam  in  va- Plaudentem  nigr£  figit  sub  nube  columbam. 

ouo  coelo,  et  plauden-  Decidit  exanimis,  vitamque  reliquit  in  astris 
m  alis,  figit  earn  si  >    Agriig)  fixamque  refert  delapsa  sagittam. 
Amissa  solus  palma  superabat  Acestes  : 
Qui  tamen  oethereas  telum  contorsit  in  auras,  520 

Ostentans  artem  pariter  arcumque  sonantem. 
Hie  oculis  subito  objicitur  magnoque  futurum 
cf23.     Ingens   exitus  Augurio  monstrum  :  docuit  post  exitus  ingens, 

docuit  hoc  post  Seraque  terrifici  cecinerunt  omina  vates. 

Namque  volans  liquidis  in  nubibus  arsit  arundo.       525 
Signavitque  viam  flammis,  tenuesque  recessit 
.1:27.  Con  saepc  sidera  Consumpta  in  ventos  :  ccelo  ceu  saepe  refixa 

refixa  e  ccelo  transcur-T ranscurrunt  crinemque  volantia  sidera  ducunt. 

runt,  volant  laque  .  .    .  •     •      a 

Attonitis  baesere  am  mis,  Superosque  precati 

Trinacrii  Teucrique  viri :  nee  maximus  omen  530 

Abnuit  jEneas  :  sed  Isetum  amplexus  Acesten 
Muneribus  cumulat  magnis,  ac  talia  fatur  : 

NOTES. 

olU.  JYodos  f.t  linea  vincula  rupit :  lie  cut  the  ordinary  course  of  events.  It  is  front 
the  knots,  and  the  hempen  cords,  with  which,  monstro ;  because  prodigies  were  thought  to 
being  tied  by  the  foot,  &c.  Mr.  Pope,  in  be  sent  from  heaven  to  signify  some  remark- 
comparing  the  games  of  Homer  and  Virgil,  able  future  event.  This  one  presaged  the 
owns  that  Virgil  has  outdone  his  master  by  burning  of  the  fleet  of  ^Eneas.  Subito.  This 
the  addition  of  two  circumstances  that  make  is  the  common  reading.  Heyne,  after  Hein- 
a  beautiful  gradation.  In  Homir,  the  first  sius,  reads  subilum, 

archer  cuts  the  string  that  held  the  bird,  and  534.  Cecinerunt :    they    interpreted    the 

the  other  shoots  him  as  he  is  mounting.     In  omens  late. 

Virgil,  the  first  only  hits  the  mark,  the  se-  Servius  explains  sera  by  grama,  others  by 

cond  cuts  the  string,  the  third  shoots  him,  fufura,  and  Cerdanus  by  tarda.     The  com- 

and  the  fourth,  to  show  the  strength  of  his  mon  acceptation  of  the  word  is  the  easiest, 

arm,  directs  his  arrow  up  to  heaven,  where  implying  that  the  soothsayers  could  make 

ft  kindles  into  a  flame,  and  makes  a  pro-  nothing  of  tho  omen,  till   the  event  took 

digy.  place  ;  and  then,  when  it  was  too  late  to 

512.  Fugit  in  notos :  Nolusia  properly  the  avcrt  it,  and  the  ships  on  fire,  they  agreed 
south  wind.     Sometimes  it  is  put  for  any  that  this  must  have  been  the  thing  signified 
wind.     Here  it  seems  to  be  used  for  the  air  Dv  the  prodigy. 

simply  ;  wind  being  only  air  put  in  motion.  ^    Crincm  .  a  trainof  light. 
In  nubes  ac  codum  evolavit,  says  Heyne. 

513.  Turn  rapidus  Eurytion:  then  intre-  529.  Hasere  attonilis :    they  stood  i 
pid  Eurytion,  a  long  time  holding  the  arrow  astonished  minds.     Ruffius  says  :  steteruni 
extended  on  his  ready  bow,  £c.     Servius  stupefacti  ammo. 

says  that  Pandarus  was  worshipped  as  a          531.  JEneas  abnuit :  nor  did  great  ^Eneas 

hero  among  the    Lycians.     This   explains  reject  the  omen;  but  embracing  joyful  Aces- 

the  conduct  of  Eurytion  in  invoking  him,  tes,  &c.    He  accepted  it,  considering  it  to  be 

in  this  critical  moment,  to  direct  his  arrow.  propitious   or  favorable  to  him.     He  was 

520.  Contorsit :  the  reading  of  Heyne  is  probably  led  to  this  from  its  resemblance  to 

contendit.  .  that  which  shone  from  the  head  of  Ascanius* 

523.  Monstrum :  here  a  prodigy,  and  his  son.  See  JEn.  ii.  680.  It  appears  from 
about  to  be  of  great  import,  is  suddenly  this  that  the  soothsayers  had  not  yet  inter- 
presented  to  our  eyes.  Monstrum  signifies  preted  the  omen ;  otherwise  ^Eneas 
nny  thini?  that  is,  or  happens,  contrary  to  not  ham  rocou-ori  it.  with  jnv 


.KiYEIS.     LIH.  v. 


Surne,  pater  ;  nam  te  voluit  rex  magnus  Olympi  533.  Sumc 

Talibus  auspiciis  exsortem  ducere  honorem.  ter 

Ipsius  Anchisae  longaevi  hoc  munus  habebis  :  535 

Cratera  impressum  signis,  quern  Thracius  olim 

Anchisae  genitori,  in  magno  munere,  Cisseus 

Ferre  sui  dederat  monurnentum  et  pignus  amoris. 

Sic  fatus,  cingit  viridanti  tempora  lauro, 

Et  primum  ante  omnes  victorem  appellat  Acesten. 

Nee  bonus  Eurytiori  praelato  invidit  honori, 

Quamvis  solus  avem  coelo  dejecit  ab  alto. 

Proximus  ingreditur  donis,  qui  vincula  rupit  : 

Extremus,  volucri  qui  fixit  arundine  malurn. 

At  pater  ^Eneas,  nondum  certamine  misso, 
Custodem  ad  sese  comitemque  impubis  liili 
Epytiden  vocat,  et  fidam  sic  fatur  ad  aurem  : 
Vade,  age,  et,  Ascanio,  si  jam  puerile  paratum 
Agmen  habet  secum,  cursusque  instruxit  equorum, 
Ducat  avo  turmas,  et  sese  ostendat  in  armis, 
Die,  ait.     Ipse  omriem  longo  decedere  circo 
Inmsum  populum,  et  campos  jubet  esse  patentes. 
Ineedunt  pueri,  pariterque  ante  ora  parentum 
Fraenatis  lucent  in  equis  :  quos  omnis  euntes 
Trinacriae  mirata  fremit  Trojaeque  juventus.  555 

Omnibus  in  morem  tonsa  coma  pressa  corona  : 
Cornea  bina  ferunt  praefixa  hastilia  ferro, 
Pars  leves  humero  pharetras  :  it  pectore  summo 
Flexilis  obtorti  per  collum  circulus  auri. 


536.  Qucni  Thracius 
Cisseus  olim  dederat 
540  Anchisee  genitori  ferro 
in  magno  munere,  quasi, 
monumentum  ct  pignus 
sui  amoris. 

544.    lilt    ingreditur 
„  extremus,  qui  fixit 
^4^      545.  At  pater  ^Eneas, 
certamine  nondum  mis;- 
so,  vocat  Epytiden   afl 
sese 

548.  Vade,  age,  ait, 
et  die  Ascanio,  si  jam 
550  habet  puerile  agmen  pa- 
ratum secum,  instruxit  - 
que  cursus  equorum,  v? 
ducat  turmas  avo,  et 


556.  Coma  pressa  tst 
omnibus  tonsa  corona 
in  morem. 

558.    Pars  fert 
pharetras  humero. 


NOTES. 


534.  Exsortem:  compounded  of  ex  and 
sors.  An  allusion  is  here  had  to  a  custom 
among  the  Greeks,  who  used,  before  the 
booty  was  divided  among  the  soldiers,  to 
give  those  who  had  distinguished  them- 
selves, some  of  the  choicest  articles,  not  by 
lot,  but  as  they  judged  meet  and  right.  By 
exsortem  honorem,  we  are,  therefore,  to  un- 
derstand the  first  or  choicest  honor.  David- 
son renders  it,  an  honor  out  of  course.  Heyne 
reads,  exsortem  honores,  referring  the  exsur- 
tem  to  the  pron.  te.  Valpy  reads  the  same. 
Ruaeus  says,  extraordinarium  honorem.  The 
common  reading  is,  exsorlem  honorem. 

Talibus  auspiciis  :  by  such  signs,  tokens, 
or  omens. 

536.  Signis :  in  the  sense  afjiguris. 

537.  Cisseus.     He  was  king  of  Thrace, 
and  the  father  of  Hecuba,  the  first  wife  of 
Priam. 

541.  Pmlato.  Heyne  takes  this  in  the 
sense  of  prarepto.  He  does  not  envy  the 
honor  taken  from  him,  and  given  to  Ar 
But  pr(f.lato  may  retain  its  usual  significa- 
tion, if  we  give  the  passage  this  gloss  :  he 
does  not  envy  the  honor  to  Acestes  prefer- 
red before  him.  This  is  the  sense  of  Mark- 
land. 

543.  Ingredihir:  he  enters  next  for  thr 
prizes,  who.  &>.  Both  hisreflitvr*  and 


dit  are  military  terms,  and  imply  stateliness, 
and  an  air  of  dignity  and  pride. 

546.  Custodem  :  either  the  guardian  of  his 
education,  or  his  tutor  in  the  military  art. 

547.  Epytiden  :  a  patronymic  noun  ;  the 
son  of  Epytus,  the  herald  of  Anchises.    Hi* 
name  was  Ptriphas,or  Periphanies. 

549.  Agmen  :  troop — battalion.  Instrux- 
it cursus :  hath  arranged  the  movements-, 
march,  &c. 

551.  Circo:  ring — course.  Infusum:  in 
the  sense  ofdiff'usum,  vel  sparsum. 

553.  Pueri  incedunt :  the  boys  march  for- 
ward, and  shine  equally,  &c.     This  game, 
commonly   known  by   the  name   of  lusus 
TrujcF.  is    wholly  of  the  poet's   invention. 
He  had  no  hint  of  it  from  Homer.     He  sub- 
stituted  this  in  room   of  three  in  Homer, 
(viz.)   the  wrestling,  the  single  commit,  and 
thr  Hisrns  .-/and  it  is  worth  them  all.     Virgil 
addod  this  ^;un<>  to   please  Augustus,  who, 
at  that  tinu  .  the  same. 

554.  Fremit :  in  the  sense  of  plaudit,  vcl 
lentdat. 

556.  T\>nsa  corona.  This  crown  consist- 
ed of  green  boughs,  bent  into  a  circular 
form,  resembling  a  crown.  It  was  probably 
placed  upon  their  helmets. 

559.  Flexilis  circulus  obtorti  auri.  This 
is  a  rirnimlorution  to  express  a  snide n  rhmn 


34W 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


560 


565 


570 


Tres  equitum  numero  turmae,  ternique  vagantur 
Ductores  :  pueri  bis  seni  quemque  secuti, 
Agmine  partito  fulgent,  paribusque  magistris. 

563.  Est  una  acies ju-  Una  acies  juvenum,  ducit  quam  parvus  ovantem 
venum   quam  ovantem  tf  omen  avi  referens  Priamus,  tua  clara,  Polite, 
Progenies,  auctura  Italos  :  quern  Thracius  albis 
566.  Vestigia    primi  Portal  equus  bicolor  maculis  :  vestigia  primi 
pedis  sunt  Alba  pedis,  frontemque  ostentans  arduus  albam. 

568.    Alter   dux    est  Alter  Atys,  genus  unde  Atti  duxere  Latini ; 

Parvus  Atys,  pueroque  puer  dilectus  liilo. 

570.  Extremus  dux  Extremus,  formaque  ante  omnes  pulcher,  lulus 
est  Iiilus,  pulcher  ante  SJdonio  est  invectus  equo  ;  quern  Candida  Dido 
omnes  forma,  invectus  0  .  ,  , 

Sidonio  equo  ^sse  SU1  dederat  monumentum  et  pignus  amons. 

Cactera  Trinacriis  pubes  senioris  Acestse 
Fertur  equis. 

Excipiunt  plausu  pavidos,  gaudentque  tuentes       575 
Dardanidae  ;  veterumque  agnoscunt  ora  parenturn. 
Postquam  omnem  laeti  consessum  oculosque  suoruin 
Lustravere  in  equis  :  signum  clamore  paratis 
Epytides  longe  dedit,  insonuitque  flagello. 
Olli  discurrere  pares,  atque  agmina  terni  580 

Diductis  solvere  choris  ;  rursusque  vocati 
582.  Infesta  tela  inse  Convertere  vias,  infestaque  tela  tulere. 
mvicem.  Inde  alios  ineunt  cursus,  aliosque  recursus. 


578.  Ittis  paratis 


NOTES. 


It  goes  over  the  neck,  down  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  breast. 

560.  Vagantur  :  march  along.  Oberrant, 
says  RUJEUS. 

562.  Magistris :  in  the  sensT  of  ducibus. 

564.  Polite.  Polites  was  the  son  of  Priam, 
and  slain  by  Pyrrhus  in  the  presence  of  his 
father.  See  JEn.  ii.  526.  He  is  said,  how- 
ever, to  have  accompanied  ./Eneas  into  Italy, 
and  to  have  founded  the  city  Politorium, 
which  was  afterward  destroyed  by  Ancus,  a 
king  of  the  Romans.  Virgil  seems'  to  at- 
tribute the  building  of  the  city  to  his  son 
here  mentioned.  Auctura  Italos  :  either  to 
increase  the  Italians  by  founding  a  city,  or 
by  confering  honor  and  dignity  upon  them. 

566.  Vestigia:  the  fetlocks  of  his  fore 
feet.  Cerdanus  explains  this  of  his  right 
foot  alone.  But  vestigia  is  herp  evidently 
used  out  of  its  ordinary  sense. 

568.  Unde  genus:  whence  >  e  Latin  Al- 
ii, &c.  Virgil  mentions  this  in  compliment 
to  his  prince,  whose  mother's  name  was  At- 
tia.  Attius  Balbus  married  Julia,  the  sister 
of  Julius  Caesar,  and  had  by  her  a  daugh- 
ter, who  married  Octavius,  the  father  of 
Augustus.  The  poet  signalizes  lulus,  ami 
Atys,  the  founders  of  Ms  prince's  family, 
both  on  his  father's  and  mother's  side  :  and 
by  making  so  close  a  friendship  to  subsist 
between  the  two,  he  alludes  to  the  affinity 
between  the  Julian  and  Attian  families,  now 
united  in  the  person  of  Augustus.  Some 
say,  however,  that  he  was  the  son  of  Julia, 
ifop  sister  of  Caesar,  and  his  lawful  heir. 


576.  Dardanida  excipiunt :  the  Trojans 
with  applause   receive  them,  anxious  and 
solicitous  for  praise  and  victory ;  and,  be- 
holding them,  they  rejoice,  and  know  the 
features  of  their  aged  parents.     They  trace 
the  resemblance  between  the  children  and 
parents,  and  know  the  former  by  the  latter. 
For  pavidos,  RUJEUS  says,  solicitos  de  gloria. 

577,  Pottquam   lati:    after   they  joyous 
went  round   the  whole  assembly,  and  the 
eyes  of  their  parents,  &c.     The  oculos  suo- 
rum, if  duly   considered,  will  appear  very 
beautiful  and  emphatic.     They  made  the 
circuit  of  the  spectators',  and  their  parents' 
eyes  ;  as  much  as  to  say,  their  parents  were 
all  eyes,  and  all  attention  to  their  motions, 
and  whole  deportment. 

580.  Pares.     This  may  imply  that  they 
moved  or  marched  abreast — head  and  head : 
in  the  sense   of  pariter.     Or  it  may  mean 
that  they  marched  in  a  double  file,  that  is. 
two  abreast.     This  is  the  sense  given  to 
pares,  by  Davidson.     Term:  some  copies 
have  tennis  *  which  makes  the  sense  easier. 
The  meaning  of  the  passage  is :  after  they 
had  marched  round  the  company  in  order 
to  be  reviewed,  upon  a  signal  given,  they 
(the  three  leaders,  ferni)  divided  (solvere)  the 
troops  into  three  separate  companies,  (di- 
ductis  choris)  and  marched  over  the  plain, 
each  company  performing  its  exercises  on 
different  grounds. 

581.  Choris:  in  the  sense  of  turmis. 
583.  Cursus  :  a  going  forward — advance. 

Jlecursus;   a  retreat — a  ffoing  backward. 


.     Liti.  V. 


Advcrsis  spatiis  ;  alternosque  orbibus  orbes 

Impediunt,  pugnaeque  cient  simulacra  sub  armis.      585 

Et  nunc  terga  tug&  nudant,  nunc  spicula  vertunt 

Infensi,  facta  paruer  nunc  (>ace  feruntur. 

Ut  quondam  Creta  lertur  Labyrinthus  in  alta 

Parietibus  textum  caecis  iter,  ancipitemque 

Mille  viis  habuisse  dolum,  qua  signa  sequendi          590 

Falleret  indeprensus  et  irremeabilis  error. 

Haud  aliter  Teucrum  nati  vestigia  cursu 

Impediunt,  texuntque  fugas  et  praslia  ludo  : 

Delphinum  similes,  qui  per  maria  bumida  nando 

,  .         r  .,  ,    j  597.  Ascanms  primus 

Carpathium  Libycumque  secant,  luduntque  per  undas.  rettuiit    nunc    morem 

Hunc  morem  cursus,  atque  haec  certamina  primus  596  cursus,  atque  hsec  cer- 


586.  Nunc  quasi  in- 
fensi  vertunt  spicula  in 
se  invicem 

588.  Ut  Labyrinthus 
in  alta  Creta  fertur 
quondam  habuisse  iter 
textum  csecis  parietibus, 
do  In  tuque  ancipitem 
mille  viis,  qua 


Ascanius,  longam  muris  cum  cingeret  Albam, 
Rettuiit,  et  priscos  docuit  celebrare  Latinos ; 
Quo  puer  ipse  modo,  secum  quo  Troia  pubes  : 
Albani  docuere  suos :  hinc  maxima  porro 
Accepit  Roma,  et  patrium  servavit  honorem  : 
Trojaque  nunc  pueri,  Trojanum  dicitur  agrnen. 

Hac  cclebrata  tenus  sancto  certamina  patri. 
Hie  primurn  fortuna  fidem  mutata  novavit. 
Dum  variis  tumulo  referunt  solemnia  ludis, 
Irirn  de  cceio  misit  Saturnia  Juno 
Iliacam  ad  classem  :  ventosque  aspirat  eunti, 
Multa  movens,  necdum  antiquum  saturata  dolorem. 
ilia  viam  celerans  per  mille  coloribus  arcum. 


tainina,  cum 

599.  Quo  modo  puer 
ipse  celebravit  ea,  quo 
modo  Troia  pubes  se- 
600  Cum  ;  eodem  modo  Alba- 
ni docuere  suos  posteros  : 
hinc  porro  maxima  Ro- 
ma accepit 

-602.    Nuucque   pueri 
et  Trojanum  agrnen  di- 
605  citur  Troja 

603.  Hactenus  certa- 
mina cclebrata  sunf 
sancto  patri 

609.  Dla  virgo  Iri* 
celerans  viam 


NOTES. 


*3lios  appears  to  be  merely  expletive  in  both 
places.  Intunt :  they  advance  and  retreat 
from  opposite  grounds,  or  in  front  of  each 
other. 

584.  Alternos  orbes :  alternate  circles,  or 
circles  in  turn,  one  after  another.  Heyne 
reads  alternis,  agreeing  with  orbibus.  Impe- 
diunt :  in  the  sense  of  implicant  vel  miscent. 
Cient :  in  the  sense  of  exhibent. 

587.  Feruntur  :  in  the  sense  of  incedunt. 

589.  Cttcis  :  obscure — dark,     dnripitem 
dolum :  a  maze,  intricate,  and  perplexed  by 
a  thousand  passages.    The  Labyrinth  was 
an  edifice  full  of  cells,  which  communicated 
with  one  another ;  and  was  perplexed  with 
winding  avenues,  disposed  in  such  manner 
as  to  lead  backward  and  forward  in  a  maze  ; 
and  so  bewildered  those  who  entered  it,  that 
they  could  not  trace   their  way  out.     The 
original  one  was  in  Egypt,  carried  on  at  the 
expense  of  many  kings,  and  at  last  finished 
by  Psammetichus.  After  this  model,  Deedalus 
built  one  in  Crete,  but  much  smaller,  in 
which  the  Minotaur  was  confined. 

590.  Qua  signa  sequendi :  where  error  un- 
discoverable,  and  inextricable,  deceived  the 
signs  of  going  forward.     The  nature  of  the 
labyrinth  was  to   perplex  and  bewilder  the 
visitant,  while  he  discovered,  or  knew  noth- 
ing of  it ;  and  when  he  supposed  he  was 
coming  out,  to  carry  him  backward. 


594.  Similes  delphinwn:    like   dolphins. 
Similes  has  sometimes  the  genitive  after  it ; 
but  most  commonly  the  dative. 

595.  Carpathium:  an  adj.     That  part  of 
the  Mediterranean  between  Crete  and  the 
island  of  Rhodes,  was  called  the  Carpathian 
sea,  from  the  island  Carpatlius.     Libycutn  : 
an  adj.  from  Libya,  a  part  of  Africa  lying' 
over  against  Crete.     Mart  is  understood. 

595.  Hunc  morem  eursiis.  Heyne  reads. 
hunc  morem,  hos  cursus. 

604.  Mutata  novavit :  simply  for  mutavit. 
says  Heyne.  Fortune  is  here  represented 
as  a  friend,  on  whom  jEneas  had  depended 
for  favor  and  protection.  She  now  changes 
sides,  I.'. ••;(!'  <  her  faith,  and  becomes  treach- 
erous, li'tferunt :  they  pay — perform. 

606.  Iri  ••  misit.     Servius  observes,  that 
as  Mercniv  is  mostly  sent  on  messages  of 
peace,  so  Ins  is  generally  sent  on  nu->- 

of  mischief  and  contention.  She  is  ehu'lly 
employed  by  Juno,  but  sometimes  carries 
messages  for  the  other  deities. 

607.  dspirat  rehtos  :  Ru8eussays,ad/iu'fl£ 
earn  euntem  ventis. 

608.  Morem  rnulta  :  revolving  much  mis- 
chief in  her  mind — plotting,  &c.     Saturata 
may  be  taken  as  a   Grecism.     Here  is  an 
allusion  to  the  decision  of  Paris.    See  ^En, 
i.4. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Nulli  visa  cito  decurrit  tramite  virgo.  610 

611.  Concursum   ad  Conspicit  ingeritem  concursum  ;  et  litora  lustrat, 
ludos  vd  certamina.        Desertosque  videt  portus,  classemque  relictam. 
At  procul  in  sola  secret*  Troades  acta 
Amissum  Anchisen  flebant,  cunctaeque  proiundum 

615.  Heu  !  tot  vada  pontum  aspectabant  flentes  :  heu,  tot  vada  lessis,     615 
B!T  "Si-FEE  Et  tantum  superesse  maris  !  vox  omnibus  una. 

OSS6     TIOOI'S     ICSrslS   •     CTuf  __  .  .          . 

una  vox  omnibus.          Urbem  orant  :  taedet  pelagi  perferre  laborem. 

618.  Ergo  Iris  baud  Ergo  inter  medias  sese  baud  ignara  nocendi 
ignara    artis     nocendi  Conjicit,  et  faciemque  Deae  vestemque  reponit. 

Fit  Beroe,  Ismarii  conjux  longaBva  Dorycli,  620 

Cui  genus,  et  quondam  nomen,  natique  fuissent. 
Ac  sic  Dardanidum  mediam  se  matribus  iniert : 
623.  O  miseree  vos,  in-  O  miserse,  quas  non  manus,  inquit,  Achaica  bello 
quit,  quas  Achaica  ma-  Traxerit  ad  letum,  patriae  sub  mcenibus  !  6  gens 

™   n0a l "     *" lnfelix  !  cui  te  exitio  fortuna  reservat  ?  625 

Septima  post  Trojae  excidium  jam  vertitur  sestas  ; 
Cum  freta,  cum  terras  omnes,  tot  inhospita  saxa, 
Sideraque  emensae  ferimur ;  dum  per  mare  magnum 
Italiam  sequimur  fugientem,  et  volvimur  undis. 

H*c  Ery™  fi»<*  fi»*«i.  »'<!»«  *»**•  Acestes  :     680 
est  Quis  prohibet  muros  jacere,  et  dare  civibus  urbem  ? 

633.  Nulla-ne  mcenia  O  patria,  et  rapti  nequicquam  ex  hoste  Penates  ! 
dicentur  mania  Trojte  ?  Nullane  jam  Trojae  dicentur  moenia  ?  riusquam 


NOTES. 


611.  Lustral.  Ruasus  reads,  luitrans — 
Heyne,  lustrat-  Davidson,  also,  reads,  lus- 
trat. 

613.  At  Troades,  &c.  It  was  reckoned  an 
indecency  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
for  women  to  be  present  at  the  public  games. 
Virgil,  who  all  along  has  a  view  to  the  Ro- 
man customs,  represents  the  matrons  as 
apart  by  themselves  on  the  lonely  shore,  de- 
ploring the  death  of  Anchises. 

620.  Beroe — Dorycli :  these  arc  fictitious 
names.     Ismarii :  an  adj.  from  Ismarus,  a 
mountain  in  Thrace. 

621.  Cui  quondam:  to  whom  there  was 
a  noble  descent,  and  once  renown,  and  illus- 
trious offspring.     Genus  here  is  used  in  the 
sense  of  nobilitas ;  Valpy  says,  rank.    JVo- 
men :  in  the  sense  offama. 

623.  Achaica  manus :  the  Grecian  troops. 

628.  Ferimur :  in  the  sense  ofvagamur  vel 
erramus.  Emensce :  having  measured  out — 
having  passed  over  so  many  seas,&c.  Ferimur 
emensce :  in  the  sense  of  ementa,  sumus,  says 
Heyne.  Sidera:  climes— regions.  To  account 
for  ^Eneas's  having  spent  seven  years  in  his 
voyage,  a  French  critic  (says  Davidson)  has 
the  following  computation.  He  finds  from 
history  that  Troy  was  taken  in  the  month  of 
May  or  June.  He  allows  /Eneas  ten  months 
for  fitting  out  his  fleet  at  Artandros,  and 
makes  him  set  out  in  the  month  of  March  in 
the  following  year.  From  this  to  his  arrival 
in  Epirus  he  computes  four  years  and  some 
months,  which  time  he  spent,  in  building  ci- 


ties in  Thrace  and  in  Crete.  Having  spent 
some  time  in  Epirus,  he  set  out  from  thence 
in  the  end  of  autumn  in  the  fifth  year,  and 
having  made  a  compass  almost  round  Sici- 
ly, arrived  at  Drepanum  in  the  beginning 
of  the  following  year.  Here  he  lost  his  fa- 
ther in  the  beginning  of  February,  and,  ac- 
cording to  the  custom  of  the  ancients,  de- 
voted ten  months  to  grief  and  retirement. 
According  to  his  calculation,  ^Eneas  did  not 
sail  from  Sicily  till  the  month  of  November, 
and  here  the  action  of  the  jEneid  begins, 
jEn.  i.  34.  Vix  c  conspeclu.  Soon  after 
this  he  was  driven  by  a  storm  on  the  coast 
of  Carthage,  about  the  middle  of  the  seventh 
year  of  his  voyage,  where  he  spent  three 
months  of  winter,  and  from  thence  set  out 
for  Italy  in  the  end  of  January  following, 
and  arrived  again  in  Sicily  in  the  month  of 
February,  about  the  end  of  the  seventh  year, 
where  he  spent  one  month  in  celebrating  his 
father's  anniversary,  ant,  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  eighth  year  arrived  in  Italy,  in 
the  end  of  March  or  beginning  of  April, 
when  the  spring  was  in  bloom. 

629.  Sequimur  Italiam  :    while  over  the 
mighty  deep  we  pursue  Italy  fleeing  from 
us.     This  is  highly  poetical.     Servius  takes 
magnum  to  mean  stormy — swelling  high. 
Heyne  says,  vastum — immensum.  Volvimur 
in  the  sense  ofjactamur. 

630.  Fraterni.    For  the  reasons  that  Eryx 
is  here  called  the  brother  of  .Eneas.  SOP  24. 
supra. 


JENEIS.     LIB.  V. 

Hectoreos  amnes,  Xanthum  et  Simoenta  videbo  ? 
Quin  agite,  et  mecum  infaustas  exurite  puppcs. 
Nam  mihi  Cassandrae  per  somnum  vatis  imago 
Ardentes  dare  visa  faces  :  hie  quaerite  Trojam  ; 
Hie  domus  est,  inquit,  vobis :  jam  tempus  agit  res. 
Nee  tantis  mora  prodigiis :  en  quatuor  arae 
Neptuno  !  Deus  ipse  faces  animumque  niinistrat. 
Haec  memorans,  prima  infensurn  vi  corripit  ignem 
Sublataque  procul  dextra  connixa  coruscat, 
Et  jacit.     Arrectae  mentes,  stupefactaque  corda 
Iliadum.     Hie  una  e  multis,  quae  maxima  natu, 
Pyrgo,  tot  Priami  natorum  regia  nutrix  : 
Non  Beroe  vobis  ;   non  haec  Rlioeteia,  matres, 
Est  Dorycli  conjux  :  divini  signa  decoris, 
Ardentesque  notate  oculos  :  qui  spiritus  illi, 
Qui  vultus,  vocisve  sonus,  vel  gressus  eunti. 
Ipsa  egomet  dudum  Beroen  digressa  reliqui 
y£gram,  indignantem,  tali  quod  sola  careret 
Munere,  nee  meritos  Anchisae  inferret  honores. 
Haec  effata. 

At  matres  primo  ancipites,  oculisque  malignis 
Ambiguae,  spectare  rates,  miserum  inter  amorem 
Praesentis  terrae  fatisque  vocantia  regna  : 
Cum  Dea  se  paribus  per  coelum  sustulit  alis, 
Ingentemque  fuga  secuit  sub  nubibus  arcum. 
Turn  vero  attonitae  monstris,  actaRque  furore, 
Conclamant,  rapiuntque  focis  penetralibus  ignem  : 
Pars  spoliant  aras,  frondem  ac  virgulta  facesque 
Conjiciunt :  furit  immissis  Vulcanus  habenis 
Transtra  per,  et  remos,  et  pictas  abiete  puppes. 


635 


636.  Nam  imago  vatis 
Cassandra  per  somnum 
visa  est  dare 

639.  Nee  sit  mora  tari- 


640 


tis 


643.  Mentes  Iliadum 
sunt  arrectffi 

645  644.  Hie  una  e  mul- 
tis, quse  era/  maxima 
natu,  Pyrgo  nomine,  re- 
gia nutrix  tot  natorum 
Priami,  inquit :  hac  non 
est  Beroe  vobis. 

650 


653.  Ilia  effata  est 
hffic.  Et  matres  primo 
655  c(KPerunt  spectare  rates 
malignis  oculis,  anci- 
pites, ambiguseque  inter 
miserum  amorem  pne- 
sentis  terrae  regnaque 

660 


NOTES. 


634.  Hectoreos  amnes :  the  Troj an  streams. 

638.  Tempus  agit  res :  now  the  time  de- 
mands the  thing.     Some  read  tempus   agi 
res :  it  is  time  the  things  be  done.     But  Pie- 
rius  found  the  former  in  the  Codex  Romanus 
and  Mediceus,  and  in  some  others.     Heyne 
reads,  agi  res.     Ruaeus  prefers  the  former ; 
Occasio  ipsa  urget  mn,  says  he. 

639.  En  quatuor  ara,  Sec.     It  is  not  said 
by  whom  these  altars  were  erected.     Ruaeus 
conjectures  they  were  built  by  Cloanthus 
for  his  naval  victory.  See  234,  supra.  Or  by 
the  Trojans  generally,  for  mention  is  made 
of  their  offering  sacrifice.     See  100,  supra. 
The  verb  sunt  is  understood. 

642.  Sublataque:  and  exerting  her  strength, 
her  right  hand  being  raised,  she  waved  the 
torch  (infensum  ignem)  and  threw  it  at  a 
distance.  Infensum :  in  the  sense  of  inimi- 
cum. 

645.  Pyrgo.  This  is  a  fictitious  name. 
The  tendency  of  her  speech  was  not  to  dis- 
suade the  Trojan  matrons  from  executing 
the  purposes  of  Juno,  but  rather  to  incite 
them  to  it,  by  showing  them  that  the  person 
who  appeared  to  them  in  the  form  of  Beroe 
was  really  a  goddess.  Rhteteia :  an  adj. 
from  Rhntium,*  promontory  of  Tnw* 


648.  Ardentes  oculos.  Here  are  mention 
ed  four  distinguished  marks  or  signs  of  a 
divine  person  :  1 .  Beauty,  radiant  eyes,  &c., 
qui  vultus :  2.  A  fragrant  breath  which  per- 
fumed the  air  around,  qui  spiritus :  3.  Ail 
easy  and  majestic  motion,  qui  gressus :  4. 
A  sound,  tone,  or  accent  of  voice  which  dis- 
tinguished them  from  mortals,  qui  sonus 
vocis. 

651.  Careret :  that  she  should  be  deprived 
of  such  an  employment— of  celebrating  the 
anniversary  of  Anchises.  Indignantem :  in 
the  sense  of  dolentem. 

655.  Ambigua :  in  the  sense  ofdubice.  An- 
cipites  :  in  the  sense  of  infesta. 

660.  Focis  penetralibus  :  from  the  inmost 
hearths.  Davidson  renders  it.  from  the  hal- 
lowed hearths.  Rueeus  says,  intimis  am. 

662.  Vulcanus :  the  god  of  fire,  put  by 
meton.  for  fire   itself.     Immissis  habenis: 
without  restraint — with  violence. 

663.  Pictas  abiete:  either  the  sterns,  bj 
synec.  for  the  whole  ships,  on  which  was 
carved  work  of  the  fir  tree  ;   or  pictas  must 
be  taken  in  the  sense  of  constructor  built  or 
made.     RUEUS  says,  striicfas  ex  abiete  pirtv 
puppr.t.     Valpy  says,  constructed  of  fir. 


344  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Nuntius  Anchisae  ad  tumulum,  cuneosque  theatri, 

665.  Eamelus  nuntius  Incensas  perfert  naves  Eumelus  :  et  ipsi  665 

ad    tumulum  Anchisae  Respiciunt  atram  \n  nimbo  volitare  tavillam. 
perfert  naves  mcensas  r»  . 
fSse  Primus  et  Ascamus,  cursus  ut  lae.us  equestres 

Ducebat,  sic  acer  equo  turbata  petivit 
Castra  :  nee  exanimes  possunt  retinere  magistri. 
Quis  furor  iste  novus  ?  quo  nunc,  quo  tenditis,  inquit, 
Heu  miserae  cives  !  non  hostem,  inimicaque  castra  671 
672.  Scduritwvestrats  Argivum,  vestras  spes,  uritis.     En  ego  vester 

Ascanius  !     Galeam  ante  pedes  projecit  inanem, 
Qua  ludo  indutus  belli  simulacra  ciebat. 
Accelerat  simul  ./Eneas,  simul  agmina  Teucrum.     675 
Ast  illae  diversa  metu  per  litora  passim, 

677.PetuntquefurtimDiffugiunt,  sylvasque,  et  sicubi  concava  furtim 
sylvas,   et    sicubi  sint  Saxa  petunt :  piget  incepti,  lucisque  :  suosque 
roncava  saxa  Mutatae  agnoscunt :  excussaque  pectore  Juno  est. 

Sed  non  iacirco  flammce  atque  incendia  vires  680 

Indomitas  posuere  :  udo  sub  robore  vivit 
Stuppa,  vomens  tardum  fumum  :  lentusque  carinas 
Est  vapor,  et  toto  descendit  corpore  pestis : 
«>•      a?  ^ec  v*res  heroum,  inftisaque  flumina  prosunt. 

^  Turn  pius  .Eneas  humeris  abscindere  vestem,       685 

Auxihoque  vocare  Deos,  et  tendere  palmas : 

687.  Si   nondum  tu  jupjter  omnipotens,  si  nondum  exosus  ad  unum 
unum";  st  tua^miiqu* Trojanos,  si  quid  pietas  antiqua  labores 
pietas  respicit  humanos  Respicit  humanos  ;  da  flammam  evadere  classi 
labores  quid,  nunc,  O  Nunc,  pater,  et  tenues  Teucrum  res  eripe  leto  :        690 
pater,  da  classi  yel  tu>  quod  SUperest,  infesto  fulmine  morti, 

692.  Vel  tu  demitte  ^'  mereor,  demitte ;  tuaque  hie  obrue  dextra. 
me  morti  cum  infesto      Vix  haec  ediderat,  cum  effusis  imbribus  atra 

Tempestas  sine  more  furit :  tonitruque  tremiscunt 

oyo.    Arfluaque    locct        _  •  ...  *  ,>/•»  - 

ferrarum,  et  campi  tre-  Ardua  terrarum,  et  campi :  ruit  aethere  toto 
miscunt  tonitru.  Turbidus  imber  aqua  ;  densisque  nigerrimus  Austris  : 

NOTES. 

664.  Cuneos.    These  were   seats  in  the  whom  they  pretended  to  be  possessed,  was 

Roman  theatre  for  the  common  people,  so  driven  out  of  them. 

called  because  they  were  in  the  form  of  a  682.  Stuppa  :  this  was  a  kind  of  coarse 

wedge,  the  narrowest  part  toward  the  stage,  flax  or  hemp  driven  into  the  seams  and 

Reference  is  here  made  to  the  theatre  men-  chinks,  and  then  overlaid  with  pitch  to  keep 

tioned  or  spoken  of  288,  supra.  out  the  water  and  render  the  vessel  tight — 

668.  Sic  acer  equo:  the  meaning  is  that  oakum.     Vivit  :   lives — continues  to  burn, 
Ascanius   rode   up  to  the  confused   camp  Lentus  vapor :  a  slow  fire.    Est :  in  the  sense 
quick  on  his  horse,  just  in  the  same  habit  as  of  edit.     Pestis :  in  the  sense  ofjlamma. 

he  led  the  cavalcade,  equestres  cursus.  684.  Flumina :  in  the  sense  of  aqua. 

669.  Magistri :  either  Priamus  and  Atys,  685.  Pius  JEneas  abscindere^  &c.     Tear- 
commanders  of  the  cavalcade,  or  Epytides  ing  their  hair  and  garment  was  reckoned  a 
and  the  other  guardians  and  instructors  of  sign  of  extreme  distress  both  by  Jews,  Egyp- 
the  youth.  tians,  and  Greeks. 

670.  Qwo  nunc  tenditis:   what  now  do  688.  Pietas:  pity — compassion — clcmen- 
you  aim  at  ? — what  do  you  intend  by  thus  cy. 

turning  your  ships  ?     The  repetition  of  the  693.  Effusis  imbribus :  with  falling  rains 

yub  is  emphatical.  — with  floods  of  rain.      Imbribus  :   in  the 

679.  Juno  excussa  est  pectore :   Juno   is  sense  ofpluviis. 

driven  from  their   breast — the  fury  with  696.  Imber  turbidus :  the  cloud,  thick  with 

which  she  had  inspired  them.     This  is  an  water,  and  black  with  the  heavy  south  winds, 

allusion  to  the  frantic  Bacchanals,  who  re-  pours  down  from  the  whole  heaven.     The 

to  themselves  after  thn  god,  with  south  winds  were  more  impregnated  with 


LIB.  \ . 

Implenturque  super  puppes  :  semusta  madescunt 
Robora,  restinctus  donee  vapor  omnis  ;  et  omnes, 
Quatuor  arnissis,  servatae  a  peste  carinse. 

At  pater  ^Eneas  casu  concussus  acerbo,  "700 

Nunc  hue  ingentes,  nunc  illuc,  pectore  euras 
Mutabat ;  versans,  Siculisne  resideret  arvis 
Oblitus  fatorum,  Itaiasne  capesseret  oras; 
Turn  senior  Nautes,  unum  Tritonia  Pallas 
Quern  docuit,  multaque  insignem  reddidi^  arto,         705 
Haec  responsa  dabat ;  vel  qua3  portenderet  ira 
Magna  Deum,  vel  quse  fatorum  posceret  ordo. 
f  sque  his  ^Eneam  solatus  vocibus  infit : 
Nate  Dea,  quo  fata  trahunt  retrahuntque,  sequamur; 
Quicquid  erit,  superanda  omnis  fortuna  ferendo  est. 
Est  tibi  Dardanius  divinaB  stirpis  Acestes  :  711 

Hunc  cane  consiliis  socium,  et  coniuriffe  volentem.  •  712>  paPe  nunc  so- 

.      J      5  cium  ttbi  in  tuts  consi- 

Huic  trade,  amissis  superant  qui  navibus  ;  et  quos          \as 

Perta^sum  magni  incepti  rerumque  tuarum  est ;  713.  Trade  huic  cos, 

Longeevosque  senes,  ac  fessas  requore  matres;         715<lui  superant 

Et  quicquid  tecum  invalidum.  metuensque  pericli  est,          15'  Deage(me  lon- 

. r  ~  gsevos  senes,  ac  matres 

JJelige  ;  et  his  habeant  terns,  sine,  moenia  tessi.  fessas 

Urbem  appellabunt  permisso  nomine  Acestam.  717.  Et  sine  ut  illi 

Talibus  incensus  dictis  senioris  amici :  fessi  habeant  moenia 

Turn  vero  in  curas  animus  diducitur  omnes.  720 ^™-  -^neas  incensus 
Et  nox  atra  polum  bigis  subvecta  tenebat. 

Visa  dehinc  ccelo  facies  delapsa  parentis  722-    Dehinc  facies 

Anchisse,  subito  tales  effundere  voces  :  parentis  Anchisa  delap- 

.'         .  A                                       .  sa  ccelo  visa  est  subito 

JNate,  mihi  vita  quondam,  dum  vita  manebat,  effundere  tales   voces: 

Chare  magis  ;  nate  Iliacis  exercite  fatis,  725  Nate,  quondam  magis 

Imperio  Jovis  hue  venio,  qui  classibus  ignem  chare    mihi  vita    ipsa^ 

Depulit,  et  ccelo  tandem  miseratus  ab  alto  est.  dum 
Consiliis  pare,  qua?  nunc  pulcherrima  Nautes 

NOTES. 

vapor  than  any  other,  which,  meeting  with  716.  Pericli:  by  syii.  ibr  yericult. 

the  cold  northern  air,  was  condensed  into  718.    Permisso   nomine:  by  a  permitted 

clouds  and  rain.     Hence  the  epithet,  densis.  name.     Acestes  agreed  that  it  might  be  so 

fmber  is,  properly,  a  shower  or  fall  of  rain,  called. 

It  may,  by  melon,  be  taken  for  the  cloud  720.  Animus.    Davidson  and  Heyne  read 

containing  the  vapor.      In  this  sense  the  animum,  in  the  ace.      Valpy  and   RUSPUS 

meaning  is  plain  and  easy.  have  animus,  which  is  the  easier. 

697.  Semusta:  for  semiusta,  by  syn.    This  7-21.  Atra  nox  :  dark  night,  wafted  in  her 

contra«tion  is  necessary  for  the  sake  of  the  two-horse  chariot,  possessed  the  heavt-ns. 

verse.     Super :  in  the  sense  of  desuper.  As  the  chariot  of  the  sun  is  represented  as 

702.  Mutabat :   in  the  sense  of  volvebat.  drawn  by  four  horses,  so  that  of  the  moon 

Versans  :  in  the  sense  of  deliberans .  and  the  night  by  two,  and  those  of  a  black 

704.  Unum:  in  the  sense  ofsolum;  or  we  may  or  sable  color.     Polum :  by  synec.  the  whole 
take  it  in  the  sense  of  unicum,  Vel  prcEC-ipuum.  heavens. 

705.  Arte :  knowledge.   Ruecussays,M«/-          7J2.   Fades  delapsa,  &c.     The   ancients 
tis  valiciniis.  distinguished  between  the  soul  and  the  shade 

713.  Qui   superant.     Nautes   advises   to  or   phantom.     The  tbnner,  they  bci 

deliver  to  Acestes  the  crews  of  those  ships  went  to  heaven,  while  the  other  had  it- 

that  had  been  burnt — those  who  were  wea-  dence  in  the  infernal  regions.     Thus  Anc-hi- 

ry  of  the  enterprise — the  old  men  and  wo-  ses  descends  from  heaven  in  regard 

men,  &c.  and  to  found  a  city  for  them  in  soul,  while  at  the  same  time  his  shn( 

Sicily,  to  be  called  after  the  name  of  their  in  the  regions  below,  as  appears  from  verse 

friend,  Acestes.     This  city  was  on  the  west-  7;J3. 

ern  side,  about  five  miles  from  the  shore.    It          725.  Fatit:  in  the  sense  of  casibus. 
was  also  called  festo,  &gcsto<  and  Strgesia.         727.  Pulcherrima  :  in  the  sense  of  optiwn . 

44 


P.  V  IKGlLii  MAKONIs 


780 


Dat  senior  :  lectos  juvenes,  fortissima  corda, 
Defer  in  Italiam  :  gens  dura,  atque  aspera  cultu, 
Debellanda  tibi  Latio  est.     Ditis  tamen  ante 
Infernas  accede  domos,  et  Averna  per  alta 
Congressus  pete,  nate,  meos.     Non  me  impia  namque 
Tartara  habent  tristesquc  umbrae  ;  sed  amcena  piorurn 
Concilia,  Elysiumque  colo.     Hue  casta  Sibylla       735 
Nigrantum  multo  pecudum  te  sanguine  ducet. 
Turn  genus  omne  tuum,  et,  quae  dentur  moenia,  disces. 
.lamque  vale  :  torquet  medios  nox  humida  cursus, 
Et  me  saevus  equis  Oriens  afflavit  anhelis. 
Dixerat  :  et  tenues  fugit,  ceu  fumus,  in  auras.         740 
/Eneas,  Quo  deinde  mis  ?  quo  proripis  ?  inquit  : 
Quern  fugis  ?  aut  quis  te  nostris  complexibus  arcet  'I 
Hsec  memorans,  cinerem  et  sopitos  suscitat  ignes  : 
Pergameumque  Larem,  et  cause  penetralia  Vestae 
744.Supplexquevene-  Farre  pio,  et  plena  supplex  veneratur  acerra. 
vatur  Pergameum  La-      Extemplo  socios,  primuntque  arcessit  Acesten, 
rera,ot  penetralia  can®  Et  Jovis  imperium,  et  chari  pruecepta  parentis 
Vcstee  pio  farre  Edocet  ;  et  quae  nunc  animo  sententia  constet. 

Haud  mora  consiliis  ;  nee  jussa  recusat  Acestes. 
Transcribunt  urbi  matres,  populumque  volentem 


NOTES. 


730.  Cultu:  in  the  sense  ofmoribus. 

731.  Tamen  ante  accede,  &c.     This  appa- 
rition of  Anchiaes,  and  the  direction  he  gives 
his  son  to  descend  to  the  regions  below,  are 
a  proper  preparation  for  the  following  book. 
The  art  of  the  poet  is  admirable  in  thus 
making  one  event  rise  out  of  another  and 
preparing  the  reader  befoi-ehand.  This  raises 
that  pleasing  suspense,  which  is  the  princi- 
pal thing  that  charms  in  an  epic  poem.    Di- 
tis: gen.  of  DM,  a  name  of  Pluto. 

735.  Elysium.      This  was  the  name  of 
the  place  assigned  for  the  residence  of  the 
happy.     Here  they  placed  their  heroes  and 
other  distinguished  characters.     Casta  Si- 
bylla :  the  Sibyl  hath  the  epithet  casta,  be- 
cause those  prophetesses  were  virgins.    Con- 
cilia :  in  the  sense  of  sedes. 

736.  Multo  sanguine :  with  much  blood  of 
black  victims ;  that  is,  after  having  offered 
many  black  victims  in  sacrifice.     Victims  of 
a  black  colour  were  sacrificed  to  the  infernal 
deities. 

738.  Humida  nox ;  humid  night  turns  its 
middle  course.     This  is  a  metaphor  taken 
from  the  chariot-races,  when  they  wheeled 
about  at  the  mela  or  goal,  and  returned  to 
the  career  or  starting  place.     So  here  night 
was  on  her  return,  having  passed  her  farthest 
point,  the  hour  of  midnight,  which  divides 
her  course  in  the  middle. 

739.  SCRVUS  Oriens:  the  cruel  morning  (the 
approaching  sun)  had  breathed  on  me  with 
his  panting  steeds.     The  morning  is  here 
called  scevus,  because  it  broke  off  his  con- 
versation, and  forced  him  to  retire.     It  was 
a  prevailing  opinion  that,  ghost^  and  appa- 


745 


750 


only  allowed  to  appear  in  th> 
darkness  of  night,  and  wore  chased  away  by 
the  dawn  of  day. 

743.  Suscitat  cinerem :  he  opens  the  a. 
and  kindles  up  the  dormant  fire.     This  is 
one  of  those  passages  where  Virgil  uses  thw 
same  verb  with  two  nouns,  when  it  can  be 
properly  applied  only  to  one  of  them.     Sopi- 
tos :  buried  up — covered  over. 

744.  Veneratur  :  he  worships  the  Trojaii 
Lares,  and  the  shrine  of  hoary  Vesta,  &c 
The  bares  were  the  images  consecrated  to 
the  souls  of  their  departed  ancestors,  which 
the  ancients  worshipped  at  their  own  houses 
by  oblations  of  incense  and  cakes  of  fi.ie 
flour,  called  far ;  see  Geor.  iii.  344.     The 
Lares,  like  the  Penates,  were  household  gods. 
Penetralia  Veslce  :  this  shrine,  or  sanctuary 
of  Vesta,  was  commonly  the  hearth  or  fire- 
place in  the  apartment  where  they  lodged. 
Here  was  kept  a  fire  always  burning,  in 
honor  of  that  goddess.     See  ./En.  i.  292. 
^Eneas  is  said  to  have  introduced  into  Italy 
the  worship  of  the  Penates,  the  Lares,  and  of 
Vesta  or  the   uncxtinguished  fire.     Heyne 
takes  penetralia  Vesta'  for  Vesta  herself,  be- 
cause, says  he,  the  goddess  had  her  residence 
in  the  inmost  part  of  the  house,  remote  from 
the  view  of  men.     She  is  called  cana,  either 
on  account  of  the  antiquity  of  her  worship, 
or  because  the  vestal  virgins  were  clad  in 
white  robes. 

748.  Constel:  in  the  sense  ofsedel. 

750.  Transcribunt.  This  word  was  ap- 
plied to  those  whose  names  were  enrolled 
in  order  to  be  transported  to  some  new  co- 
lonv;  nnd  thoKP  tbns  pnro1]r>d  worp  < 


IS.     .UK.  V. 


vivida  bello. 

757.  Jubet  hoc  spa- 
Hum  esse  Ilium,  et.  riser- 
loca.  CPSP  Trojam. 


•Deponunt,  auimos  nil  magnae  laudis  egentes. 
Ipsi  transtra  novant,  flammisque  ambesa  reponunt 
Robora  navigiis  :  aptant  remosque  rudentesque  : 
Exigui  numero,  sed  bello  vivida  virtus.  . 

Interea  JSneas  urbem  desigriat  aratro,  755     754.  Exigui mnumo- 

Sortiturque  domos  :  hoc,  Ilium,  et  ha3C  loca,  Trojam     ro,  sed  eorwm  virtu?  er^' 
Esse  jubet ;  gaudet  regno  Trojanus  Acestes, 
Indicitque  forum,  et  patribus  dat  jura  vocatis* 
Turn  vicina  astris  Erycino  in  vertice  sedes 
Fundatur  Veneri  Idaliae  :  tumuloque  sacerdos  7( 

Et  lucus  late  sacer  additur  Anchisaeo. 
Jarnque  dies  epulata  novem  gens  omnis,  et  aris 
Factus  honos  ;  placidi  straverunt  ssquora  venti : 
Creber  et  aspirans  rursus  vocat  Auster  in  altum. 
Exoritur  procurva  ingens  per  litora  fletus  :  765 

Complexi  inter  se  noctemque  diemque  morantur. 
Ipsae  jam  matres  ;  ipsi,  quibus  aspera  quondam 
Visa  maris  facies,  et  non  tolerabile  numen, 
Ire  volunt,  omnemque  fugae  perferre  laborem. 
Quos  bonus  ^Eneas  dictis  solatur  amicis,  770 

Et  consanguineo  lachrymans  commendat  Acestse. 


767.  Jam  matres  ip- 
sae;  et  ipsi  homines,  qui- 
bus quondam  facies 


NOTES. 


iranscripti ;  hence  the  word  came  to  signi- 
fy to  transfer,  designate,  or  appoint. 

751.  Deponunt  :   they  leave — set  apart. 
Egentes  :  in  the  sense  of  cupidos. 

755.  Desig-nat  urbem.      This  refers  to  a 
custom  of  the  Romans,  who,  when  they  were 
about  to  build  a  city,  first  marked  out  the 
boundary  of  it  by  drawing  a  furrow  with  a 
plough,  which  they  lifted  over  those  spaces 
where  they  intended  to  have  the  gates.  Hence 
porta  (from  porto,  to  carry)  came  to  signify 
a  gate. 

756.  JEfoe,  Ilium  :    history  mentions  no 
city  in  Sicily  by  the  name  of  ilium.     ^Eneas 
may  have  called  it  so  at  first,  but  agreed 
that  Acestes  should  change  its  name  after- 
ward.    Or  Ilium  may  be  the  tower  of  the 
city  Acesta  or  Segesla,  and  here  taken  for 
the  whole  city  by  synec.  as  Pergamus,  the 
tower  or  citad'el  of  Troy,  is  often  put  for  the 
city  itself.     This  is  the  opinion  of  Ruteus. 
Strabo  mentions  two  rivers  near  the  city 
Segeita,  by  the  names  of  Xanthus  and  Simo'is, 
and  that  they  were  so  called  by  ;Eneas. 

758.  Indicit  forum  :  he  appoints  courts  of 
justice,  and  gives  laws  to    his    assembled 
senators.     The  Roman  senators  were  called 
Pafres,  either  on  account  of  thoir  age,  or  to 
remind  them  that  they  were  the  fathers  of 
the  people. 

759.  Erycino :  an  adj.  from  Eryx,  a  moun- 
tain in  Sicily,  in  height  next  to  jEtna  ;  from 
Eryx,  king  of  that  island,  who  wa.s  'slain  by 
Hercules.     See  411,  supra.     ./Eneas  built  a 
temple  to  his  mdther  V^enus  on  the  top  of 
this  mountain.     Some  say  it  was  founded 
by  Eryxi  and  only  decorated  by  iEneas. 
Venus  is  called  Idalian.  from  Idalium  or  Ida- 

town  and  grove  on  the  island  ot  Cy- 


prus.     This  whole   island  was   sacred  to 
Venus.     Sedes :  in  the  sense  of  templum. 

761.  Lucus  addilur.  A  priest  and  grove, 
sacred  far  around,  is  added  to  the  tomb  of 
Anchises.  It  appears  hence  that  he  was 
buried  on  "Mount  Eryx.  Some  say  that  he 
arrived  in  Italy  along  with  his  son  :  others 
that  he  died  before  he  arrived  in  Sicily. 

762.,  Gens:  in  the  sense  of  populus.  The 
ve|b  fuerat  is  to  be  connected  with  epulata. 
Honos  factus :  in  the  sense  of  sacrificiumfac- 
tum  erat.  All  his  people  had  kept  the  anni- 
versary festival,  of  his  father  for  nine  days, 
and  performed  the  usual  offerings,  when  the 
weather  became  favorable  ;  and  having  re- 
paired the  damages  occasioned  by  the  fire, 
they  make  ready  for  their  departure.  Here 
a  most  interesting  scene  ensued.  A  day 
and  a  night  they  pass  in  embracing  each 
other  before  their  final  separation.  Thosr 
who  before  were  weary  of  the  voyage,  now 
summon  up  courage,  and  art;  willing  . 
to  encounter  the  danger  of  the  sea.  The 
interesting  scene  brought  tears  from  tlv. 
hero's  eyes. 

768.  Numcn.     This  is  the  usual  reading. 
The  sense  is,  that  the  dirinily^  or  d'.vim 
er,  of  the  a«a,  seemed  to  them  insupporf,. 
more  than  they  could  endure  after  all  their 
fatigues.     But  Heyne,  upon  the  authority  ot' 
Heinsius,  reads  nomen.     The  s< 
case  will  be :  and  the  name  of  i- 
insupportable  to  them.    They  could  not 
to  hear  its  name  mentioned.     .\b;/»mr 
Ho,  audit u,  et  dictu  iniolcrabile  r 
He  observes  of  /  :>iieafionem  cam- 

madam  mm  lutbel.    The  reader  will  judge  for 

771.  CnnsansviiM-    Arr«tns  ^'a*  w  tmth 


P.  VIRG1LI1  MARONIS 

Tres  Eryci  vitulos,  et  tempestatibus  agnam 
Credere  deinde  jubet,  solvique  ex  ordine  funes. 
774.    Ipse   evinctus  IpSe  caput  tonsae  foliis  evinctus  olivae, 
gwoadcaputfoliis  tonsae  gta^s  procui  in  prora,  pateram  tenet,  extaque  salsos  775 
Porricit  in  fluctus,  ac  vina  liquentia  fimdit. 
Prosequitur  surge os  a  puppi  ventus  euntes  : 

783.Quam,nem»e.7w-Certatim  socii  feriunt  mare>  et  »quora  verrunt. 
nonem.  At  Venus  interea  Neptunum  exercita  curis 

784.  Nee  quiescit  in-  Alloquitur,  talesque  effundit  pectore  questus  :  780 

fracta  imperio  Jovis  fa-  Junonis  gravis  ira  et  inexsaturabile  pectus 
fcdfet&^ogunt  me   Neptune,  prece.,  descendere  in  comes  : 
urbem  de  media  gente  U"am  nee  longa  dies,  pietas  nee  mitigat  ulla  ; 
Phrygum,    et    traxisse  Nee  Jovis  imperio  fatisve  infracta  quiescit. 
ejua  relliquias  per  om-  jvjon  medii  de  gente  Phrygum  excdisse  nefandis      785 

ne?89 "TiT  ipse  fuisti Urbem  odiis  8atis  est»  P«nam  traxisse  per  omnern 
testis  'mihi,  quam  mo-  Relliquias :  Trojae  cineres  atque  ossa  peremptu: 
lem  subito  excierit  nu-  Insequitur.     Causas  tanti  sciat  ilia  furoris. 
per  in  Libycis  undis.       Ipse  mihi  nuper  Libycis  tu  testis  in  undis 

h°C  "*  ^Uam  molem  subito  excierit-      Maria  omnia  c<»]o    79° 
amis- Miscuit»  ^oliis  nequicquam  freta  procellis  : 
sa,  subegit  socios  lin-  In  regnis  hoc  ausa  tuis. 

guere  easmuliercs  igno-  Proh  scelus  !   ecce  etiam  Trojanis  matribus  actis, 
tffi  Exussit  foede  'puppes  ;  et  classe  subegit 

^L^elib,1"!'  A-i-*  soc.es  ignot*  Hnquere  terra,. 
tuta  per  undas;  ut  li- Quod  superest :  oro,  liceat  dare  tuta  per  undas 
ceatm  Vela  tibi  :  liceat  Laurentem  attingere  Tybrim  : 

NOTES. 

no  way  related  to  yEneas.     See  30,  supra.          784.  Infracta :  overcome — made  to  desist 

Consanguineus    is  properly  a   relation   by  from  her  purpose.     Dies :    in  the  sense  of 

blood  ;  agnatus,  one  by  the  father^   side  ;  tempus.     Juno  persisted  in  her  opposition  to 

cognatus,  by  the  mother's  side  ;  and  afjfais,  ^Eneas  ,in  spite  of  the  authority  of  Jove,  and 

by  marriage.  the  decrees  of  the  gods,  which  directed  him 

772.  Tempestatibus.  Storms  and  tempests  to  Italy. 

were  deified  by  the  Romans,  and  goats  and  787.  Cineres  et  ossa  :  the  ashes  and  bones 

Jambs  were  offered  to  them  in  sacrifice.  of  ruined  Troy.     By  these  we  are  to  under- 

773.  Ccedere :  in  the  sense  of  immolare.  stand  £n.e&s  and  his  company,  who  were 
Funes  :  the  cables.     Some  copies  have  fu-  on  their  way  to  Italy — the  only  remains  or 
nem.     This  is  the  reading  of  Heyne,  after  survivors  of  that  once  flourishing  city. 
Pierius   and    Heinsius.      The  sense  is  the  788.  Ilia  sciat :  she  may  know,  &c.  Venus 
same  either  way.  here  insinuates  that  there  was  no  cause  for 

775.  Stans  procui :  standing  at  a  distance  her  resentment.     She  may  perhaps  know  : 

on  the  prow,  he  holds  the  bowl  and  scatters  as  for  me,  I  do  not. 

the  entrails  upon  the  briny  waves.     Procui  790.  Quam  molem  :  what  a  tempest  she 

implies  that  he  stood  as  far  as  he  could  from  raised,  &c.     Molem :  for  tempestalem. 

the  shore  on  the  extremity  of  the  head  of  791.  Nequicquam  freta :  relying  in  vain, 

the  vessel  toward  the  sea.     Porricit,  from  &c.     Because  she  had  not  accomplished  her 

porro  and  jacio :  to  thrmv  at  a  distance.     It  purposes ;  she  and  ./Eolus  being  controlled 

was  a  custom  among  the  Romans  to  present  by  Neptune.     See  JEn.  i.  86,  el  sequens. 

offerings  to  the  marine  gods  before  sailing,  793.  Proh  scelus.    Heyne  and  some  others 

which  consisted  principally  in  casting  the  read  per  scelus :  taking  per  in  the  sense  of 

entrails  of  the  victims  upon  the  sea.    Some-  ?'n,  vel  ad.     Trojanis  malribus  actis  in  vel 

times,  however,  they  offered  libations  also,  ad  scelus.     The  common  reading  appears 

as  in  the  present  instance.  the  easiest,  which  takes  Proh  scelus  as  an 

781.  Gravis  ira  Junonis :  the  heavy  an-  exclamation    or    interjection.      Oh   horrid 

ger  of  Juno,  &c.     An  allusion  is  here  made  crime  1 — Oh  wickedness  !     Juno  burned  the 

to  the  decision  of  Paris  in  the  case  of  the  Trojan  ships,  by  impelling  their  matrons  to 

prize  of  beauty,  which  ever  after  made  her  a  do  it. 

bitter  enemy  to  the  Trojan  race.      Pfchi*  :  797.  Tibi :  by  thee — under  thy  care  and 

in  the  sense  of  nnimva-  '  protection.     Si  :  in  thfi  snnse  of 


./ENEI8.     LIB. 


Si  concessa  peto  ;  si  dant  ea  moenia  Parcae. 

Turn  Saturnius  haec  domitor  maris  edidit  alti  : 
Fas  crime  est,  Cytherea,  meis  te  fidere  regnis, 
Unde  genus  ducis  ;  merui  quoque.     Ssepe  furores 
Compressi,  et  rabiem  tantarn  coelique  rnarisque  ; 
Nee  minor  in  terris,  Xanthum'Simoentaque  testor, 
Mne&  mihi  cura  tui.     Cum  Troia  Achilles 
Exanimata  sequens  impingeret  agmina  muris, 
Millia  multa  daret  leto,  gemerentque  repleti 
Amnes,  nee  reperire  viam  atque  evolvere  posset 
In  mare  se  Xanthus  ;  Pelidae  tune  ego  forti 
Congressum  ^Eneam,  nee  Dis,  nee  viribus  oequis, 
Nube  cava  eripui  ;  cuperem  cum  vertere  ab  imo 
Structa  meis  manibus  perjurae  rncenia  Trojse. 
Nunc  quoque  mens  eadern  perstat  mihi  :  pelle  timorem. 
Tutus,  quos  optas,  portus  accedet  Averni. 
Unus  erit  tantum,  amissum  quern  gurgite  quasret  ; 
Unum  pro  multis  dabitur  caput. 

His  ubi  laeta  Deae  permulsit  pectora  dictis, 
Jungit  equos  auro  Genitor,  spumantiaque  addit 
Fraena  feris,  manibusque  omnes  effundit  habenas. 
Coeruleo  per  summa  levis  volat  oequora  curru  : 
Subsidunt  undse,  tumidumque  sub  axe  tonanti 
Sternitur  sequor  aquis  :  fugiunt  vasto  sethere  nimbi. 


800  800.  Fas  est  te  fidere 
omne  meis  regnis.  unde 
ducis  genus;  merui  quo- 
que utjidat 

803.  Nee  minor  cura, 
fuit  mihi  tui  j£ne»  in 

805  terris 


808.  Tune  ego  eripui 
cava  nube  ^neara  con- 
810  £ressurn  f°rti 


815 


816.  Ubi  Genitor  per- 
mulsit Iffita  pectora  Dese 


820 


NOTES. 


7*99.  Turn,  $aturnius  domitor.  Mr.  Da- 
vidson observes  there  is  a  grandeurUnd  bold- 
ness in  this  line,  suitable  to  the  majesty  of 
him  whose  speech  it  introduces,  which  make 
it  worthy  the  attention  of  the  reader.  Nep- 
tune was  the  son  of  Saturn,  and  in  the  di- 
vision of  the  world  the  sea  fell  to  him  by  lot. 
Hence  the  adj.  Saturnitu^  and  also  the  pro- 
priety of  Domitor  alii  marts.  Edidit :  in  the 
sense  ofdixit. 

801.  Uttde  genus.     .This  alludes  to  the 
fabulous  account  of  her  springing  from  the  ' 
foam  of  the  sea. 

805.  Exanimata  :  may  mean  that  the 
Trojans  were  weary  and  out  of  breath,  or 
were  affrighted  and  struck  with  dismay. 
Impingertt :  drove — forced. 

810.  Eripui  cava  nube :  I  snatched  away 
in  a  hollow  cloud  ^Eneas  engaging,  Sic. 
This  encounter  Homer  gives  us  in  the  twen- 
tieth book  of  the  Iliad.  But  the  great 
slaughter  which  Achilles  made  among  the 
Trojan  troops,  so  as  to  choak  the  rivers  Xnn- 
thus  and  Simois  with  their  dead  bodies,  is 
given  us  in  the  following  book.  Cum  cn/it- 
rem  :  though  I  wished  to  overturn  from  the 
foundation  the  walls,  &c.  See  Geor.  i.  502, 
and  lEn.  ii.  610. 

81'2.  Eadem  mens  :  the  same  disposition. 

813.  Averni:  Avernus,  a  lake  in  Campa- 
nia, the  fabulous  descent  to  hell.  See  vEn. 
iv.  512. 

<11 .7.  Auro  :  his  golden  car.    The  common 


reading  is  curru,  but  Pierius  observes  that 
all  the  ancient  manuscripts  have  auro  in- 
stead of  curru.  It  has  more  dignity,  and 
saves  the  disagreeable  repetition  of  «wrrw, 
which  occurs  in  the  next  line  but  one.  Be- 
side, nothing  is  more  common  than  to  put, 
by  meton.  the  metal  for  the  instrument  made 
or  composed  of  it,  as  ferrum,  for  a  sword, 
axe,  or  knife  ;  auro,  for  a  golden  bowl,  &c, 

Davidson  has  auro.     Heyne  reads  auro 
also  :  in  the  sense  of  aureo  curru. 

818.  Effundit :  in  the  sense  of /cura/.    Fe- 
ns: in  the  sense  ofequix. 

823.  Glauci.  Giaucus,  according  to  Ser- 
vius,  was  a  famous  fisherman  of  Anthedon 
in  Beotia,  who,  having  laid  some  fishes  on 
the  grass  that  he  had  just  caught,  prnnveil 
thfiii  to  nvover  their  life  and   motion,  and 
to  leap  into  the  sea.     He  supposed  there  was 
sonic  virtue   in   those  herbs   that  produced 
«;t:  whereupon  he  tasted  them,  and 
was  immediately  transformed  into  a  sea-god. 
Inmis:  an  adj.  from   /no,  the  daughter  of 
Cadmus.     See  Geor.  i.  437.     5 
fil,tnri:  by  comma  tut  io,  for  chorus  sminris 
Those  were  the  nymphs  and  the 
ti-itnna.      lJa'Hnnun.    I  Ic  is  supposed  i 
lo  he  the  god  whom  the  Latins  woi 
under  the  name  of  Portunus      He  was  so 
called  from  porlus.  he<-;mse  he  v. 
to  preside   over  ports  and  haibors. 
thought  that  mariners  were  under  i 
cial  care  and  protection.     Sc«- 


P.  VIRG1LI1  MARON1S 


822.  Turn  varies  facies  Turn  variae  comitum  facies ;  immania  cete, 
comitum  apparent;  im-  Et  senior  Glauci  choruS/   Inoiisque  Palamon, 
mama  cete  rr,  .  i    . 

Intonesque  citi,  rhorcique  exercitus  ornnis. 

825.  L»Ta.jpa/iaroa-  Laeva  tenent  Thetis  et  Meiite,  Panopeaque  virgo,     825 
Nesaee,  Spioque,  Thaliaque,  Cymodoceque. 

Hie  patris  vEiieae  suspensam  blanda  vicissim 
Gaudia  pertentant  mentem :  jubet  ocyus  omnes 
Attolli  malos,  intendi  brachia  velis. 
Una  omnes  fecere  pedem  :  pariterque  sinistros,       880 
Nunc  dextros  solvere  sinus  :  una  ardua  torquent 
Cornua  detorqueritque  :  ferunt  sua  tiamiria  classem. 
Princeps  ante  omnes  densum  Palinurus  agebat 
Agmen  :  ad  hunc  alii  cursum  contendere  jussi. 

Jamque  fere  mediam  coeli  nox  humida  rnetam      835 
Contigerat :  placida  laxarant  membra  quiete 

837.  Noute  tusi  i>er  Sub  remis  fusi  per  dura  sedilia  nautae : 

""  Cum  levis  aethereis  delapsus  Somnus  ab  astris 
Aera  dimovit  tenebrosum,  et  dispulit  umbras, 
Te,  Palinure,  petens,  tibi  tristia  sornma  portans       840 
Insonti :  puppique  Deus  consedit  in  alta, 


<lura  sediHa  sub  re  mis 
laxarant 


NOTES. 


824.  Omnis  exercitus :  the  whole  army  of 
Vhorcus — all  the  Nereids,  whom  Phorcus 
was  wont  to  collect.  He  was  the  son  of 
Pontus  and  Terra,  and  father  of  the  Gor- 
gons.  Tritoncs.  Triton  was  the  son  of 
Neptune  and  Amphitrite.  His  upper  part 
was  like  a  man,  and  his  lower  part  like  a 
fish.  He  was  said  to  be  Neptune's  trum- 
peter. He  used  the  concha,  or  shell,  in  room 
of  a  trumpet. 

826.  Tlutu  et  Meiite,  &c.     These  are  the 
names  of  some  of  the  sea-nymphs :  all  of 
Greek  derivation.     Of  all  the  nymphs,  it  is 
said  that  Panopea  was  the  only  virgin. 

827.  Vicissim:  in  turn — in  the  room  of 
the  anxiety  which  he  had  before  felt  on  ac- 
count of  the  burning   of  his   ships :    now 
soothing  (pleasant)  joys,  &c, 

829.  Intendi  brachia  velis.  When  they 
arrived  in  port,  it  was  usual  for  mariners  to 
take  down  the  masts ;  and,  when  they  de- 
parted, to  raise  them  up  again.  The  intendi 
brachia  velis,  is  the  same  in  import  as  inten- 
di vela  brachiis :  to  stretch  the  sails  to  the 
yards.  The  brachia  were  those  parts  of 
the  antenna,,  or  sail  yards,,  which  were  near 
the  mast, '  here  put  for  the  whole  yards. 
The  extremities  of  the  antennae,  were  called 
cornua.  It  may  be  observed,  however,  that 
the  old  Roman  copy  has  intendi  brachia  re- 
mis  :  he  orders  their  arms  to  be  stretched  to 
the  oars;  which  is  easier,  and  in  Virgil's 
style.  The  antenna  were  long  spars,  ex- 
tending across  the  mast  at  right  angles  ;  and 
jto  which  the  sails  were  fastened.  Here 
called  brachia,  from  their  resemblance  to 
ibe  extended  arms  of  a  man. 

330.  Fecen  pedem:  they  worked  the  sheet 


— they  lengthened  or  shortened  it,  and  shift- 
ed it  from  one  side  of  the  ship  to  the  other, 
as  occasion  required.  Pfdem.  The  pet  was 
a  rope,  halser,  or  sheet,  fastened  to  the  low- 
er corners  of  the  sail,  and  also  to  the  sides 
of  the  ship,  when  she  was  under  sail.  And, 
as  these  Vere  lengthened  or  shortened,  the 
sail  would  be  turned  accordingly,  more  or 
loss  to  the  wind.  Solvere:  they  spread — 
expand,  or  let  out.  The  perf.  here  is  used 
in  its  appropriate  sense.  It  continues  the 
past  action  up  to  the  time  in  which  it  is 
mentioned.  .  inus :  in  the  sense  of  vela. 
Una — pariterque.  These  words  imply  that 
they  all  worked  together  with  equal  eager- 
ness, and  with  unifor.ni  motions.  Sinistros : 
they  turned  the  sails  sometimes  to  the  right, 
and  sometimes  to  the  left,  as  the  wind  veer- 
ed or  shifted.  In  nautical  language,  they 
shifted  their  tacks  as,  &c. 

832.  Sua :  in  the  sense  of  prospera  vel 
secunda :  prosperous  gales — favorable  winds. 

833.  Princtps :    in  the  sense  of  primus. 
Palinurns  was  the  pilot  of  the  ship  of  ^Ene- 
as.    He  fell  overboard,  and  was  drowned  : 
the  only  one  lost  in  the  whole  fleet. 

834.  Agmen :  in  the  sense  of  classem.  Con- 
tendere.    Palinurus  led  the  fleet,  and  all  the 
other  ships  were  ordered  to  follow  him — to 
direct  their  course  after  him. 

835.  Humida  nox  :  humid  night  had  al- 
most reached  the  middle  point  of  heaven. 
It  was  almost  midnight.     This  is  a  meta- 
phor taken  from  the  races.     It  had  almost 
reached  the  turning  point. 

840.  Tristia  somnia  :  in  the  sense  of  tris- 
tem  vel  lethalein  somnum. 


/ENEIS.     LIB.  V, 


Phorbanti  similis,  iuditque  has  ore  loquelas  : 

laside  Palinure,  ferunt  ipsa  aequora  classem, 

jEquatae  spirant  aune,  datur  hora  quieti. 

Pone  caput,  tessosque  oculos  furarc  labori.  845 

Ipse  ego  paulisper  pro  te  tua  munera  inibo. 

Cui  vix  attollens  Palinurus  lumina  fatur : 

Mene  salis  placidi  vultum  fluctusque  quietos 

Ignorare  jubes  ?  mene  huic  confidere  monstro  ?  849.  Jubes-ne  me 

/Erieam  credam  quid  enim  fallacibus  Austris,  850 

Et  coeli  toties  deceptus  fraude  sereni  ? 

Talia  dicta  dabat :  clavumque  affixus  et  haerens 

Nusquam  amittebat,  oculosque  sub  astra  tenebat. 

Ecce  Deus  ramum  Lethaeo  rore  madentem, 

Vique  soporatum  Stygia,  super  utraque  quassat 

Tempora ;  cunctantique  natantia  lumina  solvit. 

Vix  primos  inopina  quies  laxaverat  artus, 

Et  super  incumbens,  cum  puppis  parte  revulsa, 

Cumque  gubernaclo,  liquidas  projecit  in  undas 

Prsecipitem,  ac  socios  nequicquam  saepe  vocantem.  860 

Ipse  volans  tenues  se  sustulit  ales  in  auras. 

Currit  her  tutum  non  secius  aequore  classis, 

Promissisque  patris  Neptuni  interrita  fertur. 

Jamque  adeo  scopulos  Sirenum  advecta  subibat. 


854.  Ecce  Deus  quas- 
g£5  sat  ramum   madentem 
Lethco  rore,  soporatum 
que   Stygia    vi,    super 
utraque  tempora 


862.  Classis  currit 
iter  in  sequore  non  se- 
cius tutum,  ferturque  in- 
territa 


NOTES. 


842.  Phorbanti.    Phorbas  was  one  of  the 
sons  of  Priam. 

843.  laside.    lasius  was  some  Trojan,  the 
father  or  grandfather  of  Palinurus. 

844.  JEquata:  steady — fair.      So   that 
they  spread  the  sails,  in  nautical  language, 
wing  and  wing. 

846.  Inibo :  I  will  discharge  'your  offices, 
&c. 

848.  Me-ne  jubes :  do  you  bid  me  to  dis- 
regard the  face  of  the  calm  sea,  and  the 
waves  at  rest?  do  you  bid  me  to  trust 
to  that  appearance  ?  As  if  he  had  said  : 
though  the  face  of  the  sea  be  smooth,  and 
its  waves  at  rest.  I  am  not  so  ignorant  of 
sailing,  as  to  trust  to  that  circumstance  ;  the 
winds  rnay  suddenly  rise,  and  things  be  ma- 
terially changed.  Salis :  in  the  sense  of 
maris. 

851.  El:  in  the  sense  of  etiam:  even  I  so 
often  deceived,  &c. 

854.  Rore  :  in  the  sense  of  aqua. 

855.  Soporatum  vi :  impregnated  with  a 
Stygian  quality.     By  this,   Servius  under- 
stands a  mortal  or  deadly  quality ;  such  as 
effected  his  death. 

856.  Cunctanti :  to  him  struggling  against 
it,  and  endeavoring  to  keep  awake.    Solnt  : 
in  the  sense  of  claudit. 

857.  Primos  artus.     Sleep  is  here  repre- 
sented as  creeping,  or  diffusing  itself  over 
the  several  members  of  the  body,  and  relax- 
ing them  one  after  another.     The  primos  ar- 
lus  may  mean  the  extremities  of  the  body, 
which  01^  npt.  to  be  firjst.  aflftctM  with  ^!POP, 


858.  Et  super-incumbent :  when  (the  god) 
leaning  against  him,  threw  him  headlong, 
&c.  The  et  here  must  have  the  force  of  cum, 
as  Mr.  Davidson  very  justly  observes.  The 
part  of  the  ship  which  Palinurus  carried  with 
him  into  the  sea,  enabled  him  to  float  three 
days.  See  &n.  vi.  350. 

860.  Nequiquam :    in   vain ;  because  his 
companions  were  asleep,  and  could  afford 
him  no  assistance. 

861.  Ales :   in  the  sense   of  celer.     Ipsr. 
nempe  Deus  somnus. 

862.  JVbn  secius  tutum:  in  the  sense  of 
non  minus  tutum.     Interrita  :  safe,  without 
fear  of  danger.     Secura,  says  Ruseus. 

864.  Scopulos  Sirenum :  the  rocks  of  the 
Sirenes.  Subibat :  was  approaching — was 
coming  to.  Classis  is  understood.  The  Si- 
renes are  said  to  have  been  three  beautiful 
women,  who  inhabited  steep  rocks  on  the 
sea-coast,  whither  they  allured  passengers 
by  the  sweetness  of  their  music,  and  then 
put  tbem  to  death.  They  are  fabled  to  have 
been  the  daughters  of  JQchdous*  and  Calli- 
ope. One  sung,  one  played  on  the  flute,  and 
one  on  the  lyre.  The  poets  say,  it  was  decreed 
that  they  should  live  till  some  person  should 
be  able  to  resist  their  charms.  Ulysses  being 
informed  of  this  by  Circe,  escaped  the  fatal 
snare  by  stopping  the  ears  of  his  compa- 
nions with  wax,  and  fastening  hiinst 
the  mast  of  his  ship.  Upon  which  : 
threw  themselves  into  the  sea  in  despair, 
and  were  transformed  into  fishes  from  th? 
waist,  downward.  The  tru'h  of  thr  f-!i|p  ;,. 


352 


P.  VIRGILII    MARONIS 


868.  Cum  pater  Mm-  Difficiles  quondam,  multorumque  ossibus  albos  ;      805 
<n  sensit  ratem   errare  Tum  rauca  assiduo  longe  sale  saxa  sonabant : 
tluitaritem,  magistro  &-  ^.^  •         a    • 

migso  et  Cum  pater  amisso  liuitantem  errare  magistro 

87o'.  O  Palinure,  in-  Sensit,  et  ipse  ratem  nocturnis  rexit  in  undis, 
qui^  nimium  confise  se-  Multa  gemens,  casuque  animum  concussus  amici  : 
reno  coelo  et  pelago,  nu-  Q  nimium  coelo  et  pelago  confise  sereno,  870 

in    !gnota  -  palinurej  jacebis  arena. 


arena. 


NOTES. 


this :  they  were  lewd  women,  who,  by  their 
charms,  enticed  men  to  debauchery.  The 
place  of  their  residence  was  in  the  three 
islands  called  Sirenus<R,  in  the  Sinus  P<zsta- 
nus,  in  the  Tyrrhene,  or  Tuscan  sea.  Their 
names  were  Lcurosia,  Ligea,  and  Parthe- 
nope. 

865.  Difficiles :  dangerous  on  account  of 
the  rocks  and  shoals.  Albos  ossibus  :  white 
with  the  bones  of  ship- wrecked  mariners. 

867.  Jtssiduo  sale :  with  a  constant  dash- 
ing of  the  waves  against  the  rocks. 

868.  Errare  Jluitantem :  to  stray,  or  go 


adrift — to  be  carried  here  and  there  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  winds  and  waves. 

870.  O  nimium  confise :  O  Palinurus,  trust- 
ing too  much,  &c.  jEneas  had  been  asleep  ; 
and  he  speaks  only  by  conjecture  as  to  the 
cause  of  his  misfortune,  not  knowing  that  a 
god  had  thrown  him  overboard.  The  truth 
of  the  case  is  this  :  Palinurus  was  overcome 
by  sleep  in  spite  of  his  efforts  to  keep 
awake ;  and,  in  that  situation,  fell  over- 
board. Some  say  he  was  not  drowned ; 
but  swam  to  the  Italian  coast,  and  was  there 
killed  by  the  inhabitants.  See  JEn.  vi.  387 . 


QUESTIONS. 


How  does  this  book  open  ? 

What  is  its  nature  and  character  ? 

What  happened  to  ^Eneas  soon  after  he 
was  out  to  sea  ? 

To  what  place  was  he  forced  to  direct  his 
course? 

At  what  place  in  Sicily  did  he  land  ? 

How  was  he  received  by  his  friend  Acestes? 

What  did  ^Eneas  do  soon  after  his  arrival  ? 

How  long  had  Anchises  been  dead  ? 

Did  he  institute  games  in  honor  of  him  ? 

How  many  kinds  of  games  ? 

From  whom  were  they  imitated  ? 

In  honor  of  whom  were  Homer's  games 
instituted  ? 

By  whom  were  they  instituted? 

In  what  book  of  the  Iliad  is  the  account 
of  them  given  ? 

What  do  you  understand  by  career,  when 
applied  to  races  in  general  ? 

What  by  meta  ? 

Why  is  the  word  limen  sometimes  used 
for  the  starting  place  ? 

What  was  the  first  game  ? 

How  many  ships  or  galleys  contended 
for  the  prize  ? 

Who  was  the  first  conqueror  ? 

To  what  circumstance  does  the  poet  at- 
tribute his  victory? 

Who  was  the  second  victor? 

Did  Mnestheus  make  any  animated  ad- 
dress to  his  oarsmen  ? 

What  did  he  call  them  ? 

What  effect  had  this  address  upon  them  ? 

What  was  the  second  game  ? 

Who  entered  the  list  for  the  prizes  ? 

Who  took  the  first  prize  ? 

How  did  it  happen  that  Euryalus  came 
nut  the  first  ? 


What  befell  Nisus? 

Who  was  next  to  him  ?  . 
•  And  why  did  not  Salius  obtain  the  prize  . 

What  was  the  third  game  ? 

What  is  the  nature  of  the  gauntlet  fight '". 

Can  it  be  practised  in  an  improved  state 
of  society  ? 

What  did  Lycurgusin  regard  to  this  kind 
of  exercise  ? 

Who  entered  the  list  on  the  part  of  the 
Trojans  in  this  game? 

Had  Dares  distinguished  himself  in  this 
fight  before  ? 

Whom    had  he    slain    on  the  plains  of 
Troy5 

With  whom  was  he  accustomed  to  con- 
tend at  Troy  ? 

Was  Paris  said  to  be  superior  to  Hector 
at  the  gauntlet  ? 

Who  was  the  antagonist  of  Dares  ? 

Who  was  Entellus  ? 

What  was  his  age  ? 

What  was  the  issue  of  the  contest  ? 

What  was  the  fourth  game  ? 

Where  was  the  bird  suspended  ? 

Whose  arrow  cut  the  cord  by  which  the 
bird  was  bound  ? 

Whose  arrow  pierced  her  ? 

Where  was  the  bird  at  that  moment  ? 

Whose  brother  was  Eurytion  ? 

What  is  Pandarus  said  to  have  done  du- 
ring the  Trojan  war: 

Was  he  a  distinguished  archer  ? 

Is  it  said  that  he  received  divine  honors  ? 

Who  last  shot  his  arrow? 

What  happened  to  it  as  it  passed  through 
the  air? 

In   what  light  was  this  considered  by 


LIB.  Vf. 


Could  the  soothsayers  interpret  the  omen, 
or  prodigy,  in  a  satisfactory  manner  ? 

What  was  it  afterward  understood  to 
point  out  ? 

What  was  the  fifth  game  ? 

Can  you  give  me  an  account  of  this  ca- 
x-alcade  ? 

Who  were  the  leaders  ? 

How  many  turmce,  or  companies,  were 
there  ? 

At  whose  instigation  was  the  fleet  of 
/Eneas  set  on  fire  ? 

Who  waB  Iris  ? 

On  what  kind  of  business  was  she  usu- 
ally employed  ? 

How  many  ships  were  destroyed  ? 

How  was  the  fire  finally  extinguished  ? 

What  was  the  design  of  the  Trojan  wo- 
men in  burning  their  ships ? 

Were  they  weary  of  their  long  voyage  ? 

What  effect  had  the  loss  of  these  ships 
upon  the  mind  of  ./Eneas  ? 

What  course  was  he  advised  to  pursue 
by  Nautes  ? 

Did  he  found  a  city  for  those  who  were 
willing  to  remain  in  Sicily  ? 


What  did  he  call  it  ? 

In  the  mean  time,  did  the  ghost  of  his 
father  appear  to  him  in  a  vision  ? 

What  direction  did  it  give  him  ? 

Having  repaired  his  fleet,  to  what  place 
did  he  direct  his  course  ? 

In  his  voyage,  did  he  lose  his  pilot  over- 
board ? 

How  was  that  effected,  and  by  whom  ? 

Who  were  the  Sirenes  ? 

How  many  in  number  were  there  ? 

What  were  they  said  to  do  ? 

How  did  Ulysses  escape  when  he  ap- 
proached their  shores? 

What  island  did  they  inhabit  ? 

What  were  they  supposed  to  be  ? 

What  became  of  them  at  last  ? 

After  his  arrival  in  Italy,  did  jEneas  fol- 
low the  direction  of  his  father ? 

Who  conducted  him  to  the  regions  be- 
low? 

Who  was  this  Sibyl? 

Where  did  she  reside  ? 

What  was  the  place  whence  she  deliver- 
ed her  predictions  ? 

By  what  god  was  she  inspired  : 


LIBER    SEXTUS. 


THIS  is  one  of  those  books  which  Virgil  read  in  the  presence  of  Augustus  and  OctaVia- 
The  subject  is  the  descent  of  ./Eneas  to  the  infernal  regions.  After  his  arrival  in  Italy, 
he  repaired  immediately  to  the  cave  of  the  Sibyl,  where  he  learned  the  difficulties  that, 
awaited  him  before  his  peaceful  settlement.  He  then  consults  her  about  his  intended 
descent.  She  informed  him  of  the  danger  of  the  enterprise,  and  that  he  must,  in  the 
first  place,  obtain  a  golden  bough  from  a  certain  tree  which  was  sacred  to  Hecate.  She 
then  informs  him  that  one  of  his  friends  lay  dead  on  the  shore,  and  directs  him  to 
perform  his  funeral  rites,  and  afterward  come  and  offer  sacrifice.  He  returned  to  his 
companions,  and  found  Misenus  dead.  Having  found  the  golden  bough,  he  goes  to  the 
Sibyl,  who  conducts  him  down  to  hell.  She  describes  to  him  the  various  scenes  of  those 
regions  as  they  pass  along,  and  shows  him  the  several  apartments ;  in  one  of  which  he 
sees  Dido.  He  attempts  to  address  her,  but  she  turns  from  him  in  proud  disdain.  He 
then  proceeds  till  he  comes  to  the  residence  of  his  father ;  who  explains  to  him  the  na 
ture  of  transmigration  according  to  the  notion  of  Pythagoras,  and  shows  him  the  illus- 
trious race  of  heroes  that  should  descend  from  him.  After  which  he  returns  to  the 
upper  regions,  through  the  ivory  gate,  and  revisits  his  companions. 

This  book  is  entirely  episodical,  and  interrupts  the  thread  of  the  story.  It  is  probable 
that  Virgil  took  the  hint  of  conducting  his  hero  to  the  regions  of  the  dead,  from  Her- 
cules, Orpheus,  Ulysses,  and  others,  who  had  visited  them  before.  This  gave  him  an 
opportunity  of  elucidating  the  economy  of  those  regions  according  to  the  doctrines  ot 
Pythagoras,  Plato,  and  other  philosophers  ;  of  inculcating,  in  the  most  forcible  manner, 
principles  of  morality  and  religion  ;  of  developing  the  leading  incidents  of  Roman  his- 
tory, and  of  flattering  the  vanity  of  his  countrymen,  and  his  prince. 

Bishop  Warburton  considers  this  book  as  an  allegorical  representation  of  the  Elev 
Mysteries,  at  one  time  very  much  celebrated  through  Greece.     But  there  is  a  difficuli 
in  this  interpretation.     A  considerable  portion  of  the  book  cannot  be  considered  in  th 
light :  for  it  contains  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  principal  characters,  from 
down  to  the  time  of  Augustus,  and  embraces  the  most  important  events  conneo 
the  Roman  government.     Besides,  it  is  not  certain  that  Virgil  was  ever  ii 
those  mysteries  ;  and,  if  it  were,  it  is  doing  injustice  to  his  character  to  suppose 


.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


divulge  them  ;  when  every  one  that  was  admitted,  bound  himself,  in  the  most  solemn 
manner,  to  keep  them  secret,  and  from  the  knowledge  of  the  vulgar.  Heyne  observes 
there  is  some  resemblance  between  the  mysteries  and  the  machinery  of  the  poet  ;  but  to 
consider  the  book  as  an  allegory,  destroys  the  force  and  beauty  of  the  whole.  Peru1 
tandem  omnis  epica  vis  et  poelica  suavitas,  si  rts  a  poeta  narrata  ud  allegoriam  revocetw. 
says  he. 

Those  who  would  see  the  substance  of  the  arguments  on  both  sides,  may  consult  M'Knight 
on  the  Epistles  —  introduction  to  the  epistle  to  the  Ephesians. 

SIC  fatur  lachrymans,  classique  immittit  habenas  : 
Et  tandem  Eubo'icis  Cumarum  allabitur  oris. 
Obvertunt  pelago  proras  :  turn  dente  tenaci 
Anchora  fundabat  naves,  et  litora  curvae 
Praetexunt  puppes  :  juvenum  manus  emicat  ardens      5 
Litus  in  Hesperium  :  qurorit  pars  semina  flammae, 
7.  Fuis  rapu  sylvas,  Abstrusa  in  venis  silicis  ;  pars  densa  ferarum 
densa    tecta    ferarum,  Tecta  rapit  sylvas,  inventaque  flumina  monstrat. 
monstratque  At  pius  ^ncas  arces>  quibus  altus  Apollo 

10.    Immaneque  an-  Praesidet,  horrendaeque  procul  secreta  Sibyllas,          10 
imm,   secreta   Sibyll®  Antrum  immane,  petit  :  magnum  cui  mentem  animum 

• 


subeunt  Inviae  lucos,  atque  aurea  tecta. 
Da3dalus,  ut  fama  est,  fugiens  Mirioia  regna, 
Praepetibus  pennis  ausus  se  credere  ccelo, 
Insuetum  per  iter  gelidas  enavit  ad  Arctos, 


NOTES. 


i .  Sic  fatur*  This  refers  to  what  he  said 
in  the  two  last  lines  of  the  preceding  book. 
O  nemium  confise,  &c.  Immittit :  he  gives 
full  reins  to  his  fleet.  It  implies  that  the 
wind  was  fair,  and  that  the  ships  were  un- 
der full  sail. 

This  is  a  common  metaphor,  taken  from 
the  horse  and  his  rider. 

2.  Euboicis:  an  adj.  of  Eubcea,  an  island 
in   the   jEgean  sea,  lying  to  the  east  of 
Achaia ;    hodie,  Negropont.      From  hence 
Megasthenes,  of  the  city  of  Chalcis,  trans- 
planted a  colony  into  Italy,  and   built  CM- 
MICE,  a  town  in  Campania.     Hence,  Euboicis 
wis  Cumarum. 

4.  Anchora  fundabat :  the  anchor  moored 
the  ships.     Fundabat :  in  the  sense  of  tene- 
bat. 

5.  Puppes :  here  used  in  its  appropriate 
sense — the  sterns  of  the  ships. 

6.  Semina :  the  seeds — the  sparks  of  fire. 

3.  Rapit :   plunders  the  wood ;    for  the 
purpose  of  collecting  fuel.     Ruseus  says,  col- 
ligit  ligna  arborum.    Densa  tecta,  &c.  is  put 
in  apposition  with  sylvas. 

9.  Arees  :  in  the  sense  of  templum.  We 
are  informed  that  a  temple  was  built  to 
Apollo  in  this  place,  in  the  form  of  a  cave, 
that  seemed  to  be  hollowed  out  of  a  rock. 
Jn  the  inmost  part  of  this  temple,  was  the 
grotto,  or  cell,  of  the  Sibyl. 

40.  Horrendp  procul.  The  avenues  and 
approaches  to  her  cell  were  awful  and  gloomy, 
for  a  considerable  distance.  It  is  the  pecu- 
ri.^ir.  of  ihis  Sibrl.  that  she 


keeps  her  consultors  at  an  awful  distance, 
and  fences  the  approaches  to  her  cave  with  : 
Procul,  O  procul  tste,  profani ! 

11.  Cui  magnum:  whose  great  mind  and 
soul  Apollo  inspires.  Cni  has  the  sense  of 
cujus.  Mens  properly  signifies  the  under- 
standing— animus,  the  soul.,  Delius  rates  . 
Apollo,  He  is  called  Delian  from  Delos. 
the  place  of  his  birth. 

13.  Tririce.     Trivia,  a  name  of  Diana. 
durea  tecla.     This  was  the  temple  built  to 
Apollo  by  Daedalus. 

14.  Dffdalus.     An  Athenian  artist,  who, 
having  put  to  death  Perdix,  his  sister's  son. 
for  rivalling  him  in  his  art,  fled  to  Crete; 
where  he  soon  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
Minns,  then  king  of  that  island, for  assisting 
his  wife  Pasipkae,  in  carrying  on  her  amours 
with   Taurm :  and,  on  that  account,  was 
confined  with   his  son  Icarus  in  a   tower, 
He  escaped,  however,  by  the  help  of  wings. 
He  flew  into  Sicily,  according  to  Pausanias 
and  Diodorus  ;  but,  according  to  Virgil  and 
others,  to  Cumce,  where  he  built  this  temple 
to  Apollo,  for  conducting  him  safe  in  his 
flight  through  the  airy  element. 

16.  Enavit.  There  is  such  a  similitude 
between  sailing  or  swimming,  and  flying, 
that  the  terms  which  properly  belong  to  the 
one,  are  indiscriminately  applied  to  the 
other.  A  ship  is  said  to  fly  through  the  li- 
quid element,  and  Mercury  is  said  to  swim 
through  the  air.  jEn.  iv.  245.  And  Da-da- 
lus,  on  wings,  swam  to  the  cold  north,  and 
consecrated  rwnisivw  ftfurirm.  *liose  wings 


LIB.  \i. 

Ohalcidicitque  levis  tandem  superadstitit  arce. 
Redditus  his  primum  terris,  tibi,  Phoebe,  sacravit 
Remigium  alarum  ;  posuitque  immania  templa. 
fn  foribus,  letum  Androgei :  turn  pendere  poenas 
Cecropidae  jussi,  miserurn  !  septena  quotannis 
Corpora  natorum  :  stat  ductis  sortibus  urna. 
Contra  elata  mari  respondet  Gnossia  tellus. 
Hie  crudelis  amor  tauri,  supp6staque  furto 
Pasiphae,  mixtumque  genus,  prolesque  biformis 
Minotaurus  inest,  Veneris  monumenta  nefandae. 
Hie  labor  iile  domus,  et  inextricabilis  error. 
Magnum  reginae  sed  enim  miseratus  amorem 
Dsedalus,  ipse  dolos  tecti  ambagesque  resolvit, 
Caeca  regens  filo  vestigia.     Tu  quoque  magnam 
Partem  opere  in  tanto,  sineret  dolor,  Icare,  haberes 


aft  20.  In  foribus  lethum 
(V  Androgei  sculptum  erat  : 
turn  Cecropidse  juss: 
quotannis  pendere  poe- 
nas, O  miserum !  nem- 
pe,  bis  septena  corpora 

o«  suorum  natorum 

•^  24.  Hie  inest  crudeli* 
amor  tauri,  Pasiphac 
quo  supposta  furto,  Mi- 
notaurusque  mixtum 
genus,  biformisque  pro- 
les,  monumenta  nefan- 

30  dee  Veneris. 

31.  Si  dolor  patris 


NOTES, 


on  which  he  had  cut  his  way  through  the 
air,  as  oars  divide  the  water.  But  what  gives 
a  greater  propriety  to  these  phrases,  is,  that 
Daedalus  was  the  inventor  of  navigation  by 
the  use  of  sails ;  and  that  his  wings  were 
nothing  else  than  the  sails  of  the  ship,  in 
which  he  escaped  from  Crete.  Enavit :  in 
the  sense  of  advolavit. 

17.  Chalcidica:  an  adj.  from  Chalets,  a, 
city  of  Euboea.  See  2.  supra.  Chalcidica 
arce :  the  city  of  Cumw.  Here  Daedalus 
first  landed  in  Italy ;  and  built  the  temple 
to  Apollo,  which  ./Eneas  is  about  to  enter. 
It  is  said  that  he  first  went  to  Sardinia,  and 
from  thence  to  Italy.  Redditus :  having  ar- 
rived. 

20.  dndrogei :  gen.  of  Androgeus.  He 
was  the  son  of  Minos  ;  and  frequenting  the 
public  games  at  Athens,  contracted  a  friend- 
ship with  the  sons  of  Pallas,  brother  to 
.  jSSgeus,  king  of  Athens.  Not  having  as  yet 
acknowledged  Theseus  to  be  his  son  ;  and 
suspecting  dndrogeus  to  have  entered  into  a 
conspiracy  with  his  nephew  to  dethrone  him, 
JEgeus  employed  assassins  to  take  away 
his  life.  To  revenge  this  atrocious  deed, 
Minos  made  war  upon  him,  and  forced  him 
to  sue  for  peace.  This  was  granted  on  the 
condition  that  he  should  every  year,  or,  as 
others  say,  every  third,  or  ninth  year,  pay  a 
tax  of  seven  of  their  young  men,  and  as 
many  virgins,  who  were  chosen  by  lot  as 
victims,  for  the  preservation  of  their  coun- 
try. Some  say  that  Androgeus  having  been 
repeatedly  victorious  at  the  public  games  of 
Greece,  excited  the  envy  and  joalou 
some  persons,  who  procured  his  dent  h.  I  low- 
ever  the  case  may  be,  his  death  brought 
upon  the  Athenians  a  v.'ur  \viiii  .Min  > 
father,  then  king  of  ( ><•(<>. 

The  death  of  Androgeaa  way  represented 
on  the  gates  or  doors  of  the  temple,  the. 
Athenian  youth  soul.  ;t^  ;i.n  <  ^nation  for  the 
barbarous  deed,  and  the  urn  from  which 
the  fpta  I  ]ot<*  were  drawn.  On  the  opposite 


side  arose  the  island  of  Crete — Pasaphae., 
the  wife  of  Minos — the  Minotaur — the  La- 
byrinth, and  the  ingenious  workman  (Dae- 
dalus) explaining  its  mysteries  to  Theseus ; 
all  these  were  in  carved  work.  Posuit :  in 
the  sense  of  Kdificavit.  Pendere  pcenas :  to 
make  retribution  or  satisfaction  for  the 
crime. 

21.  Cecropida:  the  Athenians  so  called 
from  Cecrops,  their  first  king.  He  built  thn 
city  of  Athens,  and  called  it  Cecropia. 

23.  Gnossia  tellus :  Crete.     Gnossia  :  an 
adj.  from  Gnossus,  a  city  of  that  island. 

24.  Amor  tauri.     Pasiphae,  the  wife    of 
Minos,  and  daughter  of  the  Sun,  was  fabled 
to  have  fallen  in  love  with  a  beautiful  bull, 
and  to  have  gratified  her  passion  by  a  con- 
trivance of  Daedalus,  who  shut  her  up  in  » 
wooden   cow.     From   this  unnatural  con- 
nexion sprang  the  Minotaur,  a  monster  h.iU' 
man  and  half  bull,  that  fed  on  human  flesh : 
and  devoured  the  Athenian  youth,  whom 
Minos  shut  up  in  the  Labyrinth.     The  trutk 
of  the  story  is  this :  Pasiphae  fell  in  love 
with  a  nobleman  of  the  court,  whose  naim: 
was  Taurus ;  and  made  Daedalus  her  confi- 
dant, who  kept  it  concealed,  and  even  lent 
his  house  to  the  lovers.     St/pposita  furto. 
This  refers  to  Pasipha  ';ut  up  in 
the  wooden  cow  that  she  might  receive  thr 
embrace   of  the  bull— substituted  thr. 
artifice  or  contrivance  in  the  room  of  a  i 

Is  in   the  sense   of  scvlptu* 
Veneris  nefandv  :  of  -execrable 

27.  Labor  domus,  &c.     J'v 
to  understand  the  Labyrinth.     See  /En.  v. 

Miseratus  magnvm  :  Daedalus, pi!-. 
real  love  of  the   quet'i. 
<  as)    the   deception   and   in* 
the  structure,  &c.      Theseus,   the  so- 

is,  king  of  Athens,  proposed  to  go  to 
MIS,  to  fight  the 

Minotaur  in  the  Labyrinth.     Ariadne,  the 
of   .*//^".-    nnH    Ptttpfa* 


:J5G  J*.  VIRGIL1I  MARONIS 

Bis  conatus  erat  casus  effingere  in  auro  : 
Bis  patriae  cecidere  manus.     Quin  protinus  omnia 
34.  Ni  Achates  pne-  Perlegerent  oculis  ;  ni  jam  praemissus  Achates 
missus  ad  Sibyllam  ab  Afforet ;  atque  una  Phcebi  Triviaeque  sacerdos, 
JE,nea,  jam  afforet,  at-  Deiphobe  Glauci,  fatur  quae  talia  regi : 

Olauc^sacerdos  *      "*  ^on  noc  lsta  Sl^1  temPus  spectacula  poscit : 

Nunc  grege  de  intacto  septem  mactare  juvencos 
Praestiterit,  totidem  lectas  de  more  bidentes. 

40.  Sacerdos  affata      Talibus  affata  jEneam,  nee  sacra  morantur  40 
yEneam  talibus   verbis  Jussa  viri,  Teucros  vocat  alta  in  templa  sacerdos. 

Teucros  Excisum  Euboicae  latus  ingens  rupis  in  antrum ; 

41.  Ingens  latus  Eu-  ~  ,. 

bbicaj  rupis  excisum  est  Quo  latl  «»cunt  aditus  centum,  ostia  centum  ; 
in  Unde  ruunt  totidem  voces,  responsa  Sibylla?. 

Ventum  erat  ad  limen,  cum  virgo,  Poscere  fata        45 
46.  Cuifanti  talia  an- Tempus,  ait :  Deus,  ecce,  Deus  !     Cui  talia  fanti 
te  fores,  subito  non  est  Ante  fores    subit6  non  vultus,  non  color  unus, 
unus  vultus,  non  unus  T^T  «  j  u   i 

„_!__  IN  on  comptae  mansere  comae  :  sea  pectus  annelum, 

coior ;  comsB  non  man-  .     j,  .  ... 

s^recomptse;  sed  pectus  Et  rabie  fera  corda  tument ;  majorque  viden, 

anhelum  est,etejus  fera  Nee  mortale  sonans  :  afflata  est  numine  quando         50 

corda    tument    rabie:  jarn  propiore  Dei.     Cessas  in  vota  precesque, 

eriim  ante  dehiscent 


nans  mortale.  Attomtae  magna  ora  domus.     bt  talia  tata, 

52.  Ante  quam  emi-Conticuit.     Gelidus  Teucris  per  dura  cucurrit 
seris  vota  precesque.        Ossa  tremor ;  fuditque  preces  rex  pectore  ab  imo  :     .05 
Phcebe,  graves  Trojas  semper  miserate  labores, 

NOTES. 

Virgil  here  calls  regina,  fell  in  love  with  The-  rious  sculpture  of  the  temple,  had  not  Acha  - 
seus,  and  taught  him  how  to  vanquish  the  tes,  &c.    Protinus :  in  the  sense  of  in  ordine. 
Minotaur,  and  also  gave  him  a  clew,  which  Perlegerent :  in  the  sense  of  perkgissent. 
she  had  received  from  Dcedalus,  whereby  he  35.  Afforet:  in  the  sense  ofredivisset. 
could  extricate  himself  from  the  Labyrinth.  38.  Intacto :  untouched  by  Ihe  yoke. 
It  was  agreed  as  a  condition  of  the  combat,  39.  Bidentes  :  in  the  sense  of  oves. 
that  if  Theseus  killed  the    Minotaur,  the  40.  JV«r  viri  morantur:  nor  do  the  men 
Athenian  youths  should  be  released,  and  his  (the  Trojans)  delay  to  perform  her  sacred 
country  freed  from  that  humiliating  condi-  commands  concerning  offering  sacrifice.  Sa- 
tion.    Theseus  was  victorious.    By  the  clew  cerdos.   The  daughter  of  Glaucus.    She  was 
we  are  to  understand  the  plan  and  con-  the  priestess,  attendant  upon  the  Sibyl,  who 
trivance  of  the  Labyrinth.     Enim  :  in  the  was  at  this  time  in  her  cell  or  cave.  Antrum. 
sense  of  equidem.  This  is  the  same  with  alta  templa  in  the  pre- 
29.  Resolvit :  mthesenseofezplicuil.  ceding  line.  By  this  we  are  not  to  understand 

30.  Caeca :  in  the  sense  of  ineerta.  the  temple  of  Apollo   already  mentioned, 

31.  hare..     Icarus,  as  the  fable  goes,  was  but  the  residence  of  the  Sibyl — her  cave, 
the  son  and  associate  of  Daedalus.     He  at-  here  called  templum. 

tempted  to  make  his  escape  from  Crete  by  45.  Ventum  erat :  they  had  come  to  the 

the  help  of  wings,  but  being  unable  to  ma-  entrance  of  the  cave,  when,  &c.     Fata:  in 

nage  them  \v  ith  dexterity,  he  wandered  from  the  sense  of  oracula.    Est  is  understood  with 

his  way,  and  fell  into  the  ^Egean  sea,  and  tempus. 

was  drowned.     He  gave  name  to  Icarus,  an  46.  Ecce,  Deus :  behold,  the  god,  the  god 

island  between  Samos  and  Mycene.  is  here — Apollo. 

33.  Patrice  manus  cecidf  re.     Daedalus  at-  47.  Subito  non  vultus:  suddenly  her  countc- 
templed  to  represent  the  calamity  (casus)  of  nance  changes,  and  her  color  comes  and  goes. 
Icarus,  but  his  grief  and  sorrow  prevented  50.  Quando  jam  afflata  est :  when  now  she 
him.     He  attempted  it  twice,  and  twice  his  is  inspired  with  a  nearer  influence  of  the  god 
hands  failed ;  otherwise  Icarus  would  have  Apollo.     Cessas :  dost  thou  delay  to  go  into 
made  a  distinguished  figure  in  the  curved  vows  and  prayers  ?     JYeque :   in  the  sense 
work.  of  non. 

34.  Perlegerent  omnia :  the  Trojans  would  50.  Qwi  dirtxti  Dardana  tela :  who  didst 
have  examined  all  the  carved  work  and  rn-  direct  the  Trojan  darts,  and  the  hands  ^f 


jENEIS.     LtB.  VJ. 


Dardana  qui  Paridis  dirdxti  tela  manusquc 

Corpus  in  ./Eacidaa  :  magnas  obeuntia  terras 

Tot  maria  intravi,  duce  te,  penitusque  repdstas 

Massylum  genres,  prtetentaque  Syrtibus  arva  : 

Jam  tandem  Italia?  fugientis  prendimus  oras. 

Hac  Trojana  tenus  merit  fortuna  secuta. 

Vos  quoque  Pergameae  jam  fas  est  parcere  genti, 

Dique  Deseque  omnes,  quibus  obstitit  Ilium,  et  ingens 

Gloria  Dardaniae.     Tuque,  6  sanctissima  vates,         65 

Praescia  venturi,  da,  non  indebita  posco 

Regna  meis  fatis,  Latio  considere  Teucros, 

Errantesque  Deos,  agitataque  numina  Trojae. 

Turn  Phoebo  et  Triviae  solido  de  marmore  templa 

Instituam,  festosque  dies  de  nomine  Phoebi. 

Te  quoque  magna  manent  regnis  penetralia  nostris. 

Hie  ego  narnque  tuas  sortes,  arcanaque  fata 

Dicta  meae  genti  ponam  ;  lectosque  sacrabo, 

Alma,  viros  :  foliis  tantum  ne  carmina  manda, 

Ne  turbata  volent  rapidis  ludibria  ventis  :  75     75'  ^  turbata  volenf, 

r,.r          j     ,.  ,.  tanquam  ludibria  rapi- 

Ipsa  canas,  oro.     Fmem  dedit  ore  loquendi.  dis  *Tentia .  oro  ut  lu  fp. 

At,  Phosbi  nondum  patiens  immanis  in  antro  tvi  canas  ea  ex  ore. 


59.  Te  duce,  intravi 
gO  tot  maria  obeuntia  mag- 
nas   terras,    gentesque 
Massylum    penitus   re- 
postas 


66.  Da  Teucros,  er- 
rantesque  Deos,  agita- 
taque numina  Trojae 
considere  in  Latio,  non 
posco. 
70 


NOTES. 


Paris,  against  the  body  of  Achilles.  It  is 
said  that  Achilles  was  killed  by  Paris  in  the 
temple  of  Apollo,  at  Troy. 

57.  Dirtxti :  for  direxisti,  by  syncope. 

59.  Penitus  repostas :  far  remote. 

60.  Massylum.     The  Massyli,  a  people  of 
Africa,  put  for  the  Africans  in  general,  or 
for  the  Carthaginians   in  particular.     See 
Mu.  iv.  483.  PrcKtenta :  lying  before.   Arva  : 
the  lands — country. 

61.  lialtie  fugientis :  the  nearer  they  ap- 
proached to  Italy,  new  obstructions  arose, 
which  seemed  to  prevent  access  to  it,  as  if  it 

Jled  from  them. 

62.  Hac  tenus :  hitherto — thus  far.     It  is 
separated  by  tmesis,  for  the  sake  of  the  verse. 
Trojano  fortuna  :  id  est,  advtrsa  fortuna. 

64.  Dique  DecBque  omnes,  quibus  :  ye 
gods  and  goddesses  all,  to  whom  Ilium  and 
the  great  glary  of  Troy  was  offensive,  it  is 
just  that  you  too,  £c.  The  deities  here 
meant  were  Juno,  Minerva,  and  Neptune. 
Obslitil:  invisa  sunl,  says  Heyne. 

68.  Agitata  numina  :  persecuted  deities 
of  Troy. 

70.  Instituam  Pkccbo  :  I  will  build  to 
Phoebus  and  Diana  temples  of  solid  marble, 
and  institute  festival  days,  &c.  Here  is  an 
allusion  to  the  Ludi  AwtUinare^  which  were 
instituted  in  the  first  Punic  war,  and  to  the 
building  of  a  temple  to  Apollo  by  Augustus, 
.after  his  victory  over  Anthony  and  Cleopa- 
tra, at  Actium.  Heyne  reads  templum,  after 
Heinsius.  The  common  reading  is  timpltt. 
Virgil  here  uses  the  verb  institiiam  with  two 
nouns,  when  in  strict  propriety  it  can  apply 
to  one  of  them  only.  We  can  say,  institute 
,  but  it  is  quito  another  thing  to  say, 


institute  a  house  or  temple.  Our  language 
will  not  admit  of  this  liberty  and  freedom  of 
expression.  See  JEn.  vii.  431,  and  JEn.  viii. 
410.  Some  copies  have  constituam. 

71.  Te  quoque  magna  :  a  spacious  sanc- 
tuary too  awaits  thee  in  our  realms.  This 
alludes  to  the  shrine  or  sanctuary  in  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  where  the 
Sibylline  books  were  kept  hi  a  stone  chest 
under  ground.  Fifteen  persons,  called  Qtmi- 
decemviri,  were  appointed  to  take  care  of 
them,  and  to  consult  them  in  the  affairs  of 
state.  They  were  chosen  from  the  Patri- 
cians, and  had  great  influence  in  public  af- 
fairs. It  was  a  very  easy  matter  to  make 
these  Sibylline  books  speak  what  language 
they  pleased. 

7C2.  Tories :  in  the  sense  oforacula.  Dicta  : 
in  the  sense  of  dedarata. 

74.  JVe  manda:  do  not  commit,  &c.  It 
was  the  custom  of  this  Sibyl  to  write  her 
prophetic  responses  upon  the  leaves  of  the 
palm  tree.  Before  the  invention  of  parch- 
ment and  paper,  there  was  no  better  mate- 
rial for  writing  than  the  leaves  and  bark  of 
trees,  dlma :  O  holy  propln 

77.  J\"undum  putiC7is,  kc.  The  meaning 
is  this  :  the  Sibyl  was  not  docile  and  sub- 
missive (patiens)  to  Phoebus,  and  would  not 
utter  oracles  according  to  his  will,  but  re- 
sisted him  until  be  had  subdued  her  ferocious 
temper  and  formed  her  to  his  purposes  by 
force  and  restraint.  Kj-cussifst  :  the  pert*, 
in  the  sense  of  the  pres.  The  terms  here 
used  are  taken  from  the  horse  and  the  rider. 
The  Sibyl  is  compared  to  the  former  ; 
and  Apollo,  breaking  her  and  rendering 
}ior  submissive  and  obedient  to  him.  r 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONLS 


78.  Tentans,  si  possit  Bacchatur  vates,  magnum  si  pectore  possit 
excussisse  Excussisse  Deum  :  tanto  magis  ille  fatigat 

Os  rabidum,  tera  corda  domans,  fingitque  premendo.  80 
Ostia  jamque  domus  patuere  ingentia  centum 
Sponte  sua,  vatisque  feruiit  responsa  per  auras  : 

83.  O  tu  tandem  de-  Q  tandem  magnis  pelagi  deiimcte  periclis  ! 


85 


99 


95 


86.  Sed  et  volent  se 
non  venisse  eb. 


89.  Alius  Achilles  par- 
tus  est  tibi 

91.  Cum  in  egenis  re- 
bus,  quas  gentes  Italum, 

"°Con- 
iux  hospita  iterum  erit 
causa  tanti  mali  Teu- 
cris;externique  thalami 
iterum  erunt  causa. 


Dardamdae  venient,  mitte  hanc  de  pectore  curam  : 
Sed  non  et  venisse  volent.     Bella,  horrida  bella, 
£t  Tybrim  multo  spumantem  sanguine  cerno. 
Non  Simois  tibi,  nee  Xanthus,  nee  Dorica  castra 
Defuerint  :  alius  Latio  jam  partus  Achilles, 
Natus  et  ipse  De£  :  nee  Teucris  addita  Juno 
Usquam  aberit.     Ctimjtu  supplex  in  rebus  egenis, 
Quas  gentes  Italum,  aut  quas  non  oraveris  urbes? 
g«u»a  mail  tanti  conjux  iterum  hospita  Teucris  ; 
Externique  iterum  thalami. 
Tu  ne  cede  malis  ;  sed  contra  audentior  ito, 
Qua  tua  te  fortuna  sinet.      Via  prima  salutis, 
QUO(J  mmime  reriS)  Graia  pandetur  ab  urbe. 
Tali  bus  ex  adyto  dictis  Cumaea  Sibylla 


NOTES. 


latter.  The  verb  exeutio  is  applied  to  the 
horse  when  he  throws  his  rider.  Immanis  : 
in  the  sense  of  imnianiter  vel  vehementcr.  An 
adjective  closely  connected  in  construction 
with  a  verb,  is  better  rendered  by  its  corres- 
ponding adverb.  Bacchatur :  fur  it  in  m&re 
Baccharum,  says  Ruceus. 

80.  Fatigat  rabidum  os  :  he  curbs — holds 
in,  &c.  This  alludes  to  the  manner  of  break- 
ing and  taming  horses  when  they  are  unru- 
ly and  impatient  of  the  bit.  The  rider 
curbs  or  holds  them  in  by  pulling  up  the 
reins,  Fingitque :  and  forms  and  prepares 
her  for  the  delivery  of  his  oracles. 

82.  Ferunt :  in  the  sense  of  emittuni. 

83.  Defuncte :  voc.  O  thou,  having  passed 
through — escaped.  Ruasus  says,  Quievasisti. 
Periclis :  by  syn.  for  periculis. 

84.  Lavini :  by  apocope  for  Lavinii,  gen. 
of  Lavinium,  a  country  to  the  east  of  the 
Tyber,  so  called  from  the  city  Lavinium, 
which  /Eneas  built.  See  JEn.  i.  2.  Some  read, 
regna  Latini,  which  perhaps  is  the  best  read- 
ing :  the  kingdom  of  Latinus.     He  received 
j£neas,on  his  arrival,  with  hospitality,  gave 
him  his  daughter  in  marriage,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  him  in  his  kingdom.     Heyne  pre- 
fers Lavini,  and  observes  that  it  is  more  in 
the  language  of  prophecy  than  Latini. 

88.  Non  Simois  tibi :  neither  Simois,  nor 
Xanthus,  nor  the  Grecian  camp,  shall  be 
wanting  to  you,  &c.  Here  the  prophetess, 
to  prepare  the  mind  of  ^Eneas  to  meet  the 
worst,  or  rather  the  poet  to  do  honor  to  his 
hero  in  overcoming  such  powerful  opposi- 
tion, gives  a  terrible  representation  of  the 
war  in  which  he  was  to  be  engaged  in  Ita- 


ly, comparing  it  with  the  Trojan  war,  both 
as  to  its  similitude  of  characters,  places,  and 
causes.  Xanthus  and  Simois  are  the  Tyber 
and  Numicus ;  Turnus  is  Achilles ;  Lavinia, 
the  daughter  of  Latinus,  is  a  second  Helen. 

90.  Natus  f)ea  :    Turnus,  a  brave  and 
warlike  prince,  the  son  of  the  nymph  Venilia. 
Addita :  in  the  sense  of  inimica.     Rua3us 
says  infesfa ;  et  quasi  latcri  setHjier  uffixa. 

91.  Cum  :  in  the  sense  of  <W77i,says  Heyne. 
Ruseus  reads  quern,  but  gives  no  authority 
for  it ;  the  best  copies  have  cum.     Rebus 
egenis :  in  your  distress — difficulty. 

93.  Conjux  hosjnta.  As  the  rape  of  Helen 
by  Paris,  whom  she  entertained  in  her  palace 
at  Sparta,  was  the  cause  of  the  Trojan  war, 
so  shall  Lavinia,the  daughter  of  Latinus,who 
shall  receive  ^Eneas  under  his  hospitable  roof, 
be  the  cause  of  a  second  war,  by  espousing 
/Eiieas  after  she  had  been  promised  to  Tur- 
nus. Thalami  :  in  the  sense  of  nuptice. 

96.  Qwa :  the  common  reading  is  qudntj 
but  of  this  it  is  difficult  to  make  sense.     It 
is  not  probable  that  the  Sibyl  could  advise 
^neas  to  proceed  with  more  courage  or 
boldness  than  prudence  dictated,  or  his  for- 
tune permitted.     To  preserve  the  reading  of 
quam,  Mr.  Davidson  renders  the  words  quarn 
tua  &c., "  The  more  that  fortune  shall    ppose 
you ;"  giving  to  the  verb  sinet  a  turn  whicii 
it  will  by  no  means  bear.     Heyne  reads 
qua,  taking  it  in  the  sense  of  qua  via  ,el  ra- 
tione,  vel  quantum  per  fat  um  licebit.     Hein- 
sius  and  Burmunnus  read  quam,  which  they 
take  in  the  sense  of  quantum. 

97.  Graia  urbe:  this  was  the 'city  Pallan- 
teum,  where  Evander  reigned.     See  Lib.  8. 


jENEIS.     LIB.  VI. 


Horrendas  canit  ambages,  antroque  remugit, 
Obscuris  vcra  involvens  :  ea  fraena  furenti  100 

Concutit,  et  stimulos  sub  pectore  vertit  Apollo. 

Ut  primum  cessit  furor,  et  rabida  ora  quierunt ; 
Incipit  jEneas  heros  :  Non  ulla  laborurn, 
O  virgo,  nova  mi  fades  iriopinave  surgit : 
Omnia  praecepi,  atque  animo  mecum  ante  peregi.     105 
Unum  oro  ;  quando  hie  inferni  janua  regis 
Dicitur,  et  tenebrosa  palus  Acheronte  refuso  ; 
Ire  ad  conspectum  chari  genitoris,  et  ora 
Contingat ;  doceas  iter,  et  sacra  ostia  pandas. 
Ilium  ego  per  flammas  et  mille  sequentia  tela 
Eripui  his  humeris,  medioque  ex  hoste  recepi : 
Ille  meum  comitatus  iter,  maria  omnia  mecum, 
Atque  omnes  pelagique  minas  ccelique  ferebat 
Invalidus,  vires  ultra  sortemque  senectge. 
Quin,  ut  te  supplex  peterern,  et  tua  limina  adirem, 
Idem  orans  mandata  dabat.     Natique  patrisque, 
Alma,  precor,  miserere  :  potes  namque  omnia  ;  nee  te 
Nequicquam  lucis  Hecate  pnefecit  Avernis. 
Si  potuit  Manes  arcessere  conjugis  Orpheus, 
Threici&  fretus  cithara  ndibusque  canoris  :  120 

Si  fratrem  Pollux  alterna  morte  redemit, 
Itque  reditque  viam  toties :  quid  Thesea,  magnum 
Quid  memorem  Alciden  1  et  mi  genus  ab  Jove  summo. 

Talibus  orabat  dictis,  arasque  tenebat.  ab 


106.  Dicitur  esse  hie, 
et  tenebrosa  palus  sur- 
gens  ex  Acheronte 

109.  Wfcontingatwii- 
IJQ  hi  ire  ad 

112.  Ille  comitatus 
est  meum  iter ;  et  inva- 
lidus  ferebat  omnia  ma- 
ria mecum,  atque  omnes 
115  minas  pelagique  cceli- 
que, ultra 

.  Quin,  idem  Jln- 
orans  dabat  man- 


Quid  memorem 
Est  mi  et  genus 


NOTES. 


99.  Canit  horrendas :  she  delivers  her  aw- 
ful predictions.    Ambages  :  (ex  ambi,  et  ago) 
mysteries,  says  Valpy. 

100.  Ea  frozna  furenti  :    Apollo  shakes 
those  reins  over  her,  raging,  (inspired,)  and 
turns  his  spurs  under  her  breast.    The  meta- 
phor of  the  horse  and  the  rider,  is  still  con- 
tinued. 

104.  Mi:  by  apocope  for  mi/a.     yEneas 
speaks  like  a  man  long  accustomed  to  the 
calamities  and  misfortunes  (laboruiri)  of  life, 
and  so  well  fortified  in  his  mind  to  meet 
every  vicissitude  of  things,  that  no  form  of 
toil  and  suffering  could  arise  new  and  un- 
expected. 

105.  PrcBcepi:  I  have  anticipated  all  things 
— I  have  received  information  of  all  those 
difficulties  before. 

107.  Tenebrosa  palus :  the  gloomy  lake, 
(arising)  from  the  overflowing  of  Acheron. 
The  lake  here  is  Avernus,  which  was  fabled 
to  arise  from  the  overflowing  of  the  river 
Acheron,  a  fabulous  river  of  the  infernal  re- 
gions. See  Geor-.Hv.  4. 

111.  Eripui :  in  the  sense  ofsusluli. 

114.  Sortem:  state — condition. 

119.  Si  Orpheus  potuit:  if  Orpheus  could 
call  back  the  ghost  of  his  wife,  relying-  up- 
on, &c.  See  the  story  of  his  descent  to  hell, 
Geor.  iv.  454. 

121.  Si  Pollux  redemit:  if  Pollux  redeem- 


ed his  brother  by  an  alternate  death,  fee- 
Castor  and  Pollux  were  twin  brothers  of  Le- 
da,  the  wife  of  Tyndarus,  king  of  Sparta, 
Jupiter  being  the  father  of  Pollux,  he  was 
immortal,  while  Castor,  being  only  the  son 
of  Tyndarus,  was  subject  to  mortality.  Up- 
on the  death  of  Castor,  his  brother,  out  of 
the  great  love  he  bore  to  him,  obtained  of 
Jupiter  leave«fb  share  with  him  his  immor- 
tality ;  whereupon  they  lived,  by  turns,  one 
day  in  heaven  and  one  in  hell. 

122.  Thesea :  a  Greek  ace.     He  was  the 
son  ofJEgeus,  king  of  Athens.    He  and  Piri- 
thoiis  are  fabled  to  have  made  a  descent  to 
hell  for  the  purpose  of  liberating  Proserpina, 
but  were  seized  by  Pluto,  who  gave  Piri- 
thoiis  to  Cerberus  to   be   devoured,  while 
Theseus  he  bound  in  chains,  where  he  re- 
mained till  he  was  set  at  liberty  by  Her- 
cules.    See  28,  supra. 

123.  bidden:  Hercules,  so  called   from 
Alceus,  his  grandfather.     He  was  the  son 
of  Jupiter  and  Alcmene.    He  is  said  to  have 
descended  to  the  infernal  regions,  and  to 
have  carried  off  Cerberus  in  spite  of  Pluto 
himself.      Mi :   for  mihi,  by  apocope,  and 
in  the  sense  of  meum.     Mi  genus :  my  de- 
scent also  is  from  Jove  supreme.     .flSneas 
descended  from  Dardanus,  the  son  of  Jove. 
He  was  also  the  son  of  Venus,  the  daughter 
of  the  same  god,     Et :  in  the  sense  of  tficw. 


••J6U  P.  VTRGILII  MAK6NI3 

Tune  sic  orsa  loqui  vates  :  Sate  sanguine  Divum,     125 
Tros  Anchisiade,  facilis  descensus  Averni  : 
Noctes  atque  dies  patet  atri  janua  Ditis  : 
Sed  revocare  gradum,  superasque  evadere  ad  auras, 
x    Hoc  opus,  hie  labor  est.     Pauci,  quos  aequus  amavit 

Jupiter,  aut  ardens  evexit  ad  aethera  virtus,  130 

131.  Geniti  Die,  po-  DJS  geniti,  potuere.     Tenent  media  omnia  sylvae, 
uere  effictre,  id  Cocytusque  sinu  labens  circumfluit  atro. 

Quod  si  tantus  amor  menti,  si  tanta  cupido  est, 
Bis  Stygios  innare  lacus,  bis  nigra  videre 
Tartara  ;  et  insano  juvat  indulgere  labori  :  135 

136.  Accipe  ea,  quse  Accipe  quae  peragenda  prius.     Latet  arbore  opaca, 
sunt     peragenda     tibi  Aureus  et  foliis  et  lento  vimine  ramus, 
Prius-  Junoni  infernae  dictus  sacer  :  hunc  tegit  omnis 

Lucus,  et  obscuris  claudunt  convallibus  umbrae. 

140.  Non   datur  su-  Sed  non  ante  datur  telluris  operta  subire,  140 

bire  operta  loca  telluris  Auricomos  quam  quis  decerpserit  arbore  fetus. 
antequamquis  r      .'„ 

Hoc  sibi  pulehra  suum  tern  Proserpina  munus 

Instituit.  Primo  avulso,  non  deficit  alter 
Aureus  ;  et  simiii  frondescit  virga  metallo. 
145.  Ergo  vestiga  ra-  Ergo  alte  vestiga  oculis,  et  rite  repertum  145 

mum  oculis  alte,  et  ma-  Carpe  manu  :  namque  ipse  volens  facilisque  sequetur, 

imitecarpeeumreper- 


147.  Vocant  teadm-  Vincere,  nee  duro  poteris  convellere  ferro. 
feros.  Praeterea  jacet  exanimum  tibi  corpus  amici, 

Heu  nescis  !  totamque  incestat  funere  classem  ;       150 
Dum  consulta  petis,  nostroque  in  limine  pendes. 
Sedibus  hunc  refer  ante  suis,  et  conde  sepulchre. 
153.  Deinde  due  ad  Due  nigras  pecudes  :  ea  prima  piacula  sunto. 
aram  nigras  Sic  demum  lucos  Stygios,  regna  irivia  vivis 

NOTES. 

128.  Revocare  gradum  :  to  return  —  to  re-  combat  with  the  priest  of  her  temple,  and  it 

trace  your  steps  ;  a  phrase.    Superas  auras  :  he  overcame  him,  to  take  his  place. 
to  this  upper  world  —  the  upper  regions  of         138.  Junoni  :   Proserpine.     She  is  here 

light  ;  they  are  so  called  in  reference  to  the  called  Infernal  Juno  ;  as  Pluto  fe  sometimes 

regions  below.  called  Stygius  Jupiter. 

132.    Cocytusque:    and  Cocytus    gliding          14L  duricomos  fattu*  :  the  golden  bough. 

along  with  its  gloomy  stream,  flows  around  F(Ktus  :  Ae  y°unS  of  anF  ^S  animate  o 

them.     Cocytus,  a  river  in  Campania  in  Ita-  inanimate.     Here,  a  bough,  shoot,  or  scion. 
ly,  but  by  the  poets  feigned  to  be  a  river  in  2-  Suum  :  in  the,  sense  of  fharum. 

hell.     Sinu  :  in  the  sense  offlexu.  143'  Instilu^  :  in  the  sense  ^  justit.  Pn- 

^n.     ,  .       ,  mo  avulso:  ramo  is  understood.     For»nmo, 

134.  Innare:    in  the  sense  of  navigare.  Ru8eus  says,  wno. 

Insano  :  vast^-mighty.     RUEBUS  says,  vano.         144    Fr0ndescit  :  in  the  sense  of  pullulaL 

135.  Jlccipe  :   in  the  sense  of  audi,  vel      Virga:  in  the  sense  of  ramus.    When  one 
disce.  bough  was  plucked,  another  immediately 

137.  Ramus  aureus  :  a  bough,  golden  both  shot   forth   of  the  same  fo*Hf?  shape,  and 

in  its  leaves  and  limber  twig,  &c.  lies  con-  color. 

cealed  in  a  shady  tree.     This  is  considered          146.  Sequetur  :  will  follow  —  will  yield  to 

by  some  a  mere  fiction  of  the  poet,  but  pro-  you,  if,  &c. 

bably  it  is  founded  on^ome  historical  fact,  "    148.  JlveUere  :  in  the  sense  of  amputarf. 

or  refers  to  some  fabulous  tradition,  which  vel  ccedere. 

it  is  not  easy  to  find  out.     Servius  thinks  it          150.  Incestat  :   denies.     Funere:   in  the- 

alludes  to  a  tree  in  the  midst  of  the  sacred  sense  ofcadavere.    Consulta  :  advice  —  coun- 

grove  of  Diana,  not  far  from  Aritia,  a  city  sel. 

of  Latium,  where,  if  a  fugitive  came  for          151.  Pendes:  in  the  sense  of  hares. 
sanctuary,  and  could  pluck  a  branch  from          152.    Suis  sedibus  :'  to   his   own   proper 

the  tree,  he  was  permitted  to  fight  a  single  place  —  to  the  earth. 


AJNEIS.     LIB.  VI. 


nas  circum  Hectora,  in- 
signia lituo  et  hasta. 


Aspicies.     Dixit ;  pressoque  obmutuit  ore.  155 

JSneas  moesto  defixus  lumma  vultu 
Ingreditur,  linquens  antrum  ;  cascosque  volutat 
Eventus  animo  secum  :  cui  fidus  Achates 
It  comes,  et  paribus  curis  vestigia  figit. 
Multa  inter  sese  vario  sermone  serebant,  160 

Quern  socium  exanimem  vates,  quod  corpus  humandum      161.  Quem  socium 
Diceret.     Atque  illi  Misenum  in  litore  sicco,  vates  diceret  esse  exani- 

Ut  venere,  vident  indigna  morte  peremptum ;  mem,  quod  corpus  hu- 

Misenum  ^Eoliden,  quo  non  preestantior  alter 
./Ere  ciere  viros,  Martemque  accendere  cantu.         165 
Hectoris  hie  magni  fuerat  comes.     Hectora  circum 

Et  lituo  pugnas  insignis  obibat  et  hasta.  167.  Et  obibat  pug- 

Postquam  ilium  victor  vita  spoliavit  Achilles, 
Dardanio  ^Eneae  sese  fortissimus  heros 
Addiderat  socium,  non  inferiora  secutus. 
Sed  turn,  forte  cava  dum  personal  aequora  concha, 
Demens,  et  cantu  vocat  in  certamina  Divos, 
JEmulus  exceptum  Triton,  si  credere  dignum  est, 
Inter  saxa  virum  spumosk  immerserat  unda. 
Ergo  omnes  magno  circum  clamore  fremebant. ; 
Praecipue  pius  ^Eneas.     Turn  jussa  Sibyllae, 
Haud  mora,  festinant  flentes  :  aramque  sepulchri 
Congerere  arboribus,  creloque  educere  certant. 

Itur  in  antiquam  sylvam,  stabula  alta  ferarum  : 
Procumbunt  piceae  :  sonat  icta  securibus  ilex  : 
Fraxifteaeque  trabes,  cuneis  et  fissile  robur 
Scinditur :  advolvunt  ingentes  montibus  ornos. 
Necnon  ^Eneas  opera  inter  talia  primus 
Hortatur  socios,  paribusque  accingitur  armis. 

Atque  haec  ipse  suo  tristi  cum  corde  volutat, 


170 


175     175.  Circum  ilium 


177.  Turn  flentes  fes- 
tinant extequi  iussa  Si- 
byllas 


180 


185 


Aspectans  sylvam  immensam,  et  sic  ore  precatur : 


NOTES. 


156.  Dejixuslumina:  aGrecism.  Or,  in  the 
sense  ofjigens  oculos  in  terrain,  says  Ruams. 

160.  Serebant  multa :  they  made  many 
conjectures— they  talked  much,  &c. 

164.  JEoliden.      Misenus   is  here  ca 
the  son  of  JEolus,  the  fabulous  god  of 
winds  ;  because  he  excelled  in  blowing  upo 
wind  instruments.     Prcestantior :  more  ex- 
pert.    The  verb  erat  is  understood. 

165.  Martemque  accendere  cantu.      This 
hemistich  Virgil  [is  said  to  have  added  in 
the  mere  heat  of  fancy,  while  he  was  re- 
citing the  book   before  Augustus;  having 
left  the  line  imperfect  at  first.     JEre :  with 
his  brazen  trumpet.     Any  thing   made  of 
brass  may  be  called  ces. 

167.  Lituo.  The  lituus  was  a  trumpet 
not  so  straight  as  the  tuba,  nor  so  crooked  as 
the  cornua.  It  was  used,  for  the  most  part, 
by  the  cavalry.  Obibat  pugnas :  simply,  he 
fought. 

170.  Inferiora  :  in  the  sense  of  infcriorcm 
ducem. 

171.  Personal  aquora :  he  makes  the  sea 
resound,  &c.     Conrhn.   Shell  trumpets  were 


in   use   at  first ;   before  those  instruments 
came  to  be  made  of  brass. 

172.  Vocat :  he  challenges  the  gods  to  a. 
trial  of  music. 

173.  Triton  cemulus :  Triton  envious  (jea- 
lous of  his  fame)  drowned  in  the  foaming 
waves  the  man  taken  by  surprise  among 
the  rocks.     Triton  was  the  son  of  Neptune 
and   Amphi trite.     He  was  half  man   and 
half  fish ;  and  was  Neptune's  trumpeter. 

175.  Fremebant:  in  the  sense  of  lamenta- 
bantur. 

177.  Aramque  sepulchri :  the  funeral  pile, 
so  called  because  built  in  the  form  of  an 
altar.  Ingentem  pyram,  says  Heyne. 

180.  Sonat:  in  the  sense  ofprocumbit.  Tra- 
bes :  for  arbores.  Fissile  robur :  the  fissile  oak. 

183.  Primus:  chief  in   command — cap- 
tain of  the  company. 

184.  Accingitur  que,  &c. :  and  is  arrayed 
with  equal  arms.     By  armis,  we  are  to  un- 
derstand the  axes,  and  other  implements 
for  cutting  and  preparing  wood  for  the  fu- 
neral pile  of  Misenus. 

186.  Ore,    Thjs  is  the  common  reading; 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Si  nunc  se  nobis  ille  aureus  arbore  ramus 
Ostendat  nemore  in  tanto  !  quando  omnia  vere 
189.  Nimium  vert      Heu  !  mmium  de  te  vates,  Misene,  locuta  est. 
Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  geminae  cum  forte  columbae 
Ipsa  sub  ora  viri  coelo  venere  volantes, 
Et  viridi  sedere  solo.     Turn  maximus  heros 
Maternas  agnoscit  aves,  iaetusque  precatur  : 

194.  Otw,esteducesEste  duces,  6,  siqua  via  est  ;  cursumque  per  auras 
mihi,  siqua  Dirigite  in  lucos,  ubi  pinguem  dives  opacat 

Ramus  humum  :  tuque,  6,  dubiis  ne  defice  rebus, 
Diva  parens.     Sic  effatus,  vestigia  pressit, 
Observans  quae  signa  ferant,  quo  tendere  pergant. 
199.  lllse    pascentes  pascentes  illae  tantum  prodire  volando, 
I'ceperunt  prodire  volan-  Quantum  acie  possent  oculi  servare  sequentum. 
Inde,  ubi  venere  ad  fauces  graveolentis  Averni  ; 
Tollunt  se  celeres  ;  liquidumque  per  aera  lapsae, 
Sedibus  optatis  geminse  super  arbore  sidunt, 
'Discolor  unde  auri  per  rarnos  aura  refulsit. 
205.    Quale  viscum,Quale  solet  sylvis  brumali  frigore  viscum 
quod  sua  arbos  non  se-  Fronde  virere  nova,  quod  non  sua  seminat  arbos, 
minat,  solet  tn  sylvis  vi-Et  croceo  f^u  teretes  circumdare  truncos. 
rere  nova  fronde  in  bru-  m  ,.  .  .  /. 

mail  frigore  lahs  erat  species  auri  trondentis  opaca 

Ilice  :  sic  leni  crepitabat  bractea  vento. 

210.  Corripit  ramum  Corripit  extemplo  jEneas,  avidusque  refringit 
Cunctantem,  et  vatis  portat  sub  tecta  Sibylla?. 
213.  Ferebant  supre-      Nee  minus  interest  Misenum  in  litore  Teucri 
Flebant,  et  cineri  ingrato  suprema  ferebant, 


200 


NOTES. 


i>ut  Heyne  and  others  have  voce.  The  sense 
is  the  same  either  way. 

187.  Si :  in  the  sense  of  utinam. 

189.  Vales :  the  prophetess. 

193.  Malernas  aves.  Pigeons  were  sa- 
cred to  Venus,  it  is  said,  on  account  of  their 
fecundity. 

196.  Dubiis  rebus:  perplexity — difficulty. 
Dr-fice :  in  the  sense  of  desere. 

197.  Pressit  vestigia :  he  stopt  his  pace — 
he  stood  still. 

198.  Ferant:   in  the  sense   of  dent   vel 
prcebant.     Pergant:  proceed  to  go.     Ten- 
ders :  in  the  sense  of  ire  vel  prodire. 

198.  Ilia  pascentes,  £c :  they  flew,  and 
then  alighted  to  feed.  And  this  they  did  by 
turns,  so  that  they  just  kept  within  sight  of 
the  followers,  sequentum. 

200.  Ac ie :  with  the  sight.     Ruseus  says, 
atutissimo  visu. 

201.  Fauces:  in  the  sense  of  os.      The 
junction  of  the  lakes  Avernus  and  Lucrinus.  ' 
Graveolentis :  noxious — pestiferous. 

203.  Optatis  sedibus :  they  both  alight  on 
the  tree  near  the  place  whence  the  golden 
bough  shone  through  the  branches  of  the  tree. 

204.  Discolor  aura :  the  variegated  gleam 
of  gold  shone  through  the  boughs.     It  va- 
ried  its  color   according   to  the   different 
shades  of  light  in  which  it  was  seen.    The 


leaves  mingling  their  green  shade  with  the 
lustre  of  the  gold,  produced  that  variega- 
ted  color.  Aura  :  in  the  sense  of  splendor, 

205.  Viscum.  This  is  a  kind  of  shrub  of  a 
glutinous  nature,  called  misleloe.  It  grows  on 
trees  principally  of  the  oak  kind.  The  winter 
is  the  proper  season  for  its  production  y  and 
it  is  of  a  color  resembling  gold.     It  was* 
thought  to  grow  out  of  the  excrements  of 
birds,  that  alighted  on  those  trees  :  to  which- 

poet  alludes  in  these  words  :  quod  non 
seminat  orbos  :  which  its  own  tree  does 

not  produce  :  but  this  opinion  is  incorrect. 

The  ancient  Druids  made  great  use  of  this 

in  their  religious  ceremonies. 

206.  Seminal  :  in  the   sense  of  producit. 
Fcttu:  see  141.  supra. 

208.  Frondentis  auri  :  of  the  golden 
bough  —  the  verdant  gold.  Ruaeus  says, 
pullulantis  auri. 

209.  Bractea:  the  golden  leaves  rustled: 
in  the  gentle  wind.  Bractea,  properly,  thin 
lamina,  or  leaves  of  gold;  taken  here  in 
the  sense  of  aura:  frondes. 

211.  Cunctantem:  in  the  sense  of  tar  d  2 
sequentem. 

213.  Ferebant  suprema:  they  were  per- 
forming  the  last  offices.  Ingrato  :  being  in- 
sensible  of  the  honors  conferred  upon  it,  and 
therefore  ungrateful  for  them.  Or  it  may 


.     LIB.  VI. 


I 


Principle  pinguem  tsedis  et  robore  secto 
Ingentem  struxere  pyram  :  cui  frondibus  atris 
Intexunt  latera,  et  ferales  ante  cupressos 
Constituunt,  decorantque  super  fulgentibus  armis. 
Pars  calidos  latices  et  ahena  undantia  flammis 
Expediunt ;  corpusque  lavant  frigentis  et  unguunt. 
Fit  gemitus  :  turn  membra  toro  defleta  reponunt, 
Purpureasque  super  vestes,  velamina  nota, 
Conjiciunt.     Pars  ingenti  subiere  feretro, 
Triste  ministerium  !  et  subjectam  more  parentum 
Aversi  tenuere  facem.     Congesta  cremantur 
Thurea  dona,  dapes,  fuso  crateres  olivo. " 
Postquam  collapsi  cineres,  et  flamma  quievit, 
RelHquias  vino  et  bibulam  lavere  favillam  : 
Ossaque  lecta  cado  texit  Chorinaeus  aheno. 
Idem  ter  socios  pura  circumtulit  unda, 
Spargens  rore  levi  et  ramo  felicis  olivae  ; 
Lustravitque  viros,  dixitque  novissima  verba. 
At  pius  ^Eneas  ingenti  mole  sepulchrum 


215  215.  Struxere  ingen- 
tem  pyram,  pinguem  c 
taedis  et  robore  secto 


220 


225 


230 


226.  Collapsi  mitt* 


NOTES. 


be  understood  as  causing  sorrow  to  all — 
being  an  object  or  spectacle  no  way  plea- 
sant or  agreeable.  In  this  sense,  ingrato 
may  be  rendered  mournful — unjoyous.  Ci- 
neri :  in  the  sense  of  cadaveri.  Ingrato : 
nee  sentienti,  nee  referenti  gratiam,  says 
Heyne. 

Virgil  here  gives  us  most  of  the  ceremo- 
nies used  among  the  Romans  in  burying 
the  dead. 

214.  Tadis.     The  terfa,  or  pine,  is  a  fat 
and  unctuous  wood.    Hence  the  epithet  pin- 
guem.     Secto  robore :   in  the  sense  of  Jisso 
robore. 

215.  Pyram.     The  funeral  pile  was  call- 
ed pyra  when  it  was  set  on  fire,  rogus  be- 
fore it  was  set  on  fire,  and  bustum  after  it 
was  consumed.     The  higher  it  was  raised, 
the  more  honorable  it  was  considered  ;  and 
therefore  they   endeavored    to   raise  it  to 
heaven :  certant  educere  ctzlo,  178.   supra. 
Cui  frondibus  atris  :  whose  sides  they  inter- 
weave with  black  boughs.     The  boughs  of 
the  yew,  pine,  and  such  like  trees,  are  of  a 
sable  color,  and  were  therefore  used  in  fune- 
ral obsequies.     Cui :  in  the  sense  of  cujus. 

216.  Cupressos:  the  cypress  is  here  called 
mournful ;  and  used  on  the  occasion,  either 
because  its  strong  smell  prevented  anything 
disagreeable  from  the  corpse  ;  or  rather  as 
it   was  a  fit  emblem  of  death ;  for  when 
it  is  once  cut,  it  never  grows  up  again.    ./7?i- 
te  :  before — in  front :  an  adv. 

217.  Super :  above — on  the  top. 

218.  Latices  :  in  the  sense  of  a-'/nam. 
221.  Nota  velamina  :  the  garments  of  Mi- 

senus.  Or  it  is  said  in  allusion  to  a  Roman 
custom  of  placing  a  purple  covering  over 
the  corps  of  distinguished  persons  on  the 
funeral  pile. 


222.  Pars  subiere:  a  part  supported 
(went  under)  the  huge  bier,  a  mournful  of- 
fice !  and  turned  (aver si)  away  with  their 
faces,  held  a  torch  under  it,  &c.  They  turn- 
ed away  their  faces  to  show  how  unwilling 
they  were  to  part  with  him,  and  that  their 
grief  would  not  allow  them  to  look  upon 
his  pale  and  lifeless  body  ;  which  was  now 
about  to  be  reduced  to  ashes. 

225.  Dapes.  By  this  we  are  to  under- 
stand the  fat  and  other  parts  of  the  victims 
that  were  consecrated  to  the  gods.  Cra- 
teres :  goblets  of  oil  poured  out  upon  th« 
pile.  Whole  goblets  were  offered  to  the 
infernal  gods  ;  but  to  the  celestial  gods  on- 
ly libations.  Thurea  dona  :  gifts  of  frank- 
incense. There  is  an  allusion  here  to  the 
custom  of  placing  frankincense,  oil,  and 
other  unctuous  substances  upon  the  funeral 
pile,  to  accelerate  its  burning. 

227.  RelHquias,  &c.     After  the  body  was 
consumed,  they   extinguished  (lavire)  the 
coals  and  embers  with  wine,  that  the  ashes 
might  the  more  easily  be  collected.     Bibu- 
lam :  in  the  sense  of  siccam. 

228.  Cado:  in  the  sense  of  unia.    Texit: 
in  the  sense  of  inclusit. 

229.  Idem  ter  circumtulit:  the  same  thrice 
went  around  his  companions  with  holy  wa- 
ter, sprinkling  them,  &c.     The  ordo  of  con- 
struction is,  tutit  se  ter  circum  sorios,  £c. 
which  means,  to  go  round  them  three  times : 
but  because  the  priest  used  to  sprinkle  them, 
at  the  same  time,  with  the  aqua  lustraHs,  or 
holy  water,  it  came  to  signify,  to  purify. 

'230.  Levi  rorc :  with  a  dew  or  spray.  He 
sprinkled  the  water  with  a  bough  of  olive. 

231.  Luslravil  ."he  purified  the  men.  JVo- 
rissima  verba.  These  were  ralf.  re  I??  ""If* 
they  all  departed. 


P.  VIRGILII  M ARON1S 


inponit,  suaque  arma  viro,  remumque,  tubamque. 
Mon  e  sub  aerio,  qui  nunc  Misenus  ab  illo 
Dicitur,  seternumque  tenet  per  ssecula  nomen. 

His  actis,  propere  exsequitur  praecepta  Sibyllas. 
Spelurica  alta  fuit,  vastoque  immanis  hiatu, 
Scrupea,  tuta  lacu  nigro  nemorumque  tenebris ; 
239.  Super  quam baud  Quam  super  baud  ullae  poterant  impune  volantes 
nil®  volantes.  Tendere  iter.pennis  :  talis  sese  halitus  atris  240 

Faucibus  effundens  supera  ad  convexa  ferebat ; 
Unde  locum  Graii  dixerunt  nomine  Avernum, 
243.    H'c    sacerdos  Quatuor  hie  primum  nigrantes  terga  juvencos 
constituit   quatuor  ju-  Constituit,  frontiqiie  invergit  vina  sacerdos  ; 

»  quori  gt  Summa8  carpens  media  inter  cornua  setas,          245 
246.    Imponit     eas,  Ignibus  imponit  sacris  libamina  prima, 
quasi  prima  libamina     Voce  vocans  Hecaten,  cceloque  Ereboque  potentem. 
JSupponunt  alii  cultros,  tepidumque  cruorem 
Suscipiunt  pateris.     Ipse  atri  velleris  agnam  - 
250.  jEneas  ipse  ferit  ^Ericas  matri  Eumenidurn  magnaeque  sorori 
ense  agnam  atri  velle-  Ense  ferit ;  sterilemque  tibi,  Proserpina,  vaccam. 
ris  matri  Turn  Stygio  regi  nocturnas  inchoat  aras, 

254.     Superfundens  Et  solida  imponit  taurorum  viscera  flammis, 
que  pingue  Pingue  superque  oleum  fundens  ardentibus  extis. 

256.    Solum    c«pt/Ecce  autem,  primi  sub  lumina  Solis  et  ortus,  255 

S'rsv1va,um    ^'PteaSub  PedibuS  mU§ire  SO'Um'  et  ^  CCBPta  m°Veri 
sunt  moveri,  canesque  Sylvarum ;  visaeque  canes  ululare  per  umbram, 

sunt  Adventante  Dea.     Procul,  6,  procul  este,  profani,   \f 

NOTES. 


233.  Imponit,  &c.      The  poet  here  used 
the  verb  imponit  with  two  nouns,  when,  in 
strict  propriety    it  can  agree  with  one  of 
them  only.     He  builds  a  tomb,  and  places 
upon  it  (imponif)  his  arms,  &c.     He  orders 
to  be  carved  upon  it  his  arms,  to  denote  that 
he  was  a  warrior — an  oar,  to  show  that  he 
perished  in  a  naval  expedition — and  a  trum- 
pet, to  denote  his  office. 

234.  Monte  sub  aerio,  qui  :  the  mountain 
here  meant   is   the    promontory   Misenus, 
which  forms  the  western  shore  of  the  Sinus 
Puteolanus,  or  Neapotilanus.     Hodie,  Capo 
Miseno.     Not  far  from  it  was  the  Portus  Mi- 
senus, where  Augustus  kept  a  part  of  his 
fleet. 

238.  Tuta :  in  the  sense  of  defensa.  Vo- 
lantes :  in  the  sense  of  aves. 

240.  Halitus :  vapor — stench.  Supera  con- 
vexa: the  high  canopy  of  heaven.  Effun- 
dens :  in  the  sense  of  erumpens. 

242.  Avernum.     See  Geor.  iv.  493. 

243.  Hie  primum,  &c.    The  lake  Avernus 
appears  to  have  been  chosen  as  the  place  of 
this  sacrifice,  because,  by  it,  it  was  thought 
an  easier  access  was  had  to  the  infernal  de- 
ities, particularly  Hecate.     Having  prepar- 
ed her  victims,  the  Sibyl  poured  wine  be- 
tween their  horns ;  afterward  cut  a  lock  of 
the  topmost  hair,  and  cast  it  upon  the  fire 
as  the  first  offering,  to  show  that  the  sacri- 


fice was  then  begun,  and  that  the  victim* 
were  then  devoted  to  the  gods. 

247.  Vocans  Hecaten.   Servius  informs  us, 
that  Hecate   was  usually  invoked  not  by 
words,  but  by  certain  mystic  and  inarticu- 
late sounds. 

248.  Alii  supponunt:   others  apply  the 
knives  (i.  e.  slay  the  victims)  and  catch,  &c. 
Suscipiunt :  in  the  sense  of  excipiunt. 

250.  Matri  Eumenidum :  to  the  mother 
of  the  furies,  that  is,  JVbar.  See  Geor.  i. 
278.  Night  is  said  to  have  brought  forth 
the  furies  to  Acheron ;  which,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  poetry,  signifies  that  night  or  dark- 
ness is  the  mother  of  horrid  shapes,  vision- 
ary forms,  and  apparitions.  Magnw  sorori : 
to  her  great  sister,  that  is,  to  the  earth,  Tel- 
lus :  for  night  is  only  the  shadow  of  the 
earth,  or  the  absence  of  light. 

252.  Aras:  by  meton.  for  the  sacrifices 
offered  upon  them.     They  were  offered  in 
the  night :  hence  the  epithet  nocturna.   For 
aras,  Ruseus  says  sacrijicia. 

253.  Solida  viscera.     By  these  we  are  to 
understand  the  whole  or  entire  carcases  of 
the  victims  ;  so  that  this  sacrifice  was  pro- 
perly what  was  called  a  holocaust,  or  whole 
burnt-offering.  Totam  victimam,  says  Heyne. 

256.  Solum :  in  the  sense  of  terra. 
258.  Procul!  O procul !  be  at  a  distance 
—at  a  distance,  O  ye  profane !     This  was 


.     LIB.  \i. 


Conclamat  vates,  totoque  absistite  luco. 

Tuque  invade  viam,  vaginaque  eripe  ferrum  :  260 

Nunc  animis  opus,  ^Enea,  nunc  pectore  firmo. 

Tantum  effata,  furens  antro  se  immisit  aperto  : 

Ille  ducem  haud  timidis  vadentem  passibus  aequat. 

Di,  quibus  imperium  est  animarum,  umbraeque  silen- 
Et  Chaos,  et  Phlegethon,  loca  nocte  silentia  late,  [tes, 
Sit  mihi  fas  audita  loqui  :  sit  numine  vestro  266 

Pandere  res  alta  terra  et  caligine  mersas. 
Ibant  obscuri  sola  sub  nocte  per  urabram, 
Perque  domos  Ditis  vacuas,  et  inania  regna. 
Quale  per  incertam  Lunam  sub  luce  maligna  270 

Est  iter  in  sylvis  ;  ubi  coelum  condidit  umbra 
Jupiter,  et  rebus  nox  abstulit  atra  colorem. 

Vestibulum  ante  ipsum  primisque  in  faucibus  Orel, 
Luctus  et  ultrices  posuere  cubilia  Curae  : 
Pallentesque  habitant  Morbi,  tristisque  Senectus,      275 
Et  metus,  et  malesuada  Fames,  et  turpis  Egestas, 
Terribiles  visu  formae  !  Letumque,  Laborque  : 
Turn  consanguineus  Leti  Sopor,  et  mala  mentis 
Guadia,  mortiferumque  adverse  in  limine  Bellum, 
Ferreique  Eumenidum  thai  ami,  et  Discordia  demens 


261.  Nunc  opus  ett 
animis,  O  jEnea, 

263.  Ille  eequat   du- 
cem vadentem,  haud  ti- 
midis 

264.  Fosque  silente* 
umbra,  et 

266.  Fa*  sit  mihi  ves- 
tro numine,  pandere  ret 
mersas 


270.  Tale  quale  est 
iter  in  sylvis  per  incer- 
tam Lunam 


275.  Hie  qttoque  pal- 
lentesque  morbi 


278.  Turn  in  adverse 
\\minesunt  Sopor 


NOTES. 


the  usual  preamble  with  which  the  sacred 
mysteries  were  ushered  in.  Those  who  were 
not  initiated,  were  called  scelesli,  inexpiati, 
and  profani ;  and  were  prevented  from  ac- 
cess to  such  holy  rites.  Dea  adventante.  By 
Dea,  we  are  to  understand  Hecate,  accom- 
panied by  her  dogs.  Heyne  observes  that 
the  furies  are  sometimes  called  canes.  But 
they  are  not  so  to  be  taken  in  this  place. 
Sunt  canes  Hceaten  comitantes,  et  passim  me- 
morati  in  sacris  magicis. 

259.  Absistite  :  in  the  sense  of  recedite. 

260.  Eripe  ferrum  :  draw  the  sword  from 
the  sheath.     This  indicated  danger,  and  the 
hazard  of  the  enterprise. 

262.  Tantum :  so  much — this  only. 

263.  Vadentem :  in  the  sense  of  euntem, 
vol  ingredientem. 

265.  Chaos :  properly,  a  confused  and 
indigested  mass  of  matter,  out  of  which  it 
is  supposed  all  things  were  made. — One  of 
the  most  ancient  gods  of  the  Heathens;  or  ra- 
ther the  parent  of  them  all.  Phlegethon  :  the 
name  of  one  of  the  infernal  rivers,  of  Greek 
derivation.  According  to  the  poets,  there 
were  five  rivers  of  hell,  Acheron,  Cocytu*, 
Styx,  Phlegethon,  and  Lethe,  all  of  Greek 
derivation.  Silentia:  this  is  the  common 
reading;  but  Heyne,  on  the  authority  of 
Heinsius,  has  tacentia. 

267.  Mersas :  in  the  sense  of  tectas  vel  oc- 
cultas. 

268.  Obscuri  sold  nocte  :  by  hypaliage,  for 
soli  obscura  nocte. 

270.  Per  incerlam  lunam.  By  this,  some 
understand  the  new  moon  soon  after  its 
Change,  when  it  shines  with  a  feeble  or  glim- 


mering light.  Others,  the  moon  occasion- 
ally hid  and  obscured  by  clouds.  Maligna 
luce :  envious  light — that  which  shines  so 
faintly,  as  if  it  grudged  one  the  happiness 
of  enjoying  it.  Condidit :  hath  hid,  or  co- 
vered. 

273.  Vestibulum.     This  was  the  space  or 
area  contained  between  the  house  and  high- 
way.    In  this  vestibulum  of  hell,  the  poet 
describes  the  various  calamities  of  human 
life,  as  having  their  residence  :  all  of  which 
he  clothes  with  a  kind  of  airy  body. 

274.  Curce :  in  the  sense  of  conscienlia, 
says  Heyne. 

276.  Fames  malesuada  :  hunger  persuad- 
ing to  evil.  QUCE  suadet  rapinas  sceleraque, 
says  Heyne.  JVb?i  tantum  inopia  rictus ;  sed 
etiam  avaritia,  et  auri  sacra  fames,  says  Ru- 
8DUS.  That  avarice  and  thirst  for  gold,  which 
persuades  and  hurries  men  to  the  perpetra- 
tion of  crimes,  and  is  the  fruitful  source  of 
evils. 

278.  Sopor:  sleep,  the  brother  of  death. 
The  poets  tell  us  that  Somnus  and  Mors 
were  children  of  JVo:r.  Or,  in  the  language 
of  poetry,  sleep  and  death  may  be  called 
brothers,  on  account  of  their  resemblance. 
Mala  gaudia  mentis :  the  criminal  joys  of 
the  mind.  Turn :  then — in  the  next  place. 

280.  Ferrei  thalami,  &c.  By  the  iron  beds 
of  the  furies,  we  are  to  understand  the  rack- 
ing torments  of  a  guilty  conscience,  the 
consequence  of  a  course  of  vice  and  sensu- 
ality :  and,  by  frantic  discord,  bound  as  to 
its  viperous  locks  with  bloody  fillets,  we  are 
to  understand  all  those  base  and  turbulent 
passions,  which  unhinge  the  mind,  and  over- 


see 


K  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Vipereum  crinem  vittis  innexa  cruentis.  281 

In  medio  ramos  annosaque  brachia  pandit 
Ulrrms  opaca,  ingens :  quam  sedem  Somnia  vulgo 
Vana  tenere  ferunt  ;  foliisque  sub  omnibus  hserent. 

285.  Multa  monstra  Multaque  praeterea  variarum  monstra  ferarum,         285 
yariarum  ferarum  sta-  Centauri  in  foribus  stabulant.   Scylla3que  biformes, 

n±T  £nSr  °m'Et  centum  geminus  Briareus,  ac  bellua  Lern* 

Horrendum  stridens,  flammisque  armata  Chimaera  ; 
Gorgones,  Harpyiaeque  ;  et  forma  tricorporis  umbras. 
Corripit  hie  subit&  trepidus  formidine  ferrum  200 

JSneas,  strictamque  aciem  venientibus  offert. 
992.  Etirruat,etfrus-  Et,  ni  docta  comes  tenues  sine  corpore  vitas 
tra  diverberat  umbras  Admoneat  volitare  cav£  sub  imagine  formre, 
£bL£.  t^TTe!  *"%*,  «  frustra  ferro  diverberet  umbras. 
nuee  vi, as' volitare  sine      nine  via,  1  artarei  quae  fert  Acherontis  ad  undas.   295 
corpore  Turbidus  hie  cceno  vastaque  voragine  gurges 

295.  Hince$£via,quoe  JSstuat,  atque  omnem  Cocyto  eruetat  arenam. 
bi<?u6c<fno  ^^     r"  ^ortitoi^has  horrendus  aquas  et  flumina  servat 
298.  Portitor  Charon  Terribili  squalore  Charon  :  cui  plurima  mento 
hoi. end.    terribili squa •  Canities  inculta  jacet :  stant  lumina  flamma  : 
lore  servat  Sordidus  ex  humeris  nodo  dependet  amictus. 

Ipse  ratem  conto  subigit,  velisque  ministrat, 
Et  ferruginea  subvectat  corpora  cymba 


300 


NOTES. 


turn  the  peace  of  society.  TKese,  with  great 
propriety,are  placed  in  the  opposite  threshold, 
confronting  the  criminal  joys  of  the  mind. 

Tkalami :  not  the  marriage  bed ;  for 
the  furies  were  never  married ;  but  rather 
the  place  where  they  were  begotten,  or 
where  they  resided. 

284.  Hcerent.   Dreams  are  here  represent- 
ed as  only  perching  upon  the  leaves,  per-, 
haps  on  account  of  their  light  wandering 
nature,  Ferunt :  they  report — say.    Tenere: 
in  the  sense  of  occupare. 

285.  Multa  monstra :  many  forms  or  spec- 
tres of  savage  beasts. 

286.  Centauri  :  these  were  fabled  to  have 
been  monsters,  half  man  and  half  horse. 
They  may,  therefore,  properly  be  said  to  be 
^tabled.     The  truth  is,  they  were  a  people  of 
Thessaly,  who  first  broke  horses,  and  made 
use  of  them  in  war.     Scyllce  biformes.     See 
Eel.  vi.  74. 

287.  Briareus  :  one  of  the  giants,  said  to 
have  had  a  hundred  hands.    Bellua  Lemon : 
the  beast  of  Lerna — the  snake  which  was 
bred  in  the  lake  of  Lerna,  and  destroyed  by 
Hercules.     It  had  seven  heads,  and  some 
say  fifty ;  and  as  soon  as  any  one  of  them 
was  cut  off,  another  sprang  up  in  its  place. 
Stridens :  hissing  horribly. 

288.  Chimasra :  a  monster  said  to  vomit 
flames.     Its  head  was  that  of  a  lion,  its 
breast  and  middle  parts  resembled  a  goat, 
and  its  tail  a  serpent.     He  was  slain  by  Bel- 
Jerophon  on  the  horse  Pegasus.     The  truth 
of  the  fau:    is  this  :  Ckimcera  was  the  name 
of  a  mountain  in   Lvcia,  in  Asia  Minor, 


whose  top  was  infested  with  lions,  and  its 
bottom  with  serpents,  while  its  middle  parts 
and  sides  abounded  with  goats.  Bellero- 
phon  rendered  it  habitable,  and  was  there- 
fore said  to  have  slain  the  monster. 

289.  Forma  tricorporis  umbra :  the  form  of 
the  three-bodied  ghost  Geryon.  He  was 
fabled  to  have  had  three  bodies,  because  he 
reigned  over  three  islands,  Minorca,  Major- 
ca* and  Urica.  He  was  a  king  of  Spain. 

291 .  Offert :  presents.  Vitas :  in  the  sense 
of  umbras. 

293.  Forma:  in  the  sense  ofjiguroz  vel 
corporis. 

296.  Gurges :  the  river  Styx  or  Acheron, 
Eruetat :  in  the  sense  of  immittit.  Cocyto  : 
in  the  sense  of  in  Cocylum. 

298.  Horrendus  terribili  squalore  :  fright- 
ful with  horrid  filthiness. 

299.  Cui  plurima  mento :  on  whose  chin 
a  very  large  hoary  beard  lies  neglected  and 
undressed.     Cui:  in  the  sense  ofcujus. 

300.  Lumina:  in  the  sense  ofoculi.  Flam- 
ma.     This  is  the  common  reading,  but  the 
Roman,  Medico  an,  and  some  other  copies, 
have  flamma  in  the  plu.     Davidson  reads 

JlammcB.  Heyne  reads  Jlamma,  but  takes  it 
in  the  sense  ofjlammca,  and  slant,  in  the  sense 
ofsunt:  Lumina  suntjlammea.  Some  copies 
have  lumine  stant  flammce,  taking  lumiiir 
for  oculis,  which  makes  the  reading  easy. 
RUJBUS  says,  oculi  sunt  pleni  igne.  Valpy 
reads,j?amma,  in  the  abl. 

303.  Corpora :  in  the  sense  of  umbras,  vel 
inania  corpora.  Ferruginea :  dark-colored 
•—of  an  iron  Jmo. 


.     LIB.  VI. 


•307 


W.  Crudaviridisqae 
305sencctus  est  illi  utpjte 
Deo 


Jam  senior :  sed  cruda  Deo  viridisque  senectus. 
Hue  omnis  turba  ad  ripas  effusa  ruebat ; 
Matres,  atque  viri,  defunctaque  corpora  vita 
Magnanimuin  heroum,  pueri  inriuptseque  puellac, 
Impositique  rogis  juvenes  ante  ora  parentum  : 
Quam  multa  in  sylvis  autumni  frigore  primo 
Lapsa  cadunt  folia,  aut  ad  terram  gurgite  ab  alto 
Quam  multse  glomerantur  aves,  ubi  frigidus  annus 
Trans  pontum  fugat,  et  terris  immittit  apricis. 
Stabant  orantes,  primi  transmittere  cursum, 
Tendebantque  manus  ripse  ulterioris  amore. 
Navita  sed  tristis  nunc  hos,  nunc  accipit.  illos  : 
Ast  alios  longe  submotos  arcet  arena. 

jEneas,  miratus  enim  motusque  tumultu, 
Die,  ait,  6  virgo,  quid  vult  concursus  ad  amnem  ? 
Quidve  petunt  animas  ?  vel  quo  discrimine  ripas 
Hae  linquunt,  illse  remis  vada  livida  verrunt  ? 
Olli  sic  breviter  fata  est  longaeva  sacerdos^l. 
Anchisa  generate,  Deum  certissima  proles, 
Cocyti  stagna  alta  vides,  Stygiamque  paludem, 
Di  cujus  jurare  timent  et  fallere  numen. 
Hsec  omnis,  quam  cernis,  inops  inhumataque  turba  est : 
Portitor  ille  Charon  :  hi,  quos  vehit  unda,  sepulti.     326 
Nee  ripas  datur  horrendas,  nee  rauca  fluenta  327.   Nee  datur  ei 

Transportare  prius,  quam  sedibus  ossa  quierunt.  transportare  ecwhorren- 

Centum  errant  annos,  volitantque  hsuc  litora  circum  : 
Turn  demum  admissi  stagna  exoptata  revisunt.         330 

Constitit  Anchisa  satus,  et  vestigia  pressit, 
Multa  putans,  sortemque  animo  miseratus  iniquam. 
Cernit  ibi  moestos,  et  mortis  honore  carentes, 


309.  Tarn  multi,  quam 

310  multa  folia  lapsa  cadunt 

in  sylvis  primo  frigore 

autumni ;      aut     quam 

multae  aves  glomerantur 


315 


320 


NOTES. 


306.  Defunela  :  in  the  sense  ofprivata. 

310.  Gurgite :  in  the  sense  of  mari.  Glo- 
merantur: in  the  sense  of  congregant.  Fri- 
gidus annus  :  the  cold  season  of  the  year — 
the  approach  of  winter. 

315.  Tristis :   inexorable.     Ruaeus   says, 
asper. 

316.  Ast  arcet  alios:  but  drives  others  re- 
moved far  from  the  shore.     Those  that  were 
unburied  were  not  permitted  to  pass  over, 
until  such  time  as  they  had  received  the 
rites  of  burial. 

318.  Quid  vult :   what  means  this  con- 
course, &c. 

319.  Quo  discrimine :  by  what  distinction ; 
or  by  what  reason. 

320.  Vada  :   in  the  sense  of  aquas,  vel 
amnem. 

321.  Longceva  sacerdos.     Servius  tells  us 
that  Apollo,  out  of  affection  for  the  Sibyl, 
promised  her  whatever  she  should  ask  ;  up- 
on which  she  took  up  a  handful  of  sand, 
and  desired  to  have  her  life  prolonged  to  a 
length  of  years  equal  to  the  number  of  the 
sands  the  mass  contained.     Her  request  was 
granted,  on  condition  she   should  remove 
from  ErytkrcB  to  Cwwce,  and    there    spend 
'he  remainder  of  her  davs.    She  lived  so 


long  that  she  was  so  completely  emaciated 
that  she  retained  nothing  but  her  voice. 

323.  Alta  stagna :  the  deep  waters. 

324.  Cujus  numen  Di :  by  whose  divinity 
the  gods  fear  to  swear  and  to  deceive.     The 
river  Styx  was  held  in  such  veneration  by 
the  gods  that  they  used  to  swear  by  it,  and 
if  they  violated  their  oath  they  were  depriv- 
ed of  their  divinity,  and  were  excluded  from 
nectar  and  ambrosia  for  nine  years ;  some 
say  for  a  hundred  years.     The  reason  as- 
signed for  their  conferring  this  honor  upon 
Styx   is,   that   her   offspring,   Victory   and 
Strength,  had  given  the  gods  such  signal 
assistance  in  the  war  against  the   Titans. 
Per  cujus  numen  Dii,  &c. 

325.  Inops  :   poor — unable  to  pay  their 
fare,  which  was  an  obolus.     Or,  unable  to 
pay  the  expenses  of  burial,  and  so  remained 
inhwnata,  unburied. 

327.  Datur :  in  the  sense  of  permittitur. 

328.  Sedibus  :  in  their  graves. 

330.  Admissi  :   in   the   sense   of  reccptt, 
Revisunt :  in  the  sense  of  transeunt. 

331.  Pressit  vestigia:  in  the  sense  of  con- 
tinuit  gressum  vel  pedem ;  a  phrase. 

333.    Honore  mortis:   burial.     P> 
honore  sepultures,  says  Rurous. 


;&$  P.  V1RGIL1I  MARONIS 

Leucaspim,  et  Lycias  ductorern  classis  Orontem : 
Quos  siraul  a  Troja  ventosa  per  sequora  vectos 
Obruit  Auster,  aqua  involvens  navemque  virosque. 

Ecce  gubernator  sese  Palinurus  agebat : 
Qui  Libyco  nuper  cursu,  dum  sidera  servat, 
Exciderat  puppi,  mediis  effusus  in  undis. 
Hunc  ubi  vix  multa  mcestum  cognovit  in  umbra, 
Sic  prior  alloquitur  :  Quis  te,  Palinure,  Deorum 
Eripuit  nobis,  medioque  sub  aequore  mersit  ? 

343.  Namqne  Apollo,  Die,  age.     Namque  mihi  fallax  baud  ante  repertus, 
baud  ant£  repertus  mih  i  jfoc  uno  response  animum  delusit  Apollo  ; 
fallax,  delusit  animur.iQ^  fore  te        to  incoiumem,  finesque  canebat 
h°nebnt°  resp0ns°;  qU  Venturum  Ausonios  :  en  !  ha3c  promissa  fides  est  ? 
Ille  autem  :  Neque  te  Phcebi  cortina  fefellit, 
Dux  Anchisiade  ;  nee  me  Deus  sequore  mersit. 
349.  Namque  prceci-  Namque  gubernaclum  multa  vi  forte  revulsum, 
pitans  traxi  mecum  gu-  Cui  datus  haerebam  custos,  cursusque  regebam,       350 
bernaclum  forte  revul-  praecipitans  traxi  mecum.     Maria  aspera  juro, 
8U^51    Juro  ver  aspera  Non  ullum  Pro  me  tantum  cepisse  timorem  ; 
maria'  me  non  cepisse  Quam  tua  ne,  spoliata  armis,  excussa  magistro, 
ullum  Deficeret  tantis  navis  surgentibus  undis. 

Tres  Notus  hybernas  immensa  per  aequora  noctes     855 
Vexit  me  violentus  aqua  :  vix  lumine  quarto 
Prospexi  Italiam,  summS,  sublimis  ab  unda. 

358.  Tula  loca,   niPaulatim  adnabam  terra,  et  jam  tuta  tenebam  ; 
crudelis  gens  ferro  inva-Ni  gens  crudelis  madidS,  cum  veste  gravatum, 
sisset  roe  Prensantemque  uncis  manibus  capita  aspera  mentis,  3( 

Ferro  invasisset,  praedamque  ignara  putasset. 
Nunc  me  fluctus  habet,  versantque  in  litore  venti. 


NOTES. 


336  Obruit:  drowned-sunk.  was  not  false  and  deceptive.     Mersit:   w 

337  Aeebat  sese:  in  th»-  sense  offerebat  the  sense  of  submtmt. 

Me.  350.  Cui  harebam  :  to  which  I  clung,  be- 

338.  Libyco  cursu.      Palinurus  was   not  j^  the  appointed  helmsman. 

drowned  in  the  Libyan,  but  in  the  Tuscan  part  of  the  ship  which  he  carried  with  him, 

sea,  after  he  set  sail  from  Sicily.     Thevoy-  paimurus  kept  himself  above  1 

age  was  commenced  from  Africa,  or  Libya,  an^  was  enabled  to  swim  to  the  land. 
which  is  the  reason  of  its  being  called  a         ^   ^  <wfl  n(lvis^  ^i^a  :  lest  your  ship 

Libyan  course,  or  voyage.     Effusus  :  in  the  bei     '  Deprived  of  its  rudder  and  destitute  of 

sense  of  lapsus  vel  praxipitatus.  a  pilot,  &c.    Arma  signifies,  when  applied  to 

347.  Cortina:  the  table  or  tripod  on  which  ^     ti        the  whole   tackling   or  eqmp- 

the  statue  of  Apollo  was  placed,  whence  re-  ^^  of  &  ghi     whether  for  use,  steerage, 

sponses  were  given;  by  meton    the  oracle  ornamenti  or  defence.      Excussa  :    in  the 

itself.     Neque  te.     In  this  and  the  following  sense  of  privata.     Armis  :  for  gubernaculo. 
line  some  imagine  a  difficulty  ;  to  remove  Lu^.  .  raised  hio-h  on  the  top  of 


god  plunged     oi  die  at  m     ease—  slowly. 


Italy,  and  therefore  the  promise  of  Apollo 


.     LIB.  VI. 


Quod  te  per  coeli  jueundum  lumen  et  auras, 
Per  genitorem  oro,  per  spes  surgentis  liili ; 
Eripe  me  his,  invicte,  mails :  aut  tu  mihi  terrain 
Injice,  namque  potes  ;  portusque  require  Velinos 
Aut  tu,  si  qua  via  est,  si  quam  tibi  Diva  creatrix 
Ostendit  (neque  enim,  credo,  sine  numine  Divum 
Flumina  tanta  paras  Stygiamque  innare  paludem) 
Da  dextram  misero,  et  tecum  me  tolle  per  undas, 
Sedibus  ut  saltern  placidis  in  morte  quiescam. 

Talia  fatus  erat :  coepit  cum  talia  vates  : 
Unde  hsec,  6  Palinure,  tibi  tarn  dira  cupido  ? 
Tu  Stygias  inhumatus  aquas,  amnemque  severum 
Eumenidum  aspicies  ?  ripamve  injussus  adibis  ? 
Desine  fata  Deum  flecti  sperare  precando. 
Sed  cape  dicta  memor,  duri  solatia  casus. 
Nam  tua  finitimi,  longe  lateque  per  urbes 
Prodigiis  acti  ccelestibus,  ossa  piabunt ; 
Et  statuent  tumulum,  et  tumulo  solemnia  mittent : 
./Eternumque  locus  Palinuri  nomen  habebit. 
His  dictis  curae  emotae,  pulsusque  parumper 
Corde  dolor  tristi :  gaudet  cognomine  terra. 

Ergo  iter  inceptum  peragunt,  fluvioque  propinquant : p   sus  Kt  ejus' 
Navita  quos  jam  inde  ut  Stygia  prospexit  ab  unda     385     385.  Quos,  ut  navita 
Per  taciturn  nemus  ire,  pedemque  advertere  ripse  ;         J.aAm  inde  ab  Stysfi  un* 
Sic  prior  aggreditur  dictis,  atque  increpat  ultro  : 
Quis'quis  es,  armatus  qui  nostra  ad  flumiiia  tendis, 
Fare,  age,  quid  venias  :  jam  istinc  et  comprime  gressum. 
Umbrarum  hie  locus  est,  Somni,  Noctisque  soporse : 

Corpora  viva  nefas  Stygia  vectare  carina.  391     391.  Nefas  est  vec- 

Nee  vero  Alciden  me  sum  laetatus  euntem  tare 


365 


370 


373.  Unde  est  h&c 
tarn  dira 

375     375.  Alteram  ripam 

377.  Sed  memor  cape 
mea  dicta,  tanquam  so- 

^       latia     tui    duri    casub*. 

** ' "  Nam  finitimi  acti  coeles- 
tibus  prodigiis  piabunt 
tua  ossa 

382.  Curse  emotse 
sim/,dolorque  parumper 


NOTES. 


365.  Eripe  me :  rescue  me  from  these  evils, 
invincible  hero.     While  he  remained  unbu- 
ried  he  could  not-pass  over  to  the  peaceful 
abodes  of  heroes ;  not  until  the  expiration 
of  a  hundred  years.    This  was  the  evil  here 
complained  of. 

366.  Portus  J^elinos.  Velinos,  an  adj.  from 
Vdia,  a  city  on  the  shore  of  Lucania,  be- 
tween the  promontories  of  Palinurus  and 
Posidium,  founded  by  Servius  Tullius,  more 
than  six  hundred  years  after  $Jneas.     The 
poet  mentions  this  by  way  of  anticipation. 

367.  Creatrix :  in  the  sense  of  mater. 
369.  Innare  :  in  the  sense  of  transire. 
371.  Quiescam:  that  at  least  in  death  I 

may  rest  in  peaceful  seats.  Palinurus'  life 
had  been  full  of  labor  and  toil :  and,  there- 
fore, there  is  a  peculiar  emphasis  in  his  beg- 
ging for  rest  in  the  regions  of  the  dead. 

376.  Fata  :  decrees— purposes.  Flecfi : 
to  be  changed,  or  turned  from  the  fixed  or- 
der of  things. 

379.  Piabunt  ossa.  We  are  told  by  Ser- 
vius that  the  inhabitants  of  Lucania,  as  a 
punishment  for  the  inhuman  murder  of  Pa- 
liuurus,  were  visited  with  a  plague.  They 
consulted  an  oracle  upon  the  subject,  and 


were  directed  to  appease  his  Manes.  They 
dedicated  to  him  a  grove,  and  built  him  a 
tomb  to  the  south  of  Velia,  upon  the  pro- 
montory, which  from  that  time  was  called 
after  his  name. 

380.  Mittent  solemnia:  they  shall  make 
anniversary  offerings  upon  the  tomb.  Fe- 
rent  inferias,  says  Heyne.  Ferent  munera, 
says  Ruacus. 

383.  Gaudet  cognomine  terra :  he  delights 
in  the  land  called  after  his  name.  Cogno- 
mine :  an  adj.  agreeing  with  terra.  Vide 
cognominis. 

385.  Nauita:  Charon. 

387.  Ultro:  of  his  own  accord — first — bCr 
fore  being  spoken  to. 

389.  Jam  istinc  :  and  now  stop  your  pro- 
gress there — from  this  moment  proceed 
not  a  step  farther.  Quid :  in  the  sense  of 
cur.  Or,  ob  quid  venias. 

392,  JVec  latatus  sum :  nor  indeed  was  I 
pleased  that  I  took  over  the  lake  Hercules, 
coming  hither,  &c.  The  poets  tell  us  that 
when  Hercules  descended  to  hell,  Charon 
was  terrified  at  his  appearance,  and  imme- 
diatelv  took  him  into  his  bcrat.  far  whith 


P.  ViRGILII 

Accepisse  lacu  ;  nee  Thesea,  Pirithoiimqne  ; 
Dis  quanquam  geniti,  atque  invicti  viribus  essent. 
Tartareum  ille  manu  custodem  in  vincla  petivit, 
Ipsius  a  solio  regis  traxitque  trementem  : 
Hi  dominam  Ditis  thalamo  deducere  adorti. 

Quae  contra  breviter  fata  est  Amphrysia  vates  : 
Nullae  hie  insidiae  tales  ;  absiste  moveri  ; 

400.  A'ostra  tela  fe-  ^ec  v^m  te^a  ^erunt  :  licet  ingens  janitor  antro         400 
runt  vim:  per  nos  licet  Sternum  latrans  exsangues  terreat  umbras  ; 
Casta  licet  patrui  servet  Proserpina  limen. 
Tro'ius  ^Eneas,  pietate  insignis  et  armis, 
Ad  genitorem,  imas  Erebi  descend  it  ad  umbras. 
Si  te  nulla  movet  tantiK  pietatis  imago,  405 

At  ranmm  hunc  (aperit  ramum,  qui  veste  latebat) 
407.  Corda  Charanis  Agnoscas.     TumidA,  ex  ird.  turn  corda  residunt. 
residual  ex  tumida  ira.  Nee  plura  his.     Ille  udmirans  venerabilc  donum 
eCptara  his  (tote  «oif.Fataiis  virgaBj  iongo  pdgt  temporc  visum, 

Cceruleam  advertit  puppim,  ripaoque  propinquat.      410 
Inde  alias  animas,  quae  per  juga  longa  scdebant, 
Deturbat,  laxatque  foros  :  simul  accipit  alvco 
Ingentem  yEneuni.     Gemuit  sub  pondere  cymba 
Sutilis,  et  multam  accepit  rimosa  paludem.  414 

415.  Tandem  Charon  Tandem  trans  fluvium  incolumes  vatemque  virumque 

exponit   vatemque   vi-  Informi  limo  glaucaque  exponit  in  ulva. 

rumqae  incolumes  Cerberus  hsec  ingens  latratu  regna  trifauci 

Personat,  adverse  recubans  immanis  in  antro. 
Cui  vates,  horrere  videns  jam  colla  colubris, 
Melle  soporatam  et  medicatis  frugibus  offam  420 

NOTES. 

Huto  bound  him  in  chains  for  a  whole  year,     was  both  uncle  and  husband  of  Proserpine 
To  this  he  here  alludes.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ceres  and  Jovcf 

394.  Quanquam  genili  :   although   they     the  brother  of  Pluto. 

were  the  sons  of  the  gods  and  invincible  in  4o6>  Aperit  :  in  the  sense  ofotlcndil. 
strength.    Hercules  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  ; 

Theseus,  of  Neptune  ;  and  Pirithms,  accord-  ,  40+9'  fj******    B/  thls,wc  a,rc  *°  na" 

ing  to  Homer,  was  the  son  of  Dia,  the  wife  derstand  the  bough  or  branch,  which  was 

of  Ixion,  by  Jove  the  Pledge  or  evidence  that  the  person  who 

395.  Tartareum  custodem  :  the  Tartarean  bo1?  H  ™.  Authorized  and  li 
keeper—  the    dog  Cerberus.      His  proper  to  be  ^milted  inuto  *J  mfernal  reg^ons» 
place  was  at  the  entrance  of  the  infernal  re-  This   appears  to  have  been   presented  to 
gions.    Ille  :  Hercules.    He  drew  Cerberus  Charon  ff  a  sl™1™  PurPose'  .at  .a  former 
li'om  the  throne  of  his  master,  whither  he  time  :  PerImPs  b7  Theseus  or  Pinthous. 
had  fled  for  shelter.     Or,  by  the  throne  of  412.  Deturbat  alias  animas  :  he  drives  out 
Pluto  we  may  understand  his  dominions  in  other  souls,  that  sat  on  the  long  benches 


general.    Petivit  :   seized  —  bound  him   in  (jit«ga)  and  clears  the  deck.    Or,  Laxat  foros 

chains.  may  be  rendered,  opens  the  hatches.    Valpy 

397.  Hi  adorti  :  Theseus  and  Pirithoiis.  says,  "  empties  the  hold." 

These  attempted  to  carry  off  Proserpine  414.    Sutilis  —  rimosa  :   patched-—  leaky. 

from  the  bed  of  Pluto  :  both  daring  attempts.  Paludem  :  for  aquam, 

398.  Amphrysict  'vates  :  the  prophetess  of  416.  Exponit  :  lands. 

Apollo.    Amphrysia  :  an  adj.  from  Amphry-  417.   Cerberus.     He  was  represented  as 

sns,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  where  Apollo  kept  having  three  separate  heads.    Hence  the 

the  flocks  of  Admetus,  when  banished  by  epithet  trifauci. 

Jove  from  heaven  for  killing;  the  Cyclops,  418.  Personat  hac  regna  :   the  same  as 

who  forged  his  thunderbolts.     Here  taken  sonat  per  hcec  regna. 

as  a  name  of  Apollo.  Contra  qua:  in  an-  420.  Objicil  offam:  she  throws-  a  cake, 

to  which—  -in  reply  to  which.  soaked  in  honey  and  medicinal  fruits.  By 

2.  Pafrni  :  gen,  of  pafruu*.  Plato  fntgftus  we  arc  to  understand  the  seeds  of 


l*.      LIB.   VI',. 


422.  Corripit  earn  ob- 
jectain,  atquc  fastis  hu- 
mi 


425 


Objieit.     lile  fame  rabida  tr^a  guttura  pandens, 
Corripit  objectam,  atque  immania  terga  resolvit 
Fasus  humi,  totoque  ingens  extenditur  antro. 
Occupat  ./Eneas  aditum,  custode  sepulto, 
Evaditque  celer  ripam  irremeabilis  undas. 

Continuo  audits  voces,  vagitus  et  ingens, 
Infentumque  animaB  flentes  in  limine  primo  : 
Quos  dulcis  vita3  exsortes,  et  ab  ubere  raptos 
Abstulit  atra  dies,  et  funere  mersit  acerbo. 
Hos  juxta,  falso  damnati  crimine  mortis. 
Nee  vero  hae  sine  sorte  data?,  sine  judice,  sedes. 
Qua3sitor  Minos  urnam  movet  :  ille  silentum 
Conciliumque  vocat,  vitasque  et  crimina  discit. 

Proxima  deinde  tenent  moesti  loca,  qui  sibi  letum          434.  Deinde   mcesti, 
Insontes  peperere  manu,  lucemque  perosi  435  <lui  insontee  peperere  le- 

Projecere  animas.     Quam  vellent  aethere  in  alto  ^e'lu™^;^ 

Nunc  et  pauperiem  et  duros  perferre  labores  !  animas,  tenent  proximo 

Fata  obstant,  tristique  palus  inamabilis  und&  Joca 

Ailigat,  et  novies  Styx  interfusa  coercet. 


428.    Quos  er 
dulcis  vitse,  et  raptos  ab 
ubere  atra  dies  abstulit 

430.  Sunt  illi  damnati 
mortis  sub 

432.  Silentum  tt»i&ra- 
rum. 


NOTES. 


the  poppy,  and  other  soporiferous  ingre- 
dients. 

422.  Resolvit:   relaxes.     Terga :   in  the 
sense  of  artus,  vel  corpus. 

424.  Sepulto  :   buried*in  sleep.      Somno 
being  understood. 

425.  Evadit :    lie   ascends — or    mounts 
the  bank  of  the  impassable  stream.     Unde 
non  reditur,  says  Ruaeus. 

427.  Infantumque  animce.     The  wailings 
of  those  infant  ghosts  or  shades,  considered 
only  in  a  poetical  light,  are  very  properly 
disposed  of  in  the  entrance  of  Pluto's  king- 
dom, as  they  cast  a  melancholy  gloom  over 
the  scene,  and  excite  such  tender  passions 
in  the  mind  of  the  reader,  as  prepare  him 
for  felishing  the  beauties  of  so  grave  and 
solemn  a  representation.    But  then  their  la- 
mentation and  weeping  we  are  not  to  con- 
sider as  the  effect,  of  punishment,  so  much 
as  an  expression  of  their  grief  and    sor- 
row &i  being  taken  away  by  an  untimely 
death. 

428.  Exsortes  dulcis  vita  :    deprived  oT 
sweet  life,  and  snatched  from  the  breast, 
&c.     Ruams  says,  priratos. 

429.  Funere:  in  the  sense  of  morle.     Da- 
vidson says,  "  an  untimely  grave." 

430.  Damnati  mortis.     That  they  should 
be  punished  who  suffer  death  under  a.  false 
cJiarge  or  accusation,  may  at  first  view"  ap- 
pear unjust.     Though  they  were  innocent 
of  the  crime  for  which  they  were  condemn- 
ed, it  does  not  follow  that  they  were  wholly 
free  from  fault,  and  innocent  in  their  lives. 
And  according  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Platonic 
philosophy,  none  could  have  access  to  the 
Elysian  fields  till  their  stains  and  pollutions 
were  purged  away.     It  became  necessary, 
therefore,  that  they  shonld  undergo  a  degree 


of  punishment,  proportioned  to  their  -actual 
sins. 

431.  Sorte.    Servius  takes  sorle  to  imph- 
sentence,  appointment,  or  destination.    Ju- 
dice.   The  judges  of  hell,  according  to  the 
poets,  were  three  :   Minos,  Rhadamanthus, 
and  JEacus.    Minos  was  a  king  of  Crete, 
celebrated  for  the  equity  of  his  administra- 
tion, and  the  justice  of  his  laws  ;    hence 
feigned  to  be  the  first  judge  of  hell.    Rhada- 
manthus  was  his  brother  and  prime  minis- 
ter ;  both  were  sons  of  Jove  ami  Europa. 
JEacus  was  the  son  of  Jove  and  ^Egina,  the 
father  of  Pefews,king  of  Thessaly.and  grand- 
father of  Achilles. 

The  several  apartments  of  the  infernal 
regions  were  appointed  or  assigned  to  the 
several  shades,  according  to  the  decision  oi" 
the  judges  appointed  to  sit  in  judgment  up- 
on their  lives  and  actions. 

432.  Movet  uriiam:   ho  shakes  the  urn- 
which  contains  each  one's   sentence, 
other   words,   he   determines    every 
doom,  and   assigns  their  proper   stations. 
This  is  an  allusion  to  the  custom  amon;; 
the  Greeks,  who  used  two  urns,  into  tin- 
one  or  other  of  which  the  judges  cast  their 
calculi  sortes,  or  suffrages,  according  as  thoy 
wero  inclined  to  condemn  or  absolve.     & 
Icntum :  of  the  shades. 

434.  Mcesti :  the  sad — melancholy. 

435.  Infontes  :  innocent,  in  other  respect? 

436.  Quamvelleni:  how  willing  they  no v 
are  to  bear,  &c.     Alto  athcre :  in  the  uppo. 
world — in  the  regions  of  light. 

438.  Fata.     This  is  the  common  reading. 
Heyne  reads  Fas',  and  informs  us  that  Heb> 
sius,  Servius,   and  Donatus,  do  the  same. 
Inamabilis  :  hateful — odious. 

439.  Stvr  .-  it  \vnspniH  to 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 

Nee  procul  hinc,  partqm  fusi  monstrantur  in  ormiem 
Lugentes  campi :  sic  illos  nomine  dicunt. 
442.  Hie  secreti  cal-  Hie,  quos  durus  amor  crudeli  tabe  peredit, 
lescelant,etmyrteasyl-gecreti  celant  calles,  et  myrtea  circum 
vacircum-tegite<w,quosg  ,  a        ^ .  curge  non  jpS£  m  morte  relinquunt. 

His  Phsedram  Procrinque  locis,  moestamque  Eriphylen 
446.   JEneas   cernit  Crudelis  nati  monstrantem  vulnera  cernit, 
Phjedram  Bvadnenque,  et  Pasiphaen.     His  Laodamia 

It  comes  ;  et,  juvenis  quondam,  nunc  fcemina,  Cseneus, 
Rursus  et  in  veterem  fato  revoluta  figuram. 

Inter  quas  Pho3nissa  recens  a  vulnere  Dido 
451   Juxta  quam,  ut  Errabat  sylva  in  magna  :  quam  Troms  heros 
primum   TroiSs   heros  Ut  primum  juxta  stetit,  agnovitque  per  umbrarn 
stetit.  Obscuram  ;  qualem  primo  qui  surgere  mense 

453.  Talem  qualem,  ^ut  V{^Q^  aut  vidisse  putat,  per  nubila  lunam ; 
qui  aut  videt  Demisit  lachrymas,  dulcique  affatus  amore  est : 

456.  Ergo  verus  nun-  Infelix  Dido  !  verus  mihi  nuntius  ergo 
tius  venerat  mihi  te  esse  yenerat5  extinctam,  ferroque  exttema  secutam  1 
extinctam,  secutamque  puneris  heu  tibi  causa  fuj  ,   per  sidera  juro, 

4^Etrper fidem,  si  Per  Superos,  et,  si  qua  fides  tellure  sub  imii  est, 
qua  fides  Invitus,  regina,  tuo  de.  litore  cessi. 


450 


455 


46Q 


Sed  me  jussa  Deum,  quse  nunc  has  ire  per  umbras, 
Per  loca  senta  situ  cogunt,  noctemque  profundam. 


NOTES. 


around  the  realms  of  Pluto.     Fusi :  spread 
— extending  in  every  direction. 

445.  Phizdram.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Minos,  and  wife  of  Theseus.  She  fell  in 
love  with  her  step-son  Hippolytus,  who  re- 
fused to  comply  with  her  request.  Where- 
upon, she  accused  him  to  her  husband  of 
offering  violence  to  her.  Upon  this  he  slew 
him  with  his  own  hand.  As  soon  as  she 
heard  of  this,  she  was  so  stung  with  remorse 
that  she  finally  hung  herself.  Procrin.  Pro- 
em was  the  daughter  of  Erechtheus,  king 
of  Athens,  and  wife  of  Cephalus.  She  lost 
her  life  through  jealousy  of  her  husband. 
She  watched  him  one  day  in  the  woods, 
where  he  was  wont  to  go  a  hunting,  and 
overheard  him,  in  the  heat  of  the  day,  inr 
voking  the  cool  breeze,  and  repeating  to 
himself,  aura  veni.  She  imagined  he  was 
calling  his  mistress ;  and,  coming  from  the 
place  of  her  concealment  to  make  the  dis- 
covery, she  made  the  bushes  move ;  which 
Cephalus  observing,  and  taking  her  for 
some  beast  of  prey,  slew  her  with  a  javelin. 
Eriphylen.  She  was  the  wife  of  Jlmpkia- 
raus,  the  prophet  of  Argos.  Foreseeing  that 
he  should  die  if  he  went  to  the  Thcban  war 
against  Eteodes,-he  sought  to  conceal  him- 
self- but  was  discovered  by  his  wife,  who 
was'bribed  by  Polynices,  the  brother  of  Ete- 
ocles,  with  a  golden  necklace.  He  was 
forced  to  the  war,  and  perished  by  an  earth- 
quake as  he  was  fighting  valiantly  His 
son  Alcmwn  revenged  hi*  death  by  killing 
Rripfiyte,  his 


447.  Evadnen.     She  was  the  daughter  of 
Mars,  and  wife  of  Capaneus.     Her  husband 
being  slain  in  battle ;  while  she  was  per- 
forming his  funeral  rites,  she  threw  herself 
on  the  pile,  and  was  consumed  with  him. 
Laodamia.     She  was  the  daughter  of  Acas- 
tus,  and  wife  of  Protesilaus,  who  was  the 
first  of  the  Greeks  slain  in  the  Trojan  war. 
When  she  heard  the  news  of  her  husband's 
death,  nothing  would  satisfy  her,  but  the 
siaht  of  his  ghost,  which  the  gods  granted 
to  her :  she  breathed  out  her  soul  in  the 
fond  embraces  of  the  phantom.   Pasiphaen. 
See  24.  supra.     Exlrema  :  in  the  sense  of 
mortem.     Secutam :  esse  is  understood.     To 
have  brought  death  upon  yourself,  &c. 

448.  Caneus.     Camis,  the  daughter   of 
Elatheus,  one  of  the  Lapithce.     By  subject- 
ing herself  to  the  embrace  of  Neptune,  she 
obtained  from  him  the  change  of  her  sex ; 
and  that  she  should  never  be  wounded  by 
an  arrow.     After  the  change  had  been  ef- 
fected, Cseneus  distinguished  himself  in  th 
wars  against  the  Centaurs,  and  became  so 
much  elated  with  pride,  that  he  despised  the 
Sods  themselves.     Whereupon,  they  deter- 
mined he  should  return  to  his  former  eex, 
that  is,  become  a   woman  again.    Hence, 
revoluta  fato  :  changed  by  fate. 

453.  Primo  mense:  in  the  first  of  her 
monthly  course— soon  after  her  change, 
when  her  light  is  feeble. 

462.  Senta:  in  the  sense  of  sparsa  vel 
A  metaphor  taken  /rom  lands  in  a 


•JENEIS.     LIB.  VL 


Imperils  egerc  suis  :  nee  credere  quivi, 
Hunc  tantura  tibi  me  discessu  ferre  dolorern. 
Siste  gradum,  teque  aspectu  ne  subtrahe  nostro.      465 
.Quern  fu£is  ?  extremum  fato  quod  te  alloquor  hoc  est. 


Talibus  .flCneas  ardentem  et  torva  tuentem 
Lenibat  dictis  animum,  lachrymasque  ciebat. 
Ilia  solo  fixos  oculos  aversa  tenebat  : 
Nee  magis  incepto  vultum  sermone  movetur, 
Q,uam  si  dura  silex,  aut  stet  Marpesia  cautes. 
Tandem  corripuit  sese,  atque  inimica  refugit 
In  nemus  umbriferum  ;  conjux  ubi  pristinus  illi 
Respondet  curis,  sequatque  Sichaeus  amorem. 
Nee  minus  ./Eneas  casu  percussus  iniquo,  475 

Prosequitur  lachrymans  longe,  et  miseratur  euntem. 
Inde  datum  rnolitur  iter.     Jamque  arva  tenebant 
Ultima,  qua,  bello  clari  secret,  frequentant. 
Hie  illi  occurnt  lydeus,  hie  mclytus  armis 
Parthenopseus,  et  Adrasti  pallentis  imago.  480 

Hie  multum  fleti  ad  superos,  belloque  caduci 
Dardanidae  :  quos  ille  omnes  longo  ordine  cernens, 
Ingemuit  :  Glaucumque,  Medontaque,  Thersilochumque, 
Tres  Antenoridas  :  Cererique  sacrum  Polybosten, 
IdsBumque,  etiam  currus,  etiam  arma  tenentem.       485 
Circumstant  animae  dextra  Isevaque  frequentes. 
Nee  vidisse  semel  satis  est  :  juvat  usque  morari, 


466.  Hoc  est  extre- 
mum tempus  permissum 
fato,  quod  alloquor  te. 
Talibus  dictis  ^Eneas 
lenibat  ejus  anirauin  ar- 
470  dentem,  et  ttientem  tor- 
va. 


egt  ^ 
vidisse  eum  semel  : 


NOTES. 


state  of  noglect — covered  with  weeds  and 
Pithiness. 

463.  Quivi:  in  the  sense  of  potui. 

466.  Quod.     If  we  could  read  quo,  in  the 
abl.  the  passage  would  be  easier.     Ruasus 
takes  it  in  that  sense  :  quo  tecum  loquor,  says 
lie. 

467.  Talibus  dictis  JEneas :  in  such  words 
^Eneas  was  soothing  her  soul,  &c.     Torva  : 
an  adj.  of  the  neu.  plu.  of  lonrus,  taken  as 
an  adverb  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks,  the 
same  as  tone. 

469.  Aversa :  turned  from  him.     Ruaeus 
says,  infensa ;  but  that  idea  is  expressed  by 
inimica,  infra. 

470.  Movetur  vultum  :  moved  with  regard 
to  her  countenance :  a   Grecisrn.     This  in- 
terview of  ./Eneas  and  Dido,  is  in  imitation 
of  the  Odyssey,  where  the  poet  brings  Ulys- 
ses and  Ajax  together  in  the  infernal  regions. 
The  conduct  of  Dido  is  copied  from  that  of 
Ajax.     Longinus  observes  that  the  silence 
of  Ajax  is  more  sublime  than  any  words 
could  have  been. 

471.  Marpesia:  an  adj.  from. J1»f«r/jes?/.s,  a 
mountain  on  the  island  of  Paros,   one  of 
the  Cyclades,  fauious  for  its  white  marble. 

472.  Inimica  :  hating — detesting  him. 
475.  Iniquo  casu :  in  the  sense  of  acerba 

Kiorte.     Ncc  minus  :  nevertheless. 

477.  Molitur:  in  the  sense  of  pryequitur. 
479.  Tydew.    Tydeus  was  one  of  those 


generals  who  commanded  at  the  Theban 
war,  about  thirty  years  before  the  siege  of 
Troy.  He  was  the  father  of  the  famous 
Diomede,  and  was  slam  by  Menalippus  the 
Theban,  at  the  siege  of  Thebes.  Partheno- 
pozus  was  the  son  of  Meleager  and  Atalan- 
ta.  He  went  to  the  Theban  war  when  ve- 
ry young.-  It  is  said  he  afterward  died  at, 
the  siege  of  Troy,  Adrasti.  Adrastus  was 
father-in-law  both  to  Tydeus  and  Polynices. 
Having  lost  a  numerous  army  before  Thebes, 
he  was  forced  to  raise  the  siege  of  that  city, 
and  retreat  precipitately  to  his  own  country. 
His  ghost,  or  shade,  is  called  pa/e,  because 
paleness  is  a  companion  of  flight  and  fear. 
481.  Superos:  those  above — the  upper 
world — the  living.  Multum  :  in  the  sense  of 
valde. 

483.  Glaucum.     Glaucus  was  tho  son  of 
Ilippolochus,  and  grandson  of  the  famous 
Bellerophon.  He,  with  Sarpcdon,  command- 
ed the  Lycian  troops  in  the   Trojan  war. 
T/tvrs-ilocfius.      He  was  of  Macedonia,    in 
the  confines  of  Thrace.     He   was  slain  by 
Achilles.     Tres  Antenoridas :  the  three  sons 
of  Antenor.     Homer  calls  them,   Poiybus, 
Agenor,  and  Jlcamus.     ld<zum.    lie  was  the 
charioteer  of  Priam. 

484.  Sacrum,  in  the  sense  of sacerdotem. 
Homer   makes    no    mention   of  Po!yb<£tes 
among  the   Trojans.      He   mentions   him 
among  the  Greeks,  under  the  name 


374  P.  VIRGILII  MARONLS 

Et  conferre  gradum,  et  veniendi  discere  causas. 
At  Danaum  proceres,  Agamemnoniaeque  phalanges, 
Ut  videre  virum,  fulgentiaque  arma  per  umbras,      490 
491.  Cospemn/trepi- ingent  j  trepidare  metu  :  pars  vertere  terga. 

'  ^  Ceu  quondam  petiere  rates  :  pars  tollere  vocem 
Exiguam  :  inceptus  clamor  frustratur  hiantes. 
Atque  hie  Priamiden  laniatum  corpore  toto 
.  Lacerum  crude-  Deiphobum  vidit,  lacerum  crudeliter  ora  ;  495 

liter  Quoad  ora,  ora,  am-  » 

basqv[emanus,temp»ra-0ra>  manusque  ambas,  populataque  tempora  raptis 
quo  populata  Auribus,  et  truncas  inhonesto  vulnere  nares. 

Vix  adeo  agnovit  pavitantem,  et  dira  tegentem 
Supplicia  :  et  notis  compellat  vocibus  ultro  : 
Deiphobe  armipotens,  genus  alto  a  sanguine  Teticri. 
501.  Quis  optavit  su-  Quis  tam  cruijeles  optavit  sumere  pcenas  1  501 

ui  tantum  de  te  licuit  ?  Mihi  fama  suprema 
mere  tantum  supplicii  Nocte  tulit,  fessum  vasta  te  caede  Pelasgum 
de  te?  Procubuisse  super  confusac  stragis  acervqm.  . 

Tune  egomet  tumulum  Rhceteo  in  litore  inanem       505 

508.  Et  decedens  ph-  Constitui,  et  magna  Manes  ter  voce  vocavi. 
SSl*  ^  Nomen  et  arma  locum  servant.     Te,  amice,  nequivi 

509.  Priamides  ait :  Conspicere,  et  patria  decedens  ponere  terra. 

Nihil,  6  amice,  relictum  Ad  quae  Priamides  :  Nihil  6  tibi,  amice,  relictum  est : 
cst  Omnia  DeiphoLo  solvisti,  et  funeris  umbris :  510 

%* me  fata  me?.et  sr,elr exitiale  Lacieme,- 

His  mersere  malis  :  ilia  haec  monumenta  rehquit. 
513.   Namque  nosti,  Namque,  ut  supremam  falsa  inter  guadia  noctem 
ut  egerimus  Egerimus,  n6sti ;  et  nimium  meminisse  necesse  est ; 

NOTES. 

480.  Conferre.  gradum  :  to  meet  him — to  vel  spoliata.    Raptis :  in  the  sense  oi 

come  in  close  conference  with  him  :  a  phrase.  When  the  concluding  word  of  a  preceding 

Usque :  in  the  sense  of  diu.  line  is  repeated  in  the  beginning  of  the  fol- 

489.  Phalanges :  in  the  sense  of  turrtUE.  lowing  line,  the  figure  is  called  anadiplosis. 

492.  Ceu  quondam^  &c.    The  account  of  It  is  usually  emphatical,  as  in  »the  present 
the  fight  to  which  the  poet  here  alludes,  is  instance.     Truncas  :  cut — gashed, 
given,  Iliad  15.     The  Trojans  under  Hector  499.  Snpplicia :  in  the  sense  of  vulnera 
drove   the  Greeks,   forced  their  entrench-  vel  plagas.    Notis :   familiar.     Or  it  may 
ments,  pursued  them  to  their  ships,  and  set  have  reference  to  their  speaking  the  same 
them  on  fire.  language.     This  is  the  sense  in  which  Ru- 

493.  Clamor   inceptus  :    the    cry  begun,  seus  takes  it :  cognita  voce,  says  he. 
frustrates  them,   gaping  and  opening  their  500.  Genus :  offspring.      It  is  placed  in 
throats.    They  were  so  terrified  at  the  sight  apposition  with  Dei.phobe. 

of  .ftlneas,  as  to  be   unable  fo  finish  the  504.  Confusa  stragis :   of  mingled   car- 
scream  which  they  had  begun.    It  perished  cases. 

in  their  throats.    Ruaeus  takes  frustratur  in  507.  Nomen  et  arma :  by  commutatio,  for 

the  sense  offaUit.  locus  servat  nomen  et  anna  :  the  place  pre- 

495.  Deiphobum.    Deiphobus  was  the  son  serves  your  name  and  arms. 

o£  Priam,  and  married  Helen  after  the  death  509.  Ad.  qua.     Ruseus,  and  some  others, 

of  Paris.     What  is  %here  said  of  his  being  read  atque  hie.    Heyne  and  Valpy  read,  ad 

cruelly  mangled,  is  agreeable  to  the  account  qua.     Heinsius  and  Burmannus  read,  ad 

given  by  Dictys  Crctensis.     He  was  slain  by  qua  hcec. 

Menelaus.    This  representation  of  Deipho-  510.  Funeris  :  the  corpse,  or  dead  body 

bus"1  mangled  shade  or  ghost,  is  according  to  itself. 

the  philosophy  of  Plato,  who  taught  that  511.  Lacancc:  of  Helen — of  the  Laceda- 

the  dead  retain  the  same  marks  and  blemish-  woman. 

es  in  their  bodies,  which  they  had  when  512.  Ilia  reliquit :  she  hath  left  those  scars 

alive;  and  wounds,  which  you  see,  as  monuments 

496.  Populata  :  in  the  sense  of  privata  of  her  lo^ve. 


.-KNEIS.     LIB.  VI. 


515 


Cum  fatalis  equus  saltu  super  ardua  venit 
Pergama,  et  armatum  peditera  gravis  attulit  alvo 
Ilia  chorum  simulans,  evantes  orgia  circurn 
Ducebat  Phrygias  :  flammam  media  ipsa  tenebat 
Ingeritem,  et  summa  Danaos  ex  arce  vocabat. 
Turn  me  confectum  curis,  somnoque  gravatum 
Infelix  habuit  thalamus,  pressitque  jacentem 
Dulcis  et  alta  quies,  placidaeque  simillima  morti. 
Egregia  interea  conjux  arma  omnia  tectis 
Emovet,  et  fidum  capiti  subduxerat  ensem. 
Intra  tecta  vocat  Menelaum,  et  limina  pandit. 
Scilicet  id  magnum  sperans  fore  munus  amanti, 
Et  famam  exstingui  veterum  sic  posse  malorum. 
Quid  moror  ?  irrumpunt  thalamo  ;  comes  additur  una 
Hortator  scelerum  bolides.     Di,  talia  Graiis 
Instaurate  ;  pio  si  poenas  ore  reposco. 
Sed  te  qui  vivura  casus,  age,  fare  vicissim, 
Attulerint :  pelagine  venis  erroribus  actus  ? 
An  monitu  Divum  ?  an  quae  te  fortuna  fatigat, 
Ut  tristes  sine  sole  domos,  loca  turbida,  adires  ? 
Hac  vice  sermonum  roseis  Aurora  quadrigis 


518.  Ducebat  Thry- 
gias    /cemmcts,  evantes 
KOA  circum  orgia 


525 


526.  Sperans  id  fore 
magnum  munus  aman- 
ti, et  famam 


530 


532.  Venis-ne  hue  ac- 
tus erroribus 


535 


NOTES. 


515.  Cum  fatalis,  £c.  See  &n.  ii.  234. 
ct  sequens. 

517.  Evantes :  shouting  in  praise  of  Bac- 
chus. The  word  is  of  Greek  derivation ; 
and  is  applied  to  the  bacchanals^  or  devotees 
of  the  god  Bacchus.  Evantes  orgia :  ex  more 
orgiorum,  says  Heyne. 

519.  Vocabat,  Helen  made  signals  from 
the  walls  to  the  Greeks,  that  all  things  were 
ready  for  the  assault.  Her  leading  the 
Phrygian  women  around  the  city,  as  if  in 
honor  of  Bacchus,  the  giver  of  joy,  on  ac- 
count of  the  departure  of  their  enemies, 
was  mere  pretence — mere  deception  to  co- 
ver her  plans. 

521.  Infelix  :  unhappy  ;  because  he  was 
slain  in  it,  and  thereby  prevented  from  join- 
ing his  comrades  in  arms,  and  avenging 
their  falling  country.  Pressit.  His  sleep 
was  so  sound,  that  it  seemed  to  press  him 
down  like  a  great  weight,  lying  upon  him. 

523.  Egregia  conjux  :  precious  wife.  This 
is  spoken  ironically.    The  meaning  is,  odi- 
ous— abominable. 

524.  Subduxerat:    and  had  withdrawn 
my  faithful  sword  from  my  head.     It  was  a 
custom  among   the   warriors  to  lay  their 
swords  under  their  heads  when  they  slept. 

525.  Vocat  Menelaum :  she  called  Mene- 
laus  into  the  house,  &c.    After  the  death  of 
Paris,  Helen  married  Deiphobus,  his  brother. 
It  is  said  she  endeavored  to  be  reconciled  to 
her  first  husband,  by  aiding  the  Grecian 
arms.     Here  she  calls  to  him,  and  opens  the 
door.     That  De'iphobus  might  fall  an  easy 
prey,  she  had  previously  removed  all  the 
arms  from  the  house,  and  his  sword  from 


under  his  head.  What  befell  Helen  after 
the  capture  of  Troy  is  not  certain.  Some 
say  she  returned  to  Sparta,  and  passed  her 
days  with  Menelaus ;  and  was  buried  with 
him  in  the  same  tomb.  Others  say,  after  his 
death,  being  banished  from  Sparta,  she  fled 
to  Rhodes,  where  she  died.  Homer  informs 
us,  Odys.  iv.  277,  that  Helen  went  three 
times  round  the  wooden  horse,  calling  each 
of  the  Greeks  by  name.  To  this  the  poet 
alludes,  517.  supra. 

526.  Jlmanti  :  to  her  husband — viz.  Me° 
nelaus.     Munus :  favor — gift. 

527.  Et  famam :  and  that  the  infamy  of 
her  former  crimes  might  in  this  way  be  blot- 
ted out.     Famam  :  in  the  sense  of  infami.- 
am. 

529.  JEolides.  This  is  a  reproachful  name 
given  to  Ulysses.     It  insinuates  that  he  was 
not  the  son  of  Laertes,  but  of  Sisyphus,  the 
son  of  ^Eolus,  with  whom  his  mother  Anti- 
clea  is  said  to  have  been  familiar. 

530.  Instaurate :  In  the  sense  of  reddite. 

532.  Erroribus :  dangers.   Davidson  ren- 
ders it  casualties. 

533.  Quceforiuna:  what  (adverse)  fortune 
forces  or  impels  you,  that,  £c. 

534.  Turbida :  in  the  sense  of  obscura,vol 
tenebrosa. 

535.  Hac  vice  sermonum:  during  the  course 
(or  change)  of  conversation,  the  sun  in  his 
rosy  chariot  had  now  passed,  &c.    By  Au- 
rora, here,  we  are  undoubtedly  to  under- 
stand the  sun.    Quadrigis  :  properly,  a  cha- 
riot drawn  by  four  horses.    Ruseus  thinks 
the  middle  of  the  day  is  here  meant  by 
medium  axcm;  and  not  the  middle  of  the 


P.  VIRGILII  M AROMS 

Jam  medium  aethereo  cursu  trajecerat  axem, 
537.  Per  taha  collo-  gt  fors  omne  datum  traherent  per  talia  tempus  j 

Sed  comes  admonuit,  breviterque  aflata  Sibylla  est : 

Nox  ruit,  jEnea  :  nos  flendo  ducimus  horas. 

Hie  locus  est,  partes  ubi  se  via  findii  in  ambas.       540 

541.  Dextera  est  via,  Dextera,  quae  Ditis  magni  sub  mcenia  tendit : 

qU&42H?c  via  est  iter  H*C  iter  E1ysium  nobis  :  at  laeva  malorum 
nobis'  ad  Elysium :  at  Exercet  pcenas,  et  ad  impia  Tartara  mittit. 
laeva  pars  cxercet  Deiphobus  contra  :  Ne  saevi,  magna  sacerdos  : 

Discedam ;  explebo  numerum,  reddarque  tenebris.  545 
I  decus,  i,  nostrum  :  melioribus  utere  fatis. 
Tantum  effatus,  et  in  verbo  vestigia  torsit. 

Respicit  JEneas  subito  ;  et  sub  rupe  simstra 
Moenia  lata  videt,  triplici  circumdata  muro  : 
Quae  rapidus  flam  mis  ambit  torrentibus  amnis  550 

Tartareus  Phlegethon,  torquetque  sonantia  saxa. 

6 j'2.  Est  porta  adver-  Porta  adversa,  ingens,  solidoque  adamante  columnx  : 
8(1  .  Vis  ut  nulla  virum,  non  ipsi  exscindere  ferro 

i  urn  mZ^noUn     VIS  ""  Ccelicote  valean: .     Stat  ferrea  turris  ad  auras  : 

557    Gemitus  cape-  TisiPh°neque  sedens,  palla  succincta  cruenta,          555 
runt  exaudiri  hinc    "      Vestibulum  insomnis  servat  noctesque  diesque. 

558.  Turn  stridor  fer-  Hinc  exaudiri  gemitus,  et  saeva  sonare 
ri,    tractsequo    catenae  Verbera  :  turn  stridor  ferri,  tractaeque  catenae. 
(•Kperunt  exaudiri          Constitit  JSneas,  strepitumque  exterritus  hausit : 

560.  O  Virgo,  inquit.  ~  *    •        *     •    ' 

cffare,  qu«  facies  ecele-  <*u3e  scelerum  facies,  o  virgo,  effare,  quibusve 
rum  sunt  illic  Urgentur  prenis  1  quis  tantus  plangor  ad  auras  ? 

NOTES. 

night,  as  Servius,  and  most  interpreters  sup-  te  alloquerer :  I  will  depart,  and  fill  up  the 
pose,  The  time  appointed  for  performing  number  of  the  multitude  which  I  left,  that 
the  preliminary  rites,  and  visiting  the  infer-  I  might  converse  with  you.  This  is  the 
iial  regions,  here  called  tempus  datum,  was  opinion  of  Heyne  and  Davidson.  Accord- 
a  day  and  two  nights,  as  we  learn  from  Plu-  ing  to  Plato's  notion  of  transmigration,  the 
larch's  treatise  concerning  the  genius  of  So-  souls  of  the  deceased  passed  a  certain  num- 
erates. Now  ^Eneas  had  passed  the  whole  her  of  years  in  purification,  before  they  as- 
of  the  first  night  in  offering  the  prescribed  sumed  other  bodies ;  therefore,  2d.  Discr.- 
sacrifices,  verse  255.  He  commenced  his  dam,  impleturus  numerum  annorum  pwga- 
descent  the  next  morning  about  sunrise,  tionis,  qua  Jit  in  his  tenebris :  I  will  depart 
Medium  axem  must  therefore  mean  the  me-  to  fill  up  the  number  of  the  years  of  puri- 
ridian,  which  the  sun  had  passed,  and  was  fication,  which  is  done  in  this  darkness.  3. 
hastening  to  the  western  horizon.  The  in-  Discedam  ;  modo,  sine  ut  cxplcam  numerum, 
tervening  time  /Eneas  may  be  supposed  to  et  periodum  orationis  me&,  quam  incepi :  I 
have  passed  in  going  through  so  many  will  depart ;  only  let  me  fill  up  the  number 
apartments.  The  remaining  part  of  the  and  period  of  the  discourse  which  I  have 
day  and  following  night,  he  visits  his  father,  begun.  Only  let  me  finish  what  I  have  be- 
and  the  Elysian  fields ;  and  returns  the  fol-  gun  to  say.  This  last  Ruseus  prefers, 
lowing  morning  to  his  companions.  546.  /  decus,  i,nostrum :  pass  on,  pass  on, 
537.  Fors :  in  the  sense  offortasse.  thou  glory  of  our  nation :  experience  fate?- 

542.  LcBva  exercet,  &c.     The  meaning  of  more  propitious.     The  repetition  of  the  /  is 
this  passage  is,  that  they  had  now  arrived  emphatical. 

at  the  place  where  the  way  separated  into  549.  M&nia:  in  the  sense  of  urbem. 

two:  the  right  led  to  the  city  of  Pluto,  and  551.  Phlegethon  :  the  name  of  one  of  the 

the  left  led  to  the  place  where  the  impious  five  rivers  of  hell :  from  a  Greek  word  sig- 

are  punished.     Tendit :  in  the  sense  of  du-  nifying,  to  bum,  or  to  be  on  fire. 

cil.    Mittit,  also,  in  the  sense  of  ducit.  558.  Verbera  :  scourges — lashes.   Stridor 

545.    Discedam ;    explebo   numerum,   &c.  ferri  :  a  grating,  or  din  of  iron. 

The  meaning  of  this  line  has  not  been  set-  559.  Hausit  strepitum ;  he  heard  the  tu- 

tied  by  commentators.   There  are  three  opi-  mult — confused  noise, 

nions  which  seem  to  prevail.     1.  Discedam  560.  Facies :  forms — kinds. 

r*  implebo  numcnan  tirrbw,  ex  qua  disccsti ut.  561.  Urgentur:  in  the  sense  of  crucian- 


JBNE1S.     LIB.  VI. 


563.  Fase^nu^'icasto 
insistere 


567.  Subigitque  eos 
fateri  qua  piacula  com- 
missa  apud  superos, 

qms 

571.  Tisiphone  ultrix, 
accincta  flagello,  quatit 
sontes  msultans; 


Turn  vates  sic  orsa  loqui  :  Dux  inclyte  Teucrum, 
Nulli  fas  casto  sceleratum  insistere  limen  : 
S&d,  me  cum  lucis  Hecate  praefecit  Avernis, 
Ipsa  Deum  poenas  docuit,  pefque  omnia  duxit.         565 
Gnossius  ha?c  Rhadamanthus  habet  durissima  regna, 
Castigatque,  auditque  dolos  :  subigitque  fateri,   " 
'QuaB  quis  apud  superos,  furto  laetatus  inani, 
Distulit  in  seram  commissa  piacula  mortem^ 
Continue  sontes  ultrix  accincta  flagello  670 

Tisiphone  quatit  insultans  ;  torvosque  sinistra, 
Intentans  augues,  vocat  agmina  saeva  sororum. 

Turn  demum  horrisono  stridentes  cardine  sacra 

Panduntur  portae.     Cernis,  custodia  qualis  sU.bylla  inauit  : 

Vestibule  sedeat  1  facies  quae  limina  servet  1  575  cernis-we  qualis 

Quinquaginta  atris  immanis  hiatibus  hydra  577.  Ssevior  Hydra, 

Saevior  intus  habet  sedem.     Turn  Tartarus  ipse  immanis   quinquaginta 

Bis  patet  in  praeceps  tantum,  tenditque  sub  umbras, 
Quantus  ad  aethereum  cceli  suspectus  Olympum.  579,  Quantus  est 

Hie  genus  antiquum  Terrae,  Titania  pubes,  580 

Fulmine  dejecti,  fundo  volvuntur  in  imo. 
Hie  et  Aloidas  geminos,  immania  vidi 
Corpora  ;  qui  manibus  magnum  rescindere  cesium 
Aggressi,  superisque  Jovem  detrudere  regnis. 
Vidi  et  crudeles  dantem  Salmonea  poenas,  585 

Dum  flammas  Jovis  et  sonitus  imitatur  Olympi. 
Quatuor  hie  invectus  equis,  et  lampada  quassans, 


NOTES. 


iur.  Plangor:  shrieking  —  outcry.  The  verb 
surgit,  is  understood. 

568.  Apud  superos  :  with  the  living  —  in 
the  upper  world.    Furto  :  privacy  —  conceal- 
ment.    Inani  .  vain  or  unprofitable,  because 
however  great  the  privacy  might  have  been, 
in    which  crimes    were    committed  ;    they 
were,  nevertheless,  all  known  to  the  gods, 
Ruaeus  says,  v  ana  simulatione. 

569.  Piacula  :  in  the  sense  of  mrnina,  vel 
scekra. 

571.  Quatit:  strikes.    Ferberat,  says  Ru- 
aeus. 

572.  Sceva  agmina  sororum.     The  furies 
were   reckoned   three   in  number.      Their 
names  are  Tisiphone,  AUclo,  and  Megara. 
They  may  be  called  agmina,  bands  or  troops, 
on  account  of  their  complicated  rage  ;  or 
these  may  be  only  the  principal  ones,  and 
might  have  others  under  their  command, 
Intentans  :  shaking  or  brandishing. 

573.  Sacra  :  in  the  sense  of  sceleratce. 
576.  Hiatibus  :  mouths. 

579.  Suspectus  :  height  —  distance.  JEthe- 
reum  Olympum  :  the  ethereal  vault  of  hea- 
ven  —  the  highest  pinnacle  —  the  seat  of  the 
gods. 

580.  Titania  pubes  :  the  giants,  the  sons 
of  Titan  and    Terra.     They  attempted  to 
scale  heaven,  and  dethrone  Jupiter  ;  but  he 


crushed  them  with  his  thunder.  Their  ob- 
ject,  in  the  attempt,  was  to  restore  their  fa- 
ther  to  his  throne,  from  which  he  had  been 
driven  by  Jupiter.  Volvunlur  :  in  the  sense 
of  premuntur. 

582.  AloUas.  These  were  the  giants  Otus 
and  Ephialtes,  the  sons  of  Neptune  by  Iphi- 
media,  the  wife  of  Alotus.  Homer  makes 
them  nine  cubits  broad,  and  nine  ells  high, 
in  the  ninth  year  of  their  age.  Odyss.  xi, 
304. 

585.  Salmonea:  a  Greek  ace.  of  Salmo- 
neus.     He  was  the  son  of  JEolus^  a  king  of 
Elis.    He  made  a  bridge  of  brass,  over  which 
he  drove  his  chariot,  boasting  that  by  the 
rattling  of  his  wheels,  and  the  prancing  of 
his  horses,  he  imitated  the  thunder  of  Jove  ; 
who  was  highly  honored  at  Elis.     At  the 
same  time,  to  counterfeit  his  lightning,  he 
hurled  flaming  torches  at  his  subjects,  and 
ordered  every  one  to  be  put  to  death<  at 
whom  he  threw  his  torch."    He  was  struck 
by  the  thunderbolt  of  Jove,  for  his  impi- 
ety  and  cruelty.     Pccnas.     Pcena  proper- 
ly  signifies  a   recompense  or    satisfaction. 
Hence  the  phrase  dare  p&nam  vel  pcenas, 
to  be  punished  —  that  is,  to  make  retribution 
or  satisfaction. 

586.  Flammas  :  lightning.  Sonitus:  <  nun- 
der. 


37* 


P.  V1RG1LII  MARONIS 


590 


Per  Graium  populos,  mediaeque  per  Elidis  urbein 
Ibat  ovans,  Divumque  sibi  poscebat  honorem  : 
Demens  !  qui  nimbos,  et  non  imitabile  fulmen 
JE,re  et  cornipedum  cursu  simularet  equorum. 
59^.  illo  Jupiter  non  At  pater  omnipotens  densa  inter  nubila  telum 

contorsil  faces,  nee  lumi-  Contorsit  (non  ille  faces,  nee  fumea  tsedis 

na  fumea  c  tredis,  id  Lumina)  praRcipitemque  immani  turbine  adegit. 

Nee  non  et  Tityon,  Terras  omniparentis  alumnum,  595 
596.  Licitum  erat  cer-  Cernere  erat :  per  tota  novem  cui  jugera  corpus 

nere  Tityon  Porrigitur  ;  rostroque  immanis  vultur  obunco 

Immortale  jecur  tundens,  foecundaque  pcenis 
Viscera,  riraaturque  epulis,  habitat que  sub  alto 
Pectore  :  nee  fibris  requies  datur  ulla  renatis. 
Quid  memorem  Lapithas,  Ixiona,  Pirithoiimque  ? 
Quos  super  atra  silex  janvjam  lapsura,  cadentique 
Imminet  assimilis.     Lucent  genialibus  altis 
604.   Epulse    parat®  Aurea  fulcra  toris,  epulaeque  ante  ora  paratSD 

4unf  ante  eon/mora,  cum  Regifico  luxu  :  Furiarum  maxima  juxta 

Accubat,  et  manibus  prohibet  contingere  mensas ; 
Exsurgitque  facem  attollens,  atque  intonat  ore. 
608.  Hie  sunt  illi,  qui-  Hie,  quibus  invisi  fratres,  dum  vita  manebat, 

bus  fratres  erant  invisi   Pulsatusve  parens,  et  fraus  innexa  clienti ; 
Aut  qui  divitiis  soli  incubuere  repertis, 
Nee  partem  posuere  suis  ;  quae  maxima  turba  est : 
Quique  ob  adulterium  cassi ;  quique  arma  secuti 


600 


605 


NOTES. 


688.  Urban  media  Elidis.  For  mediam 
urbem  Elidis :  through  the  middle  of  the 
city  of  Elis.  Heyne  observes  that  some  co- 
pies read  mediam,  which  is  the  easier. 

590.  Nimbos:  storms — tempests. 

591.  Simularet.     This  is  the  reading  of 
Heyne.  Most  copies  have  simuldrat,ihe  plu. 
perf.  of  the  ind. 

592.  Telum:  thunderbolt. 

595.  Tityon.  Tityus  was  the  son  of  Ju- 
piter and  Elara,  the  daughter  of  Orchome- 
nus.  When  Jupiter  found  her  with  child, 
he  shut  her  up  in  the  earth  for  fear  of  Juno ; 
where  Tityus  issuing  forth  in  a  gigantic 
form,  was  thought  to  be  the  son  of  the 
earth.  Virgil,  therefore,  calls  him  alumnus, 
&c. :  the  foster-child  of  all-bearing  earth.  He 
was  slain  by  Apollo  for  offering  violence  to 
Latona.  He  was  punished  by  a  huge  vul- 
ture, that  continually  preyed  upon  his  liver 
and  vitals ;  which,  as  they  were  devoured, 
always  grew  afresh.  Hence  immor tale  jecur  : 
his  immortal  liver;  because  it  never  was 
consumed.  Rimatur  epulis  :  rummages  them 
for  his  meal.  Renatis :  springing  up  anew. 

596.  Cui :  in  the  sense  of  cujus. 

598.  Tundens :  beating — tearing.  This  is 
the  common  reading.  But  Heyne  reads 
tondens.  Fczcunda  pcenis :  fertile  in  punish- 
ment. This  is  said,  because  as  soon  as  any 
part  was  torn  away,  and  consumed  by  the 
rulture,  its  place  was  immediately  supplied. 


His  punishment  would  therefore  be  perpe- 
tual. 

601.  Lapithas  :  the  Lapitkce  were  a  peo- 
ple of  Thessaly  of  dissolute  manners.  Izi- 
ona.  Ixion,  the  son  of  Phlegyas,  was  their 
king.  He  was  admitted  to  an  intimacy  with 
Jupiter,  which  he  forfeited  by  designing  an 
intimacy  with  Juno.  Jupiter  knowing  his 
purpose,  substituted  a  cloud  for  the  god- 
dess ;  and  was  content  at  first  only  to  re- 
move him  from  heaven ;  but  finding  that 
he  boasted  of  having  been  honored  with 
Juno's  bed,  he  hurled  him  down  to  Tarta- 
rus, arid  ordered  Mercury  to  bind  iiim  to 
a  wheel,  hung  round  with  serpents,  which 
he  was  doomed  to  turn  without  any  inter- 
mission. Pirithoum.  He  was  the  son  of 
Ixion.  See  122,  supra. 

609.  Pulsus-ve  parens  :  the  crime  of  par- 
ricide is  so  horrid  and  unnatural,  that  he 
passes  it  by,  not  supposing  any  of  the  hu- 
man race  could  be  guilty  of  it.  He  puts 
the  case  only  of  one  who  had  beaten  a  pa- 
rent. Fraus  innexa  clienti :  fraud  practised 
upon  a  client.  The  claim  of  the  client  to 
the  faith  and  protection  of  his  patron  was 
considered  sacred  among  the  Romans ;  like 
that  of  a  child  to  the  protection  of  the  pa- 
rent. Among  the  laws  of  the  twelve  tables 
it  is  said  :  "  if  any  patron  shall  defraud  his 
client,  let  him  be  accursed." 

611.  Nee  partem:  nor  have  distributed  a 
part  to  their  own.  drma :  in  the  sense  ofbella. 


JENJEIS.     LIB.  VI. 


Impia  ;  nee  veriti  dominorum  fallere  dextras  ; 

Inclusi  poenam  expectant.     Ne  quaere  doceri  614 

Quam  poenam,  aut  quae  forma  viros  fortunave  mersit. 

Saxum  ingens  volvunt  alii,  radiisque  rotarum 

District!  pendent.    Sedet,  aeternumque  sedebit 

Infelix  Theseus  :  Phlegyasque  miserrimus  omnes 

Admonet,  et  magna  testatur  voce  per  umbras  : 

Discite  justitiam  moniti,  et  non  temnere  Divos.        620 

Vendidit  hie  auro  patriam,  dominumque  potentem 

Imposuit :  fixit  leges  pretio  atque  refixit. 

Hie  thalarnum  invasit  natse,  vetitosque  hymenceos. 

Ausi  omnes  immane  nefas,  ausoque  potiti. 

Non,  mihi  si  linguae  centum  sint,  oraque  centum,     625 

Ferrea  vox,  omnes  scelerum  comprendere  formas. 

Omnia  pcenarum  percurrere  nomina  possim. 

Hsec  ubi  dicta  dedit  Phcsbi  longaeva  sacerdos  : 
Sed  jam  age,  carpe  viam,  et  susceptum  perfice  munus  : 
Acceleremus,  ait.     Cyclopum  educta  caminis          630 
Moenia  conspicio,  atque  adverse  fornice  portas, 
Haec  ubi  nos  pnecepta  jubent  deponere  dona. 


6 14.  Hi  omnes  inelusi 
kic  expectant 

615.  Quam    poenam 
pendent,  out  qiue  forma 


024.  Hi  omneB  ausi 
sunt  immane  nefas,  et 
potiti  sunt  auso 

626.  Non  possim  com- 
prendere omnes  formas 


632.  Ubi  Dl  jubent 
nos 


NOTES. 


613.  Fallere  dextras  dominorum :  to  vio- 
late the  faith  of  their  masters — pledged 
to  their  masters.  Dextra :  in  the  sense  of 
jfUet. 

615.  Forma— -fortuna.    By  forma,  Servius 
understands  the  form  or  rule  of  justice  :  and 
by  fortuna,  Dr.  Trapp  understands  the  sen- 
tence of  the  judge.  What  punishment  they 
undergo,  or  in  what  form  or  state  of  mise- 
ry they  are  overwhelmed  or  involved.    This 
is   plainly  the  meaning  of  the  passage. — 
Heyne  says,  Quce  forma  pcence,  quod-ve  mise- 
riat  genus  mersit,  vel  manet  viros. 

616.  Ingens  saxum.     This  refers*  to  the 
case  of  Sisyphus,  the  son  of  ^Eolus,  a  noto- 
rious robber.    He  was  sentenced  to  hell,  and 
compelled  to  roll  a  great  stone  lo  the  top  of 
a  hill;  which,   before  he  reached  the  top, 
returned  to  the  bottom  again.     Thus  his 
labor  became  perpetual.    Districti  radiis: 
bound  *.o  the  spokes  of  wheels,  they  hang. 
This  alludes  to  the  case  of  Ixion.     See  601, 
supra. 

617.  JEtern-ttm  sedebit.     This  may  be  ex- 
plained by  referring  it  to  the  shade  or  ghost 
of  Theseus  after  death :  for  he  was  set  at 
liberty  by  Hercules,  after  he  had  been  bound 
by  Pluto,  and  returned  to  the  intercourse  of 
men.     See  122,  supra. 

618.  Phlegyas.     He  was  the  father  of  Ix- 
ion, and  king  of  the  Lapitka.     His  daugh- 
ter Coronis,  being  ravished  by  Apollo,  in 
revenge  for  the  injury,  he  bumt  his  tem- 
ple ;  for  which  he  was  thrust  down  to  Tar- 
tarus.    He  is  represented  as  calling  alouil 
to  the  shades,  and  admonishing  all  to  take 
warning  by  him,  not  to  despise  the  gods, 
nor  commit  acts  of  impiety. 

620.  Monifi  di.sr.ite  jv.ttitiam :    ye  being 


admonished  by  my  example,  learn  justice. 
This  is  the  great  moral  of  all  those  infer- 
nal punishments,  that  the  example  of  them 
might  deter  from  vice,  and  stimulate  to  vir- 
tue. Moniti  meo  exemplo,  says  Heyne. 

622.  Fixit  leges :  he  made  and  unmade 
laws  for  a  price.  This  is  a  metaphor  taken 
from  the  Roman  custom  of  engraving  their 
laws  upon  tables  of  brass,  and  fixing  them 
up  in  public  places,  to  the  view  of  the  peo- 
ple ;  and  when  those  laws  were  abrogated 
or  repealed,  they  were  said  to  be  rejigi,  to 
be  unfixed,  or  taken  down.  Hymenazos :  in 
the  sense  of  nuptias. 

624.  Potiti  auso :  accomplished  their  bold 
undertaking.  Dr.  Trapp  thinks  auso  may 
be  used  for  prcp.mio  usi,  they  now  have  their 
reward,  by  way  of  sarcasm.  But  the  sense 
commonly  given  is  easier,  and  contains  this 
moral,  that  however  successful  men  are  in 
wickedness,  they  are  not  the  less  odious 
to  God,  and  will  hereafter  receive  their  due 
reward. 

629.  Perfice  suscepluw  im:iu:s :  finis!: 
undertaken   offering.      This   refers  to  the 
golden  bough,  which  ^Eneas  promised  to  de- 
posit in  the  palace  of  Proserpine. 

630.  Cyclopum.     The   C  \viops  were  the 
first  inhabitants  of  Sicily.     To  them  is  at- 
tributed the  invention  of  forging  iron,  and 
of  fortifying  cities.      The  expression  here 
denotes  that  these  walls  were  made  of  iron, 
and  strongly  fortified.     Educta  :  drawn  out, 
or  wrought"  in  the  forges  of  the  Cyclops. 
See  Ceor.  i.  471. 

631.  Portas  fornice  adverse:    the  gates, 
with  their  arch  directly  opposite  to  us,  or  in 
front  of  us. 

fi;fc>.   Hrec  prtrcepta  dona :  these  command- 


380 


P.  VIRGILII    MARON1S 


§41,  Incofa  norunt 


Dixerat :  et  pariter  gressi  per  opaca  viarum, 
Corripiunt  spatium  medium,  foribusque  propinquant. 
Occupat  jEneas  aditum,  corpusque  recenti  635 

Spargit  aqua,  ramumque  adverse  in  limine  figit. 

His  demum  exactis,  perfecto  munere  Divae, 
Devenere  locos  laetos,  et  amcena  vireta 
Fortunatorum  nemorum,  sedesque  beatas. 
Largior  hie  campos  aether,  et  lumine  vestit 
Purpurco  :  solemque  suum,  sua  sidera  norunt. 
Pars  in  gramineis  exercent  membra  palaestris, 
Contendunt  ludo,  et  fulva  luctantur  arena  : 
Pars  pedibus  plaudunt  choreas,  et  carmina  dicunt. 
Necnon  Threicius  longi  cum  veste  sacerdos 
Obloquitur  numeris  septcm  discrimina  vocum : 
Jamque  eadem  digitis,  jam  pectine  pujsat  eburno. 

648.  Hie  est  antiquum      Hie  genus  antiquum  Teucri,  pulcherrirna  proles, 
Magnanimi  heroes,  nati  melioribus  annis  : 
Ilusque,  Assaracusque,  et  Trojse  Dardanus  auctor.   650 
Arma  procul,  currusque  virum  miratur  inanes. 
Stant  terrS,  defixae  hastoe,  passimque  soluti 
Per  campos  pascuntur  equi.     Quae  gratia  currum 
Armorumque  fuit  vivis  ;  quae  cura  nitentes 

655.  Eadem  cura  se-  Pascere  equos  ;  eadem  sequitur  tellure  repostos.     655 
quitur  eos  repdstos  tel-  Conspicit  ecce  alios  dextrzi  laevaque  per  herbam 
Vescentes,  Inetumque  choro  paeana  canentes. 


640 


645 


lure. 


NOTES. 


cd  gifts.  This  refers  to  the  golden  bough, 
which  was  sacred  to  Proserpine,  and  which 
yEneas  was  directed  to  deliver  to  her.  Ru- 
seus  says,  munera  decerpta  ex  arbor e. 

633.  Opaca  viarum :   the  dark  places  of 
the  way,  or  simply,  the  dark  way.     Spatia 
vel  loca  may  be  understood. 

634.  Spatium :  ground — way. 

636.  Spargit  corpus :  he  sprinkles  his  bo- 
dy with  fresh  water ;  either  because  he  was 
polluted  by  the  sight  of  Tartarus,  or  because 
he  presented  an  offering  to  Proserpine.  Spar- 
git aqua,  £c.    In  the  entrance  of  the  heathen 
temples,  aqua  lustralis,  or  holy  water,  was 
placed,  to  sprinkle  the  devout  on  their  en- 
trance.   This  custom  of  sprinkling  with  holy 
water  in  the  Roman  church,  La  Cerda  ad* 
mits  was  borrowed  from  this  practice  of  the 
heathen. 

637.  Divas :  Proserpine.    Perfecto :  finish- 
ed— presented  to  her. 

638.  Devenere  :  they  came  to. 

639.  Fortunatorum:  in  the  sense  offeli- 
cium.     Amotna  viriditate  herbarum  arborum- 
quc,  says  Ruseus. 

640.  Vestit :  in  the  sense  of  circumdat. 

641.  Purpureo:  clear — resplendent. 

642.  Palcestris :  in  the  sense  of  locis.    Pa- 
Icestra,  both  the  place  of  exercise,  and  the 
exercise  itself. 

644.  Dicunt :  in  the  sense  of  canunt. 

645.  Threicius   sacerdos  :    the  Thracian 
poet  w&rbles  the  seven  distinctions  of  sound 


(the  seven  different  notes)  in  music.  Or* 
pheus  is  here  represented  clothed  in  a  long 
robe,  that  being  anciently  the  garb  both  of 
a  priest  and  musician ;  in  which  character 
he  is  here  represented. 

646.  Septem,  occ.     Allusion  is  here  had  to 
the  harp  or  lyre,  which  at  first  had  only 
seven  f  hords  or  strings.     Two  were  after- 
wards added  to  make  the  number  nine,  in 
honor  of  the  muses.     Pectine.  Thepecten,or 
plectrum,  was  a  kind  of  instrument  which 
the  musician  struck  the  strings  of  the  harp 
or  lyre  with,  called  a  quill. 

647.  Eadem.    Markland  conjectures  this 
should  be  changed  to  Jidem,  the  strings  or 
chords  of  the  lyre.     The  present  reading  re- 
fers to  discrimina.     The  same  (discrimina) 
he  at  one  time  strikes  with  his  fingers,  at 
another,  &c. 

-  650.  Ilusque.  For  the  genealogy  of  these, 
see  Geor.  iii.  35. 

653.  Gratia:  in  the  sense  of  amor.  Vwis: 
iis  is  understood  :  in  the  sense  of  dum  illi 
vixerunt. 

657.  Pceana.  Pcean  was  a  sacred  hymn, 
or  song  of  praise.  It  was  sometimes  sung 
in  honor  of  Mars,  especially  before  battle. 
It  was  sung  in  honor  of  Apollo,  after  a  vic- 
tory ;  and  it  was  sometimes  sung  in  honor 
of  all  the  gods.  It  is  derived  from  a  Greek 
word,  signifying  to  wound  or  pierce.  It  was 
first  sung  in  honor  of  Apollo  after  he  killed 
the  Python.  Infer:  simply,  fnr  i™ 


J2NEIS.     LIB.   VI. 


Hie 

qui 


est  raanus 
sunt 


Inter  odoratum  lauri  nemus  :  unde  superne 
Plurimus  Eridani  per  sylvam  volvitur  amnis. 

Hie  manus,  ob  patriam  pugnando  vulnera  passi :  660     660. 
Quique  sacerdotes  caisti,  dum  vita  manebat : 
Quique  pii  vates,  et  Phoebo  digna  locuti : 
Inventas  aut  qui  vitam  excoluere  per  artes  :  casti 

Quique  sui  memores  alios  fecere  merendo  :  662.  Fuerant  pii  vates, 

Omnibus  his  nivea  cinguntur  tempera  vitta.  665  et  locuti 

Quos  circumfusos  sic  est  affata  Sibylla, 
Musaeum  ante  omnes  :  medium  nam  plurima  turba 
Hunc  habet,  atque  humeris  exstantem  suspicit  altis :} 
Dicite,  felices  animae,  tuque,  optime  vates ; 
Quae  regio  Anchisen,  quis  habet  locus  ?  illius  ergo  670 
Venimus,  et  magr^ps  Erebi  tranavimus  amnes. 
Atque  huic  responsum  paucis  ita  reddidit  heros :  ^ 
Nulli  certa  domus  :  lucis  habitamus  opacis, 
Riparumque  toros,  et  prata  recentia  rivis 

Incolimus  :  sed  vos,  si  fert  ita  corde  voluntas,  675  ante  eta 

Hoc  superate  jugum,  et  facili  jam  tramite  sistam.  679.  Pater  Anchises 

Dixit :  et  ante  tulit  gressum,  camposque  nitentes  lustrabat  animas  peni- 

Desuper  ostentat :  dehinc  summa  cacumina  linquunt. 

At  pater  Anchises  penitus  convalle  virenti 
Inclusas  animas,  superumque  ad  lumen  ituras,         680  lens  eas  studio 


672.  Faucis  verbis 
63-  Est  certa  domus 


gressum 


convalle,   iturasque   ad 
superum  lumen,    reco- 


NOTES. 


658.  Unde  superne.  Interpreters  are  not 
agreed  as  to  the  meaning  of  this  passage. 
Some  make  it  to  be  this  :  unde  magna  pars 
Eridani  e  superis  prcecipitat  ad  inferos.  This 
interpretation  is  founded  on  what  we  are 
told  by  Pliny,  that  the  Po,  soon  after  its  rise, 
passes  under  ground  and  flows  out  again  in 
a  part  of  Piedmont.  Others  :  unde  magnus 
Eridanus  fluit  ad  superiores  incolas  terra. 
This  seems  to  be  the  opinion  of  Ruaeus.  This 
appears  to  be  founded  upon  the  general  re- 
ceived opinion  that  the  great  source  of  rivers 
is  in  the  body  of  the  earth.  Mr.  Davidson 
differs  from  both  of  these  interpretations. 
He  takes  superne  in  its  common  accepta- 
tion, denoting  from  an  eminence  or  rising 
ground.  Unde :  whence  (that  is,  from  the 
Elysian  fields,)  from  an  eminence,  or  rising 
ground,  the  great  river  Eridanus  rolls  or 
flows.  This  is  the  easiest  and  most  natural 
meaning. 

662.  Quique  pii  vates.     Vates  signifies  ei- 
ther a  poet  or  a  prophet.     Poets  were  origi- 
nally the  only  persons  who  taught  a  know- 
ledge of  the  divine  nature,  and  declared  the 
sublime  doctrines  of  religion.     Locuti  digna 
Phwbo  :  and  spoke  things  worthy  of  Phoebus ; 
such  doctrines  of  religion  and  morality  as 
were  worthy  of  the  inspiration  of  that  God. 

663.  Excoluire :  improved  human  life. 

664.  Quique  fec&re  alios  :  and  those  who 
had  made  others  mindful  of  them  by  their 
merit.    These  included  all  patriots  and  pub- 
lic spirited  men — all  who  had  distinguished 
themselves  in  the  arts  anc  sciences,  and  all 
t.h*  benefactors  of  mankind. 


665.  His  omnibus :  the  dat.  in  the 
of  the  gen.  horum  omnium. 

666.  Circumfusos:  in  the  sense  of  circum- 
stantes. 

667.  MuscEum.     Musaeus  was  the  disciple 
of  Orpheus.     He  was  an  Athenian  by  birth, 
and  flourished  under  Cecrops  the  second,  a 
considerable  time  before  the  destruction  of 
Troy.     He  was  an  heroic  poet.     There  are 
said  to  be  some  fragments  of  verses  which 
go  under  his  name,  but  probably  they  are 
the  production  of  a  later  poet.     Some  have 
censured  Virgil  for  preferring  Musssus  to 
Homer  as  a  poet.     But  it  is  to  be  remem- 
bered that  Homer  did  not  live  till  some  time 
after  this  descent  of  ./Eneas,  and  therefore 
to  have  mentioned  him,  would  have  been 
wholly  out  of  place. 

668.  Exstantem:  rising  above  the  rest  by 
his  head  and  lofty  shoulders.     Suspicit :  in 
the  sense  of  admiratur.     ^Eneas  is  under- 
stood. 

670.  Ergo  illius :  on  account  of  him  we 
have  come.  Ergo  is  here  used  in  the  sense 
of  causa. 

674.  Toros  riparum :  Ruaeus  say s,  herbosas 
ripas.  Recentia  rins :  verdant  or  gieen  on 
account  of  its  streams  or  rivers.  Virentia 
propter  vicinas  aquas,  says  Heyne.  Pert :  in- 
clines you. 

676."  Jugum:  in  the  sense  ofcollem. 

678.  Ante  tulit  gressum  ;  he  (Musams) 
went  before  them  ;  a  phrase. 

680.  Superum  lumen  :  the  upper  world — 
the  regions  of  light.  Here  i*  nn  allusion  to 


;J82  P.  VIRGILII  MARONLS 

Lustrabat  studio  recolens  :  omnemque  suorum 
Forte  recensebat  numerum,  charosque  nepotes, 
Fataque,  fortunasque  virum,  moresque,  manusque. 
684.Vidit  ^Enean  ten- Isque  ubi  tendentem  adversum  per  gramina  vidit 
dentein  cursum  adver  ^;nean  .   alacris  palmas  utrasque  tetendit,  685 

Ts?  Lar4rm"effuSte  Effusaeque  gems  lachrymae,  et  vox  excidit  ore  :    , 
sunt  gems  Venisti  tandem,  tuaque  spectata  parent! 

688.  Tuaque    pietas  Vicit  iter  durum  pietas  :  datur  ora  tuieri, 
spectata    mihi   parent!  Nate,  tua  ;  et  notas  audire  et  reddere  voces  ! 

^Sic  equidem  ducebam  animo  rebarque  futurum,        690 
Tempora  dinumerans  :  nee  me  inea  cura  fefellit. 

692.  Per  quas  terras,  Quas  ego  te  terras,  et  quanta  per  aequora  vectum, 
et  per  quanta  aequora  Accipio  !  quanfis  jactatum,  nate,  periclis  ! 

e  e«.?c  vectum  !Quim  metuij  ne  qujd  Llby0e  Ubj  regna  nocerent  , 

Ille  autem  :  Tua  me,  genitor,  tua  tristis  imago         695 
Saepius  occurrens,  hsec  liniina  tendere  adegit. 
Stant  sale  Tyrrhene  classes.     Da  jungere  dextram. 
Da  genitor  :  teque  amplexu  ne  subtrahe  nostro. 
Sic  memorans,  largo  fletu  simul  ora  rigabat. 

700,  Collo  patri*        Ter  conatus  ibi  collo  dare  brachia  circum  ;  700 

Ter  frustra  comprensa  manus  effugit  imago, 
Par  levibus  ventis,  volucrique  simillima  somno. 

Interea  videt  /Eneas  in  valle  reducta 
Seclusum  nemus,  et  virgulta  sonantia  sylvis,  704 

Lethaeumque,  domos  placidas  qui  praenatat,  amnem. 
Hunc  circum  innumerae  gentes  populique  volabant. 
Ac  veluti  in  pratis,  ubi  apes  aestate  serena 
Floribus  insidunt  variis,  et  Candida  circum 
Lilia  funduntur  :  strepit  omnis  murmure  campus. 
Horrescit  visu  subito,  causasque  requirit  710 

Tnscius  jEneas  :  qure  sint  ea  flumina  porro, 
Quive  viri  tanto  complerint  agmine  ripas. 
Turn  pater  Anchises :  Animas,  quibus  altera  fato 

NOTES. 

the  doctrine  of  transmigration,  maintained  Tuscan  sea.     Sale :  in  the  sense  of  wicrri,  by 

by  Pythagoras  and  his  followers.  meton. 

683.  Manus :  achievements — noble  deeds.  699.  Largo  fletu :  in  the  sense  of  mullis 

Tendentem  :  in  the  sense  of  venientem  ad  se.  lachrymis. 

687.  Spectata.     This   is   the   reading   of  700.  Circumdare:  they  are  separated  by 
Heyne,  and  is  easier  than  expectata,  which  tmesis  for  the  sake  of  the  verse.     Conatus 
is  the  common  reading.     Ruseus  seems  to  sum,  &c. 

approve  of  it,  although  he  has  expectata.  704.  Seclusum  :  in  the  sense  of  separatum. 

Doctissimi   legunt   spectata,  id  e.?/,  cognita,  Virgulta  sonantia  sylvis.    Heyne  takes  these 

perspccta,  probata.  says  he.  words  in  the  sense  of  virgulta  sylvarum  so- 

688.  Datur :  in  the  sense  of  permittitur.  nantia ;  and  this  again  for  sylva  sonantes. 
Mihi  is  understood.  Sonantia:  sounding — rustling  with  the  wind. 

690.  Sic  equidem  ducebam :  indeed  I  was  705.  Prcenatat :   in  the  sense  of  prater- 

concluding  in  my  mind,  and   thinking    it  Jiuit. 

would  be  so  ;  computing  and  reckoning  the  709.  Funduntur  :  in  the  sense  of  volant. 

time  for  you  to  arrive.     The  ghost  of  An-  713.  Animat  quibus :  the  souls,  for  which 

chises  had  directed  .Eneas  to  repair  to  the  other  bodies  are  destined  by  fate,   drink, 

regions  below.     See  lib.  v.  731.  &c.     There  were  some  who  were  exempt 

693.  Accipio  :  in  the  sense  of  audio.  from   transmigration.      Such    were    those, 
697.    Tyrrheno  sale.      That  part  of  the  who,  for  their  exalted  virtue,  had  been  ad- 
Mediterranean  lying  to  the  south  of  Italy,  mitted  into  the  society  of  the  gods.     Among 
and  having  Sicily  on  the  east  and  Sardinia  this  number  was  Anchises.     What  .<Ei*eas 
and  Corsica  on  the  west,  was  called  the  here  converses  with  under  the  appearance 


JENEIS.     LIB.  VI.  383 

Corpora  debenfur,  Lethaei  ad  fluminis  undam 
Secures  latices  et  longa  oblivia  potant.  715 

Has  equidem  memorare  tibi,  atque  ostendere  coram,  716.  Equidem  jam- 

Jampridem  hanc  prolem  cupio  enumerare  meorurn  :        pndem  cupio  oaemorarc 
Quo  magis  ItaHa  mecum  l.tere  reperta.  ^^^gfc± 

O  pater,  anne  aliquas  ad  ccelum  nine  ire  putandum  est  rare  hanc  prolem  meo- 
Sublimes  animas  ?  iterumque  ad  tarda  reverti  720  rum ;  quo 

Corpora  ?  quae  lucis  miseris  tarn  dira  cupido  ? 
Dicam  equidem,  nee  te  suspensum,  nate,  tenebo ; 
Suscipit  Anchises,  atque  ordine  singula  pandit./ 
V    Principio  ccElum,  ac  terras,  camposque  liquentes,  jjc   jfr 

Lucentemque  globum  Lunae,  Titaniaque  astra          725 
Spiritus  intus  alit ;  totamque  inf'usa  per  artus 
Mens  agitat  molem,  et  magno  se  corpore  miscet. 

Inde  hominum  pecudumque  genus,  vitaeque  volantum,        728  Unde  oritur  ee- 
Et  qus3  marmoreo  fert  monstra  sub  aequore  pontus.        nus  horainum 
Igneus  est  ollis  vigor,  et  coelestis  origo  730     729.  Et  monstra,  quae 

Seminibus  ;  quantum  non  noxia  corpora  tardant,  po?io6  Jjrt 

Terrenique  hebetant  artus,  moribundaque  membra.        .tu™ l 
Hinc  metuunt  cupiuntque,  dolent  gaudentque  :   neque    732.  Terrenique  artus, 
Respiciunt,  clausae  tenebris  et  carcere  caeco.        [auras  moribundaque  membra 
Quin  et  supremo  cum  lumine  vita  reliquit ;  735  non  hebetant  ilium  vigo- 

Non  tamen  omne  malum  miseris,  nee  funditus  omnes      rem 

Corporeae  excedunt  pestes  ;  penitusque  necesse  est  7QC    ,T  , 

•»«•   i       i-                               T     •      i                    •  •  I  Jo.  ivluita  vitia  diu 

Multa  dm  concreta  modis  inolescere  miris.  concreta  penitus  inoles- 

Ergo  exercentur  poenis,  veterumque  malorum  cere  iis 

NOTES. 

of  his  father,  was  only  his  image,  his  Idolum  an  adj.  from  Titan,  a  name  given  to  the  sun, 

or  Simulacrum,  which  the  poets  feigned  to  of  Greek  origin.     Also,  the  son  of  Ccelus 

reside  in  the  infernal  regions,  while  the  soul  and  Vesta,  and  the   father  of  the   Titans. 

was  in  heaven  among  the  gods.     Latices  se-  These  were  all  distinguished  astronomers, 

euros :  draughts  expelling  care — producing  as  we  are  told  by  Diodorus  and  Pausanias, 

a  peaceful  and  quiet  mind.  especially  Hyperion.     This  might  lead  the 

719.  Cesium  :  this  means  here  the  upper  poets  to  feign  them  transformed  into  the  bo- 
world — the  regions  of  light :  ad  superas  au-  dies  of  the  sun  and  stars  after  their  death. 
ras — ad  vitam.  726.  Agitat :  in  the  sense  of  movet.    Ar- 

720.  Sublimes :  in  the  sense  of  illustres.  tus :  in  the  sense  of  omnes  partes. 
Lucis :  in  the  sense  of  vita.  728.  Volanlum  :  in  the  sense  of  aviwn. 

724.  Principio  spiritus :  in  the  first  place  730.  Ollis :  for  ill-is,  by  antithesis, 
a  spirit   within    supports    the  heaven,  &c.  731.  JVim  tardant :  do  not  clog  it. 
Here    Anchises    explains    to    ./Eneas    the  733.  Hinc   metuunt.     The   passions  are 
system  or  economy  of  the  world,  on  the  generally  ranked  under  these  four  heads : 
principles  of  the  Pythagorean,  and  Platonic  fear  and  grief;  joy  and  desire.     The  two 
philosophy.     The  same  is  explained  in  other  first  have  for  their  object  present  or  future 
words",  Geor.  iv.  221,  etseq.     The  doctrine  evil;  the  two  last,  present  or  future  good. 

-here  inculcated  is,  that  God  is  intimately  Auras:  in  the  sense  of  cesium. 
united  with  every  part  of  the  universe,  and         733.  Qum  et  cum  :   but  when  life  hath 

that  his  spirit  sustains  the  whole,  the  hea-  left  them,  even  in  the  last  glimmering  light, 

Yens,  the  earth,  and  the  starry  lamps  ;  that  £c. 

a  mind,  or   intelligence,   diffused   through         737.  Pestes:  stains — pollutions, 
every  part  of  matter,  actuates  and  gives  life          738.  Diu  concreta  :  a  long  time  habitual, 
and  motion  to  the  whole.     And  from  this  Ruaeus  says,  ctnglutinata.    Mala  is  under- 
active  principle  sprang  the  various  kinds  of  stood  in  the  sense  of  pestes,  as  above.    Inoles- 
animals.     Liquentes  campos  :  elegantly  put  cere :  in  the  sense  of  adharescere. 
for  the  sea,  or  watery  element.  739.  Ergo  exercentur  ptEtiis.     These  pu- 

725.  Titania  astra.     By  these  we  are  to  nishments  were  of  three  kinds,  according  to 
understand  the  sun  and  stars,  since  they  ail  the  nature  of  the  stains  with  which  the  soul 
equally  shine  by  their  own  light.     Titania:  was  infected.    Those,  whose  stains  or  pol- 


384 


p.  viRGiLii  MAKOMS 


Supplicia  expendunt.     Aliae  panduntur  inanes         740 
Suspensse  ad  ventos  :  aliis  sub  gurgite  vasto 
Infectum  eluitur  scelus,  aut  exuntur  igni. 
Quisc[uesuos  jmtimur  Manes.     Exinde  per  amplum 
MiUimuTElysium,  et  paucT  laeta  arva  tenemus  : 
Donee  longa  dies,  perfecto  temporis  orbe,  745 

Concretam  exemit  labem,  purumque  reliquit 
748.  Deus  evocat  Om-^t'iereum  sensum,  atque  aurai  simplicis  ignenu 
nes  has  animas  Has  omnes,  ubi  mille  rotam  volvere  per  annos, 


NOTES. 


lutions  were  the  slightest,  were  suspended 
and  exposed  to  the  winds ;  others  were 
washed  away;  others  again,  whose  pollu- 
tions were  of  the  deepest  dye,  were  burnt 
ifl  the  fire.  The  elements,  air,  water,  and 
fire,  are  of  a  purifying  nature,  and  have 
been  figuratively  used  by  all  writers  as  em- 
blems of  moral  purification. 

740.  Expendunt :  suffer — undergo.    lna+ 
nes :  in  the  sense  of  leves. 

743.    Quisque   patimur :    we    alljrjmffer 
every  one  his  own    Manr.s.      This   passage 
hath    very    much     perplexed     commenta- 
tors.    It  is  not  certain  in  what  sense  we 
are  to  take  Manes.     The  ghosts,  or  Manes 
of  the  dead,  were  supposed  to  haunt  and 
disturb  the  living,   from  whom   they  had 
received    any  great   injury.      Hence    the 
vrordjflfanes  may  signify  the  fiends,  furies, 
or  tormenting  demons  of  the  lower  world. 
According  to  Plato,  every  person   at   his 
birth  hath  assigned  him  a  geniuni  or  demon, 
that  guards  him  through  life,  and  after  death 
accompanies  him  to  the  shades  below,  and 
becomes  a  minister  of  purification.  By  Manes 
we  may  understand  these  Platonic  demons. 
,  Some  understand  by  Manes  the  stings  and 
'  fierce  upbraidings  of  a  guilty  conscience. 
)  These   every   offender   carries   about  with 
*  him,  and  by  these  means  becomes  his  own 


tormentor.  Patimur  Manes  is  the  same  with 
patimur  supplicium  per  Manes.  The  above 
is  the  usual  acceptation  of  the  words.  In 
the  present  instance  Heyne  differs  from  the 
current  of  interpreters.  He  confesses  it  a 
perplexed  and  intricate  passage,  and  con- 
jectures it  was  left  in  an  unfinished  state  by 
the  poet.  That  part  of  the  dead  which  the 
ancients  called  Manes  they  placed  in  the  in- 
fernal regions,  while  the  umbra  remained 
upon  earth  and  the  soul  ascended  to  hea- 
ven. He  takes  Quisque  suos patimur  Manes, 
in  the  sense  of  nostrum  omnium  Manes  pa- 
tiuntur :  vel,  ista  supplicia  patienda  omnibus 
Manibus.  His  ordo  of  construction  is  :  nos 
Manes  patimur  quisque  quoad  suos.  Accord- 
ing to  the  notion  of  Plato  and  others,  all 
must  undergo  purification  before  they  could 
be  admitted  to  Elysium,  to  the  fata  arva. 
Now  as  the  Manes  alone  descended  to  the 
shades  below,  they  alone  could  suffer :  Hi 
*unt,guipurgantur:  quipatiuntur:  quisub- 


eunt  illas  purgationes,  pro  sua  citjusqueparlc. 
This  is  the  substance  of  his  reasoning. 

745.  Donee  longa  dies,  Sec.    It  is  the  ge- 
neral opinion  of  commentators  that  the  ordo 
is  here  inverted,  and  that  this  line  should 
immediately  follow    Quisque  suos  patimur 
Manes  ;  and  that  exinde,  Stc.  should  follow 
after  aurai  simplicis  ignem.    This  is  the  only 
way  in  which  the  common  meaning  of  donee 
can  be  retained :  we  suffer  every  one  his 
own  Manes,  till  length  of  time,  the  period 
of  time  being  completed,  hath  taken  away 
the  inherent  stains,  and  left  the   ethereal 
sense   pure.  &c.    then,   after  that,  we  are 
sent:    exinde  mittimur,  &c.     Ruseus  takes 
donee  in  the  sense  of  quando,  and  it  is  the 
only  sense  it  will  bear  in  the  present  ordo 
of  construction.     Exinde,  &c. :  then  we  are 
sent — when  length  of  time,  &c. 

746.  Labem.     The  poet  hath  found  no 
less  than  five  different  words  to  express  the 
stains  or  pollutions  of  sin  :  malum,  corporecz 
pestes,  vetera  mala,  infectum  seclus,  and  labes. 
Concretam :  inherent— contracted— habitual. 

747.  Ignem  simplicis  aurai.     By  this  we 
are  to  understand  the  soul.     The  Platonists 
supposed  the  soul  to  be  of  a  fiery  quality. 
This  may  have  led  the  poet  to  call  it  em- 
phatically thejire,  or  flame  of  simple  bright- 
ness.   Simplicis :  simple — uncorrupted — un- 
compounded.     Aurai  :  for  aurce.     Nouns  of 
this  declension  sometimes  formed  the  gen. 
sing,  in  ai. 

748.  Has  omnes.     The  meaning  is,  that 
after  these  animce,  or  souls,  had  passed  a 
thousand  years  in  Elysium,  the  god  calls 
them  to  the  river  Lethe,  where,  by  drinking 
copiously  of  its  water,  they  might  forget  the 
happiness  of  those  peaceful  abodes,  and  be 
prepared  and  willii  g  to  return  again  to  life, 
and  to  visit  this  upper  world.     This  no- 
tion of  the  transmigration  of  souls,  as  little 
as  it  is  founded  in  truth,  was  generally  re- 
ceived among   the  ancients.     There  were 
some   exceptions    to    this    transmigration. 
Those  who  had  been  admitted  into  the  so- 
ciety of  the  gods,  such  as  deified  heroes, 
were  exempted.     Their  anima  or  soul  re- 
sided in  heaven,  while  their  Idolum,  vel  si- 
mulachrum,  always  remained  in  Elysium,  to 
enjoy  its  pleasures  and  delights.     So  we  are 
t  o  understand  of  Anchises,    His  Idolwn  cort  - 


.     LIB.  VI. 


visant 


Lethaeum  ad  fluvium  Deus  evocat  agmine  magno  : 

Scilicet  immemores  supera  ut  convexa  revisant,       750     750.  Scilicet  ut  immc- 

Rursus  et  incipiant  in  corpora  velle  reverti.  mores  prateritorum  re 

Dixerat  Anchises  :  natumque,  unaque  Sibyllam, 

Conventus  trahit  in  medios,  turbamque  sonantem  : 

Et  tumulum  capit,  unde  omnes  longo  ordine  possit 

Adversos  legere,  et  venientum  discere  vultus.          755 

Nunc  age,  Dardaniam  prolem  quae  deinde  sequatur        756.  Nunc  age,  expe- 
Gloria,  qui  maneant  Itala  de  gente  nepotes,  diam  dictis,  quee  gloria 

Illustr'es  animas,  nostrumque  in  nomen  ituras, 
Expediam  dictis,  et  te  tua  fata  docebo. 
Ille,  vides,  pura  juvenis  qui  nititur  hasta, 
Proxima  sorte  tenet  lucis  loca ;  primus  ad  auras 
jEthereas  Italo  commixtus  sanguine  surget, 
Sylvius,   Albanum  nomen,  tua  postuma  proles  : 
Quern  tibi  longsevo  serum  Lavinia  conjux 
Educet  sylvis  regem,  regumque  parentem  : 
Unde  genus  Longa  nostrum  dominabitur  Alba. 
Proximus  ille,  Procas,  Trojana?  gloria  gentis  ; 
Et  Capys,  et  Numitor  ;  etj  qui  te  nomine  reddet, 

Sylvius  vEneas  ;  pariter  pietate  vel  armis  ^  —r.,-,  ^  - — — 

Egregius,  si  unquam  regnandam  acceperit  Albam.    770  Sylvius  .Eneas,  qui 
Qui  juvenes  quantas  ostentant,  aspice,  vires  ! 
At,  qui  umbrata  gerunt  civili  tempora  quercu  :  772.  Hi  imponentNo- 

Hi  tibi  Nomentum,  et  Gabios,  urbemque  Fidenam  :          mentum 


potes    maneant    te    de 
760  Itala  gente 

760.  Ille  juvenis,  qui 
nititur 
763.  Dictus  Sylvius. 

^          764.  Quern  serum  con- 
'o5jux   Lavinia    in    sylvis 
educet  tibi  longaevo  /w- 
turum  regem 

/      767.  Ille  proximus  est 
768.  Deinde  sunt  et 
Ofapys,   et  Numitor ;  et 


NOTES. 


versed  with  /Eneas,  while  his  anima  enjoyed 
the  converse  of  the  gods.  Rotam  volvere:  in 
the  sense  of  iraduxerunt  tempiis.  It  is  a 
metaphor  taken  from  the  rolling  or  turning 
of  a  wheel. 

749.  Deus.     Some   take   the   god   here 
mentioned  to  be  Mercury.  But  Heyne  thinks 
Deus  is  here  used  indefinitely  for  any  Dae- 
mon or  Genium,  in  allusion  to  the  notions 
of  Plato,  which  the  poet  here  hath  in  his 
view.     Perhaps  it  is  better  to  suppose  that 
each  shade  is  called  by  its  own  special  Da- 
mon to  the  waters  of  Lethe,  to  prepare  for  a 
return  to  life.     This  makes  the  sense  easier, 
and  is  in  perfect  accordance  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  that  philosophy,  here  inculcated 
and  explained. 

750.  Supera  convexa :  in  the  sense  of  su- 
peras  auras  ;  or  simply,  vitam. 

753.  Sonantem:  in  the  sense  of  strepentem. 

755.  Legere :  in  the  sense  of  recensere>  vel 
cognoscere. 

763.  Sylvius.  Dionysius  Halicarnassus 
informs  us  that  Lavinia,  at  the  death  of 
.flSneas,  was  pregnant,  and  for  fear  of  AB- 
canius  fled  into  the  woods  to  a  Tuscan 
shepherd,  where  she  was  delivered  of  a  son, 
whom,  from  that  circumstance,  she  called 
Sylvius.  But  Ascanius,  moved  with  com- 
passion toward  her,  named  him  his  succes- 
sor in  the  kingdom  of  Alba  Longa.  From 
him,  the  kings  of  Alba  took  the  common 
name  of  Sylvii.  Livy,  however,  makes  him 


the  son  of  Ascanius.  In  order  to  make  the 
historian  and  the  poet  agree,  some  would 
understand  by  longcevo,  in  the  following 
line,  advanced  Iff  the  gods,  immortal,  relying 
upon  jEsdhy'lus,  who  calls  the  gods  longcevi. 
Postuma  proles.  The  meaning  of  postuma 
here  will,  in  a  good  degree,  depend  upon 
the  sense  given  to  longcevo.  If  it  be  taken 
as  abovementioned,  to  denote  one  advanced 
to  tfte  life  of  the  gods,  then  postuma  proles 
will  mean  posthumous  child,  one  born  after 
the  death  of  the  father.  But  if  we  take 
longCRVo  in  its  ordinary  acceptation,  to  de- 
note an  old  man,  or  one  advanced  in  afire, 
then  postuma  must  be  taken  in  the  sense" of 
postrema :  last — your  last  child,  whom  late 
your  wife  Lavinia  brought  to  you  advanced 
in  age. 

765.  Educet :  in  the  sense  of  pariet. 

767.  Proximus.  Not  the  one  who  should 
succeed  Sylvius  in  the  throne  of  Alba,  for 
Procas  was  the  thirteenth  king ;  but  the  one 
who  stood  next  to  him  in  the  Elysian  fields. 

772.  At,    qui    gerunt :    but   who    bear 
their  temples  shaded  with  the  civic  crown. 
This  was  made  of  oak,  because  the  fruit  of 
that  tree  supported  man  at  the  first.     It  was 
conferred  upon  the  man  who  had  saved  the 
life  of  a  Roman  citizen  in  battle.     Querru : 
the  oak ;  by  meton.  the  crown  made  of  it. 

773.  Hi  Nomentum  :   these  shall  found 
Nomentum,  &c.     This  was  a  town  of  the 
Sabines,  situated  upon  the  river  Allia.  about 


40 


P.  V1RG1L1I  MARONLS 


Hi  Collatinas  imponcnt  montibus  arces, 
Pometios,  Castrumque  Inui,  Bolamque,  Coramque. 
Haec  turn  nomina  crunt,  nunc  sunt  sine  nomine  terrae. 
Quin  et  avo  comitem  sese  Mavortius  addet 
Romulus,  Assaraci  quern  sanguinis  Ilia  mater 
Educet.     Viden'  ut  gemmae  stant  vcrtice  cristo.1. 
Et  pater  ipse  suo  Superum  jam  signat  honore  ? 
En  hujus,  nate,  auspiciis  ilia  inclyta  Roma 
fmperium  terris,  animos  icquabit  Olympo, 
Septemque  una  sibi  muro  circumdabit  arces, 
Felix  prole  virum  :  qualis  Berecynthia  mater 
Invehitur  curru  Phrygias  turrita  per  urbes, 
Laeta  Deum  partu,  centum  cornplexa  nepotes, 
787.  Umnea  teneutes  Omnes  cojlicolas,  omnes  supera  alta  teuentes. 

supera  et  alta  loca         Hue,  geminas  hue  flecte  acies  :  hanc  aspice  gentem, 
789.  Hie  6j*  Caesar,  et  Romanesque  tuos.     Hie  Caesar,  et  omnis  liili 

oninis  Progenies,  magnum  cceli  ventura  sub  axem.  790 

791.    Quem    ssepius  Hie  vir,  hie  est,  tibi  quern  promitti  saepius  audis, 

audis      promitti     tibi,  Augustus  Caesar,  Divi  genus  ;  aurea  condet 

nefttPe  Saecula  qui  rursus  Latio,  regnata  per  arva 

•.   Saturno  quondam  :  super  et  Garamantas  et  Indos 


780 


785 


NOTES. 


twelve  miles  tram  Rome,  011  the  east.  Gabii : 
a  town  about  ten  miles  from  Rome,  also  to- 
ward the  east.  Fidena :  a  town  situated  011 
the  Tyber,  about  five  miles  north  of  Rome. 
Collatia :  a  town  not  far  from  Fidena^  to  the 
east.  Pome/ia,  or  Fometii :  a  town  of  the 
Volsci,  situate  to  the  north  of  the  PompLina. 
paludes.  Castrum  Inui :  a  maritime  town 
of  the  Rutuli.  It  was  dedicated  to  that  god 
whom  the  Greeks  called  Pan,  but  the  Latins 
called  Inuus  or  Incubus.  Bolce  vel  Bola  :  a 
town  of  the  JEqui  near  Prceneste,  to  the  east. 
Cora :  a  town  of  the  Volsci  not  far  from 
Pome/ia,  to  the  north.  These  towns  were 
not  all  in  Latium,  properly  so  called,  as  the 
poet  would  insinuate.  They  were  built  af- 
ter their  respective  people  were  incorporated 
among  the  Romans,  and  their  lands  made 
a  part  of  the  Roman  state. 

774.  Imponent :  in  the  sense  of  condent. 
Collatinas  arces  :  the  town  or  city  Collation. 

111.  Comitem  avo.  Comes  here  is  an  as- 
sistant or  helper  Numitor,  the  son  of  Pro- 
cas,  was  driven  from  his  throne  by  his  bro- 
ther Amulius.  Romulus  being  informed  of 
this,  collected  a  company  of  men,  joined  the 
party  of  Numitor,  and  restored  him  to  his 
throne.  Romulus  was  the  reputed  son  of 
Mars  and  J/z'a,  the  daughter  of  Numitor, 
who  was  therefore  his  grandfather.  Mavor- 
tius: an  adj.  from  Manors,  a.  name  of  Mars, 
agreeing  with  Romulus,  who  is  said  to  have 
been  the  son  of  that  god. 

779.  Educet:  in  the  sense  of  parict. 

780.  Pater  Superum  :    Jupiter,  who   is 
styled  the  father  of  the  gods,  and  king  ef 
men.    Some  understand  Mars,  the  father  of 
Romulus. 


781.  dus])iciis:  conduct— government. 

782.  Jlnimos  :  courage — valor. 

783.  Unaque  circumdabit:   and  it  alone 
shall  surround  for  itself  seven  hills. 

784.  Berecynthia  mater  :  as  the  Berecyn- 
thian  mother,  crowned  with  turrets,  is  waft- 
ed in  her  car,  &c.     Cybele  is  here  meant, 
who  was  said  to  be  the  mother  of  most  of  the 
gods.     Hence  lada  Deum  partu :  rejoicing 
in  a  race  or  progeny  of  gods.     The  epithet 
Berecynthia  is  added  to  her  from  Berecyn- 
thium,  a  castle  of  Phrygia,  on  the  river  Sa- 
garis,  or  from  a  mountain  of  that  name, 
where  she  was  worshipped  in  a  distinguish- 
ed manner.     Cybele  is  often  put,  by  meton, 
for  the  earth ;  for  which  reason  she  is  repre- 
sented as  wearing  a  turreted  crown.     Prole 
virum:  in  a  race  of  heroes. 

788.  Genlem  :  race — progeny. 

792.  Genus  Divi:  the  offspring  of  a  god. 
This  the   poet   says  to  flatter  the   vanity 
of  Augustus,  who,  from  the  time  that  he 
deified  Julius  Ccesar,  his  father  by  adoption, 
assumed  the  title  of  the  son  of  a  god,  Jilius 
Divi.  as  appears  from  ancient  inscriptions. 
Or  his  divine  descent  might  be  traced  from 
Dardanus,  the  founder  of  the  Trojan  race, 
the  reputed  son  of  Jove.     Some  copies  have 
Divum.     Heyne  reads  Divi.     Aurea  sazcula 
condet :  who  again  shall  establish  the  golden 
age  in  Latium,  through  the  country,  &c. 
See  Eel.  iv.  6. 

793.  Augustus.    This  is  the  first  time  thai- 
Virgil  called  his  prince   Augustus.      This 
title  was  decreed  to  him  by  the  senate,  in 
the  year  of  Rome  " 


.     LIB.  VI. 


Proferet  imperium  :  jacet  extra  sidera  tellus, 
Extra  anni  solisque  vias,  ubi  coelifer  Atlas 
Axem  humero  torquet  stellis  ardentibus  aptum. 
Hujus  in  adventu  jam  nunc  et  Caspia  regna 
Responsis  horrent  Divum  ;  et  Maeotica  tellus, 
Et  septemgemini  turbant  trepida  ostia  Nili. 
Nee  vevo  Alcides  tantum  telluris  obivit ; 
Fixerit  seripedem  cervam  licet,  aut  Erymanthi 
Pacarit  nemora,  et  Lernam  tremefecerit  arcu. 
Nee,  qui  parnpineis  victor  juga  flectit  habenis 
Liber,  agens  celso  Nysae  de  vertice  tigres. 
Et  dubitamus  adhuc  virtutem  extendere  factis  ? 
Aut  metus  Ausonia  prohibet  consistere  terra  ? 
Quis  procul  ille  autem,  ramis  insignis  olivae, 
Sacra  ferens  ?  nosco  crines  incanaque  menta 


800 


804.  Nee  Liber 
805  tantum  telluris,  qui  vic- 
tor flectit  juga  pampi- 
neis habenis,  agens 

808.  Autem  quis  est 
ille  procul,  insignis  ra- 
mis 


NOTES. 


795.  Proferet  imperium  super:  he  shall 
extend  his  empire  over,  &e.  The  Gara- 
mantes  were  a  people  inhabiting  the  interior 
of  Africa.  Indos.  Suetonius  informs  us  that 
the  kings  of  India,  properly  so  called,  being 
moved  at  the  fame  of  Augustus,  sought  his 
friendship.  But  it  is  well  known  that  he 
did  not  extend  his  empire  over  them.  Most 
probably  the  people  here  mentioned  under 
the  name  of  Indos  were  the  Ethiopians,  or 
some  nation  of  Africa.  Besides,  any  coun- 
try lying  in  a  hot  climate,  or  within  the 
tropics,  was  anciently  called  India,  and  its 
inhabitants  Indi,  as  might  be  shown  by 
abundant  testimony. 

795.  Ttllus  jacet :  their  land  lies,  &c.  Si- 
{fera,  here,  does  not  mean  the  stars  and  con- 
stellations in  general ;  but  the  particular 
signs  of  the  zodiac,  as  appears  from  the  fol- 
lowing words  :  extra  vias  annul  solis.  This 
description  agrees  very  well  to  Africa,  which 
extends  beyond  the  tropic  of  Cancer  to  the 
north,  and,  also,  beyond  the  tropic  of  Capri- 
corn to  the  south. 

797.  Axem :  by  synec.  for  ccdum. 

798.  Caspia  regna.  By  this  we  are  to  un- 
derstand the  kingdoms  bordering  upon  the 
Caspian  sea.     To  the  north   were  the  Sar- 
matians  and  Scythians ;  to  the  south,  the 
Parthians ;    to   the    west,   the  Arminians. 
This  sea  has  no  visible  outlet  or  communi- 
cation with  any  other  waters.     It  is  said  to 
be  about  630  miles  long,  and  260  broad. 
The  Wolga,  the  largest  river  in  Europe, 
empties  into  it.     Mccotica  tellus.  By  this  we 
are  to  understand  the  northern  nations  of 
Europe,  bordering  on  the  Pains  Ma>otis,  or 
sea  of  Azoff,  on  the  north  of  the  Euxine, 
or  Black  sea.     Horrent:  tremble  at  the  re- 
sponses of  the  gods. 

8^00.  Trepida  ostia  :  the  astonished  mouths 
of  the  seven-fold  Nile  are  troubled.  Tur- 
bant has,  in  this  place,  the  signification  of 
fi'rbantur.  vel  tremtlant. 


moventur.  The  Nile  is  the  largest  river  of 
Africa,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  sea 
by  seven  mouths.  It  annually  overflows  its 
banks,  and  occasions  the  fertility  of  Egypt. 
The  Egyptians  worshipped  it  as  a  divinity. 
801.  Alcides:  a  name  of  Hercules,  from 
AlcKits,  his  grandfather.  He  is  sometimes 
called  Amphitryoniades,  from  Amphitryon* 
the  husband  ofAlcmena,  of  whom  Jupiter  be- 
gat him.  He  travelled  over  many  parts  of 
the  world,  performing  feats  of  valor.  He 
was  in  the  Argonautic  expedition.  In  Egypt 
he  slew  Busiris ;  in  Spain,  Geryon ;  in  Si- 
cily, Eryx  ;  in  Thrace,  Diomede ;  in  Afri- 
ca he  destroyed  the  gardens  of  the  Hespe- 
rides.  The  poet  here  mentions  three  in- 
stances of  his  valor :  1.  His  piercing  the 
brazen-footed  hind.  Fixerit  (Bripedem,  &c. 
This  hind  inhabited  the  mountain  M&nalus* 
in  Arcadia.  Servius,  in  order  to  reconcile 
Virgil  with  mythology,  takes  fixerit,  in  tho 
sease  of  statuerit,  stopped,  out-run,  took, 
&c.  because,  being  sacred  to  Diana,it  would 
have  been  impious  to  put  her  to  death. 
Hey  ne  takes  Jixcrit  in  the  sense  of  ceperif. 
2.  His  subduing  the  groves  of  Erymanthus  : 
pacdrit  memora ;  that  is,  subdued  the  wild 
boar  that  infested  them.  He  took  him  alivo, 
and  carried  him  to  Eurystheus,  king  of 
Mycentt.  3.  His  making  Lerna  tremble  with 
his  bow :  Lernam  tremefecerit ;  that  is,  th^ 
fens  of  Lerna,  between  Argos  and  Mi/coir, 
where  lie  slew  the  Hydra  with  fifty  heads. 

804.  Juga  :  the  yoke,  by  melon,  for  tin: 
carriage.  The  car  of  Bacchus  was  dra^yn 
by  tigers. 

"  805.  Nysa.  There  were  several  moun- 
tains by  this  name,  all  sacred  to  Bacchur. 
.  .'_i'7?s  "tigres :  driving  the  tigers  from,  &^. 
Tigers  are  said  to  be  transported  with  fury 
at  the  sound  of  tabrets  and  drums  ;  which . 
perhaps,  is  the  reason  of  their  being  given 
to  Bacchus,  the  god  of  fury  and  enthusiastic 


388 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Regis  Romani ;  primus  qui  legibus  urbem  810 

Fundabit,  Curibus  parvis  et  paupere  terra 

812.  Cui  deinde  Tul-  Missus  in  imperium  magnum.     Cui  deinde  subibit, 
lus  subibit,  quirumpetOti         •  rumpet  patriae,  residesque  movebit 
otia  patnes,  rnovebitque ,—  „  M  .  '     -  .  •          u  • 

Tullus  in  arma  viros,  et  jam  desueta  tnumpnis 

Agmina.    Quern  juxta  sequitur  jactantior  Ancus,      815 
Nunc  quoque  jam  nimium  gaudens  popularibus  auris. 
817.  Vis-ne  videre  et  Vis  et  Tarquinios  reges,  animamque  superbam 
Tarquinios  Ultoris  Bruti,  fascesque  videre  receptos  ? 

Consuls  imperium  hie  primus,  saevasque  secures 


NOTES. 


810.  Romani  regis.     The  person   here 
spoken  of  is  Numa  Pompilius,  the  second 
king  of  Rome.     He  was  a  Sabine  by  birth. 
After  the  death  of  Romulus,  a  dispute  arose 
between  the  Romans  and  Sabines  upon  the 
choice  of  his  successor.    They  finally  agreed 
that  the  Romans  should  choose,   but  the 
choice  must  fall  upon  a  Sabine.     It  accord- 
ingly fell  upon  Numa.     He  proved  to  be  a 
peaceful  monarch.     He  is,  therefore,  here 
represented  as  bearing  an  olive  branch,  the 
badge   of  peace.     He   reigned  forty-three 
years,  and  died  at  the  age  of  eighty.    This 
justifies  the  incana  menta;  his  white  chin 
— beard.      The  prep,    in,  in   composition, 
sometimes  changes  the  signification  of  the 
primitive,  at  others,  increases  it.     This  last 
is   the  case   here.     Hitherto   the    Romans 
had  been  little  better  than  a   band  of  rob- 
bers, associated  together  for  the  purpose  of 
extending  their  rapine  more  widely.     It  was 
Numa's  first  care  to  establish  the  influence 
of  religion  over  the  minds  of  his  subjects, 
and  to  enact  a  code  of  laws  for  their  civil 
government.     He  is  therefore  represented 
bearing   sacred    utensils.     See  nom.  prop, 
under  Numa.     Hence  it  is  said,/imrfa6i/  ur- 
bem legibus :  he  shall  found  the  city  by  laws. 

811.  Curibus:  Cures  was  a  small  city  of 
the  Sabines.     Paupere  terra :  from  a  poor 
or  humble  estate. 

814.  Tullus.     Tullus  Hostilius,  the  third 
king  of  the  Romans.     He  was  a  descend- 
ant neither  of  Numa,  nor  Romulus.  The  go- 
vernment of  Rome  was  then  an  elective  mo- 
narchy, though  great  deference  was  paid  to 
the  will  of  the  last  king,  and  sometimes  it  ve- 
ry much  influenced  the  choice.  Tullus  broke 
the  peace  with  the  Albans,  and  a  bloody  war 
ensued .     ftros  resides  movebit  et  agmina :  he 
shall  rouse  his  inactive  men  to  arms,  and 
his  troops  long  unaccustomed  to  triumphs. 
Otia :  in  the  sense  ofpacem. 

815.  Ancus.     This  was  Ancus  Martius, 
the  fourth  king  of  Rome.     He  courted  the 
favor  of  the  people :  hence  it  is  said  of  him, 
gaudens  popularibus  auris.     Nor  was  he  in- 
ferior to  his  predecessor  in  the  arts  of  peace 
and  war.     He  was  the  grandson  of  Numa 
by  his  daughter.    Being  indignant  that  Tul- 
lus should  possess  the  throne  in  preference 


to  himself,  he  sought  means  to  procure  his 
death,  and  that  of  his  family.  No  mention 
is  here  made  of  Sorvins  Tullius,  the  sixth 
king  of  Rome. 

816.  Auris :  aura,  applause — favor. 

818.  Ultoris  Bruti.  Tarquin,  surnamed 
the  proud,  the  seventh  and  last  king  of 
Rome,  had  rendered  himself  odious  to  the 
people.  His  son  Sextus,  enamored  with  the 
beautiful  Lucrtlia,  the  wife  of  Collatinus, 
offered  violence  to  her.  Unable  to  survive 
the  disgrace,  she  killed  herself  with  her  own 
hand.  This  caused  a  general  sensation. 
Brutus,  a  leading  member  of  the  Senate, 
roused  that  body  to  assert  their  rights 
against  the  tyrant,  and  procured  a  decree 
to  banish  Tarquin  and  his  family  for  ever. 
For  this  reason,  he  is  called  ultor,  the  aven- 
ger. The  government  was  changed  from 
regal,  to  consular ;  and  Brutus  and  Collati- 
nus were  chosen  the  first  consuls.  These 
officers  were  chosen  annually.  Fasces  recep- 
tos :  these  words  may  mean,  the  authority 
and  power  recovered,  and  restored  to  the 
people,  from  whom  they  had  been  taken  by 
usurpation  and  tyranny.  Heyne  says,  re- 
giam  dignitatem,  et  imperium  translatum  a 
regibus  in  consules.  This  is  also  the  opinion 
of  Dr.  Trapp.  But  this  is  going  too  far. 
It  is  better  to  understand  it  of  the  power 
recovered  and  restored  to  the  people,  from 
whom  it  had  been  taken.  In  confirmation 
of  this,  history  informs  us,  that  the  consuls 
were  obliged  to  bow  their  fasces  to  the  as- 
sembly of  the  people,  as  an  acknowledg- 
ment that  the  sovereign  power  was  theirs. 
Fascis:  properly,  a  bundle  of  rods  bound 
together  with  an  axe  in  the  middle,  carried 
before  the  consuls  and  chief  magistrates,  to 
denote  that  they  had  the  power  to  scourge 
and  to  put  to  death — the  rods  to  scourge, 
and  the  axe  (securis)  to  put  to  death.  Hence 
by  meton.  it  came  to  signify  the  power  itself, 
— the  ensigns  of  authority  and  royalty — 
also  power  and  authority  in  general.  Se- 
curis  is  properly  an  axe.  But  being  used  as 
an  instrument  of  executing  the  sentence  of 
the  law  against  offenders,  it  came  to  signify 
the  sentence  itself.  And  as  the  sentence  of 
the  law  is  to  be  considered  just,  it  is  taken 
also  for  justice  in  a  general  sonse.  Srevax 


/ENEIS.     LIB.  VI. 


369 


Accipiet ;  natosque  pater,  nova  bella  moventes, 
Ad  pcenam  pulchra  pro  libertate  vocabit 
Infelix.     Utcunque  terent  ea  facta  minores, 
Vincet  amor  patriie,  laudumque  immensa  cupido. 
Quin  Decios,  Drusosque  procui,  saevutnque  securi 
Aspice  Torquatum,  et  referentem  signa  Camillum. 
Illae  autern,  paribus  quas  fulgere  cernis  in  armis, 
Concordes  animae  nunc^  et  dam  nocte  premuntur, 
Heu  !  quantum  inter  se  bellum,  si  lumina  vitae 
Attigerint,  quantas  acies  stragemque  ciebunt ! 
Aggeribus  socer  Alpinis,  atque  arce  Monoeci 
Descendens  ;  gener  adversis  instructus  Eois. 
Ne,  pueri,  ne  tanta  animis  assuescite  bella  : 
Neu  patrise  validas  in  viscera  vertite  vires. 
Tuque  prior,  tu  parce,  genus  qui  ducis  Olympo  : 
Projice  tela  manu,  sanguis  meus  ! 
Ille  triumphal  Capitolia  ad  alta  Corintho 


820     820.  Infelix  pater  vo- 
f  abit  natos.  moventes 


825 


830 


826.  Autem  illae  ani- 
mse,  quas  cernis  fulgere 
in  paribus  armis  con- 
cordes  nunc,  et  dura  pre- 
muntur nocte,  heu  ! 


835 


835.   Tu  qui  es  meus 
sanguis. 


NOTES. 


secures :  rigid,  stem,  or  impartial  justice — 
the  sword  of  justice.  Perhaps  the  poet  here 
alludes  to  the  sentence  passed  upon  the  sons 
of  Brutus,  for  being  among  the  number  of 
conspirators  to  restore  the  Tarquins,  which 
was  rigidly  enforced  by  their  father.  They 
were  beheaded  with  the  axe, 

820.  Natos.  The  two  sons  of  Brutus,  Ti- 
tus and  Tiberius,  conspired  with  other  noble 
youths  of  Rome,  to  recall  Tarquin.  But 
being  discovered,  their  father  commanded 
them  to  be  put  to  death ;  and  stood  by,  and 
saw  the  sentence  put  in  execution.  The 
epithet  infelix,  connected  with  pater,  is  very 
just,  as  well  as  expressive.  Some  copies 
connect  infdix  with  utcunque  minores.  How- 
ever posterity  shall  regard  that  action,  love 
of  country  will  prevail  and  justify  the  father. 

824.  Decios  aspice  :  but  see  the  Decii,  &c. 
They  were  a  noble  family  at  Rome.  Three 
of  them  devoted  their  lives  for  their  country. 
Drusos:  Drusus  was  the  surname  of  the 
Livian  family,  from  Drums,  a  general  of  the 
Gauls,  slain  by  one  of  that  family.  Of  this 
family  was  Livia  Drusilla,  the  wife  of  Au- 
gustus. 

825.  Torquatum.  Titus  Manlius,  sur- 
named  Torquatus,  from  a  golden  chain  or 
collar  (torques)  which  he  took  from  a  gene- 
ral of  the  Gauls,  whom  he  slew,  anno  urbis, 
393.  It  became  afterward  the  common 
name  of  the  family.  He  was  three  times 
consul,  and  as  often  dictator.  He  ordered 
his  son  to  be  slain  for  fighting  the  enemy 
against  his  order,  although  he  gained  the 
victory.  In  allusion  to  this,  he  is  called 
scRvum  securi.  Camillum  :  a  Roman  of  no- 
ble birth.  He  was  banished  from  Rome  for 
envy  of  his  talents  and  military  renown. 
While  he  was  in  exile,  the  Gauls  made  an 
incursion  into  Italy,  and  took  Rome.  This 
roused  Camillus.  He  forgot  the  injury  done 
to  him  :  and,  collecting  «.  body  of  men,  fell 


upon  them  unawares,  and  cut  them  in  pieces-. 
He  was  five  times  dictator,  and  four  times 
he  triumphed. 

828.  Heu !  quantum  :  alas !  how  great  a 
war,  &c.  Here  is  an  allusion  to  the  civil 
war  between  Caesar  and  Pompey.  Pompey 
married  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Csesar.  The 
troops  that  composed  the  army  of  Csesar 
(socer,  the  father-in-law)  were  chiefly  Gauls 
and  Germans  from  the  west.  Hence  he  is 
said  to  come  from  the  Alpine  hills,  and  the 
tower  of  Moncecus.  '  This  was  a  town  and 
port  on  the  coast  of  Liguria,  where  the  Alps 
begin  to  rise.  The  place  was  well  fortified. 
The  troops  of  Pompey  (gener,  the  son-in- 
law,)  were  from  the  eastern  part  of  the 
empire ;  adversis  Eois :  from  the  opposite 
east.  Populis  vel  militibus  is  understood. 

832.  Ne  assuescite  tanta  bella  animis :  by 
commutatio,  for  ne  assuescite  animos  tantis 
bellis. 

833.  Neu  patrice.     This  verse,  in  a  very 
remarkable  manner,  conveys  to  the  ear  the 
sound  of  tearing  and  rending,  which  it  is 
designed  to  express. 

835.  Meus  sanguis.     Julius  Caesar  is  here 
meant,  who,  according  to  V  irgil,  descended 
from  Venus,  through  lulus,  the  son  of  /Ene- 
as.    The  poet  here  very  artfully  expresses 
his  abhorrrence  of  the  civil  war  which  placed 
the  Cffisars  on  the  imperial  throne  ;  but  he 
does  it  so  artfully  as  leaves  to  Augustus  no 
room  for  taking  offence. 

836.  Corintho  (riumphatd :  Corinth  being 
triumphed  over      This  was  a  famous  city  of 
Greece,  situated  on  the  isthmus  which  con- 
nects the  Peloponnesus  with  the  main  land. 
This  city  privately  formed  an  alliance  with 
the  principal   Grecian  states ;  which  gave 
offence  to  the  Romans.     Upon  this,  they 
sent  ambassadors  to  dissolve  this  alliance 
or  council  of  the  states,  as  it  was  called  ; 
who  were  treated  with  violence  and 


390 


?.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Victor  aget  currum,  cassis  insigrris  Achivis. 
Eruet  ille  Argos,  Agamemnoniasque  Mycenas, 
Ipsumque  ^Eaciden,  genus  armipotentis  Achillei  ; 
Ultus  avos  Trojse,  templa  et  temerata  Minerva?.        840 
Quis  te,  magne  Cato,  taciturn  ;  aut  te,  Cosse,  relinquat  ? 
842.   Quis  relinquat  Quis  Gracchi  genus?  aut  geminos,  duo  fulmina  belli. 
genus  Gracchi  taciturn  f  Scipiadas,  cladem  Libyae  ?  parvoque  potentem 
Fabricium?  vel  te  sulco,  Serrane,  serentem? 


aut 


NOTES. 


Rome  instantly  declared  war,  which  ended 
in  the  destruction  of  Corinth,  and  the  sub- 
jugation of  its  allies.  Tliis  was  completed 
by  the  consul  Mummius,  in  the  year  of 
Rome  609.  Ille  victor.  This  refers  to  Mum- 
mius. He  was  honored  by  a  triumph.  Ca- 
pitolia :  neu.  plu.  a  famous  temple  of  Jupi- 
ter at  Rome,  commenced  by  Tarquinius 
Prisons  upon  the  hill  called  Tarpdus,  but 
afterward  Capitolinus,  from  the  circum- 
stance of  a  human  head  (capuf)  being 
found  when  they  were  laying  the  founda- 
tion of  that  edifice.  Hitherto  the  victors 
used  to  be  drawn  in  a  car  to  place  their  lau- 
rels in  tlie  lap  of  Jove. 

838.  Ille  eruet  Argos :  he  shall  overthrow 
Argos,  &c.  Virgil  is  here  supposed  by  Hy- 
ginus  to  confound  two  events  which  took 
place  at  different  periods-^the  war  of  Acka- 
ia,  which  ended  in  the  destruction  of  Co- 
rinth, and  the  war  with  Pyrrhus,  king  of 
Epirus.  The  former  was  conducted  by  the 
consul  MummiuS)  to  whom  the  ille,  in  the 
preceding  line,  refers ;  but  it  is  not  certain 
to  whom  the  ille  here  reiers ;  whether  to 
Quinctius  Flaminius,  Paulus  JEmilius,  Cce- 
cilius  Metellus,  or  M.  Curius,  each  of  whom 
acted  a  distinguished  part  in  the  war  with 
Greece  and  Epirus.  By  Argos — Myctnoz, 
the  best  interpreters  understand  the  power 
of  Greece  in  general.  And  by  JEaciden,  not 
Pyrrhus,  but  the  power — the  government  of 
Epiras.  This  was  not  destroyed  during  the 
reign  of  that  monarch.  It  was,  however 
completed  in  the  reign  of  Penes  or  Perseus, 
king  of  Macedonia,  the  last 'of  the  descend- 
ants of  Achilles,  whom  Paulus  ^Emilius  led 
in  triumph.  He  may  be  called  JEacides,  as 
being  descended  from  Achilles,  the  grandson 
of  i/Eaeus,  by  Olympias,  the  daughter  of 
Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus.  He  united  the  in- 
terests of  northern  Greece. 

840.  Ultus  avos  Trojce :  having  avenged 
his  ancestors  of  Troy.     Temerata  templa: 
the  violated  temple  of  Minerva.     This  al- 
ludes to  the  violence  offered  to  it  by  Diomede 
and  Ulysses,  in  taking  away  the  Palladium. 

841.  Cato.     There  were  two  distinguish- 
ed persons  of  this  name.     The  one  here 
spoken  of  is  the  Cato  Major,  sometimes  call- 
ed Cato  Censorius,  from  his  great  gravity 
and  strictness  in  the  censorship.     He  lived 
to  a  very  great  age.     He  sprang  from  an 

re  fa-mil v  :  and.  on  account  of  his  wis- 


dom and  prudence,  was  called  Cato,  from 
catus,  wise  or  prudent.  The  other  Cato 
was  his  great  grandson,  and  called  Minor. 
He  arrived  at  the  preetorship.  He  subju- 
gated Sardinia ;  and,  in  the  year  of  Rome 
560,  obtained  a  triumph  in  Spain,  where  he 
acted  as  proconsul.  He  took  part  against 
Caesar  and,  when  he  saw  the  republic  was 
lost,  slew  himself.  Cosse :  Cornelius  Cossus. 
He  slew  the  king  of  the  Vtitnits,  and  conse- 
crated his  spoils  to  Jupiter  Feretrius.  These 
were  the  second  spolia  opima,  since  the  build- 
ing of  Rome.  He  was  afterward  nomina- 
ted dictator,  and  triumphed  over  the  Volsci. 

842.  Genus  Gracchi.     Tiberius  Sempro- 
nius  Gracchus  was  the  most  distinguished 
of  his  family.     He  was  appointed  preetor, 
and  triumphed  over  the  Celtiberi  in  Spain, 
destroying  three  hundred  of  their  towns,  in 
the  year  of  Rome  576.     He  was  twice  con- 
sul, and  once  censor.     He  married  Cornelia, 
the  daughter  of  Scipio  Africanus.     By  her, 
among  other  children,  he  had  the  two  fa- 
mous brothers  Tiberius  and  Caius.     They 
were  both  appointed  tribunes  of  the  people  at 
different  times,  and  were  the  sincere  advo- 
cates of  their  rights.  This  excited  the  jealousy 
of  the  senate,  who  raised  a  tumult,  in  which 
they  both  perished.    The  former  in  the  year 
of  Rome  621,  and  the  latter  in  the  year  633, 

843.  Scipiadas.     There  were  two  Scipios, 
Cornelius  Scipio  major,  and  Cornelius  Sci- 
pio minor.     They  were  both  surnamed  Af- 
ricanus.    The  latter  was  grandson  of  the 
former,  and  was  adopted  by  Paulus  JEmi- 
lius, and  to  distinguish  him  from  the  former, 
he  was  called  also  JEmilianus.     They  were 
both   distinguished   men.      At  the  age  of 
twenty-four,  Scipio  Major  was  appointed  to 
command  in  Spain  against  the  Carthagi- 
nians, whom  he  expelled  from  that  country. 
He  was  afterward,  anno  urbis  549,  made 
consul.     He  passed  over  into  Africa,  where 
he  defeated  them  again,  and  terminated  the 
second   Punic  war,  much  to  the   advantage 
of  the  Romans.     He  obtained  a  triumph, 
anno  urbis  553.     Hence  he  was  called  Afri- 
canus.    Scipio  Minor  was  appointed  consul 
in  607.     He  took  the  department  of  Africa 
in  the  third  Punic  war,  and  entirely  erased 
Carthage.     He  triumphed  in  608.     Hence 
also  called  Africanus.     Duo  fulmina  belli  : 
two  thunderbolts  of  war.     They  were  s#» 
called  bv  Lucrftiint  and  C 


^ENEIS.     LIB.  VI. 


Quo  fessum  rapitis,  Fabii  ?  Tu  Maximus  ille  es, 
Unus  qui  nobis  cunctando  restituis  rem. 
Excudent  alii  spirantia  mollius  aera, 
Credo  equidem  :  vivos  ducent  de  marmore  vultus  ; 
Orabunt  causas  melius  ;  co3lique  meatus 
Describent  radio,  et  surgentia  sidera  dicent : 
Tu  regere  imperio  populos,  Romane,  memento  : 
Hie  tibi  erunt  artes  ;  pacisque  imponere  morem, 
Parcere  subjectis,  et  debellare  superbos. 

Sic  pater  Anchises  :  atque  haec  mirantibus  addit 
Aspice,  ut  insignis  spoliis  Marcellus  opimis 
Ingreditur,  victorque  viros  supereminet  omnes. 
Hie  rem  Romanam,  magno  turbante  tumultu, 
Sistet  eques  :  sternet  Prenos,  Gallumque  rebellem 
Tertiaque  arma  patri  suspendet  capta  Quirino. 
Atque  hie  ^Eneas  ;  una  namque  ire  videbat 


845      845.  Fabii,  quo  rapi- 
tis  me  fossum  ? 


850 

854.  Pater  Anchises 
dixit :  atque 

857.  Hie  eques  sistet 
*  Romanam  rem,  magno 
"55  tumultu  turbante  earn 

860.  Hie  ^neas  ait : 

O  pater  quis  est  ille,  qui 

sic     comitatur      virum 

euiitem?  namque  vide- 

860  bat 


NOTES. 


844.  Fabricium.     Fabricius  was   raised 
from  a  low  estate  to  the  command  of  the 
Roman  army.     The  Samnitea  and  Pyrrhus 
both  attempted  to  corrupt  him  with  money ; 
but  he  gave  them  to  understand  that  Rome 
was  not  ambitious  of  gold,  but  gloried  in 
commanding  those  who  possessed  it.     He 
was  twice  consul,  and  twice  he  triumphed. 
Serrane:  Quinctius  Cincinnatus.     He  was 
twice  dictator.     At  the  age  of  eighty  he  was 
taken  from  his  farm  of  four   acres   only, 
which  he  ploughed  and  sowed  with  his  own 
hand.     Whence  he  is  called  Serranus,  from 
the  verb  sero.     Florus  calls  him  dictator  ab 
aratro. 

845.  Fabii.     These  were  a  noble  family 
at  Rome,  of  whom  Quintius  Fabius  was 
the  most  distinguished.     In  the  second  Pu- 
nic war  Annibal  reduced  the  Roman  state 
to  the  brink  of  ruin  by  two  signal  victories 
obtained  over  them,  one  at  Trebia,  the  other 
at  Trasimtnus.     In  this  state  of  things,  Fa- 
bius was  appointed  dictator,  and  took  the 
command  of  the   army  against   the   con- 
queror.    By  delaying  to  give  him  battle, 
by  degrees  he  broke  his  power  and  com- 
pelled him  to  leave  Italy.     Cunctando  resti- 
tuis rem  :  by  delaying  you  restore  the  state. 
He  was  honored  with  the  surname  of  Maxi- 
mus.    He  was  five  times  consul,  twice  dic- 
tator, once  censor,  and  twice  he  triumphed. 

846.  Rem :  the  state— the  republic.  Most 
copies  have  restituis,  in  the  present ;  some 
restitues,  in  the  future. 

847.  Alii  excudent  :    others  shall  form 
with  more  delicacy  the  animated  brass,  &c. 
The  Corinthians  were  famed  for  statuary  ; 
the  Athenians  for  eloquence,  and  the  Chal- 
deans and  Egyptians  for  astronomy.    These 
are  the  arts  or  sciences  here  alluded  to.  The 
Romans  are  advised  to  neglect   them,  or 
consider  them  of  inferior  importance  to  the 
art  of  war,  to  ruling  the  nations,  and  dicta- 
'  in?  the  conditions  of  peace.  It  is  well  known 


that  for  a  long  time  the  Romans  paid  little 
attention  to  the  arts  of  civilized  life ;  not  un- 
til they  had  made  themselves  masters  of 
Greece.  Vivos :  to  the  life.  JE^ra, :  statuas 
ex  sere. 

849.  Meatus  codi :  nempe,  cursus  siderum. 
Radio :  the  radius  was  a  stick  or  wand, 
used  by  the  geometricians  to  mark  or  de- 
scribe their  figures  in  the  sand.  Dicent: 
shall  explain — treat  of. 

852.  Morem :  in  the  sense  of  legem,  vel 
condiliones. 

855.  Marcellus  ingreditur  :  Marcellus 
moves  along,  distinguished  by  triumphal 
spoils,  &c.  The  spolia  opima  were  those 
spoils  which  a  Roman  general  took  from  the 
general  of  the  enemy,  whom  he  had  slaiu 
with  his  own  hand  on  the  field  of  battle. 
Such  spoils  Marcellus  won  from  Viridoma- 
rus,  the  general  of  the  Gauls.  Tumultu.  By 
tumultus  here  wo  are  to  understand  a  Gallic 
war,  which  broke  out  and  threatened  the 
peace  of  Italy.  A  civil  war,  or  intestine 
commotion,  was  properly  called  tumultus. 
Majores  nostri  tumultum  Ilalicum,  quod  erai 
domes t icus ;  tumultum  Gallicum,  quod  erat 
Italioz  Jinitimus ;  prceterea  nullum  tumultum 
nominabant,  says  Cicero.  Marcellus  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  army,  and 
wishing  to  attack  the  Gauls  by  surprise,  or 
before  they  were  prepared  to  receive  him. 
he  left  his  infantry  behind,  and  proceeded 
with  his  cavalry,  or  horse,  alone,  because 
they  could  march  with  speed.  Hence  he  if 
called  here  eques.  Sislet :  in  the  sense  of 
Jirmabit. 

859.  Suspendetquc  tertia  arma.  The  first 
spolia  opima  were  offered  to  Jupiter  Fere- 
trius  by  Romulus,  taken  from  Acron,  kin» 
of  the  Caninenses.  The  second  were  offer- 
ed by  Cornelius  Cossus,  mentioned  841,  si> 
pra.  The  third  were  taken  by  Marcellus 
from  Viridoraarus.  It  is  not  certain  whx. 


P.  VIRGILII  MAROiMS 


Egregium  forma  juvenem,  et  fulgentibus  armis  ; 
Sed  frons  laeta  parum,  et  dejecto  lumina  vultu  : 
Quis,  pater,  ille  virum  qui  sic  comitatur  euntem  ? 
Filius  ?  anne  aliquis  magna  de  stirpe  nepotum  ? 

865.   Quis    strepitus  Quis  strepitus  circa  comitum  !  quantum  in  star  in  ipso  est  • 
coraitum  est  circa  turn  !  ged  atra         ut  tristi  circumvolat  umbra.  766 

quantum    mstar    Mar-       ^  .  r  ,  •         ,  .     .  ,       .. 

relli  est  in  ipso  !  Turn  pater  Anchises  lachrymis  mgressus  obortis  : 

869.  Neque  sinent  eum  O  nate,  ingentem  luctum  ne  quaere  tuorum  : 
esse    ultra.      Roraana  Ostendent  terris  hunc  tantum  fata,  neque  ultra 
propago  visa  esset  vobis,  gsse  sinent.     Nimium  vobis  Romana  propago          370 
°otaSTri   "SC  nimi"m  Visa  potens,  Superi,  propria  haec  si  dona  fuissent. 
872.  Quantos  gemitus  Quantos  ille  virum  magnam  Mavortis  ad  urbem 
virum  ille  campus  ad  Campus  aget  gemitus  !  vel  quae,  Tyberine,  videbis 


magnam  urbem  Funera,  cum  tumulum  prseterlabere  recentem  ! 

Nee  puer  Iliaca  quisquam  de  gente  Latinos 
In  tantum  spe  toilet  avos  :  nee  Romula  quondam 
Ullo  se  tantum  tellus  jactabit  alumno. 
Heu  pietas  !  heu  prisca  fides  !  invictaque  bello 

Dextera  !  non  illi  quisquam  se  impune  tulisset 
879.   Non    quisquam  ~..  j       •     A  • 

tulisset   se  illi  Obvius  armato  :  seu  cum  pedes  iret  in  hostem, 


obvius 

armato  impune,  seu 


875 


880 


Seu  spumantis  equi  foderet  calcaribus  armos. 


NOTES. 


we  are  to  understand  by  Patri  Qwirmo,  to 
whom  these  spoils  were  to  be  suspended  and 
offered.  Nascimbaenus  explains  Qwirmo  by 
Marte,  vel  bello.  He  suspends  to  father 
Jove  the  spoils  taken  (capta)  in  battle.  Ser- 
vius,  by  Qwirmo  understands  Romulus.  He 
suspends  to  father  Romulus,  &c.  and  pro- 
duces a  law  of  Nnma  which  ordered  the 
first  spolia  opima  to  be  offered  to  Jupiter, 
the  second  to  Mars,  and  the  third  to  Romu- 
lus. But  this  law  regarded  those  who  might 
repeat  the  spolia  opima.  Ruaeus  understands 
by  Patri  Quirino,  Jupiter  Feretrius,  in  the 
same  manner  as  Janus  is  called  Quirinus 
by  Suetonius  ;  because  he  presided  over 
war,  and  because  his  temple  was  built  by 
Romulus  Quirinus.  He  thinks  Jupiter  Fe- 
retrius may  be  called  Quirinus.  Suspendet, 
&c. :  he  shall  suspend  to  father  Jove  the 
thiid  triumphal  spoils  taken  from  the  ene- 
my. Marcellus  was  of  a  plebeian  family, 
and  was  advanced  to  the  consulship  five 
times.  In  his  third,  he  was  sent  to  Sicily, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  in /the  de- 
feat of  Hannibal.  He  laid  siege  to  Syracuse, 
and  took  it  after  he  had  been  before  it  three 
years.  It  was  nobly  defended  by  the  cele- 
brated mathematician  Archimedes,  who  re- 
peatedly destroyed  the  fleet  of  the  assailants 
by  his  machines  and  burning  glasses.  It 
was  at  last  taken  by  stratagem,  and  Archi- 
medes slain. 

862.  Parum  l&ta  :  in  the  sense  of  tristis. 

863.  Virum  :  M.  Marcellus,  the  consul. 
867.    Ingressus  :    in  the  sense   of  cce/iit. 

Obortis  :  gushing  from  his  eyes. 

869.  Fata  oslendent  :  the  fates  will  only 
show  him  to  the  earth,  &c.     This  is  Marcus 


Marcellus,  the  son  of  Caius  Marcellus  anci 
Octavia,  the  sister  of  Augustus.  He  de- 
signed him  for  his  daughter  Julia.  When 
a  boy,  he  adopted  him  as  a  son,  and  intend- 
ed him  for  his  successor  in  the  empire.  He 
died  about  the  age  of  twenty  years,  at  Bazas. 
His  body  was  carried  to  Rome,  and  consum- 
ed to  ashes  in  the  campus  Martins.  The 
Romans  were  much  affected  at  his  loss,  and 
made  great  lamentation  over  him.  He  was 
interred  near  the  banks  of  the  Tiber  with 
great  pomp.  Propago  :  race — stock — off- 
spring. 

871.  Propria:  lasting — permanent;  that 
is,  if  Marcellus  had  been  permitted  to  live. 

872.  Quantos  gemitus   ille  :   how  great, 
groans  of  men  shall  that  Campus  Martius 
send    forth  !     Mavortis,  gen.  of  Manors,   a 
name  of  Mars.     Rome  was  sacred  to  Mars, 
as  being  the  father  both  of  Romulus  and 
Remus.    Aget :  in  the  sense  of  emittet.    Ad: 
in  the  sense  ofprope. 

876.  Tantum  spe.  Some  read,  in  tantain 
spem :  others,  in  tanta  spe.  Heyne  reads 
in  tantum  spe ;  so  also  Ruaeus.  But  spe  may 
be  for  spei,-tliQ  gen.  (as  die  is  put  for  diei, 
Geor.  i.  208.)  governed  by  tantum.  This 
last  I  prefer. 

878.  Heu  pietas !  lieu  prisca  Jides !  The 
poet  here  deplores  the  loss  which  virtue,  in- 
tegrity, and  valor,  sustained  in  him.  Both 
Vdltius  and  Seneca  give  young  Marcellus  a 
most  excellent  character. 

880.  Seu  cum  pedes.     The  meaning   is  : 
whether,  as  a  footman,  he  should  rush  against 
the  foe,  or  whether  he  should  spur  on  his 
foaming  steed  to  the  attack. 

881.  Armas:  in  the  sense  aflaiera. 


.     LIB.  VI. 


Heu,  miserande  puer !  si  qua  fata  aspera  rumpas, 
Tu  Marcellus  eris.     Manibus  date  lilia  plenis  : 
Purpureos  spargam  flores,  animamque  nepotis 
His  saltern  accumulem  donis,  et  fungar  inani  —        885 
Munere.     Sic  tota  passim  regione  vagantur 
Aeris  in  campis  latis,  atque  omnia  lustrant. 
Quae  postquam  Anchises  natum  per  singula  duxit, 
Incenditque  anirnum  famse  venientis  amore  : 
Exin  bella  viro  memorat.quse  deinde  gerenda ;         890 
Laurentesque  docet  populos,  urbemque  Latini  ; 
Et  quo  quemque  modo  fugiatque  feratque  laborem. 
Sunt  geniiria?  Somrii  portse  .  quarum  altera  fertur 
Cornea,  qua  veris  facilis  datur  exitus  umbris : 
Altera,  candenti  perfecta  nitens  elephanto  :  895 

Sed  falsa  ad  coelum  mittunt  insomnia  Manes. 
His  ubi  turn  natum  Anchises  unaque  Sibyllam 
Prosequitur  dictis,  portaque  emittit  eburna. 
Ille  viam  secat  ad  naves,  sociosque  revisit. 
Turn  se  ad  Caietse  recto  fert  litore  portum.  900 

Anchora  de  prora  jacitur  :  stant  litore  puppes. 


888.  Per  quse  siugula. 
postquam  Anchises  dux- 
it  natum 


895.  Altera  nitens  per- 
fecta est  e  candenti  ele- 
phanto; sed  per  home 
Manes  mittunt 


NOTES. 


882.  Aspera  :  in  the  sense  of  dura,  vel 
crudelia.    Plenis  manibus :  in  full  hands. 

883.  Marcellus  eris.    On  hearing  this  line, 
it  is  said,  Octavia  fainted.     The  encomium 
which  the  poet  passes  upon  this  noble  youth 
is  esteemed  one  of  the  finest  passages  of  the 
^Eneid.     Augustus  was   so   much   pleased 
with  it  when  he  heard  Virgil  read  it,  that  he 
ordered  a  present  to  be  given  him  of  ten  ses- 
tertia  for  every  line,  which  is  about  seventy- 
eight  pounds  sterling. 

886.  Munere :  Ru®us  says  officio. 

887.  Latis  campis  atris.     By  this  we  are 
to  understand  the  Elysian  fields,  so  called  ; 
quia  vacuum,  et  inanibus  umbris  habitatum  ; 
vel  quia  situm  in  aereis  pratis,  says  Rueeus. 
Heyne  takes  the  words  simply  in  the  sense 
of  locis  caliginosis. 

888.  Per  quce :  through  all  which  things. 
Singula  :  properly,  all  taken  separately  and 
singly — all  one  by  one.     Venientis  :  in  the 
sense  of  futures. 

890.  Viro :  jEneas.     Exin  :  (for  exinde :) 
in  the  sense  of  tune. 

891.  Laurentes.     See  ^En.  vii.  63. 

893.  Geminaz  portce.     This  fiction  is  bor- 
rowed from  the  Odyss.  lib.  19.     The  most 
probable  conjecture  why  true   dreams  are 
said  to  pass  through  the  horn  gate,  and  false 
ones  through  the  ivory  gate,  is,  that  horn  is 
a  fit  emblem  of  truth,  as  being  transparent 
and  pervious  to  the  sight,  whereas  ivory  is 
impervious  and  impenetrable  to  it. 

894.  Umbris.     Heyne  takes  this   in   the 
sense  of  somniis.     RUEBUS  sayst/%i«m. 

895.  Perfecta  :  in  the  sense  of  facia  est. 

896.  Manes  :  here  the  infernal  gods.     Ad 
c&lum:  in  the  sense  of  ad  homines,  vel  ad 
superas  auras. 


897.  Ubi.    This  is  the  common  readini; 
Some  copies  have  ibi.     The  sense  is  the 
same  with  either. 

898.  Prosequitur  Anchises :  Anchises  ac- 
companies jEneas  and  the  Sibyl  through 
the  various  parts  of  the  infernal  regions,  and 
discourses  with  them  as  they  pass  along,  till 
they  arrive  at  the  ivory  gate,  through  which 
he  dismisses  them.     Servius  thinks  that  Vir- 
gil, by  telling  us  that  /Eneas  passed  through 
the  ivory  gate,  would  have  us  believe  all  he 
had  been  here  saying  was  fiction.     But  it  is 
hardly  to  be  imagined  that  so  judicious  a 
poet,  by  one  dash  of  his  pen  would  destroy 
the  many  fine  compliments  he  had  paid  his 
prince  and  the  whole  Roman  people,  by  in- 
forming them  the  whole   was  false.     Mr- 
Davidson   conjectures   that  Virgil   had  in 
view  the  Platonic  philosophy.     By  emitting 
his  hero  through  the  ivory  gate,  through 
which  lying  dreams  ascend  to  the  earth,  In*, 
might  mean  that  thus  far  lie  had  been  ad- 
mitted to  see  tiie  naked  truth — had  the  true 
system  of  nature  laid  open  to  his  view,  and 
the  secrets  of  futurity  unveiled  ;  but  hence- 
forth he  was  returning  to  his  former  state 
of  darkness,  ignorance,  and  error;  and  there- 
fore he  is  sent  forth  from  those  regions  of 
light  and  truth  by  the  ivory  gate,  in  compa- 
ny with  lying  dreams  and  mere  shadows, 
which  are  to  attend  him  through  life.     But, 
on  the  whole,  as  the  poet  hath  concealed 
from  us  the  reason  of  his  hero's  passing 
through  the  ivory  gate,  after  all  our  conjec- 
tures on  the  subject,  we  may  be  as  far  as 
ever  from  the  truth.     Prosequitur:  in  the 
sense  of  alloquitur. 

900.  Fert  se  ad  portum :  he  takes  himself 
along  the  shore  direct,  to  the  port.  <S:<\  ' 


3U4 


».  VIRGILII  MARONls 


was  a  promontory  and  town  of  the  Jlnsones 
(Horfie,  Gaeta)  a  name  derived  from  the 
nurse  of  TEneas,  who  died  there.  Some  de- 
rive it  from  a  Greek  word,  which  signifies 
to  burn,  because  the  fleet  of  ^Eneas  was 


here  burnt  by  the  Trojan  women,  as  some 
authors  say.  Litore. :  this  is  the  common 
reading,  but  Heyne  reads  limite  in  the  sense 
of  via,  vel  itinere. 


QUESTIONS. 


Is  this  one  of  the  books  which  Virgil  read 
in  the  presence  of  Augustus  and  Octavia  ? 

What  is  the  subject  of  it  ? 

What  is  the  nature  of  it  ? 

What,  probably,  suggested  to  the  poet  this 
fine  episode  ? 

Can  you  mention  any  others  who,  accord- 
ing to  the  poets,  visited  those  regions  ? 

What,  probably,  was  the  object  of  the 
poet  in  conducting  his  hero  thither ? 

In  what  light  does  bishop  Warburton  con- 
sider this  book  ? 

Were  these  mysteries  in  great  repute  at 
one  time  in  Greece  ? 

Is  there  no  difficulty  in  this  interpreta- 
tion ? 

What  arc' the  principal  difficulties? 

Is  it  certain  that  Virgil  was  ever  initiated 
into  those  mysteries? 

If  he  had  been  acquainted  with  them,  is 
it  probable  he  would  have  divulged  them  ? 

What  does  Heyne  say  upon  this  subject  ? 

At  what  place  in  Italy  did  ^Eneas  land  ? 

Who  founded  the  city  of  Cuma  ? 

What  celebrated  temple  was  there? 

By  whom  was  it  built ? 

Who  was  Daedalus? 

What  is  said  of  him  ? 

Was  there  any  curiously  carved  work  up- 
on the  doors  of  this  temple  ? 

What  was  this  sculpture  designed  to  re- 
present ? 

What  was  the  residence  of  the  Sibyl  ? 

By  whose  inspiration  did  she  give  pro- 
phetic responses  ? 

What  direction  did  she  give  .ZEneas  in  re- 
gard to  his  descent  to  the  regions  below  ? 

Where  was  this  golden  bough  to  be  found  ? 

In  what  way  did  he  find  it  ? 

To  whom  was  the  bough  considered  sa- 
cred ? 

Where  does  the  poet  represent  the  en- 
trance to  those  regions  ? 

What  did  jEneas  and  his  guide  do  imme- 
diately preceding  their  descent  ? 

What  is  the  lake  Avernus  properly  ? 

Why  was  that  thought  to  give  admission 
to  the  regions  of  the  dead  ? 

From  what  circumstance  did  it  receive  the 
name  of  Avcrnus? 

What  is  its  Greek  name? 

According  to  the  poets,  how  many  rivers 
watered  the  realms  of  Pluto  ? 

What  were  their  names  ? 

Which  one  was  said  to  flow  around  them 
nine  times  ? 

Why  did  the  gods  swear  hy  the  rivor 
Stvx 5- 


If  they  violated  their  oath,  what  was  the 
penalty  ? 

Who  was  Charon  ? 

What  was  his  employment  ? 

From  what  historical  fact  is  this  fable 
supposed  to  be  derived  ? 

On  the  approach  of  ./Eneas,  what  did  the 
ferryman  do  ? 

What  effect  had  the  sight  of  the  golden 
bough  upon  him  ? 

What   punishment   had  he  received  for 
carrying  over  Hercules  ? 

Who  was  said  to  be  the  door  keeper  of 
Plato's  realms  ? 

How  many  heads  had  Cerberus? 

What  did  Hercules  do  to  him  ? 

What  did  the  Sibyl  do  that  he  might  per- 
mit them  to  pass? 

How  many  were  represented  as  judges  of 
the  dead  ? 

What  were  their  names  ? 

Who  was  Minos  ? 

Who  Rhadamanthus  ? 

Who  ^acus? 

Why  were  they  made  judges  of  the  dead '. 

How  was  Minos  employed,  when  ^neas 
visited  his  court  ? 

As  he  passed  along,  and  viewed  the  vari- 
ous apartments,  did  he  see  Dido  ? 

What  effect  had  the  sight  of  her  upon  him  ? 

What  is  the  nature  of  his  address  to  her? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  her  ? 

Did  Dido  leave  him  abruptly  ? 

Where  did  she  go  ? 

What  passage  of  the  Odyssey  had  Virgil 
here  in  view  ? 

What  was  the  conduct  of  Ajax ? 

What  does  Longinus  say  of  his  silence  ? 

After  this,  to  what  place  did  he  go  ? 

What  was  his  object  in  visiting  the  court 
of  Pluto  ? 

Where  did  he  see  the  place  of  punishment : 

What  was  the  name  of  that  place  ? 

What  river  surrounded  it? 

What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  Phhge- 
thon? 

From  what  language  is  it  derived  ? 

From  the  palace  of  Pluto,  where  then  did 
./Eneas  and  the  Sibyl  go  ? 

Whom  did  they  meet  in  the  way  ? 

What  was  the  employment  of  Orpheus : 

What  post  was  distinguished  above  all 
the  rest  ? 

Why  was  no  mention  made  of  Homer : 

Who  was  Musaeus  ? 

When  did  he  flourish? 

Are  there  any  fragments  of  his  poem 


43NEIS.     LIB.  VII. 


What  information  did  Mustcus  give  them  ? 

Where  did  they  find  Anchises  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  regions  below  ? 

How  was  Anchises  engaged  at  that  time  ? 

Was  he  expecting  the  arrival  of  his  son  ? 

What  was  the  nature  of  their  meeting  ? 

Anchises  explained  to  ./Eneas  the  system 
of  the  world  upon  the  Pythagorean  and 
Platonic  philosophy :  what  were  some  of  the 
leading  points  of  that  philosophy  ? 

Had  this  philosophy  many  advocates  ? 

Who  was  the  inventor  of  the  doctrine  of 
transmigration  ? 

What  were  some  of  its  leading  principles? 

According  to  the  principles  of  that  philo- 
sophy, Anchises  points  out  to  his  son  a  list  of 
distinguished  men  who  were  to  descend  from 
him :  can  you  mention  some  of  their  names  ? 

Whom  does  he  specially  mention  ? 

Was  Augustus  highly  pleased  with  any 
part  of  this  book  ? 

What  part  was  that  ? 


Is  it  said, thai  Octavia  tainted  at  tho  men* 
tion  of  Marcellus  ? 

Who  was  this  Marcellus? 

What  did  Augustus  order  to  be  given 
Virgil  for  each  line  of  that  eulogium  ? 

To  how  much  would  that  amount  in  ster- 
ling money  ? 

What  leading  doctrine  of  religion  and 
morality  does  the  poet  here  inculcate  ? 

Are  the  punishments  here  inflicted  in  pro- 
portion to  the  offence  ? 

Is  that  a  principle  founded  in  reason  and 
justice  ? 

How  long  was  the  time  assigned  for  a 
visit  to  the  regions  below  ? 

Through  which  gate  did  ^Eneas  ascend  to 
the  upper  regions ? 

How  many  gates  were  there  ? 

What  is  the  most  probable  reason  that 
can  be  given  for  his  ascent  through  the  ivory 
gate  ? 


LIBER    SEPTIMUS. 


FROM  Ca'iata,  or  Cajeta,  ^Eneas  pursues  his  course  westward,  and  arrives  in  the  Tiber,  hi 
the  kingdom  of  Latium;  where  he  was  kindly  entertained  by  Latinus,  then  advanced 
in  age.  He  had  an  only  daughter,  the  heiress  of  his  crown,  then  young  and  beautiful. 
Many  of  the  neighboring  princes  sought  her  in  marriage ;  among  whom  was  Turnus, 
king  of  the  Rutuli,  every  way  worthy  of  her ;  and  whose  addresses  were  pleasing  to 
her  mother  Amata.  For  several  reasons,  however,  her  father  was  opposed  to  the  match  ; 
particularly,  on  account  of  the  responses  of  the  oracle  of  Faunus.  From  this  he  learn- 
ed that  a  foreigner  was  destined  to  be  his  son-in-law.  He  conceived  jEneas  to  be  the 
person  pointed  out  by  the  oracle,  and  accordingly  proposed  to  him  a  match  with  his 
daughter.  In  the  mean  time,  Juno,  displeased  at  the  friendly  reception  of  the  Trojans, 
and  especially  at  the  proposal  of  the  king,  set  about  to  frustrate  it.  For  this  purpose, 
she  called  Alecto  from  below.  Through  her  means  Turnus  is  roused  to  arms,  and  a 
skirmish  brought  about  between  some  Latin  shepherds  and  rustics  on  one  side,  and  the 
Trojans  on  the  other  ;  in  which  Almon,  the  eldest  son  of  Tyrrhus,  the  royal  herdsman, 
was  slain.  This  kindles  the  war.  Botli  Turnus  and  the  Latins  repair  to  the  palace  of 
the  king,  and  urge  him  to  an  immmediate  declaration  of  war.  The  aged  monarch 
resists  their  importunity.  In  this  state  things  remain,  till  Juno  descends  from  above, 
and  opens  the  brazen  doors.  The  report  is  soon  spread  abroad  that  war  is  begun. 
The  neighboring  nations  join  Turntis,  and  make  a  common  cause  of  the  war.  The  poet 
concludes  by  giving  us  an  account  of  the  auxiliaries,  and  their  respective  leaders. 
Throughout  the  whole,  he  has  displayed  a  great  degree  of  taste  and  judgment.  In 
these  six  last  books,  the  poet  has  imitated  the  Iliad  of  Homer. 

A  celebrated  critic,  Valpy  observes,  accuses  Virgil  of  losing,  instead  of  increasing,  in  inte- 
rest, in  these  books.  The  Trojan  and  Greek  heroes,  whose  names  have  been  familiar 
with  us  from  infancy,  disappear  ;  and  we  are  introduced  to  personages  of  whom  we 
have  not  before  heard;  and  whose  names  do  not  appear  elsewhere  either  hi  fable  or 
history.  But  he  does  not  consider,  in  making  his  charge,  that  the  poet  wrote  for  his 
own  countrymen,  and  not  for  us.  The  adventures  of  ^Eneas  in  Italy,  little  as  we  may 
be  interested  in  them,  relate  to  the  supposed  ancestors  of  the  Romans,  to  their  domestic 
history,  and  to  the  foundation  of  their  empire.  The  narration  must,  therefore,  have 
then  excited  emotions  in  which  jpc  do  not  partake ;  and  caused  an  interest  in  them,  to 
which  we.  n«  we  are  situated,  nml  ot  this  distance  of  time,  are  stranger*. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


TU.quoque  litoribus  nostris,  JSneia  nutrix. 
^Eternam  moriens  famam,  Caieta,  dedisti  : 

3.  Nomen  tuum  sig-  Et  nunc  servat  honos  sedem  tuus  ;  ossaque  nomeu 
nat  ossa  in  magna         Hesperia  in  magna,  si  qua  est  ea  gloria,  signal. 
At  pius  exsequiis  ^Eneas  rite  solutis, 
Aggere  composite  tumuli,  postquam  alia  quierunt 
jEquora,  tendit  iter  velis,  portumque  relinquit. 
Aspirant  aurae  in  noctem  :  nee  Candida  cursum 
Luna  negat  :  splendet  tremulo  sub  lumine  pontus. 

Proxima  Circaeae  raduntur  litora  terrse  ;  10 

Dives  inaccessos  ubi  Solis  nlia  lucos 
Assiduo  resonat  cantu,  tectisque  superbis 
Urit  odoratam  nocturna  in  lumina  cedrum, 
Arguto  tenues  percurrens  pectine  telas.    —  - 

15.  Hinc  gemitus  cce-  Hinc  exaudiri  gejnitus,  iraeque  leonum  15 

perunt  exaudiri  Vincla  recusantum,  et  serft  sub  nocte  rudentum  : 

17.  Setigerique  sues,  Setigerique  sues,  atque  in  praesepibus  ursi 
8  ursi  auditi  88Bvire  Ssevire,  ac  forrme  magnorum  ululare  luporum  : 

^  °ea  ^uos  hoimnum  ex  facie  Dea  saeva  potentibus  herbis  - 
Induerat  Circe  in  vultus  ac  terga  ferarum.  20 

Quae  ne  monstra  pii  paterentur  talia  Troes 
Delati  in  portus,  neu  litora  dira  subirent, 


Circe  induera 


NOTES. 


1.  Tu  quoque.  This  refers  to  what  he 
had  told  us  in  the  preceding  book,  verse  232, 
et  sequens,  of  the  monument  erected  to  the 
memory  of  Misenus,  on  the  Italian  coast. 
Thou,  also,  O  Cajeta,  didst  give,  &c. 

3.  Tuus  honos.  Some  consider  this  an 
hypallage,  for  sedes  servat  tuum  honorem: 
the  place  preserves  thy  honor.  But  perhaps 
her  name  may  be  considered  a  kind  of  guar- 
dian to  the  place.  In  this  sense,  there  is  no 
need  of  any  figure.  The  words  may  be 
taken  as  they  stand :  thy  honor,  or  fame, 
protects  the  place.  This  is  the  better  and 
more  poetical.  Sedem ;  in  the  sense  of  lo- 
cum. Ossa :  in  the  sense  of  sepukhrum. 
There  is  a  promontory  and  city  in  this  part 
of  Italy,  by  the  name  of  Cajeta,  or  Gdieta. 

6.  Aggere  tumuli  composite  :  a  tomb  being 
erected.  The  earth  heaped  up  over  the 
corpse  or  ashes  of  the  dead,  was  called  agger 
tumuli. 

8.  Aurce,  aspirant,  &c.  Dr.  Trapp  observes 
that,  down  to  the  18th  line,  is,  beyond  ex- 
pression, elegant  and  affecting.  A  funeral 
had  been  just  performed.  They  sail  in  the 
still  night  by  the  light  of  the  moon.  They 
pass  along  an  enchanted  coast,  whence  they 
hear  the  roaring  of  lions,  and  other  beasts 
of  prey.  Upon  the  four  last  lines  he  passes 
the  highest  encomium.  Candida.  As  the 
sun,  from  his  flaming  brightness,  is  called 
aureus,  golden ;  so  the  moon,  from  her  paler 
light,  is  called  Candida,  white  or  silvered. 

10.  Circceai :  an  adj.  from  Circe,  a  ce- 
lebrated sorceress,  the  daughter  of  Sol, 
and  the  nymph  Perse.  She  was  the  sis- 
tier  of  jEtes,  king  of  Colchis,  the  father 


of  the  famous  Medea.  Some  say  she  was 
the  sister  of  Medea.  She  was  called  ^Eeeff, 
from  JE,a,  an  island  and  city  of  Col- 
chis, near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Phasis. 
It  is  said  she  niarried  a  king  of  the  Sarma- 
tians,  whom  she  killed  with  her  poisons ; 
after  which  she  fled  to  Italy  to  the  promon- 
tory and  mountain  winch,  from  her,  is  call- 
ed CirccKus ;  kodie,  Circtllo. 

12.  Resonat  inaccessos  lucos :  she  makes 
the  inaccessible  groves  resound  with  her  con- 
tinual song.  Not  absolutely  inaccessible; 
for  Ulysses  and  his  company  landed  here — 
but  difficult  of  access.  • 

14.  Arguto  pectine:    the  shrill  sounding 
shuttle. 

15.  Ira :  the  rage — fury. 

18.  Formce  magnorum  luporum:   simply, 
the  great  wolves. 

19.  Quos  ex  facie  hominum :  whom  the 
cruel  goddess  Circe  had  changed  from  the 
shape  of  men,  into  the  appearance  and  form 
(le,ga)  of  wild  beasts,  &c.     Induerat  is  evi- 
dently to  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  mutaverat. 
Terga :  the  backs,  by  synec.  for  the  whole 
bodies. 

The  fable  of  Circe  is  taken  from  the 
Odyssey,  lib.  10.  where  Homer  informs  us 
that  the  followers  of  Ulysses  were  changed 
into  swine.  He  alone  was  preserved  by  the 
aid  of  Mercury,  and  the  eating  of  the  herb 
moly.  At  his  request,  however,  they  were 
restored  to  their  former  shapes.  Beside  poi- 
sonous herbs,  she  made  use  of  a  magical 
wand,  with  which  she  touched  them. 

21.  Qua>  talia  monstra:  any  such  mon- 
strous changes — shapes — forms. 


LIB.  VII. 


.\eptunus  ventis  implevit  vela  secundis, 

Atque  fugam  dedit,  et  prseter  vada  fervida  vexit. 

Jamque  rubescebat  radiis  mare,  et  aethere  ab  alto  25 
Aurora  in  roseis  fulgebat  lutea  bigis  : 
Cum  venti  posuere,  omnisque  repente  resedit 
Flatus,  et  in  lento  luctantur  marmore  tonsse. 
Atque  hie  ./Eneas  ingentem  ex  aequore  lucum 
Prospicit  :  hunc  inter  fluvio  Tiberirius  amoeno,  30 

Vorticibus  rapidis  et  multa  flavus  arena, 
In  mare  prorumpit.    Variae  circumque  supraque 
Assuetse  ripis  volucres  et  nurninis  alveo. 
jEthera  mulcebant  cantu,  lucoque  volabant. 
Flectere  iter  sociis,  terrseque  advertere  proras  35 

Imperat  :  et  laetus  fluvio  succedit  opaco. 

Nunc  age,  qui  reges,  Erato,  quae  tempora,  rerum  37.  Nunc  age,  O  Erato, 

Quis  Latio  antique  fuerit  status,  ad  vena  classem  expediamqui  reges,  qua* 

^\  ..  y.  tempora,  quis  status  re- 

Cum  primum  Ausonns  exercitus  appulit  oris,  rum  fuerit 

Expediam  :  et  primae  revocabo  exordia  pugnae.          40 

Tu  vatem,  tu,  Diva,  mone.     Dicam  horrida  bella, 

Dicam  acies,  actosque  animis  in  funera  reges, 

Tyrrhenamque  manum,  totamque  sub  arma  coactam 

Hesperiam.     Major  rerum  mini  nascitur  ordo  : 

Majus  opus  moveo      Rex  arva  Latinus  et  urbes         45 

Jam  senior  longa  placidas  in  pace  regebat.  Marica  Laurente  Nym- 

Hunc  Fauno  et  Nympha  genitum  Laurente  Marica          pha.    Picus  erat  pater 


NOTES. 


26.  Bigis.     Aurora  is  represented  by  the 
poets  as  drawn  in  a  chariot  of  two  horses, 
Lutea  :  an  adj.  from    lutum,  an  herb  with 
which  yellow  or  saffron  color  is  dyed.    The 
poet,  here,  has  given  a  charming  description 
of  the  morning.  , 

27.  Posuere  :  in  the  sense  of  quievcrunt. 

28.  Tonsce  :  the  oars  labor  in  the  smooth 
surface  of  the  sea.     Tonsa,   properly,  the 
blade  of  the  oar.     Dr.  Trapp  takes  /m/o,to 
denote  here  yielding  or  giving  way  to  the 
oar.    Marmore  :   the  sea  unruffled  by  the 
wind. 

30.  Tiberirius  inter  hunc  :  through  this 
grove,  with  its  pleasant  streams  and  rapid 
course,  (whirls,)  yellow  with  much  sand,  &c. 
Some  take  Tiberinus,  not  for  the  river  itself, 
but  for  the  god  of  the  river.  In  this  case  it 
may  be  rendered  Tiberinus,  god  of  the  plea- 
sant  river,  in  rapid  whirls,  &c.  The  prep. 
e,  or  ex,  being  understood.  The  Tiber  is, 
next  to  the  Po,  the  largest  river  in  Italy.  It 
rises  in  the  Appenines,  and  running  in  a 
southern  direction,  dividing  Latium  from 
Etruria  or  Tuscany,  falls  into  the  sea  by 
two  mouths.  Its  original  name,  we  are  told, 
was  fibula.  It  took  its  present  name  from 
a  Tuscan  king,  who  was  killed  near  it.  But 
Livy  says  it  took  its  name  from  Tiber  inus^ 
a  king  of  the  Albans,  who  was  drowned  in 
it. 

34.  Mulcebant  celkera  :  they  charmed  the 
air  with  their  song.  Tais  is  highly  poetical. 


The  air,  calm  and  still,  is  represented  as 
listening  to  the  music  of  the  birds  that  wer« 
flying  in  all  directions  about  the  river,  and 
being  charmed  with  their  melody.  Indeed 
the  whole  is  extremely  beautiful,  and  cannot 
be  too  much  admired.  It  would  appear  from 
this,  that  ./Eneas  arrived  in  the  Tiber  about 
the  middle  of  the  spring,  when  the  birds 
are  most  lively  and  musical. 

37.  Erato.  the  muse  that  presides  over 
}ove  affairs.  She  is  invoked  because  the 
following  wars  were  in  consequence  of  the 
love  of  Turnus  and  ^Eneas  for  Lavinia.  It 
js  derived  from  the  Greek.  Rerum.  Most 
commentators  connect  rerum  with  tempora  : 
but  it  is  evident  its  place  is  after  status  :  what 
state  Of  things  there  was  in  Latium,  when 
first  a  foreign  army  arrived  on  the  Italian 
shores.  Heyne  connects  it  with  tempora  ; 
Davidson  with  status 

42    ^    .    .      r     h  f  . 

43-  Manum  :  troops—  forces. 

45.  Latinus.  Virgil  places  Latinus  onlv 
three  generations  from  Saturn.  Faunus, 
Picus,  then  Saturn.  Others  place  him  at 
the  distance  of  nine.  His  origin  is  much  ob- 
scured.  Dionysms  of  Halicarnassus,  agrees 
with  Viigil,  that,  when  ^Eneas  arrived  in 
Italy,  Latinus  reigned  in  Latium  —  that  he 
had  no  male  issue  ;  but  an  only  daughter, 
whom  .Eneas  married.  Arva  :  the  country, 
Placidas  :  in  the  sense  of  qmctfts. 


398 


K  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


miro  amore  admngi  ge 
nerura  sibi 


Accipimus.     Fauno  Picus  pater  :  ipse  parentem 
Te,  Saturne,  refert  :  tu  sanguinis  ultimus  auctor. 

50.  Fuit  nullus  filius  Filius  huic,  fato  Divum,  prolesque  virilis  50 

hmc  Latmo  fato  Deo-  Null    fuit     primaque  oriens  erepta  juventa  est. 
rum,  null  a  vmhs  proles  :  ^   ,      ,  ,        £.  .    J 

auaque  oriens  ^ola  domum  et  tantas  servabat  hlia  sedes  ; 

Jam  matura  viro,  jam  plenis  nubilis  annis. 
Multi  illam  magno  e  Latio  totaque  petebant 
Ausonia.     Petit  ante  alios  pulcherrimus  omnes          55 
56.  Quern  regia  con-  Turnus,  avis  atavisque  potens  :  quern  regia  conjux 
jux  Amata  properabat  Adju  n   j  getierum  miro  properabat  amore  : 
-       <       &.-s  .    Ar 

varns  portenta  Deum  terronbus  obstant. 

Laurus  erat  tecti  medio,  in  penetralibus  altis, 
Sacra  comam,  multosque  metu  servata  per  annos  :     60 
61.  Quam  inventam,  Quam  pater  inventam,  primas  cum  conderet  arces, 
pater  Latinus  ipse  fere-  Ipse  ferebatur  Phoebo  sacrasse  Latinus  ; 

itur  sacrasse  Phoebo,  Laurentisque  ab  ea  nomen  posuisse  colonis. 
CU64.  Dens«e  apes,  vec-  Hujus  apes  summum  densas,  mirabile  dictu  ! 
tae  ingenti  stridore'trans  Stridore  ingenti  liquidum  trans  sethera  vectae,  65 

liquidum  o?thera  obse-  Obsedere  apicem  :  et,  pedibus  per  mutua  nexis, 
dere  summum   apicem  Examen  subitum  ramo  frondente  pependit. 
Continud  vates,  Externum  cernimus,  inquit, 
Adventare  virum,  et  partes  petere  agmen  easdem 
Partibus  ex  isdem,  et  summit  dominarier  arce.  7f> 

NOTES. 

60.  Strvata  metu  :  preserved  with  religi- 
ous awe  and  veneration.  Sacra  comam  :  a 
Grecism. 

63.  Laurentis  colonis.  The  name  Laurens 
was  originally  given  to  a  grove  of  laurel, 
near  the  shore  of  the  Tuscan  sea,  extending 
to  the  east  of  the  Tiber.  Hence  the  neigh- 
boring county  was  called  Laurens.  Also, 
the  nymph  Marica,  the  wife  of  Faunas,  and 
mother  of  Latinus,  was  called  Laurens. 
Turnus,  too,  is  called  Laurens,  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  this  grove  bordering  upon  his 
dominions.  It  appears  that  Latinus  only 
raised  fortifications,  and  embellished  the  ci- 
ty, which  must  have  been  built  before  ;  for 
we  are  told  that  his  father  Picus  had  erected 
here  a  noble  palace;  see  171.  The  city, 
after  the  time  of  Latinus,  was  called  Lau- 
rentum,  from  a  very  large  laurel  growing  on 
the  spot  where  he  founded  the  tower.  This, 
however,  was  the  common  name  of  the 
whole  neighboring  country,  from  the  grove 
above  mentioned.  The  inhabitants  were 
called  Laurentes  —  Laurentini  —  Laurentii  et 
Laurenti. 

64.  Densce  apes  :  a  thick  swarm  of  bees. 

66.  Per  mutua  :  taken  adverbially.  Their 
feet  being  mutually  joined  or  linked  toge- 
ther. 

68.  Cernimus:  we  see  a  foreigner  ap- 
proach, arid  an  army  seek  those  parts. 
which  the  bees  sought,  from  the  same  parts 
from  which  they  came. 

70.  Dominaritr  :  by  paragoge,  for  rtomi- 
nari  :  to  rule  —  bear  swav. 


48.  Accipimus :  in  the  sense  of  audimus. 

49.  Ultimus  auctor :  the  first  or  remotest 
founder  of  our  race.     Ultimus,  ascending,  is 
the  same  with  primus,  descending.     Refert  ; 
in  the  sense  of  habet. 

50.  Filius  huic.    It  is  evident  that  Lati- 
nus had,  in  the  course  of  his  life,  male  issue  ; 
but  at  that  time  he  had  none.     It  is  not  said 
whether  he  had  one,  two,  or  more  sons ;  and 
we  have  a  right  to  suppose  either.     I  have 
supposed  that  he  had,  in  the  course  of  his 
life,  several,  and  accordingly  have  inserted 
the  word   quceque,  before   oriens :   quceque 
oriens :  every  one  growing  up  was  snatched 
away  in  early  life. 

52.  Filia  sola  servabat.  By  this  we  are 
to  understand,  that  his  daughter  alone  pre- 
served his  family  from  extinction,  and  his 
kingdom  from  passing  into  the  hands  of 
others  :  or  that  she  alone  was  the  heiress  of 
his  crown  and  kingdom — tantas  sedes.  To- 
fam  regionem,  says  Ruseus. 

56.  Potens  avis  atavisquf :  powerful  (in 
grandfathers  and  great  grandfathers)  in  his 
ancestors.  The  queen  was  taken  with  such 
an  illustrious  match  for  her  daughter  ;  and 
accordingly  urged,  with  great  importunity, 
that  Turnus  should  be  received  into  the  fa- 
mily as  their  son-in-law.  Amore:  Ruams 
says,  studio. 

59.  Penetralibus.  The  interior  of  a  house 
or  palace,  though  not  roofed,  may  be  called 
penetrate.  Such  must  have  been  the  palace 
of  Latinus;  otherwise  a  stately  laurel  could 
not  have  grown  in  that  place. 


LIB.  VII, 


399 


Praeterea  castis  adolet  dum  altaria  taedis  ; 
Ut  juxta  genitorem  adstat  Lavinia  virgo, 
Visa,  nefas  !  longis  comprendere  crinibus  ignem, 
Atque  omnem  ornatum  llamm&  crepitante  cremari : 
Regalesque  accensa  comas,  accensa  coronam 
Insignem  gemmis  :  turn  fumida  lumine  fulvo 
Involvi,  ac  totis  Vulcanum  spargere  tectis. 
Id  vero  horrendum  ac  visu  mirabile  ferri. 
Namque  fore  illustrem  fama  fatisque  canebant 
Ipsara,  sed  populo  magnum  portendere  bellum. 

At  FCX  sollicitus  monstris,  oracula  Fauni 
Fatidici  genitoris,  adit ;  lucosque  sub  alta 
Consulit  Albunea  ;  nemorum  quae  maxima  sacro 
Fonte  sonat,  ssevamque  exhalat  opaca  mephitim. 
Hinc  Italae  gentes,  omnisque  CEnotria  tellus 
In  dubiis  responsa  petunt :  hue  dona  sacerdos 
Cum  tulit,  et  caesarum  ovium  sub  nocte  silenti 
Pellibus  incubuit  stratis,  somnosque  petivit : 
Multa  modis  simulacra  videt  volitantia  miris, 
Et  varias  audit  voces,  fruiturque  Deorum 
Colloquio,  atque  imis  Acheronta  affatur  Avernis. 
Hie  et  turn  pater  ipse  petens  responsa  Latinus  ; 
Centum  lariigeras  mactabat  rite  bidentes  ; 
Atque  harum  effultus  tergo  stratisque  jacebat 
Velleribus.     Subita  ex  alto  vox  reddita  luco  est : 
Ne  pete  connubiis  natam  sociare  Latinis, 
O  mea  progenies :  thalamis  neu  crede  paratis. 
Externi  veniunt  generi,  qui  sanguine  nostrum 
Nomen  in  astra  ferent ;  quorumque  a  stirpe  nepotes. 


73.  Visa,  est,  O  nefas  I 
comprendere  ignem  lon- 
7ft  gig  crmibus 

75.  Visa  est  accensa 
quoad    regales    comas,, 
accensa  quoad 

76.  Turn  fumida  visa 
est  involvi 

fl«      79.  Namque  vates  ca- 
®"  nebant  Laviniam  ipsam 
fore 


85 


90 


95 


NOTES. 


71.  Dum  adolet  altaria:  while  he  kindles 
the  altar  with  holy  torches,  &c.  Some  con- 
nect adolet  with  Lavinia,  and  understand 
her  to  have  set  fire  to  the  altars.  But  it  is 
evidently  better  to  understand  this  of  the 
father,  his  daughter  standing  near  him. 
Castis  :  in  the  sense  of  puris  vel  sacris. 

72.  Ut :  et  is  the  common  reading. 
Heyne  reads  ut,  which  makes  the  sense 
easier. 

76.  Fulvo.    Ruseus  takes  this  in  the  sense 
of  rutilanti. 

77.  Vulcanum:  in  the  sense  of  flanwnam 
vel  ignem. 

78.  Id  vero,  &c.    This  line  is  capable  of  a 
double  meaning,  according  to  the  sense  giv- 
en to  ferri.    If  it  be  taken  in  its  usual  sense, 
it  will  be :  this  terrible  thing,  and  wonder- 
fill  to  the  sight,  (began)  to  be  spread  abroad. 
If  it  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  haberi,  it  will 
be :  this  thing  (began)  to  be  considered  ter- 
rible and  wonderful  to  the  sight.     This  is 
the  sense  given  both  by  Ruseus  and  David- 
son.    Dr.  Trapp  favors  the  former. 

79.  Fatis.    Fatum*  here,  is  in  the  sense  of 
fortuna,    Cvmbant :  in  the  sense  of  prcedi- 


81.  Monstris :  at  the  prodigies,  or  wonder 
ful  signs.   Monstrum  :  any  thing  that  is  con- 
trary to  the  ordinary  course  of  nature.   Fa* 
tidici :  prophetic. 

82.  Consulit :  he  consults  the  grove  under 
lofty  Albuna.     This  was  a  fountain  from 
which  flowed  the  river  Albula.     Its  waters 
were  very  deeply  impregnated  with  sulphur. 
It  was  surrounded  with  a  very  gross  and 
putrid  atmosphere,  which  the  poet  calls  see- 
vam  mephitim.     Here  was  a  grove  sacred  to 
Fa'unus. 

85.  (Enotria  tellus:  Italv.  See  ./En.  i. 
530. 

91.  Affatur  Acheronta  :  converses  with 
the  infernal  powers  in  deep  Avernus.  Ache- 
ronta :  ace.  sing,  of  Greek  formation.  Ache- 
ron, by  the  poets,  is  made  one  of  the  rivers 
of  hell.  Here  it  is  evidently  used  for  the 
infernal  gods. 

94.  Atque  jacebat :  and  lay,  supported  by 
their  skins  and  outspread  fleeces — he  lay 
down  upon  them. 

97.  Paratis.  This  alludes  to  the  contem- 
plated match  with  Turnus.  Thalamii :  in 
the  sense  ofnuptiis. 

99.  Quorwnque  stirpe :  descending  from 


too 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


f  onsa 


Omnia  sub  pedibus,  qua  Sol  utrumque  recurrens       100 
Aspicit  Oceanum,  vertique  regique  videbunt. 
Haec  responsa  patris  Fauni,  monitusque  silenti 
103.  Latinus  ipse  non  NOcte  datos,  non  ipse  suo  premit  ore  Latinus  ; 
e-  Sed  circum  late  volitans  jam  fama  per  urbes 
Ausonias  tulerat ;  cum  Laomedontia  pubes  105 

Gramineo  ripae  religavit  ab  aggere  classem. 
'  jEneas,  primique  duces,  et  pulcher  liilus, 
Corpora  sub  ramis  deponunt  arboris  altae  • 
Instituuntque  dapes,  et  adorea  liba  per  herbam 
Subjiciunt  epulis  (sic  Jupiter  ille  moriebat) 
Et  Cereale  solum  pomis  agrestibus  augent. 
112.    Hie  forte  aliis  Consumptis  hie  forte  aliis,  ut  vertere  morsus 
cibis  consumptis,  ut  pe-  Exiguam  in  Cererem  penuria  adegit  edendi ; 
nuria  edendi  gt  violare  manu,  malisque  audacious  orbem 

Fatalis  crusti,  patulis  nee  parcere  quadris  :  115 

Heus  !  etiam  mensas  consumimus,  inquit  liilus. 
117.  Nee  dixit  plura  Nec  Plura»  alludens.      Ea  vox  audita  laborum 
verba  Prima  tulit  finem  :  primamque  loquentis  ab  ore 

119.  Paterque  eripuit  Eripuit  pater,  ac  stupefactus  numine  pressit. 
cam  primarn  ab  orejilii  Continue,   Salve,  fatis  mihi  debita  tellus  ;  120 

loquentis  Vosque,  ait,  6  fidi  Trojae,  salvete,  Penates. 

Hie  domus,  haec  patria  est.    Genitor  mihi  talia,  namque 
Nunc  repeto,  Anchises  fatorum  arcana  reliquit : 
Cum  te,  nate,  fames  ignoia  ad  litora  vectum 
turn  Accisis  coget  dapibus  consumere  mensas ;  125 


124 


NOTES. 


whose  stock,  our  posterity  shall  see  all  things 
reduced,  &c.  This  alludes  to  the  extent  of 
the  Roman  empire,  which,  in  the  height  of 
its  greatness,  embraced  the  greater  part  of 
the  then  known  world.  It  ruled  the  subject 
nations  with  a  rod  of  iron. 

105.  Laomedontia   pubes :     the    Trojan 
youth  ;   so  called  from  Laomedon,  one  of 
the  kings  of  Troy.     Tulerat:  spread  them 
abroad. 

106.  Religavit :  moored. 

110.  Subjiciunt  :    they  place  along  the 
grass  wheaten  cakes  under  their  meat.  They 
use  them  in  the  room  of  plates  or  trenchers. 

111.  Solum  :  any  thing  placed  under  ano- 
ther to  support  it,  may  be  called  solum.   £e- 
reale  solum,  therefore,  must  be  those  wheaten 
cakes  which  they  used  on  this  occasion  as 
plates.     Augent :  they  load  them  with,  &c. 

112.  Morsus  :  in  the  sense  of  denies. 

113.  Ut  penuria  edendi:  when  want  of 
other  provisions  forced  them  to  turn  their 
teeth  upon  the  small  cake,  &c.     Edendi :  in 
the  sense  of  cibi. 

114.  Violare.     The  eating  tables  among 
the  ancients  were  considered  sacred.     They 
were  a  kind  of  altar,  on  wnich  libations 
were  made  to  the  gods,  both  before  and  af- 
ter meals.     To  destroy  them  was  consider- 
ed a  kind  of  sacrilege  or  violence.     Orbem 
atalis  crusti.     By  this  we  are  to  understand 


the  cake  or  trencher — the  orb  of  the  ominous 
cake.  Fatalis  is  not  to  be  understood  in  the 
sense  of  fatal  in  English,  but  rather  as  im- 
porting some  great  event,  or  something  des- 
tined and  ordered  by  fate.  Patulis  quadris  : 
the  broad  or  large  quadrants.  These  cakes 
were  divided  by  two  lines,  crossing  each 
other  in  the  centre,  and  dividing  each  cake 
into  four  equal  parts,  called  quadrants.  Au- 
dacibus malis  :  with  greedy  or  hungry  jaws. 

117.  Alludens:  joking — smiling. 

119.  Stupefactus  numine  pressit.  The 
prophetic  Celseno  (JEn.  iii.  257.)  had  fore- 
told that  the  Trojans  should  be  reduced  to 
such  extremity  as  to  consume  their  tables 
before  they  could  expect  an  end  to  their  wan- 
derings. By  numine  we  are  to  understand 
the  solution  or  fulfilment  of  this  prophecy, 
or  divine  purpose.  Pressit  does  not  refer  to 
the  words  of  Ascanius,  as  Servius  supposes, 
but  to  /Eneas.  The  prophecy  had  been 
wrapped  up  in  mystery  till  the  present  mo- 
ment. The  solution  of  it  was  a  matter  of 
surprise  and  joy.  It  excited  a  degree  of 
wonder  and  admiration,  and  caused  him  to 
pause  a  while  upon  the  subject.  Pressit  : 
he  kept  silence.  Voctm  is  understood. 

123.  Repeto :  I  recollect— I  call  to  memo- 
ry. Memoriam  is  understood. 

125.  Dapibus  accisis  :  your  provisions 
having  failed — being  consumed. 


LIB.  Vil. 


401 


tis ;  et  petarnus  diversa 
loca  a  portu. 


Turn  sperare  domos  defessus,  ibique  memento 

Prima  locare  manu,  molirique  aggere  tecta. 

Haec  erat  ilia  fames  :  haec  nos  supremu  manebant, 

Exitiis  positura  modum. 

Quare  agite,  et  primo  loeti  cum  lumine  solis,  130     130.  JVo*  Iseti  vestige- 

Quae  loca,  quive  habeant  homines,  ubi  mcenia  gentis,     mus'  *1UIB  sint  h(KC  loca» 

Vestigemus  ;  et  a  portu  diversa  petamus. 

Nunc  pateras  libate  Jovi,  precibusque  vocate 

Anchisen  genitorem,  et  vina  reponite  mensis. 

Sic  deinde  effatus,  frondenti  tempora  ramo  135 

Implicat,  et,  Geniumque  loci,  primamque  Deorum 
Tellurem,  Nymphasque,  et  adhuc  ignota  precatur 
Flumina  :  turn  Noctem,  noctisque  orientia  signa, 
Idaeumque  Jovem,  Phrygiamque  ex  ordine  matrem 
Invocat ;  et  duplicevS  cceloque  Ereboque  parentes.    140 
Hie  pater  omnipotens  ter  coelo  clarus  ab  alto 
Intoriuit,  radiisque  ardentem  lucis  et  auro 
Ipse  manu  quatiens  ostendit  ab  aethere  nubem. 

Diditur  hie  subito  Trojana  per  agmina  rumor, 
Advenisse  dieifl,  quo  debita  moenia  condant. 
(Jertatim  instaurant  epulas,  atque  omine  magno 
Crateras  laeti  statuunt,  et  vina  coronant. 

Postera  cum  prima  lustrabat  lampade  terras 
Orta  dies  ;  urbem,  et  fines,  et  litora  gentis 
Diversi  explorant :  haec  fontis  stagna  Numici, 
Hunc  Tybrim  fluvium,  hie  fortes  habitare  Latinos. 
Turn  satus  Anchisa  delectos  ordine  ab  omni 
Centum  oratores  augusta  ad  mcenia  regis 
Ire  jubet,  ramis  velatos  Palladis  omnes  : 
Donaque  ferre  viro,  pacemque  exposcere  Teucris.   155 
Haud  mora  :  festinant  jussi,  rapidisque  feruntur 
Passibus.     Ipse  humili  designat  mcenia  fossa, 


142.  Ipseque  ostendit 
ab  sethere  nubem  arden- 
tem radiis  lucis  et  auro. 
1 45  quatiens  earn  manu. 


1 50  150.  Discuni  hsec  esse 
stagna  fontis  Numici, 
hunc  esse 

152.  Jubet  centum 
oratores  delectos  ab 
omni  ordine  ire 


NOTES. 


129.  Modum :  bounds — end.  Exittis :  to 
our  woes — calamities. 

133.  Pateras :  the  bowls,  by  meton.  put 
for  the  wine  in  them. 

136.  Primam  Deorum.  According  to  He- 
siod,  Tellus,  or  Terra,  was  reckoned  the  first 
of  the  gods  except  Chaos.  Implicat :  in  the 
sense  of  cingil. 

138.  Noctem.     This  goddess  sprang  from 
Chaos,  according  to  Hesiod.    ./Eneas  invokes 
her,  fearing,  perhaps,  during  the  darkness, 
some  mischief  from  the  natives. 

139.  Idceum :  an  adj.  from  Ida,  a  moun- 
tain in  Crete,  where  Jupiter  was  brought 
up.     Phrygian  matrem  :  Cybele. 

140.  Duplices  parenies :  both  his  parents, 
Venus  and  Anchises;  the  former  in  heaven, 
the  latter  in  Elysium ;  at  least  his  idolum, 
or  simulacrum. 

141.  Clarus:  may  mean  loud — shrill;  or 
perhaps  it  may  imply  that  the  sky  was  clear, 
which  was  considered  a  good  omen. 

1 42.  Radii's  lucis  ft  auro.  This  is  for  aureis 


radiis  lucis,  by  hend.  the  golden  beams  of 
light. 

144.  Diditur:  is  spread  abroad. 

145.  Debita:  in  the  sense  ofdestinata. 
148.  Lampade:  in  the  sense  of  luce. 
150.  Stagna  fontis :  the  streams  of  the 

fountain  Numicus.  This  was  a  small  ri- 
ver, or  stream,  flowing  between  Lauren- 
turn  and  Ardea.  Diversi :  they  in  different 
directions. 

154.  Ramis  Palladis :  with  the  boughs  of 
Pallas — with  the  olive.  The  olive  was  sa- 
cred to  Minerva,  and  the  badge  of  peace. 
Velatos :  coronates,  says  Rueeus. 

157.  Ipse  designat :  he  himself,  in  the  mean 
time,  marks  out  his  city  with  a  low  furrow, 
and  prepares  the  place  for  building.  This 
city  of  Jineas  was  situated  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Tiber,  a  little  above  the  sea.  He 
called  the  name  of  it  Troy.  In  after  times, 
Ancus  Martius,  a  king  of  the  Romans,  found- 
ed here  a  city,  which  he  called  Ostia,  from 
its  vicinity  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  See 
JEn.  v.  755. 


P.  VIRGILII  MAROMto 


160 


165 


158.CingitqueprimasMoliturque  locum;  primasque  in  litore  series', 
sdes  in  litore  pennis  Castrorum  in  morem,  pinnis  atque  aggere  cingit. 
E  160.  Jamque  Juvines  Jamque  iter  emensi,  turres  ac  tecta  Latinorum 
emensi  iter  cernebant  Ardua  cernebant  juvenes,  muroque  subibant. 
Ante  urbem  pueri,  et  primsevo  flore  juventus 
Exercentur  equis,  domitantque  in  pulvere  currus : 
Aut  acres  tendunt  arcus,  aut  lenta  lacertis 
Spicula  contorquent,  cursuque  ictuque  lacessunt. 
Cum  prsevectus  equo  longaevi  regis  ad  aures 
Nuntius  ingentes  ignota  in  veste  reportat 
Advenisse  viros.  Ille  intra  tecta  vocari 
Imperat,  et  solio  medius  consedit  avito. 

169.  Medius  suorum  Tectum  augustum,  ingens,  centum  sublime  columnis, 
C"l™'  Hoc   templum  Ufbe  *&  s™>  Laurentis  regia  Pici,  171 

erat  illis  curia ;  hse  sedes  Horrendum  sylvis  et  rehgione  parentum. 
destinatcB    erant   sacris  Hinc  sceptra  accipere,  et  primos  attollere  fasces 

epulis.  Regibus  omen  erat :  hoc  illis  curia  templum, 

177.  Effigies  veterum  Ra}  gacris  gedes         Ug  .  hic  ariet(J  CJESQ 
avorum  e  cedro  antiqua  n  .         ...  ., 

adstabant  vestibule,]™-  Perpetuis  soliti  patres  considere  mensis. 
sitce,  ex  ordine  Quin  etiam  veterum  effigies  ex  ordine  avorum 


NOTES. 


159.  Cingitque  primus:  and  he  incloses 
his  first  settlement  on  the  shore  with  a  ram- 
part, and  a  mound,  &c.     The  pinna  origi- 
nally were  the  tufts  or  crests  on  the  soldier's 
helmet.     Hence  they  came  to  be  applied  to 
the  turrets  and  battlements  in  fortifications. 

160.  Emensi  iter :  having  completed  their 
journey  to  the  city  of  Latinus. 

163.  Domitant:  they  break  the  harnessed 
steeds  in  the  dusty  plain.     Currus  is  pro- 
perly a  chariot :  by  melon,  the  horses  har- 
nessed in  it. 

164.  Acres  arcus:  elastic  bows.    Lenta: 
tough — rigid — not  easily  bent. 

165.  Lacessunt :  they  challenge  one  ano- 
ther at  the  race,  and  missive  weapon.     La 
Cerda  understands  by  cursu  the  throwing 
of  the  javelin  as  they  ran  forward :  and  by 
iclu,  the  shooting  of  the  arrow.     But  it  is 
better  to  take  cursu  for  the  races  and  other 
exercises  on  horseback  and  in  the  chariot, 
and  icta  for  the  shooting  of  the  arrow  and 
throwing  of  the  javelin. 

167.  Nuntius  pravectus:  a  messenger  on 
horseback  relates,  &c. 

169.  Avilo  solio:  on  the  throne  of  his  an- 
cestors. 

170.  Tectum  augustum :   a  building,  &c. 
put  in  apposition  with  regia. 

171.  Regia  Laurent  is  Pici.     This  mag- 
nificent palace  was  erected  by  Picus,  the  fa- 
ther of  Latinus.     It  was  situated  on  the 
highest  ground  or  part  of  the  city,  and  sup- 
ported by  a  hundred  columns.    Horrendum : 
awful  by  its  sacred  groves,  and  the  religion 
of  their  ancestors.    By  religione,  Mr.  David- 
son understands  the  religious  monuments, 
images,  groves,  &c.  that  had  been  consecra- 


ted by  the  founders  of  the  family  ;  some  of 
which  are  mentioned.  Sublime :  high—rais- 
ed high  upon,  &c. 

173.  Primos  fasces :  the  first  badges  of  au- 
thority— the  first  ensigns  of  power :  by  me- 
ton.  the  first  power. 

174.  Omen  erat  regibus.    Ruaeus  and  Dr. 
Trapp  take  omen  in  tire  sense  of  inilium. 
Davidson  takes  omen  in  the  sense  of  mos,  a 
custom  or  practice ;  but  one  on  which  they 
laid  a  religious  stress,  and  on  which  they 
imagined  the  prosperity  of  their  kings,  in  a 
degree,  to  depend  ;  and  had  they  been  con- 
secrated in  any  other  place,  they  would  have 
considered  it  deficient  and  imperfect.    Valpy 
is  of  the  same  opinion  with  Davidson,    floe 
templum.     In  this  noble  structure,  it  appears 
there  was  one   part  for  religious  purposes, 
another  for  the  seriate,  and  a  third  for  sacred 
banquets. 

175.  Ariete  cacso  :  in  the  sense  of  victima 
c(Esa :  sacrifice  being  offered. 

176.  Considere  perp  etuis.     The  most  an- 
cient posture  at  table  was  sitting ;  after- 
ward luxury  introduced  that  of  reclining  on 
couches.     Perpetuce  mensce,  were  tables  that 
extended  from  one  end  of  the  hall  to  the 
other. 

177.  Qwin  etiam  effigies  :   moreover   the 
statues  of  their  ancestors  of  ancient  cedar 
stood  in  the  vestibule  arranged  in  order,  &c. 
Ruaeus  and  Heyne  connect  Vitisator  with 
pater  Sabinus,  which  appears  incorrect ;  for 
the  planting  of  the  vine  in  Italy  is  ascribed 
to  Saturn  by  most  authors ;  and  the  scythe 
was  the  well  known  symbol  of  that  god. 
La  Cerda  makes  a  full  stop  after  Sabinus, 
which  is  unnecessary  and  improper. 


jENEIS.     LIB.  VII. 


403 


Antiqua  e  cedro,  Italusque,  paterque  Sabirius. 
Vitisator,  curvam  servans  sub  imagine  falcem, 
Satarnusque  senex,  Janique  bifrontis  imago,  180 

Vestibulo  adstabant :  aliique  ab  origine  reges, 
Martia  qui  ob  patriam  pugnando  vulnera  passi. 
Multaque  prseterea  sacris  in  postibus  arma, 
Captivi  pendent  currus,  curvaeque  secures, 
Et  cristae  capitum,  et  portarum  ingentia  claustra,     185 
Spiculaque,  clypeique,  ereptaque  rostra  carinis. 
Ipse  Quirinali  lituo  parvaque  sedebat 
Succinctus  trabea,  Isevaque  ancile  gerebat 
Picus,  equitm  domitor ;  quern  capta  cupidine  conjux 
Aurea  percussum  virga,  versumque  venenis,  190 

Fecit  avem  Circe,  sparsitque  coloribus  alasJ 
Tali  iiitus  templo  Divum,  patriaque  Latinus 
Sede  sedens,  Teucros  ad  sese  in  tecta  vocavit : 
Atque  haec  ingressis  placido  prior  edidit  ore  : 
Dicite,  Dardanidae  ;  neque  enim  nescimus  et  urbem,  195 
Et  genus,  auditique  advertitis  aequore  cursum  ; 
Quid  petitis  ?  quse  causa  rates,  aut  cujus  egentes, 
Litus  ad  Ausonium  tot  per  vada  coerula  vexit  ? 
Sive  errore  via3,  seu  tempestatibus  acti, 
(Qualia  multa  mari  nautae  patiuntur  in  alto)  200 

Fluminis  intrastis  ripas,  portuque  sedetis  : 
Ne  fugite  hospitiuni ;  neve  ignorate  Latinos 
Saturni  gentem,  haud  vinclo  nee  legibus  aequam, 
Sponte,  sua,  veterisque  Dei  se  more  tenentem. 
Atque  equidem  memini  (fama  est  obscurior  annis)  205 


181.  Aliique  reges  ab 
origine  gen/w,  qui  passi 
sunt 


187.  Picus  ipse,  do- 
mitor  equum  sedebat 
cum  Quirinali  lituo, 
succinctusque 

189.  Quern  percussum 
aurea  virga,  versumque 
venenis  conjux  Circe, 
capta  cupidine  c/tw,  fecit 
avem 

194.  lllis  ingressis. 

196.  Fbsque    auditi 
advertitis   cursum    hue 
aequore. 

197.  Quoe  causa  vexit 
rates  veslras  ad  Auso- 
nium litus  per  tot  cseru- 
la  vada,  aut  egentes  cu- 
jus rei  advenistis  hue? 
sive  acti  errore  vise 

204.  Sed  sua  sponte. 


NOTES. 


178.  Antiqua:  may  here  mean  durable 
— lasting.     It  is  the  quality  of  cedar  not  to 
decay.     Italus :  a  king  of  Sicily,  who  ex- 
tended his  conquests  into  Italy,  then  called 
(Enotricti  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Ita- 
lia.    Sabinv     "Ie  was  the  second  king  of 
Italy,  and  thu  founder  of  the  Sabines,  to 
whom  he  gave  name. 

179.  Sub  imagine.     Servius  explains  this 
by  sub  oculis.     The  meaning  is,  that  the 
scythe  hung  down  in  his  hand,  and  the  sta- 
tue was  in  a  stooping  posture  over  it,  and 
looking  upon  it. 

180.  Janique  bifrontis :  double-faced  Ja- 
nus.    See  6 10,  infra. 

187.  Quirinali  liiuo :  the  augural  wand. 
The  lituus  was  a  wand  or  rod  used  by  the 
augurs.     It  was  crooked  toward  the  extre- 
mity.    It  is   here  called   Quirinalis,  from 
Quirinus,  a  name  of  Romulus,  who,  we  are 
informed,  was  very  expert  at  augury. 

188.  Trabea.     This  was  a  robe  worn  by 
augurs,  and  sometimes  by  kings  and  other 
officers  of  state.     Broad  trimmings  of  pur- 
ple ran  across  it  like  beams,  from  which  it 
took  its  name.     Ancile.     This  was  a  small 
ova1-  shield  worn  chiefly  by  the  priests  of 
Mars. 

191.  Cmrc:  a  famous  sorceress,    Conjux. 


here,  is  plainly  used  in  the  sense  of  amatrix : 
a  lover.  She  desired  to  become  his  wife. 
Sparsit  alas :  she  spread  or  covered  his  wings 
with  colors.  These  were  purple  and  yellow. 
The  bird  into  which  Picus  was  changed,  is 
the  pie  or  woodpecker.  See  Ovid.  Met.  lib. 
xiv.  320. 

194.  Edidit :  in  the  sense  ofdizit. 

196.  Auditi :  head  of— being  known. 

198.  Vada.  Vadum,  properly,  signifies 
shallou's^  places  in  the  sea,  or  rivers,  where 
one  may  walk,  from  vadere.  Here  it  is  put 
for  the  sea  in  general. 

200.  Multa  qualia  :  many  such  things, 

202.  Aa-e  ignorate :  in  the  sense  of  nos- 
cite. 

203.  +*Equam  :  just,  not  by  restraint,  nor 
by  laws.     Vinculum  is  any  thing  that  binds 
or  fastens.     Reference  may  here  be  made  to 
the  golden  age,  when  Saturn  reigned.     La- 
tinus calls  his  people  the  nation  of  Satnni, 
either  because  he  reigned  in  Latium  over 
the  same  people ;  or  because  they  governed 
themselves  by  the  principles  of  justice  and 
equity,  and  walked  in  the  steps  of  that  god. 

205.  Fama  est  obscurior  annis  :  the  tra- 
dition is  rather  obscure  through  years.  Sca- 
liger  would  understand  it,  as  being  more 
obscure  than  might  be  expected,  consider- 


•KM 


1*.  VJRGfUl  MAKOM3 


212.  Et  Ilioneus  secu 
tus  est  dicta  regis 


Aunmcos  ita  f'erre  senes  :  his  ortus  tit  agrie* 
Dardanus  Idaeas  Phrygian  penetravit  ad  urbes, 
Threiciamque  Samum,  quas  nunc  Samothracia  fertur* 
Hinc  ilium  Corythi  Tyrrhena  ab  sedc  profectum 
Aurea  nunc  solio  stellantis  regia  coeli  210 

Accipit,  et  numerum  Divorum  altaribus  auget. 

Dixerat.     Et  dicta  Ilioneus  sic  voce  secutus  : 
Rex,  genus  egregium  Fauni,  nee  fiuctibus  actos 
Atra  subegit  hyems  vestris  succedere  terris  ; 
Nee  sidus  regione  vise,  litusve  fefellit.  215 

216.  JVos  omnes  affe-  Consilio  hanc  omnes  animisque  volentibus  urbem 
consilio  Afferimur  ;  pulsi  regnis,  quaB  maxima  quondam 

Extremo  veniens  Sol  aspiciebat  Olympo. 
!20   Miter  rex  ij  se  Ab  j        principium  generis  :  Jove  Dardana  pubes 
ortus  de  suprema  gente  ~       .  A  .  =>  . 

Jovis,Troius^Eneasno-Gaudet  avo-      Rex  ipse,  -'OV1S  de  gente  supremD, 
mine,  misit  Troi'us  yEneas  tua  nos  ad  limina  misit. 

222.  Quisque  audiit  Quanta  per  Idaeos  saevis  effusa  Myceriis 
quanta  tempestas  belli  Tempestas  ierit  campos  ;  quibus  actus  uterque 

225.  Et  si   extrema  Europae  atque  Asia3  fatis  concurrent  orbis, 
tellus  Bubmovct   quern  Audiit  ;  et  si  quern  tellus  extrema  refuso  225 

refuse  Oceano  ;    et  si  Submovet  Oceano.  et  si  quern  extenta  plagarum 
plaga  iniqui  Solis  ex-  Quatuor  in  medio  dirimit  plasa  solis  iniqui. 
jft^SarSSM^  cx  »<«  **  vasta  per  «quo»  vocti, 
abcceierishominibu!!,illeVls  sedem  exiguam  patnis,  litusque  rogamus 
audivit.  Innocuum,  et  cunctis  undamque  auramque  patentenu 


rimur 


NOTES. 


ing  how  few  years  had  elapsed  since.  But 
this  is  a  gloss  which  the  passage  will  hardly 
bear.  Virgil  mentions  the  fact  as  having 
taken  place  long  before  ;  and  handed  down 
from  the  ancient  Aurunci.  These  were  the 
first  inhabitants  of  Italy.  And  as  several 
kings  had  reigned  in  Troy  after  Dardanus, 
it.  is  plain  his  departure  from  Italy  was  an- 
cient, the  tradition  or  report  of  it  obscure, 
and  the  memory  of  it  almost  lost. 

206.  Ferrc:  in  the  sense  of  narrare,  vel 
dicere. 

208.  Samum.     Samus  was  an  island  in 
the  uEgean  sea,  not  far  to  the  south  of  tho 
mouth  of  the  Hebrus.      There   were  two 
others  of  the  same  name  :  one  in  the  Ioni- 
an sea,  to  the  west  of  the  Sinus  Corinthi- 
acus ;  the  other  in  the  Icarian  sea,  not  far 
from  the  ancient  city  of  Ephesus,  in  Asia 
Minor. 

209.  Corythi.     Cory  thus  was  a  mountain 
and  city  of  Tuscany,  where  Da rd anus  re- 
sided ;  hodic,  Corlona.  After  his  death,  Dar- 
danus  was  deified  ;  which  the  poet  beautiful- 
ly expresses :  nunc  aure.ct  relict  stellantis,  kc. 

215.  JVec  sidus:  neither  star  nor  shore 
hath  misled  (fefellit)  us  from  the  direct 
course  of  our  voyage. 

217.  Pulsi  regnis.  The  greatest  part  of 
Asia  Minor  was  subject  to  Priam.  This 
justifies  Ilioneus  in  saying  they  were  expel- 
led from  the  greatest  kingdom  the  sun  sur- 


veyed in  his  diurnal  course.   Afftrimur :  we 
are  all  brought  to  your  city  by  design,  &c. 

222.  Quanta  tempestas  :  how  great  a  tem- 
pest of  war  issuing  from  cruel  Mycena?  over- 
run the  Trojan  plains,  &c.  This  is  beau- 
tiful and  highly  poetical.  Quibus  fatis :  by 
what  fates  each  world  of  Europe  and  Asia 
impelled,  engaged  in  arms. 

225.  Extrema  tellus.  The  ancients  sup- 
posed the  frigid  zones  were  not  habitable 
on  account  of  the  extreme  cold  ;  as,  also, 
the  torrid  or  burning  zone,  on  account  of 
its  extreme  heat.  Experience,  however, 
lias  proved  their  opinion  incorrect.  By  ex- 
trema  tellus,  we  are  to  understand  the  frigid 
zone ;  and  by  plaga  iniqui  solis,  the  torrid 
zone.  Dr.  Trapp  takes  refuso  in  the  sense 
of  reftuens,  refluent,  ebbing  and  flowing. 
Davidson  takes  it  in  the  sense  of  wide,  ex- 
panded, which  certainly  is  sometimes  the 
meaning  of  the  word.  This  last  I  prefer, 
In  this  sense  Valpy  takes  it. 

228.  Diluvio.  The  poet  had  represented 
the  war  under  the  figure  of  a  tempest,  rising 
out  of  Greece;  arid  he  continues  the  idea. 
The  effect  of  this  tempest  was  a  deluge,  which 
swept  away  the  Trojan  state,  and  the  wealth 
of  Asia. 

230.  Innocuum :  safe — secure — that  will  be 
offensive  to  none.  Undam :  in  the  sense  of 
aquam.  Patentem  :  in  the  sense  of  commu- 
nem. 


.    LIB.  VI  I. 


it);". 


231 


234.  Perque  ejus  po- 
235  tentem  dextram,  sive 
quis  expertus  est  earn 
fide 

236.  Multi  populi, 
multe  gentes,  et  petiere, 
et  voluere  adjungere 


nos  sibi 


Praeterea  nostcr 
tibi  parva  mu- 


Non  erimus  regno  mdecores  :  nee  vestra  feretur 

Fama  levis,  tantive  abolescet  gratia  facti  : 

Nee  Trojam  Ausonios  gremio  excepisse  pigebit. 

Fata  per  JSneae  juro,  dextramque  potentem, 

Sive  fide,  seu  quis  bello  est  expertus  et  armis : 

Multi  nos  populi,  multae  (ne  temne.  quod  ultro 

PraBferimus  manibus  vittas  ac  verba  precantia) 

Et  petiere  sibi  et  voluere  adjungere  gentes. 

Sed  nos  fata  Deurn  vesiras  exquirere  terras 

Imperiis  egere  suis.     Hinc  Dardanus  ortus,  240 

Hue  repetit :  jussisque  ingentibus  urget  Apollo 

Tyrrhenum  ad  Tybnm,  et  fontis  vada  sacra  Numici.         0. 

Dat  tibi  praeterea  fortunae  parva  prioris  rex  ( 

Munera,  reiliquias  Troja  ex  ardente  receptas.  nera 

Hoc  pater  Anchises  auro  libabat  ad  aras  :  245 

Hoc  Priami  gestamen  erat,  cum  jura  vocatis 

More  daret  populis ;  sceptrumque,  sacerque  tiaras, 

Iliadumque  labor,  vestes. 

Talibus  Ilionei  dictis,  defixa  Latinus 
Obtutu  tenet  ora,  soloque  immobilis  haeret,  250 

Intentos  voivens  oculos.     Nee  purpura  regem 
Picta  movet,  nee  sceptra  movent  Priameia  tantum, 
Quantum  in  connubio  natae  thalamoque  moratur  ; 
Et  veteris  Fauni  volvit  sub  pectore  sortem  : 

Hunc  ilium  fatis  externa  a  sede  profectum  255     255.  Hunc  ilium  pro 

Portendi  generum,  paribusque  in  regna  vocari 
Auspiciis  :  hinc  progeniem  virtute  futuram 
Egregiam,  et  totum  quae  viribus  occupet  orbem. 
Tandem  Isatus  ait :  Di  nostra  incepta  secundent, 
Auguriumque  suum.     Dabitur,  Trojane,  quod  optas 


fectum  a  scde  externa 
portendi  generum 

257.  Hinc  progeniem 
futuram  esse 


NOTES. 


231.  Ferelur:  in  the  sense  of  kabebitur. 
Levis  :  small — light. 

232.  Abolescel :  be  effaced  from  our  minds. 
237.  Prof  erimus.   It  was  a  custom  among 

the  ancients  for  suppliants  to  carry  in  their 
hands  a  bough  of  olive,  bound  about  with 
woollen  fillets.  The  fillets  here  are  only 
mentioned.  Precantia  :  Ruaeus  reads,  pre- 
cantum. 

239.  Fata :  decrees — declarations.  Ruceus 
says,  voluntas. 

240.  Dardanut.     Durdanus,  sprung  from 
hence,  calls  us  hither.     This  is  the  sense 
given  by  Davidson.     This  seems  to  be  the 
opinion  of  Valpy,  who  connects  repetit  with 
Dardanus  ortus.     Ruaeus  interprets  repetit 
by  revertitur.     This  represents  Dardanus  as 
coming  in  person  to  claim,  and  take  posses- 
sion of  Italy,  his  native  country.     This  is 
the  more  poetical.     Heyne  seems  to  consi- 
der Apollo  the  nominative  to  repttit.     He 
says,  Dardanus  ortus  hinc ;  hue  repetit  jus- 
sisque ingentibus  urget  dpollo.     If  we  take 
Apollo  for  the  nom.  to  repetit,  there  should 
be  a  colon  after  ortus,  or  at  least  a  semi- 
colon.    It  was  principally  under  the  direc- 
tions of  this  god,  that  &neas  came  to  Italy. 


242.  Vada :  properly,  the  shallow,  or  shoal 
part  of  the  river.  Here  the  water  of  the 
river.  Fontis :  in  the  sense  of  rici  Vel  flu- 
minis. 

244.  Receptas:  saved  from,  &c. 

245.  Hoc  auro:  in  this  golden  bowl,  fa- 
ther Anchises,  &c. 

246.  Gestamen  :  the  garment — robe. 
250.  Obtutu :  in  a  steady,  attentive  pos- 
ture. 

252.  Piciapurpura:  the  embroidered  pur- 
ple robe.     Embroidery  was  invented  among 
the  Vhry^, 

253.  Moratur:  rctiects  upon — dwells  or 
meditates  upon. 

254.  Sorlem  :  in  the  sense  of  oraculum,  vel 
rcsponsum  or 

255.  Ilunc  ilium  •  that  this  very  person 
come,  &c.     Portendi :  in  the  sense  of  desig- 
nari. 

257.  duspiciis :  in  the  sense  of  potestate. 
Progeniem  :  an  issue — race — offspring. — 
Hinc  :  from  the  union  of  the  Trojans  and 
Latins  in  the  persons  of  ./Eneas  and  Lavinia. 

260.  Augurium :  this  refers  to  the  re- 
sponse of  the  oracle  of  Faunus,  concerning 
the  marriage  of  Lavinia.  See  96,  supra. 


P.  VIRG1LII  MARONIS 

Munera  nee  sperno.     Non  vobis,  rege  Latino,        .201 
Divitis  uber  agri,  Trojseve  opulentia  deerit. 
Ipse  raodo  JEneas,  nostri  si  tanta  cupido  est, 
Si  jungi  hospitio  properat,  sociusque  vocari, 
Adveniat ;  vultus  neve  exhorrescat  amicos.  265 

Pars  mihi  pacis  erit  dextram  tetigisse  tyranni. 
Voi  contra  regi  mea  nunc  mandata  referte  : 

"^  .nata>  ™°  Z™i[s  ^^m  jungere  nostr*, 
adyto  non  sinunt,  plu-  Non  Patri°  ex  adyto  sortes,  non  plunma  coelo 
rima  monstra  de  coelo  Monstra  sinunt :  generos  externis  affore  ab  oris,      270 
non  sinunt,  jungereviro  Hoc  Latio  restare  canunt,  qui  sanguine  nostrum 
271.  Canunt  hoc  res-  Nomen  in  astra  ferant.     Hunc  ilium  poscere  fata 

afore          '     ^    ^ Et  reor>  et>  »  <luid  veri  mens  augurat,  opto. 

Haec  effatus,  equos  numero  pater  eligit  omni. 
Stabant  tercentum  nitidi  in  praesepibus  altis.  275 

276.  Extemplo  jubet  Omnibus  extemplo  Teucris  jubet  ordine  duci 
alipedes  instratos  ostro  Instratos  ostro  alipedes  pictisque  tapetis. 
pictisque  tapetis  duci     Aurea  pectoribus  ^missa  monilia  pendent : 

280./MZ>e/currum,ge-Tecti  adro  fulvum  mandunt  sub  dentibus  aurum. 
miriosque  jugales  equos  Absenti  ^Enese  currum  geminosque  jugales,  280 

ab  ffithereo  semine,  spi-  Semine  ab  aethereo,  spirantes  naribus  ignem : 
32"  &3    ^±:1'lorum^/ente'  PatriquosDrcdala  Circe 
equos  de  gente  illorum,  Suppositft  de  matre  nothos  furata  creavit. 
quos  Deedala  Circe,  fu-  Talibus  JEneadae  donis  dictisque  Latini 
rata  patri  Soli,  creavit  Sublimes  in  equis  redeunt,  pacemque  reportant.       285 
othos     de    supposita      Ecce  autem  Inachiis  sese  referebat  ab  Argis 
288.    Et   ex   sethere  ^8eva  J°vis  conjux,  aurasque  invecta  tenebat : 
longe  usque  ab  Siculo  Et  laetum  ^Eneam,  classemque  ex  aethere  longe 
Pachyno  Dardaniam  Siculo  prospexit  ab  usque  Pachyno. 

NOTES. 

262.  Uber  divitis  agri :  the  fruitfulness  of  goes,  stole,  by  some  means,  one  of  the  fiery 

a  rich  soil,  &c.    Deerit.     In  scanning,  the  steeds  of  her  father  Phoebus.     By  subttitut- 

two  first  vowels  make  one  syllable.  ing  a  mare  of  common  breed,  she  was  ena- 

266.  Pars  erit  pacis :  it  will  be  part  of  a  bled  to  procure  what  is  called,  in  common 

treaty   of  amity  and  friendship,  to   have  language,  a  half  blood.     This  production, 

touched  the  right  hand  of  your  king.     It  or  mixed  breed,  the  poet  calls  nothos.     Of 

will  be  a  considerable  step  toward  it.   Pars :  this  race,  or  stock,  descending  from  the  ce- 

in  the  sense  of  pignus,  says  Heyne.  lestial  breed,  were  the  horses  that  Latinus 

269.  Sortes.    The  responses  of  some  ora-  presented  to  ^Eneas.     Dadala:  an  adj.  of 

cles  were  given  by  drawing  or  casting  lots.  Dcedahis,  an  ingenious  artificer  of  Athens. 

Hence  sors  came  to  signify  an  oracle,  or  the  He  built  a  labyrinth  at  Crete,  in  imitation 

response  of  the   oracle.     Ex  patrio  adyto  :  of  the  one  in  Egypt.     It  is  said  he  escaped 

from   his   father's   oracle.     See  97,  supra,  from  Crete  on  artificial  wings.     Dcedala  : 

Adytum :  the  most  sacred  place  of  the  tern-  cunning — artful. 

pie,  particularly  the  place  where  the  oracle  285.  Sublimes.     This  may  mean  simply  : 

stood.     Hence  the  oracle  itself,  by  meton.  high,  elevated  upon  their  horses.    Or  it  may 

Plurima  monstra :  very  many  prodigies  from  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  Iceti. 

heaven,  &c.  some  of  which  were  mentioned  286.  Argi&  :  a  city  of  the  Peloponnesus, 

59,  supra,  et  seq.  dear  to  Juno.     It  is  called  Inachian,  from 

277.  Alipedes.    Alipes,  properly,  an  adj. :  Inachus,  one  of  its  kings  ;  or  from  the  river 
swift  of  foot.    Here  it  is  used  as  a  sub. :  swift  Inachus,  which  flowed  near  it. 

horses.  Pictis  tapetis:  with  embroidered  288.  Longe  ex  (fihere  usque:  and  from 

trappings.  the  heavens  afar  off,  even  from  Sicilian  Pa- 

279  Mandunt:  they  champ  the  golden  chynus,  she  beheld  joyous  ./Eneas,  &c.  Pa- 
bit  under  their  teeth.  Aurum,  properly, gold  chynus:  the  southern  promontory  of  Sicily. 
. — any  thing  made  of  gold  :  also,  a  golden  or  Hodie,  CapoPassaro.  For  longe,  Heyne  reads 
yellow  color.  longo,  agreeing  with  cethere :  but  longe  is 

282.  De  gente  illorum,   Circe,  as  the  fable  the  common  reading,  and  is  the  easier. 


.    LIB.  Vll. 


407 


Moliri  jam  tecta  videt,  jam  fidere  terrae,  290 

Deseruisse  rates.    Stetit  acri  fixa  dolore  : 
Turn,  quassans  caput,  hxc  effudit  pectore  dicta : 
Heu  stirpem  invisam,  et  fatis  contraria  nostris 
Fata  Phrygum  !  num  Sige'is  occumbere  campis  ? 
Num  capti  potuere  capi  ?  num  incensa  cremavit 
Troja  viros  1  medias  acies,  mediosque  per  ignes 
Invenere  viam.     At,  credo,  mea  numina  tandem 
Fessa  jacent :  odiis  aut  exsaturata  quievi. 
Quin  etiam  patria  excussos  infesta  per  undas         f 
Ausa  sequi,  et  profugis  toto  me  opponere  ponto.  / 
Absumpta3  in  Teucros  vires  coelique  marisque. 
Quid  Syrtes,  aut  Scylla  mihi,  quid  vasta  Charybdis 
Profuit  ?  optato  conduntur  Tybridis  alveo, 
Securi  pelagi  atque  mei.     Mars  perdere  gentem 
Immanem  Lapithum  valuit :  concessit  in  iras  305 

Ipse  Deum  antiquam  genitor  Calydona  Dianje  :  ^07.   ^od    tantura 

A     j  J  scelus  aut  Lapithas  me- 

Quod  scelus,  aut  Lapithas  tantum,  aut  Calydona  meren-  rentes^    aut   Calydona 

merentem  ? 


294.  Nu.m  potutre  oc- 

2QC  cumbere  Sigeis  campis? 

num  capti  potuere  capi? 


299.  Infesta  ausa  sum 
300  sequi  eos  excussos  pa- 
tria per  undas 


tern? 


NOTES. 


290.  Moliri :  to  build — to  lay  the  foun- 
dations of  their  houses.    The  word  Trojanos 
is  to  be  supplied,  governed  by  videt.  Fidere  : 
to  trust  to  the  land.    Davidson  reads  sidere  : 
to  settle  on  the  land.     He  informs  us  that 
Pierius  found  sidere  in  the  most  of  the  an- 
cient MSS.    The  sense  is  the  same  with 
either. 

291.  Sletit :  she  stops  pierced  with,  &c. 
294.  Num  Sigeis :   could  they  fall  upon 

the  Sigean  plains  ?  could  the  captives  be 
taken  ?  &c.  Juno  here  speaks  as  if  nothing 
less  than  the  protection  of  the  gods,  that 
were  opposed  to  her,  could  have  saved  them 
amidst  such  havoc  and  desolation  of  fire 
and  sword.  She  had  done  her  best  to  de- 
stroy them. 

Fata  Phrygum.  This  may  mean  the 
success  or  fortune  of  the  Trojans,  in  escap- 
ing all  the  dangers,  and  surmounting  all  the 
difficulties  in  their  way  to  Italy.  And  fatis 
nostris,  may  mean  the  power,  will,  or  in- 
clination of  Juno.  It  was  her  earnest  de- 
sire to  destroy  them  all,  and  she  exerted 
her  utmost  power  to  effect  it ;  but  she  was 
baffled  in  all  her  attempts.  Their  success, 
or  fortune,  prevailed  against  her.  Or,  by 
fata  Pfrrygum,  we  may  understand  the  de- 
crees and  purposes  of  the  gods  in  their  fa- 
vor, opposed  to  the  will  and  inclinations  of 
Juno,  and  baffling  all  her  power. 

298.  Aut  odiis.    This  is  capable  of  a  two- 
fold version :  I,  satiated  with  resentment, 
have  ceased  :   or,   satiated,  I  have  ceased 
from  my  resentment.    The  sense  is  the  same 
either  way. 

299.  Excussos :  expelled  or  cast  from  their 
country.     It  is  a  metaphor  taken  from  a  per- 
son's being  tost  or  thrown  out  of  a  chariot. 

304.  Mars  valuit.  Pirithous,  king  of  tho 
Lapithw,  invited  all  the  gods  to  his  nuptials 


with  Hippodame,  except  Mars.  This  in- 
dignity the  god  revenged  upon  his  subjects. 
The  Lapithce  were  a  people  of  Thessaly, 
inhabiting  mount  Pindus.  Immanem:  savage 
— barbarous :  or  great,  large,  in  reference 
to  their  size  and  stature.  This  last  seems 
to  suit  the  design  of  the  speech  the  best ; 
which  was  to  magnify  the  power  of  Mars, 
in  destroying  such  an  enemy.  Securi:  re- 
gardless of — safe  from. 

305.  In  iras  :  in  the  sense  of  ad  poznam  et 
vindiclam,  says  Heyne. 

306.  Calydona:  ace.  sing,  of  Greek  for- 
mation, from  Calydon,  the  chief  city  ofJEto- 
lia,  near  the  river  Evenus.    ./Eneus,  its  king, 
paid  homage  to  all  the  gods,  except  Diana. 
The  goddess  being  provoked  at  this  neglect, 
sent  a  wild  boar  that  laid  waste  his  whole 
country,  till  he  was  slain  by  his  son  Mele- 
ager. 

307.  Qu°d  tantum  scelus.    Ruasus  and  Da- 
vidson have  Lapithis,  Calydone  merente :  the 
meaning  will  then  be :  what  so  great  punish- 
ment did  the  Lapithse  or  Calydoa  deserve  ? 
Scelus  is  here  in  the  sense  of  pozna  ve!  :up- 
plicium :  the  punishment  for  crimes  or  wick- 
ed actions.     Heyne,  and  others,  read  Lnpi- 
thas,  and  Calydona  merentem,  governed  .by 
the  verb  concessit  understood.     In  this  case, 
the  words  may  be  rendered  :  deserving  what 
so  great  punishment  did  he  give  up  either 
the  LapithaB  to  Mars,  or  Calydon  to  Diana. 
If  the  Lapithfe  deserved  such  signal  punish- 
ment for  neglect  shown   to  Mars;  and  if 
Calydon  deserved  it  for  contempt  of  Diana  ; 
what  do  not  these  Trojans  deserve  for  con- 
tempt of  me,  tho  wife  of  Jove,  and  queen 
of  the  gods  ?     Thus  she  reasoned.     For  the 
cause  of  Juno's  resentment  against  the  Tro- 
jans, see  >En.  1.  4,  and  28. 


408 


P.  V1RGILII  MARONiS 


Ast  ego,  magna  Jovis  conjux,  nil  linquere  inausum 
QuaB  potui  infelix,  quae  memet  in  omnia  verti  ; 
Vincor  ab  jEnea.    Quod  si  mea  numina  non  sunt     310 
311.  Quod  nwnen  est  Magna  satis,  dubitem  hand   (3quidem  irnplorare  quod 

USfluam  '  usquam  est. 

Flectere  si  nequeo  Superos,  Acheronta  movebo. 
313.  Esto,  non  dabi-  Non  dabitur  regnis,  esto,  prohibere  Latinis, 

tur  miJii  prohibere  Tro-  Atque  immota  manet  fatis  Lavinia  conjux  : 

At  trahere,  atque  moras  tantislicet  addere  rebus  ;    315 
At  licet  amborum  populos  exscindere  regum. 
Hac  gener  atque  socer  coeant  niercede  suorum. 
Sanguine  Trojano  ct  Rutulo  dotabere,  virgo  : 
Et  Bellona  manet  te  pronuba.     Nee  face  tantum 
Cisseis  praegnans  ignes  enixa  jugales  : 
Quin  idem  Veneri  partus  suus,  et  Paris  alter, 
Funestaeque  iterum  recidiva  in  Pergama  taedae. 
Haec  ubi  dicta  dedit,  terras  horrenda  petivit. 
Luctificam  Alecto  dirarum  ab  sede  sororum, 
Infernisque  ciet  tenebris  :  cui  tristia  bella, 
Iraeque,  insidiaeque,  et  crimina  noxia  cordi. 
Odit  et  ipse  pater  Pluton,  odere  sorores 
rtareae  monstrum  :  tot  sese  vertit  in  ora, 

sunt  itti;  ilia  atra  pul-Tam  saevae  fades,  tot  pullulat  atra  colubris. 

lulat  tot  colubris.          Quam  Juno  his  acuit  verbis,  ac  talia  f'atur  : 


329 


NOTES. 


308.  Q«« potui :  who  could  leave  nothing 
untried — who  had  power  to  try  every  thing. 

309.  Infelix :  unsuccessful — not  having 
accomplished  my  purpose.     Verti  memet  in 
omnia  :  I  have  had  recourse  to  all  expedi- 
ents— I  have  tried  all  the  means  in  my 
power. 

312.  Acheronta :  ace.  sing,  of  Acheron  : 
properly,  a  river  of  hell.  Here  put  for  the 
infernal  gods. 

314.  Immota :  certain — fixed — determined. 

315.  Trahere  :  in  the  sense  of  differre. 
317.  Hoc  mercede :  at  this  cost,  or  price 

of  their  people,  let  them  unite.  Merces 
sometimes  signifies  a  condition.  In  this 
sense  it  will  be :  let  them  unite  upon  this 
condition,  viz.  the  destruction  of  both  their 
people,  the  Trojans  and  Latins,  mentioned  in 
the  line  above.  Heyne  takes  mercede  in  the 
sense  ofmalo  etpernicie. 

518.  Virgo i  dotabere :  O  virgin,  thou  shalt 
be  dowered  with  Trojan  and  Rutulian  blood 
— thou  shalt  receive  thy  dowry  in  Trojan, 
&c. 

319.  Bellona  manet :  and  Bellona  awaits 
thee  as  a  bride-maid.  Bellona,  the  goddess 
presiding  over  war.  She  was  the  Bister  of 
Mars,  and  prepared  his  chariot  for  him,  when 
he  went  out  to  war.  Pronubcc  were  the 
women  who  managed  those  things  that  per- 
tained to  nuptials,  and  placed  the  bride  in 
her  bed.  It  is  used  in  the  singular  for  the 
goddess  of  marriage.  What  gives  empha- 
sis to  the  expression  here.  is.  that  Juno  her- 


self was  the  Pronuba,  as  being  the  goddct-- 
who  presided  over  marriage. 

320.  Cisseis.     Hecuba,  the  wife  of  Priam, 
is  so  called,  from  Cisseiis,  her  father.     Be- 
fore she  was  delivered  of  Paris,  she  dreamed 
she  had  a  torch  in  her  womb.     Enixa  ju- 
gales  ignes :  sho  brought  forth   a   nuptial 
fire-brand,  to  wit,  Paris  ;  who  was  the  causo 
of  the  Trojan  war,  and  the  destruction  of 
his  country.      Any   thing  belonging  to  or 
connected  with   marriage,  or  the  marriage 
state,  may  be  called  jugalis. 

321.  Quin  suus  partus  :  but  her  own  son 
shall  be  the  same  to  Venus,  even  another 
Paris.     The  meaning  is,  that  ^Eneas  should 
prove  the  same  to  Venus  his  mother,  that 
Paris  did  to   his.      He  should   kindle   the 
flames  of  another  war,  which  should  end  in 
the  destruction  of  Troy,  rising  again  from 
ruins.     It  is  evident  that  this  must  be  the 
meaning  of  recidiva.   ^neas  had  just  found- 
ed a  city  which  he  called  Troy.     It  was  ris- 
ing from  the  ruins  of  old  Troy.     Ruaeus 
takes  recidiva^  in  the  sense  of  iterum  caden- 
lia. 

322.  T&daquefunestce :  and  a  torch  or  fire- 
brand, again  fatal,  &c. 

324.  Luctificam  :    doleful — causing  sor- 
row.    See  Geor.  i.  278. 

326.  Cordi :  dat.  of  cor,  for  a  pleasure  or 
delight.     The  verb  sunt  is  to  be  supplied. 

327.  Pluton.    The  n  is  added  on  account 
of  the  following  word,  beginning  with  the 
vowel  o. 


J2NEIS.     LIB.  VU. 


409 


335 


336.  Tu  poles  inferre 
verb  era 


Hunc  mini  da  proprium,  virgo  sata  nocte,  laborem,  331.    O   vergo 

Hanc  operam  ;  ne  noster  honos,  infractave  cedat  nocte'  da  mim 

Fama  loco  ;  neu  connubiis  ambire  Latinum 

jEneadae  possint,  Italosve  obsidere  fines. 

Tu  potes  unanimes  armare  in  praelia  fratres, 

Atque  odiis  versare  domos :  tu  verbera  tectis 

Funereasque  inferre  faces  :  tibi  nomina  mille, 

Mille  nocendi  artes :  foecundum  concute  pectus, 

Disjice  compositam  pacem,  sere  crimina  belli : 

Arma  velit,  poscatque  simul,  rapiatque  juventus 

Exin  Gorgoneis  Alecto  infecta  venenis 
Principio  Latium  et  Laurentis  tecta  tyranni 
Celsa  petit,  tacitumque  obsedit  limen  Amatae  : 

Quam  super  adventu  Teucrum,  Turnique  hymenaeis,          344.  Quam  Amatam 
Fceminese  ardentem  curaeque  irseque  coquebant.       345  ardentem  super  adventu 
Huic  Dea  cceruleis  unum  de  crinibus  anguem 
Cpnjicit,  inque  sinum  praecordia  ad  intima  subdit : 
Quo  furibunda  domum  monstro  permisceat  omnem 
Ille  inter  vestes  et  levia  pectora  lapsus 
Volvitur  attactu  nullo,  fallitque  furentem, 
Vipeream  inspirans  animam  :  fit  tortile  collo 
Aurum  ingens  coluber,  fit  longae  tsenia  vittae, 
Inriectitque  comas,  et  membris  lubricus  errat. 
Ac  dum  prima  lues  udo  sublapsa  veneno 
Pertentat  sensus,  atque  ossibus  implicat  ignem, 
Necdum  animus  toto  percepit  pectore  flammam ; 


340     340.  Fac  ut  Juventus 
velit,  simulque  poscat 


Teucrum  hymenaeisque 
Tumi,  foemineaeque 


349.  Ille  angwislap- 
BUS  inter  vestes 


352.  Ingens   coluber 
fit  tortile 


355 


NOTES. 


331.  Hunc  proprium  laborem  :  this  pecu- 
liar task — this  task  or  business  which  pro- 
perly belongs  to  you. 

332.  Infracta :  declining — broken.    Of  in 
and/racta.     Ruseus  says,  victa. 

333.  Ambire :   in  the  sense  of  circunwe- 
nire. 

336.  Domos :  in  the  sense  of  familias. 

337.  Mille  nomina  :   there  are  to  you  a 
thousand  pretences,  a  thousand  ways  of  do- 
ing hurt,  or    mischief.     Verbera:   blows — 
scourges.     Inferre :  in  the  sense  of  immit- 
tere. 

339.  Disjice.  This  is  the  common  read- 
ing. Heyne  reads  dissice.  Pierius  says  he 
found  dissice  in  all  the  ancient  MSS.  Cri- 
mina belli :  the  causes  of  war.  Compositam 
pacem:  the  treaty  to  which  Latinus  had 
agreed,  or  the  match  of  Lavinia  with 
JEneas. 

341.  Gorgoneis  venenis  infecta:  infected 
with  Gorgonian  poisons — with  such  poi- 
sons as  the  serpents  had,  with  which  the 
head  of  the  gorgon,  Medusa,  was  encir- 
cled. According  to  fable,  Perseus  cut  off 
her  head,  and  took  it  with  him  in  his  tra- 
vels into  Africa.  The  drops  falling  from 
it,  sprung  up  immediately  into  venomous 
reptiles.  The  Gorgons  were  the  daugh- 
ters of  Phorcys  and  Ceto.  They  were 
three  in  number,  &Aen0,  JlfoAfMt,  and  Eury- 


ale.     See  Ovid.  Met.  lib.  iv.     Exin :  forth- 
with.    She  stays  not  to  make  reply.     She  - 
is  so  bent  on  mischief,  that  she  obeys  as  soon 
as  desired.     See  nom.  prop,  under  Gorgon. 

345.  Faminece  curce :  female  cares  and  an- 
gry passions  tortured  her,  inflamed  at,  &c. 
The  curs,  may  refer  to  the  match  with  Tur- 
nus,  which  she  was  very  anxious  to  bring 
about ;  and  the  tree,  to  the  arrival  of  the 
Trojans. 

346.  Cceruleis  crinibus :  from  her  serpen- 
tine locks.     Cozruleis.     This  is  said  of  ser- 
pents, because  they  are  streaked  with  bluish 
spots.     Instead  of  hair,  the   heads  of  the 
Gorgons  were  attired  with  serpents.    Huic  : 
to  Amata. 

348.  Quo  monstro:  by  which  serpent,  ren- 
dered furious,  (or  driven  to  fury,)  she  might 
embroil  the  whole  family. 

350.  Nullo  attactu:  without  any  percep- 
tible touch. 

352.  Tortile  aurum  collo :  wreathed  gold 
for  the  neck — a  chain  of  wreathed  gold — a 
necklace. 

354.  Prima  lues  sublapsa  :  and  while  the 
first  infection,  gliding  gently  downward, 
with  its  humid  poison,  penetrates  the  senses, 
&c.  Most  interpreters  connect  tublapsa  udo 
veneno  together,  and  consider  the  infection 
as  gliding  under  the  humid  poison.  David- 
son thinks,  udo  veneno  should  be  connected 

52 


410 


P.  VIRG1LII    MARONIS 


357.    Regina  locuta  Mollius,  et  solito  matrum  de  more,  locula  est, 
est  molhus,  et  de  sohto  ]y|ujta  super  nata  lachrymans,  Phrygiisque  hymenaeis  ; 
more   matrum,    lachy-  Exulibus^e  datur  ducenda  Lavinia  Teucris, 
iiiitns  in u.1  to/  _ ^  .  .          ft  *%r>/\ 

O  genitor  !  nee  te  miseret  nataeque  tuique  ? 

361.  Nee  miseret  te  Nee  matris  miseret ;  quam  primo  Aquilone  relinquet 
matris ;  quam  iste  per-  perndus,  alta  petens,  abducta  virgine,  praedo  ? 
Prime  rXe"111"1"6' ^  non  sic  Phrygius  penetrat  Lacedcemona  pastor, 

LedaBamque  Helenam  1  rojanas  vexit  ad  urbes  f 

365.    Quid  erit  tua  Quid  tua  sancta  fides,  quid  cura  antiqua  tuorum,      365 
sancta  fides  Et  consanguine©  toties  data  dextera  Turno  ? 

Si  gener  extern^  petitur  de  gente  Latinis, 

Idque  sedet,  Faunique  premunt  te  jussa  parentis : 
369.    Equidem   reor  Omnem  equidem  sceptris  terram  quae  libera  nostris 
omnem  terram  esse  ex-  Dissidet,  externam  reor  ;  et  sic  dicere  Divos.  370 

ternam,    quae  libera  a  gt  Turno,  si  prima  domus  repetatur  origo, 
r^T?tTjD±Inachus  Acrismsque  patres,  mediaeque  Mycense. 
dicere  sic.    Et,  siprim^ "His  ubi  nequicquam  dictis  experta,  Latinum 
origo  ejus  domus  repe-i  Contra  stare  videt ;  penitusque  in  viscera  lapsum 
tatur,machus,Acrisius-Serpentis  furiale  malum,  totamque  pererrat :  375 

K3£Z££?** vcr6  infel.ix'  inse"ubf cxcita  monstr!8' 

diseGrmo:,  ejus  patria.  Immensam  sine  more  funt  lymphata  per  urbem  : 
Ceu  quondam  torto  volitans  sub  verbere  turbo. 


NOTES. 


with  perlenlal  sensus.  He  observes  that  ser- 
pents leave  a  humidity,  a  kind  of  infectious 
poison  or  slime,  whore  they  pass  along; 
and  as  the  motion  of  this  serpent  was  down- 
ward, sublapsa  is  very  properly  used. 

360.  Genitor.  The  whole  of  this  speech 
of  the  queen  is  very  artful,  and  very  well 
calculated  to  produce  the  intended  effect. 
She  applies  to  him  not  the  title  of  king,  nor 
the  name  of  husband ;  but  the  tender  ap- 
pellation of  father.  Thus  making  her  ad- 
dress to  his  parental  affections,  that  if  he 
had  any  compassion,  it  might  be  moved  in 
behalf  of  his  only  daughter,  the  support  of 
his  family,  and  the  heiress  of  his  kingdom. 
She  puts  him  in  mind  of  the  conduct  of 
Paris  at  the  court  of  Menelaus ;  and  inti- 
mates that  ./Eneas,  like  a  perfidious  robber, 
would  carry  off  his  daughter  the  first  op- 
portunity. 

363.  At  nan.  This  is  the  common  read- 
ing. Mr.  Davidson  reads  an  non.  Phry- 
gius pastor :  Paris.  Penetrat :  in  the  sense 
of  intravit. 

366.  Turno.  His  mother's  name  was  Ve- 
nilia,  the  sister  of  Amata,  the  wife  of  Lati- 
nus.  He  was  therefore  connected  with  the 
royal  family  of  Latium.  Consanguineo : 
properly,  a  relation  by  blood. 

368.  Sedet:  is  resolved  upon.  Statutum 
c«/,  says  Ruseus. 

370.  Dissidet :  in  the  sense  of  separatur. 

372.  Inachus.  He  was  oue  of  the  first 
kings  of  Argos,  aad  gave  his  name  to  the 
river  near  that  city.  Acrisius  was  one  of 
his  descendants,  and  the  last  kiag  of  Argos 


He,  or  his  grandson  Perseus,  removed  the 
seat  of  government  to  Mycence.  He  order- 
ed his  daughter  Danae  to  be  shut  up  in  a 
wooden  chest,  and  cast  into  the  sea.  Here 
it  is  said  she  was  impregnated  by  Jupiter, 
and  had  Perseus.  She  was  wafted  to  the 
coast  of  Italy,  wuare  she  was  taken  up  by 
Polydectes.  Afterward,  she  married  Pilum- 
nus,  who  was  one  of  the  ancestors  of  Tur- 
nus.  She  founded  the  city  Ardea,  in  the 
country  of  the  Rutuli.  Mycf.n&  was  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Inachus,  which  flows  into 
the  Sinus  Argolicus,  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  Peloponnesus.  It  is  here  said  to  be  the 
middle  of  Greece.  But  this  is  more  from 
its  being  the  chief  city,  or  capital  of  Greece, 
than  from  its  local  situation. 

373.  Experta:   having   tried — addressed 
him. 

374.  Stare  contra  :  in  the  sense  ofresistere. 

375.  Furiale  malum  :  the  infuriate  poison. 
Pererrai :  in  the  sense  of  penetrat. 

376.  Excita  ingentibus :   roused  by  the 
mighty  monsters.     The  effect  of  the  poison 
upon  her  imagination  made  her  see  a  thou- 
sand monsters,  which   affrighted  and  dis- 
tracted her. 

377.  Lymphata:  frantic, — furious.    This 
is   thought,   by   most   interpreters,  to  ex- 
press  that  kinc1  of  fury  with  which  per- 
sons are  seized  who  have  been  bitten  by  a 
mad   dog ;    and  whose  madness,  when  it 
comes  to  die  height,  is  accompanied  with  a 
dread   of  water,     from   lympha,  water. — 
>S'inc  more  :  beyond  bounds — immoderately. 

378.  Csv  quondam :  ».§  Tvhcn  a  top  whirl- 


.£\EIS.     UB.  ViJ. 


411 


Quern  puen  maguo  in  gyro  vacua  atria  circum 
Intenti  ludo  exercent.     lile  actus  habena 
Curvatis  fertur  spatiis  :  stupet  inscia  turba,   ^v/, 
Irnpubesque  manus,  mirata  volubile  buxum  : 
Dant  animos  plugue.     Non  cursu  segnior  illo 
Per  medias  urbes  agitur,  populosque  leroces. 
Quin  etiam  in  sylvas,  simuiato  nurnine  Bacchi, 
Majus  adorsa  nefas,  majoremque  orsa  furorem, 
Evolat ;  et  natam  frondosis  montibus  abdit, 
Quo  thalamum  eripiat  Teucris,  taedasque  moretur 
Evoe  Bacche,  fremens  ;  solum  te  virgine  dignum 
Vociferans,  etenim  molles  tibi  sumere  thyrsos, 
Te  lustrare  choro,  sacrum  tibi  pascere  crinem. 

Fama  volat :  furiisque  accensas  pectore  matres 
Idem  omnes  simul  ardor  agit,  nova  quaerere  tecta. 
Deseruere  domos  :  ventis  dant  colla  comasque. 
Ast  alise  tremulis  ululatibus  sethera  complent, 
Pampineasque  gerunt  incinctae  pellibus  hastas. 
Ipsa  inter  medias  flagrantem  fervida  pinum         / 
Sustinet^  ac  natae  Turnique  canit  hymenaeos,  , 
Sanguineam  torquens  aciem  :  torvumtjue  repente 
Clamat :  lo  matres,  audite,  ubi  quseque,  Latinse  : 
Si  qua  piis  animis  rnanet  infelicis  Amatse 
Gratia,  si  juris  materni  cura  remordet ;  Qj . 

NOTES. 


380 


384.   Regina    agitur 
3  85  non  segnior  illo   cursu 
per 


389.   Vociferans    te, 
qqn  Bacche,  soium  esse  dig- 
num  virgine ;    earn  su- 
mere molies  thyrsos  tibi, 
lustrare  te 


395 


.      397.  Regina  ipsa  fer- 
vida sustmet 


400  ^^'  ^°  IjatmEB  matres, 
au  dite,  ubi  quseque  estis : 
Si  qua  gratia  infelicis 
Amatse  nianet 


ing  under  the  twisted  lajsli,  which  boys,  in- 
tent on  their  sport,  &c.  Dr.  Trapp  observes, 
this  simile  is  the  perfection  of  elegance. 
Nothing  can  be  more  finely  described. 

380.  Exercent :  in  the  sense  of  agitanf. 
Habena  :  with  the  string. 

382.  Buxum :    the   box  wood,  of  which 
tops  were  made — the  top  itself,  by  meton. 

383.  Dant  animos  plaga.     This  is  capable 
of  two  meanings,  according  as  plagce  is  ta- 
ken for   the  noiu.    plu.  or  the  dat.    sing. 
Dr.  i'mpp  insists  on  the  former,  and  renders 
it :  the  lashes  give  (it)  life ;  taking  animos 
in  the  sense  of  vitam ;  and  this  again  for 
rapidum  motum.     Davidson  objects  to  this, 
and  prefers  the  latter  :  they  give  their  souls 
to  the  stroke.     This  is   trie  more  elegant, 
and  poetical.    Dryden  renders  it  thus  :  u  and 
lend  their  little  souls  to  every  stroke."  Val- 
py  takes  animos  in  the  same  sense  with  Dr. 
Trapp.     lieyue  says,  co:icitatiorem  motum. 
Non  segnior :  not  less  impetuous  is  the  queen 
driven  in  her  course  through,  &e. 

386.  Orsa :  part,  from  ordior,  1  begin  or 
enter  upon.  Numine  Baccki:  the  influ- 
ence of  Bacchus  being  pretended,  tihe  pre- 
tended to  be  under  the  influence  or  impulse 
of  that  god.  Rueeus  takes  numtn  in  the 
sense  of  religio,  making  the  queen  to  feign 
a  zeal  for  tilt  service  or  worship  of  Bacchus. 
Valpy  says,  under  a  pretence  of  celebrating 
the  orgies  of  Bacchus.  Jldorsa :  attempt- 
ing. Nefas  :  in  the  sonse  of  crimen  vel  see- 
Ins. 


388.  Thalamum :  in  the  sense  of  conju- 
gium.     Tcedas  :  in  the  sense  of  nuptias. 

390.  Etenim.     In  some  editions,  there  is  a 
full  stop  after  vociferans.    This  perplexes  the 
whole  passage  :  whereas,  if  we  make  voci- 
ferans to  govern  Ihe  following  infinitives,  all 

will  be  plain  and  easy.  Ruteus,  and  Dr. 
Trapp,  think  they  are  governed  byfama  vo- 
lat. The'Vemm,  here,  appears  to  be  exple- 
tive. Thyrsos.  The  thyrsus  was  a  kind  of 
spear  wrapped  about  with  vine  and  ivy 
leaves,  which  Bacchus  and  his  retinue  used 
to  wear. 

391.  Choro.     Some  copies  have   c/iora, 
others  choros.     The  sense  is,  however,  the 
same  with  either.     The  bacchanals  used  to 
dance  round  the  image  of  Bacchus.     Sa- 
crum tibi.     It   was  a    custom  among    the 
Romans  and  Greeks,  for  maidens  to  conse- 
crate their  hair  to  some  god  or  goddess ; 
and  never  to  cut  it  off  till  just  before  they 
were  married,  when  they  suspended   it  in 
the  temple  of  that  deity,  in  honor  of  whom 
they  had  preserved  it.     Lustrare:  in    the 
sense  of  circumire.     Pascere :  in  the  sense 
of  sen-arc. 

393.  Tecla :  abodes,  to  wit,  the  woods. 

399.  Torviim :  an  adj.  neu.  taken  as  au 
adverb  ;  in  mutation  of  the  Greeks.     In  the 
sense  of  tone. 

400.  Latince.  matres:  ye  Latin  matrons 
hear,  wherever  any  of  you  be.     The  verb 
estis  is  understood.     Ubi :  in  the  sense  of 


p.  VIRGILIi  MAKOMS 

Solvite  crinales  vittas,  capite  orgia  mecum. 
404.  Alecto  agit  Re-  Talem  inter  sylvas,  inter  deserta  ferarum, 

Chi  undTue8timUli8  ReSinam  Alecto  stimulis  agit  undique  Bacchi.          405 
^WS^Pos/quam^/ec/o      Postquam  visa  satis  primos  acuisse  furores,} 

visa  est  sibi  acuisse  pri-  Consiliumque  omnemque  domum  vertisse  Latini  : 

inos  furores  Amata,        Protinus  hinc  fuscis  tristis  Dea  tollitur  alis 

Audacis  Rutuli  ad  muros  :  quam  dicitur  urbem 
Acrisioneis  Danae  fundasse  colonis,  410 

Praecipiti  delata  Noto  :  locus  Ardua  quondam 
Dictus  avis,  et  nunc  magnum  manet  Ardea  nomen. 
Sed  fortuna  fuit.     Tectis  hie  Turnus  in  altis 
Jam  mediam  nigra  carpebat  nocte  quietem. 
Alecto  torvam  faciem  et  furialia  membra  415 

Exuit  :  in  vultus  sese  transformat  aniles,  $<?''• 
Et  frontem  obscoenam  rugis  arat  :  induit  albos 
Cum  vitta  crines  :  turn  ramum  innectit  olivae. 
Fit  Calybe,  Junonis  anus,  templique  sacerdos  : 
420.Etoffertse  juveni  gt  juvenj  ante  ocuios  his  se  cum  vocibus  offert  :      420 

ante  ocuios  cum  Ins  ver-Turnej  tot  incassum  fusos  patiere  labores> 

Et  tua  Dardaniis  transcribi  sceptra  colonis  ? 
Rex  tibi  conjugium,  et  quaesitas  sanguine  dotes 
Abnegat  ;  externusque  in  regnura  quaeritur  haeres. 
I  nunc,  ingratis  offer  te,  irrise,  periclis  :  425 

Tyrrhenas,  i,  sterne  acies  :  tege  pace  Latinos* 
427.  Adeo  omnipotens  Haec  adeo  tibi  me,  placida  cum  nocte  jaceres, 
Saturnia  ipsa  jussit  me  ipsa  palam  farj  omnipotens  Saturnia  jussit. 


La3tus  in  arma  para  :  et  Phrygios,  qui  flumine  pulchro 

Consedere,  duces  pictasque  exure  carinas.               431 

NOTES. 

407.  Verlisse.  :  in  the  sense  of  turbavisse.  421.  Fusos  :  part,  offwidor  :  to  be  lost  — 

410.  Funddsse,  &c.      Danae   founded   a  to  be  thrown  away,  in  vain.     Esse  is  under- 
city,  which  she  called  Ardea  or  Ardua.,  most  stood. 

probably  from  its  high  and  elevated  situa-  422.  Transcribi  :  to  be  transferred  to  a 

tion.     Acrisioneis  colonis:  for  her  Grecian  Trojan  colony.     This  word  was  generally 

•colony.     Acrisioneis:  an  adj.  from  Acrisius,  applied  to  those  persons,  whose  names  were 

the  name  of  her  father.     See  372,  supra.  enrolled  in  order  to  be   transplanted  into 

411.  Prcecipiti  noto  :'  by  a  violent  wind  some  new  colony.     Such  persons  were  call- 
wafted  to   Italy.     JVb/o  :  the  south    wind,  ed  transcripti.     Hence  the  verb   came   to 
put  for  wind  in  general.  signify  to  transfer. 

412.  Avis:   in   the   sense   of   majoribus.  423.  Conjugium:  in  the  sense  of  Lavini- 
Magnum  :  great  —  illustrious.  am,  vel  nuptias  Lavinioz. 

413.  Sed  fortuna  fuit.     Most  interpreters  426.  Tege:  defend  —  protect.    The  Latins, 
take  this  to  mean  no  more  than/or/e,  or  ita  in  their  wars  with  the  Tuscans,  received  aid 
evenit  :  so  it  was,  or  so  it  happened  ;  and  from  Turnus,  and  by  his  means  obtained 
connect  it  with  what  follows.     It  happened  peace.     To  this  circumstance,  here  is  an  al- 
so that  Turnus,  &c.     Ruseus  says,  casus  ita  lusion. 

tulit.     But  this  is  very  flat,  and  makes  the  430.  Para:  in  the  sense  of  jube.    Arma: 

conjunction  sed  a  mere  expletive.     It  is  bet-  in  the  sense  of  bellum. 

ter  to   refer  it  to  Ardea  just  mentioned;  431.  Exure   Phrygios,   &c.      The    poets 

.which,   though   illustrious  and  flourishing,  sometimes  connect  two  words  together  in 

was  now  doomed  to  be  destroyed  by  ^Eneas  ;  the  same  sentence  to  be  governed  by  a  verb  ; 

taking  fortuna  fuit  in  the  sense  of  jEn.  ii.  when  strictly  it  can  agree  with  one  of  them 

325.  where  fuim  us  Troes,fuit  Ilium,  imports:  only.      Thus,  in  the   present  case,   ezure 

we  Trojans  once  were,  Ilium  once  was  ;  but  agrees  with  the  pictas  carinas  ;  but  it  does 

is  now  no  more.    Dav.  not  suit  Phrygios  duces.     The  meaning  is  : 

417.  ObsctRnam  :  filthy  —  deformed.  Arat:  destroy  the  Trojan  leaders,  and  burn  their 

jn  the  sense  of  sulcat.  painted  ships. 


MXEIS.    LIB.  Vll. 


435  435.  Hie  juvenis  7W- 
mis  irridens  vatem,  sic 
vicissim  refert  hac  orsa 
ex  ore  :  nuntius  non  ef- 
fugit  meas  aures,  ut  tu 
rere 

440  440.  Sed,  O  mater, 
senectus  victa  situ,  effce- 
taque  veri 


443.  Sit  tibi  cura  tucri 


Coslestum  vis  magna  jubet.     Rex  ipse  Latinus, 
Ni  dare  conjugium,  et  dicto  parere  fatetur, 
Sentiat,  et  tandem  Turnum  experiatur  in  armis. 

Hie  juvenis  vatem  irridens,  sic  orsa  vicissim 
Ore  refert :  Classes  invectas  Tybridis  alveo, 
Non,  ut  rere,  meas  effugit  nuntius  aures  : 
Ne  tantos  mihi  finge  metus :  nee  regia  Juno 
Immemor  est  nostri. 

Sed  te  victa  situ,  verique  effceta  senectus, 
O  mater,  curis  nequicquam  exercet ;  et  arma 
Regum  inter,  falsa  vatem  formidine  ludit. 
Cura  tibi,  Divum  effigies  et  templa  tueri : 
Bella  viri  pacemque  gerant,  queis  bella  gerenda. 

Talibus  Alecto  dictis  exarsit  in  iras. 
At  juveni  oranti  subitus  tremor  occupat  artus  : 
Diriguere  oculi :  tot  Erinnys  sibilat  hydris, 
Tantaque  se  facies  aperit.     Turn  flammea  torquens 
Lumina,  cunctantem  et  quaerentem  dicere  plura 
Reppulit,  et  geminos  erexit  crinibus  angues, 
Verberaque  insonuit,  rabidoque  haec  addidit  ore  : 
En  !  ego  victa  situ,  quam  veri  effoeta  senectus 
Arma  inter  regum  falsa  formidine  ludit. 
Respice  ad  base  :  adsum  dirarum  a  sede  sororum  ; 
Bella  manu,  letumque  gero. 

Sic  effata  facem  juveni  conjecit,  et  atro 
Lumine  fumantes  fixit  sub  pectore  taadas. 
Olli  somnum  ingens  rupit  pavor  :  ossaque  et  artus 
Perfudit  toto  proruptus  corpore  sudor. 
Arma  amens  fremit ;  arma  toro  tectisque  requirit.     460 
Saevit  amor  ferri,  et  scelerata  insania  belli,  461.  Amor  ferri,  et 

Ira  super.     Magno  veluti  cum  flamma  sonore  scelerata  msama  belli, 

Virgea  suggeritur  costis  undantis  abeni, 
Exsultantque  aestu  latices  :  furit  intus  aquse  vis, 


445 


449.     Reppulit 
450  cunctantem 


eum 


452.  En !  ego  sum  ilia 
victa  situ 


455 


super  ira  ssevit.    Veluti 
cum  virgea  flamma 


NOTES. 


432.  Vis  :  in  the  sense  of  potentia. 

433.  Ni  fatetur ;  unless  he  consent  to  ra- 
tify the  match,  and  abide  by  his  word,  &c. 

435.  Orsa :  in  the  sense  of  verba ;  from 
the  verb  ordior. 

440.  Situ.  Situs  properly  signifies  the 
squalor  or  mustiness  that  grows  upon  old 
walls  and  dark  places.  Here  put  for  the 
hoariness,  (gray  hairs,)  deformity,  or  rust  of 
old  age.  Ruseus  interprets  it  by  annis, 
and  it  may  be  used  very  well  for  years,  or 
old  age,  by  meton.  Effoeta  is  said  of  a  wo- 
man who  is  past  child  -bearing.  Effata  veri, 
will  then  mean,  barren  of  truth — one  who 
has  ceased  to  speak  the  truth.  Dr.  Trapp 
renders  it,  impotent  of  truth.  Victa :  en- 
feebled— overcome. 

442.  Ludit .  in  the  sense  of  decipit.  Va- 
tem :  a  priestess.  Te  is  understood.  Inter 
arma  regum.  RUJEUS  says,  super  bellis  re- 
gum. 

446.  Oranti:  in  the  sense  of  loqventi,ve\ 
fiiccnfi. 


448.  Tanta  facies :  so  horrid  an  appear- 
ance of  her  disclor.ed  itself  to  his  view.  She 
displayed  so  terrific  an  appearance  to  the 
astonished  youth,  that  a  sudden  trembling 
seized  his  limbs,  &c. 

450.  Reppulit:  prevented — repelled.  Erex- 
it :  in  the  sense  of  extulit. 

451.  Verbera  :  her  lash — whip. 

457.  Fumantes  atro  lumine :  smoking  with 
gloomy  light.  Servius  interprets  atro  by 
furiali — i  nfc  rno. 

459.  Proruptus:  gushing — bursting  from 
his  whole  body,  drenched — wet,  &rr. 

460.  Fremit :  he  raves  for  his  arms.    Ru- 
ams  says,/emf. 

462.  Super.  This  is  used  here  in  the  sense 
of  insuper :  furthermore — beside.  It  may 
seem  a  strange  climax,  says  Dr.  Trapp,  to 
mention  anger  after  madness.  The  ibrmer 
relates  to  the  hurry  of  his  thoughts  about 
war  in  general,  and  tho  latter  to  Ins  own 
resentment  and  jealousy.  Veluti  cum  :  as 
when  a  fire  of  twigs,  with  a  great  roaring. 


414  P.  VIRGIL1I  MAROiNIS 

JAmridus  atque  alte  spumis  exuberat  aranis  :  46J> 

Nee  jam  se  capit.  unda ;  volat  vapor  ater  ad  auras. 
467.  Ergo  Tarnus  in-  Ergo  iter  ad  regem,  polluta  pace,  Latinum 
dicit    primis    juvenum  in(jicit  primis  juvenum  :  et  jubet  arma  parari, 

Tutari  Italiam,  detrudere  finibus  hostem  : 

470.  Ait  se  venire  sa-  Se  satis  ambobus  Teucrisque  venire  Latinisque.       470 
tis  ambobus  Haec  ubi  dicta  dedit,  Divosque  in  vota  vocavit, 

473.  Egregium  decus  Certatim  sese  Rutuli  exhortantur  in  arma. 
form®  atque    juventae  Hunc  decus  egregium  formae  movet  atque  juventse  ; 
,ui  regis  movet  hunc:Hunc  atavf  reges      hunc  claris  dextera  factis. 
reffes  erus  atavi  movent      _.        .,,  r»       i  •  1-1        •       i  AWF 

hunc  :   dextera  indyta      IJum  lurnus  Kutulos  animis  audacibus  implet, 
claris  factis  movet  hunc  Alecto  in  Teucros  Stygiis  se  concitat  alis  : 

Arte  nova  speculata  locum,  quo  litore  pulcher 

Insidiis  cursuque  feras  agitabat  lulus. 

Hie  subitam  canibus  rabiem  Cocytia  virgo 

Objicit,  et  noto  nares  contingit  odore,  480 

Ut  cervum  ardentes  agerent :  quie  prima  laborum 

Causa  fuit,  belloque  animos  accendit  agrestes. 

Cervus  erat  forma  praestanti,  et  cornibus  ingens  : 
484.  Quern    raptum  Tyrrheida?  pueri  quern  matris  ab  ubere  raptum 
ab  ubere  matris  pueri  Nutribant,  Tyrrheusque  pater,  cui  regia  parent        485 
TC    cC^odxa  Armenta,  et  late  eustodia  eredita  eampi. 
campi  late  erat  eredita.  Assuetum  imperiis  soror  onmi  Sylvia  cura 
Sylviasororeorumorna-  Mollibus  intexens  ornabat  cornua  sertis  : 
bat  eum  assuetum          Pectebatque  ferum,  puroque  in  fonte  lavabat. 

Ille  manum  p'atiens,  mensseque  assuetus  herili,         41)0 
Errabat  sylvis  :  rursusque  ad  limina  nota 

NOTES.  • 

is  placed  under  the  sides  of  a  boiling  dial-  arms  from  the  grace  and  dignity  of  his  king  ; 

dron,  &c.  a  second,  from  a  consideration  of  his  long 

464.  Latices :  in  the  sense  of  aqua.     Ex-  line  of  royal  ancestors ;  and  a  third,  from 
idtant :  boil  up.     Aquas,  vis :   the  force  or  his  noble  achievements  and  feats  in  arms, 
power  of  the  water.     Heyne  reads  Aqudi  :  Atavi  reges.     These  words  are  here  used 
the  old  gen.  of  aqua,  and  connects  it  with  in  the  sense  of  regales  majores  :  his  royal 

fumidus  amnis.      The  common  reading  is  ancestors. 

aqucB  vis.  477_  Speculata :  having  observed  the  place, 

465.  Fumidus  amnis :  the  steam  or  va-  on  what  shore  beautiful  liilus,  &c    Nova 
por.    Exuberat :  abounds—  overflows.    No-  ar/e;  with  a  new  purpose,  design,  or  object 
thing  can  give  us  a  greater  and  more  terri-  in  view— with  a  design  different  from  her 
ble  idea  of  human  rage  and  fierceness,  than  visit  to  Latinus  or  Turnus,  that  she  might 
the  boiling  of  water  ma   chaldron.     Dr.  actually  kindle  the  war. 

Trapp  thinks  with  Pienus,  that  the  force  of  473.  fnsidiis  :  snares— traps, 

eloquence  is  here  wonderfully  displayed  in  479.  Cocytia  :  hellish  or  infernal ;  an  adj. 

the  variety  of  words  to  express  the  same  from  Cocyius,  a  fabulous  river  of  hell. 

thmj;    7  480.  Noto  odore  :  the  known  scent  of  the 

467.  Pace  polluta.     A  league  or  treaty  of  stao.t 

peace  was  considered  sacred,  and  ratified  43*^-  ^denies:  eager— fierce, 

by  solemn  rites  of  religion ;  and  the  viola-  ,.  „,      , 

tion  of  it  was  considered  an  act  of  pollu-  484'  ^/tetcte:  the  sons  of  Tyrrheus- 

tion  and  profaneness.  J  patronymic   noun.      Tyrrheus  kept  1 

470.  Satis  venire :  that  he  is  a  match  for  herds  of  Latinus. 

both,  &c.     Venire  :  in  the  sense  of  esse.  487-    Imperils :     authority—commands. 

472.  Certatim :  eagerly — with  emulation.  Ruaeus  takes  assuetum,  in  the  sense  of  doci- 
In  armu  :  in  the  sense  of  ad  helium.  ^em' 

473.  Hunc :  one— this  one.  489.  Ferum.     Ferus  properly  signifies  a 

474.  Atari :  in  the  sense  of  majores.  The  wild  or  savage  animal.     Here,  and  in  some 
poet  here  enumerates  the  different  incite-  other  places  of  Virgil,  it  signifies  a  tame 
merits  to  the  war.    One  is  induced  to  take  up  one. 


^ENEIS.     LIB.  VII. 


415 


Ipse  domum  sera  quamvis  se  nocte  ferebat. 
Hunc  procul  errantem  rabidse  venantis  lull 
Commovere  canes  :  fluvio  cum  forte  secundo 
Deflueret,  ripaque  aestus  viridante  levaret. 
Ipse  etiam  eximiae  laudis  succensus  amore 
Ascanius  curvo  direxit  spicula  cornu  : 
Nee  dextrae  erranti  Deus  abfuit,  actaque  multo 
Perque  uterum  sonitu,  perque  ilia  venit  arundo. 
Saucius  at  quadrupes  nota  intra  tecta  refugit, 
Successitque  gemens  stabulis  ;  questuque  cruentus 
Atque  imploranti  similis,  tectum  omne  replevit. 
Sylvia  prima  soror,  palmis  percussa  lacertos, 
Auxilium  vocat,  et  duros  conclamat  agrestes. 
Olli,  pestis  enim  tacitis  latet  aspera  sylvis, 
Improvisi  adsunt :  hie  torre  armatus  obusto, 
Stipitis  hie  gravidi  nodis  :  quod  cuique  repertum 
Rimanti,  telum  ira  tacit.    Vocat  agmina  Tyrrheus, 
Quadrifidam  quercum  cuneis  ut  forte  coactis 
Scindebat,  rapta  spirans  immane  securi. 

At  sseva  e  speculis  tempus  Dea  nacta  nocendi, 
Ardua  tecta  petit  stabuli,  et  de  culmine  summo 
Pastorale  canit  signum,  cornuque  recurvo 
Tartarean!  intendit  vocem  :  qua  protinus  omne 
Contremuit  nemus,  et  sylvse  intonuere  profundse. 
Audiit  et  Triviae  longe  lacus,  audiit  amnis 
Sulfurea  Nar  albus  aqua,  fontesque  Velini : 


495 


500 


501.  Cruentusque,  at- 
que  similis  imploranti 
epem,  cervus  replevit 


505      505.     Aspera 
Alecto  latet 


pestis 


507.  Hie  armatus  no- 
dis gravidi  stipitis  adett  : 
ira  fac't  id  telum,  quod 
510  **'  rePertum  cuique  ri- 
manti.  Tyrrheus  spirans 
immane,  securi  rapta, 
vocat  agmina,  ut  forte 


515 


NOTES. 


493.  RabidcB  :  in  the  sense  offurioscc. 

494.  Deftueret  secundo  :  when  by  chance 
he  was  swimming  down  the  stream — along 
with  the  current.     Commovere :  roused  up 
as  he  was  roving  at  large. 

495.  Levaret:   allaying — assuaging   the 
heat. 

497.  Curvo  cornu :  from  his  bent,  or  elas- 
tic bow. 

498.  Deus.    Alecto  is  here  meant.    Deus 
is  of  both  genders.     Erranti  :    Dr.  Trapp 
observes,  there  is  an  elegancy  in  this.     He 
erred  even  by  hitting  trie  animal,  consider- 
ing the  consequences.      But  he  thinks  by 
Deus,  we  are  to  understand  any  god,  or  for- 
tune.    Most  commentators,  however,  take 
erranti  in   its   common   acceptation.     His 
hand  was  erring  in  itself,  and  would  have 
erred,  had  it  not  been  guided  by  the  god- 
dess.    Ada :  in  the  sense  of  immissa,  vel 
vnpulsa. 

499.  Sonitu :  in  the  sense  of  stridore.    It 
made  a  whizzing  noise  as  it  cut  the  air. 

50.3.  Aspera  pestis  :  the  odious  fiend 
lurks,  &c.  But  La  Cerda  understands  it  of 
the  fury  which  seized  the  rustics.  This  is 
not  so  natural  and  easy,  though  the  sense 
be  the  same. 

509.  Cuneis  coactis :  with  wedges  driven 
into  it. 

510.  Spirans  immane.    Davidson  under- 


stands this  of  the  passion  into  which  Tyr- 
rheus was  thrown,  on  hearing  of  the  death 
of  the  stag  :  breathing  fury — panting  for 
vengeance.  Dr.  Trapp  understands  it  of 
his  puffing  and  blowing  in  felling  and  split- 
ting timber.  Valpy  is  of  the  same  opinion 
with  Davidson. 

514.  Intendit:     she  swells  her  infernal 
voice  through  the  crooked  horn.     By  means 
of   the   horn,   the   sound   was   greatly  in- 
creased. 

515.  Profundto  sylvce, :  either  the  woods  in 
deep  valleys,  or  the  inmost  and  thickest  part 
of  the  woods. 

516.  Lacus  Trivia :  the  lake  of  Diana. 
This  was  near  the  city  Aricia,  about  three 
leagues  from  Laurentum  to  the  north.    Ho- 
die,  Lago  di  JVg/no. 

517.  JVor.    This  river  rises  in  the  Appe- 
nines,  and  running  in  a  south-western  di- 
rection, separating  Umbr:afrom  the  country 
of  the  Sabines,  fails  into  the  Tiber.     Its 
surface  is  whitened  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance by  the  foarn,  occasioned  by  the  dash- 
ing of  the  water  against  the  rocks  that  lie 
in  its  b?d.     Its  nr.me  is  of  Sabine  origin, 
and  signifies  sulphur,  with  which  the  water 
is  impregnated.     Hodie^  JYVra.     Forties  Vt- 
lini :  the  river  Velinus.     This  river  rises  in 
the  country  of  the  Sabines,  and  flows  into 
the  Nar, 


P.  VIRGILIX  MAKONIS 

519.  Turn  vero  indo-  Et  trepidae  matres  pressere  ad  pectora  natos. 
miti    agricolae    celeres  Tum  Vero  ad  vocem  celeres,  qua  buccina  signum 


dira  Indomiti  agricolae  :  necnon  et  Troia  pubes 

Ascanio  auxilium  castris  effundit  apertis. 
Direxere  acies  :  non  jam  certamine  agresti, 
y  ,  Stipitibus  duris  agitur,  sudibusve  prseustis ; 

Sed  ferro  ancipiti  decernunt,  atraque  late  525 

""orrescitjrictis  seges  ensibus,  aeraque  fulgent 
Sole  lacessita,  et  lucem  sub  nubila  jactant. 
Fluctus  uti  primo  ccepit  cum  albescere  vento ; 
Paulatim  sese  tollit  mare,  et  altius  undas 
531.  Hie  juvenis  Al-  Erigit,  inde  imo  consurgit  ad  aethera  fundo.  530 

mon,  qui  fuit  maximus      Hie  juvenis  primam  ante  aciem  stridente  sagitta, 
Natorum  Tyrrhei  fuerat  qui  maximus,  Almon 
Sternitur  :  haesit  enirn  sub  gurture  vulnus,  et  udae 

535.  Multa   corpora  Vocis  iter,  tenuemque  inclusit  sanguine  vitam. 

virum  slernuntur  circa  Corpora  multa  viriim  circa  :  seniorque  Galaesus,      535 
ilium:  seniorque  Gelse-  Dum  paci  medium  se  offert,  justissimus  unus 
fjus  stermtur  quoque        ^   •  c  .,      .  ..  ,.       V        • 

Qui  fuit,  Ausonnsque  ohm  ditissimus  arvis. 

Quinque  greges  illi  balantum,  quina  redibant 
Armenta,  et  terram  centum  vertebat  aratris. 

Atque,  ea  per  campos  a3quo  dum  Marte  geruntur; 
Promissi  Dea  facta  potens,  ubi  sanguine  bellum      541 
Imbuit,  et  primae  commisit  funera  pugnae  ; 
Deserit  Hesperiam,  et  coali  convexa  per  auras, 
Junonem  victrix  affaiur  voce  superba : 

645.  En  discordia  per- En  perfecta  tibi  bello  discordia  tristi  !  545 

fectaes/tibi  j)jCj  in  amicitiam  coeant,  et  fcedera  jungant, 

547.  Die  illis,  sit  co-  Quandoquidem  Ausonio  respersi  sanguine  Teucros. 
cant  Hoc  etiam  his  addam,  tua  si  mihi  certa  voluntas  : 

NOTES. 

520.  Indomiti :  rude,  unpolished,  country-  533.  Redibant :   returned   home  to  him 

men,  &c.  from  pasture.     He  had  five  flocks  of  sheep, 

522.  Effundit :  in  the  sense  of  mittit.  and  five  herds  of  cattle. 

523.  Direxere  acies :   they  arranged  the  540.  JEquo  Marte.     This   cannot  mean 
lines.     They  drew  up  their  respective  forces  that  the  loss  was  equal  on  both  sides,  for 
in  order  of  battle.    N'on  agitur  agresti :  they  the  slain  was  on  the  part  of  the  Latins  only, 
do  not  now  engage  in  rustic  fight,  with,  &c.  Donat.us  explains  it  by  aper'o  Marte;  and 
Agilur :  in  the  sense  of  pugnatur.  Ascensius,  by  <zquo  ei  piano  campo  ;  mean- 

525.  Ancipiti  ferro  :  with  the  two-edged  ing,  that  the  field  of  battle  was  a  plain  and 
sword.     Ruseus  says,  dab  Us  gladiis,  allu-  level  spot  of  ground.  Ruaeus  takes  it  to  re- 
ding to  the  issue  of  the  contest.     Atra  se-  fer  to  the  fight  itself;  when  the  issue  was  as 
ges :  a  direful  field  (crop)  of  drawn  swords  yet  equal ;  or  it  was  uncertain,  on  which 
waves  afar,  £c.     The  prep,  e  is  understood  side  the  victory  would  turn. 

before  strictis  ensibus.  541.  Dea  facia  potens :  the  goddess  hav- 

526.  JEra:   brazen  armour;  plu.  of  ces :  ing  accomplished  her  promise.    Potens:  in 
brass.     Any  thing  made  of  brass  may   be  the  sense  of  compos.    Bellum.      Davidson 
called  CBS,  vel  cera.  renders  it,  by  field  of  war ;  which  evidently 

533.  Vulnus:  the  wound;  here  put,  by  is  its  meaning  in  this  place.     When  she 
melon,  for  the  wounding  instrument— the  ar-  stained  the  field  of  battle  with  blood,  she 
row.     UdcB  Vocis.     The  voice  is  here  called  had  then  fulfilled  her  engagement  with  Juno, 
humid,  because  it  passes  through  a  moist         542.  Funera :  in  the  sense  of  cadem.  Com- 
or  humid  passage.     The  same  as  udum  iter  missit:  in  the  sense  of  incepit. 

jcis.  543.  Convexa :  in  the  sense ^of  vecta. 

534.  Inclusit :  in  the  sense  of  obstruxit.  544.  Victrix :  victorious — having  effected 

536.  Medium  pad:  a  mediator  of  peace,     her  object, 


LIB.  VIL 


Fimumas  in  bella  feram  rumoribus  urbes, 
Accendamque  animos  insani  Martis  amore,  550 

Undique  ut  auxilio  veniant :  spargam  arma  per  agros. 
Turn  contra  Juno  :  Terrorum  et  fraudis  abunde  est : 
Stant  belli  causae  :  pugnatur  cominus  armis. 
Quae  fors  prima  dedit,  sanguis  novus  imbuit  arma. 
Talia  connubia  et  tales  celebrent  hymenaeos  555 


417 


Egregium  Veneris' genus,  et  rex  ipse  Latinus. 
Te  super  aethereas  errare  licentius  auras 
Haud  pater  ipse  velit  summi  regnator  Olympi. 
Cede  locis.     Ego,  si  qua  super  fortuna  laborum  est 
Ipsa  regam.     lales  dederat  Saturma  voces.: 
Ilia  autem  attollit  stridentes  anguibus  alas, 
Cocytique  petit  sedem,  supera  ardua  linquens. 

Est  locus,  Italise  in  medio  sub  montibus  altis, 
Nobilis,  et  fama  multis  memoratus  in  oris, 
Amsancti  valles  :  densis  hunc  frondibus  atrum 
Urget  utrinque  latus  nemoris,  medioque  fragosus 
Dat  sonitum  saxis  et  torto  vortice  torrens. 
Hie  specus  horrendum,  et  syevi  spiracula  Ditis 
Monstrantur  :  ruptoque  ingens  Acheronte  vorago, 
Pestiferas  aperit  fauces  :  queis  condita  Erinnys, 
Invisum  nurnen,  terras  coelurnque  levabat. 

Nee  minus  intcrea  extremam  Saturnia  bello 
Imponit  regina  manum.  Ruit  omnis  in  urbem 
Pastorum  ex  acie  nurnerus  :  cassosque  reportant, 


556.  ./2£«e#s,egregium 

genus  Veneris,    et  rex 

Latinus   ipse  celebrent 

558. 


haud   velit  te 


errare 


565  565>  Nempc  valles  am- 
sancti.  Latus  nemoris, 
atrum  densis  frondibus 
urget  hunc  locum  utrin- 
que, medioque  ejus 

570  570.  In  queis  Erinnyfi, 
invisum  numen,  condita 


NOTES. 


550.  Amore  insani.   Ruseus  takes  this  for 
insano  amore  Martis,  by  hypallage.   But  in- 
sanus  is  an  epithet  highly  applicable,  and 
proper  for  Mars,  or  war ;  where  nothing  but 
havoc  and  mad  fury  reign. 

551.  Arma:  in  the  sense  of  bella. 

554.  Novus  sanguis:  new  (or  recent) 
blood  hath  stained  the  arms,  which,  £c.  The 
novus,  alludes  to  the  blood  which  had  been 
shed  in  the  recent  or  late  encounter.  Fors  : 
chance — fortune.  Dedit :  offered — presented. 

559.  Cede  locis:   depart  from  the  places 
of  this  upper  world.   'Die  earth  is  called  the 
celestial  or  ethereal  regions,  in  opposition  to 
the  infernal  regions,  or  regions  of  darkness. 
Superest.     The  parts  of  the  verb  are  sepa- 
rated by  tmesis.    Fortuna  laborum :  Ruseus 
says,  discrirnen  in  hoc  negotio. 

560.  Vor.es :  in  the  sense  of  verba. 

561.  Attollit :  in  the  sense  of  explicat.  She 
(Alecto)  spreads  her  wings  hissing,  &c. 

562.  Supera  ardua:  the  lofty  places   of 
this  upper  world.    Lora  being  understood. 

565.  Valles  Amsancti.  Commentators  are 
not  agreed  about  the  situation  of  this  place. 
Mr.  Addison  is  of  opinion  that  the  Velinus, 
mentioned  517,  is  the  place  which  the  poet 
had  in  his  view.  The  river,  says  he,  is  ex- 
tremely rapid  before  its  fall,  and  rushes  down 
a  precipice  a  hundred  yards  high.  It  throws 
itself  into  the  hollow  rock,  which  has  pro- 
bably been  worn  by  such  a  constant  fall  of 
water,  Jt  is  impossible  to  see  the  bottom, 


on  which  it  breaks,  for  the  thickness  of  the 
mist  that  rises  from  it ;  which  looks  at  a, 
distance  like  clouds  of  smoke,  ascending 
from  some  vast  furnace ;  and  distils  in  per- 
petual rains  on  all  the  places  near  it.  He  ob- 
serves, that  this  was  the  most  proper  place 
in  the  world  for  a  fury  to  make  her  exit,  after 
she  had  rilled  a  nation  with  distractions  and 
alarms  ;  and,  I  believe,  continues  he,  that 
every  reader's  imagination  is  pleased,  when 
he  sees  the  angry  goddess,  thus  sinking  as 
it  were  in  a  tempest,  and  plunging  herself 
into  hell  amidst  such  a  scene  of  horror  and 
confusion.  This  cascade  is  near  the  middle 
of  Italy.  Amsanctus:  of  the  old  amphi, 
and  sacer  vel  sanctus. 

567.  Torto  vortice:  with  its  whirling  eddy. 
Fragosus :  roaring  among  the  rocks. 

568.  Spiracula  :  in  the  sense  of  oslia. 

569.  Ingens  vorago :  a  vast  gulf  issuing 
from    overflowing     Acheron — from    Ache- 
ron, having  burst  its  barriers.    Acheron,  a 
river  of  hell:    also   hell  itself— the   infer- 
nal deities.     Davidson  takes  it  absolutely 
with  rupto. 

570.  Condita :  being  hid — sunk.  Lcvabal  : 
relieved  them  from  her  presence,  by  disap- 
pearing from  these  upper  regions.     Heyne 
says,  linquebat. 

572.  Saturnia  regina:  Juno,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Saturn,  and  wife  of  Jove.  Hence 
sometimes  styled  the  queen  of  the  Gods. 


418' 


l\  VlliGILli  MARONIS 


Almonem  puerum,  fcedatique  ora  Galaesi  :  575 

Implorantque  Deos,  obtestanturque  Latinum. 
Turnus  adest,  medioque  in  crimine  cadis  et  ignis, 
578.  Qwen'tarTeucros  Terrorem  ingeminat  :  Teucrosque  in  regna  vocari  ; 
*°579.  Adraisceri  Lati-  Stirpem  admisceri  Phrygian!  ;  se  limine  pelli. 
nis  Turn,  quorum  attonitae  Baccho  nemora  avia  matres 

580.  Turn  i#i,  quorum  Insultant  thiasis,  neque  enim  leve  nomen  Amatae,     581 
matres  attonitse  Baccho  Undique  collecti  coeunt,  Martemque  fatigant. 
insultant  thiasis  per       IHcdt  mfan(jurn  Cuncti  contra  omina  bellum, 
Contra  fata  Deum,  perverso  numine  poscunt. 
Certatim  regis  circumstant  tecta  Latini.  585 

Ille,  velut  pelagi  rupes  immota,  resistit  : 
Ut  pelagi  rupes,  magno  veniente  fragore, 
588.  Quee  tenet  sese  QUae  sese,  multis  circumlatrantibus  undis, 


sua  mole,  magno^fra-  jyjQje  tenet  .  SCOpUij  nequicquam  et  spumea  circuni 

Saxa  fremunt,  laterique  illisa  refundilur  alga.          590 
Verum  ubi  nulla  datur  caecum  exsuperare  potestas 
Consilium,  et  sa3V33  nutu  Junonis  eunt  res  : 
Multa  Deos,  aurasque  pater  testatus  inanes, 
Frangimur  heu  fatis,  inquit,  ferimurque  procella  ! 
595.  O  miseri  !    vos  Ipsi  has  sacrilego  pendetis  sanguine  pcenas,  595 

ipsi  pendetis  has  Q  miseri  !  Te,  Turne,  nefas,  te  triste  manebit 

Supplicium  ;  votisque  Deos  venerabere  seris. 
Nam  mini  parta  quies,  omnisque  in  limine  portus  ; 


NOTES. 


575.  Ora :  in  the  sense  of  caput ;  and 
fcedati,  in  the  sense  of  occisi :  or  ora  fatdati 
Gafatif  may  mean  simply  the  body  of  Galae- 
sus,  mangled  and  disfigured  with  wounds. 

577.  Media  crimine,  &c.  By  crimen  here 
we  are  undoubtedly'  to  understand  the 
charge  or  accusation,  which  the  rustics 
brought  against  the  Trojans,  for  the  death 
of  Almon  and  Galaesus.  While  they  are 
making  the  accusation,  in  medio  crimine, 
Turnus  comes  up,  and  increases  the  alarm. 
Dr.  Trapp  takes  it  for  the  crime  of  murder 
simply ;  and  Ruceus  interprets  it  by  in  me- 
dio cadaverum. 

580.  Attonitce :    inspired — under   the  in- 
fluence of.     Ruseus  says,  percitce. 

581.  Insultant   ihiasis:   leap    and    dance 
in  choirs  through  the  pathless  groves.     For 
thiasis,  Ruaeus  says  choreis.      Nomen:  in- 
fluence— authority. 

582.  Fatigant :  in  the  sense  of  poscunt. 
Martem:  war. 

583.  Omina.    These  were   the   flight  of 
bees  and  fiery  appearance  about  Lavinia. 
See  64,  supra  et  sequcns. 

584.  Fata:  these  were   the  responses  of 
the  Oracle  of  Faunus.      Perverso  numine. 
Rueeus  takes  this  in  the  sense  of  contra  vo- 
luntatem  Deorum:   the   will   of  the    Gods 
being   against  it.     Heyne  is  of  the  same 
opinion.   Perverso  :  in  the  sense  of  adverso. 

587.  Fragore :  in  the  sense  of  tempestate. 

588.  Circumlatrantibus:  in  the  sense  of 
cimtmsonan  tibii? . 


589.  Scopuli :  properly  high  sharp  rocks. 
Saxa  :  any  rocks — rocks  in  general. 

590.  Alga  illisa;  the   sea-weed   dashed 
against  its  sides  is  repelled,  or  washed  off. 

591.  Ccecum :  in  the  sense  of  insanum. 

593.  Testatus  multa:  having  often  be- 
sought the  Gods  and  skies — having  called 
them  to  witness.  Multa:  a  Grecism,  for 
multum,  vel  scepe.  Inanes  auras :  vacuum 
aerem,  says  Ruteus.  Auras  :  the  skies  or 
heavens,  as  the  word  frequently  signifies. 
Dr.  Trapp  thinks  it  should  be  read  aras,  and, 
accordingly,  he  connects  inanes  with  it :  the 
vain  or  useless  altars ;  because  of  the  league 
which  had  been  made  in  due  form,  but  now 
was  broken.  But  Davidson  reads  inanis, 
agreeing  with  pater,  in  the  sense  ofinaniter, 
in  vain — to  no  purpose  ;  and  he  observes 
it  is  the  reading  of  some  ancient  copies. 
Heyne  reads  inanes  agreeing  with  auras. 
Valpy  and  La  Cerda  do  the  same.  Pierius 
connects  inanes  \viihfrangimur. 

595.  Sacrilego  sanguine.      Latinus  calls 
their  blood  sacrilegious,  because  they  had 
compelled  him  to  the  war  against  the  will 
of  the  Gods. 

596.  Nefas  :  an  impious  or  wicked  person. 
As  ./En.  ii.  585.     Or  it  may  be  taken  in  the 
sense  ofinfandum;  agreeing  with  supplicium. 
Ruaeus  interprets  it  by  crimen.     Davidson 
renders  it:  u  the  impious  promoter  of  this 
war,"  in  apposition  with  Turne. 

598.  Nam  quies :  for  rest  is  prepared  for 


lto'.     LIB.   VIL 


Funere  felici  spolior.     Nee  plura  locutus, 

Sepsit  se  tectis,  rerumque  reliquit  habenas.  600 

Mos  erat  Hesperio  in  Latio,  quern  protinus  urbes 
Albanae  coluere  sacrum,  mine  maxima  rerum 
Roma  colitj  cum  prima  movent  in  praelia  Martem  : 

Sive  Getis  inferre  manu  lachrymabile  bellum,  604.  Sive  parant  ma- 

Hyrcanisve,  Arabisve  parant ;  seu  tendere  ad  Indos,      nu  inferre 
Auroramque  sequi,  Parthosque  reposcere  signa.      606 
Sunt  gemmae  belli  portae,  sic  nomine  dicunt, 
Relligione  sacrae,  et  srevi  formidine  Martis  : 
Centum  aerei  claudunt  vectes,  asternaque  ferri 
Robora  ;  nee  custos  absistit  limine  Janus. 
Has,  ubi  certa  sedet  patribus  sententia  pugnse  ; 
Ipse,  Quirinali  trabea  cinctuque  Gabino 
Insignis,  reserat  stridentia  limina  consul ; 
Ipse  vocat  pugnas :  sequitur  turn  csetera  pubes, 
uEreaque  assensu  conspirant  cornua  rauco. 
Hoc  et  turn  /Eneadis  indicere  bella  Latinus 
More  jubebatur,  tristesque  recludere  portas. 


610 

611.  Ubi  certa  senten- 
tia pugnae  sedet  patri- 
bus, consul  ipse  insignis 
Quirinali  trabea  Gabi- 
noque  cinctu  reserat 

615  has  portas,  (i.  e.)  striden- 
tia limina 


NOTES. 


me,  and  my  whole  haven  is  at  the  door. 
This  is  a  fine  metaphor.  The  weather- 
beaten  mariner  enters  the  haven  with  joy. 
It  is  a  place  of  rest  and  quiet,  from  the 
dangers  of  the  ocean.  So  the  aged  monarch 
views  death  at  the  door,  as  the  end  of  his 
toils,  and  as  a  rest  from  his  cares  and  labors. 
All  he  loses  is  the  satisfaction  of  leaving 
his  people  in  peace  and  prosperity. 

600.  Habenas  rerum ;  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment.    A  metaphor,  taken  from  the  man- 
agement of  horses,  with  bit  and  reins.    Sep- 
sit :  in  the  sense  of  clausit. 

601.  Mos  erat.     This  custom  was  institu- 
ted in  the  time  of  Numa,  as  we  are  told  by 
Livy ;  but,  for  the  sake  of  embellishment, 
the  poet  refers  the  origin  of  it  to  the  earliest 
ages  of  his  country.    Protinus :  constantly. 
Ruaeus  says,  perpetuo. 

602.  Coluere  :  in  the  sense  of  servaverunt. 
Rerum :  the  world. 

603.  Movent  Martem.    We  are  told  that 
the  Romans  used,  upon  the  declaration  of 
war,  to  enter  the  temple    of  Mars,  where 
the  sacred  bucklers  were   suspended,  and 
strike  upon  them,   with  the  words:   Mars 
vigila,  Mars  awake.     Hence  the  expression, 
movent  Martem :   in   the  sense  of  excitant 
Martem. 

604.  Getit.     The  Getse  were  a  people  of 
Dacia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Danube.  The 
proconsul  L.  Crassus  triumphed  over  them, 
just  before  the  time  of  Virgil. 

605.  Hyrcanii.     Hyrcania  was  formerly 
a  part  of  Parthia.     Against  them,  as  a  dis- 
tinct people,  the  Romans  did  not  declare 
war.     In  the  year  of  Rome  730,  Augustus 
attempted  the  subjugation  of  the  Arabians, 
but  he  failed  in  it.    Indos.    It  is  well  known 
that  the  Romans  made  no  conquests  in  In- 
dia, properly  so  called.    But  Dion  informs 


us  that,  overawed  by  the  fame  of  Augustus, 
they  made  peace  with  him,  and  presented 
him  with  rich  gifts,  while  he  tarried  at  Sa- 
mos,  in  Asia,  about  the  year  734.  Tendere 
ad :  to  march  against  the  Indians,  and  to 
penetrate  the  remotest  parts  of  the  east, 
sequi  auroram. 

606.  Parthos  reposcere :  to  demand  back 
the  standards  from  the  Parthians. 

608.  Relligione:  religious  veneration. 

609.  Vectes,  ceternaque :  a  hundred  brazen 
bars,   and   eternal   strength   of  iron,  shut 
them. 

610.  Janus.     This  is  said   because   the 
statue  of  Janus  was  in  the  threshold ;  or  be- 
cause he  presided   over  all  doors,  which, 
from  him,  were  called  januce.     Janus  was 
the  most  ancient  king  of  Italy.     Some  sup- 
pose him  to  have  been  Japhet,  the  son  of 
Noah.     See  Eel.  iv.  6.     He  was  represent- 
ed with  two  faces. 

611.  Pugnce:  in  the  sense  of  belli.     Sen- 
tentia:   determination;  and  sedet:   in   the 
sense  of  hccret.     Has.     This  must  refer  to 
portas  understood.    But  it  would  seem  quite 
unnecessary.     The  idea  is  sufficiently  con- 
veyed by  limina  stridentia,  which   is  to  be 
placed  in  this  case,  in  apposition  with  has 
portas.     Ruaeus  takes  limina  in  the  sense  of 
cardiacs,  but  this  seems  a  refinement  unne- 
cessary.     He  says,  has  (portas)  et  earum 
stridentes  cardincs.     Heyne  and  Valpy  take 
them  as  meaning  the  same  thing — the  doors 
of  the  temple  of  Janus. 

612.  Quirinali  trabea :  with  his  augural 
robe.     So  called,  because  worn  by  Komulus, 
who  was  also  called   Quirinus.     See  187, 
supra.     Gabino  cinciu.     This  dress  Servius 
derives  from  Gabii,  a  city  of  Latium.     See 
Lex.  under  cinctus. 

6 17.  Rtchidere :  to  open  the  direful  doors. 


420 


P.  VIRGILI1  MARONIS 


Abstinuit  tactu  pater,  aversusque  refugit 
Foeda  ministeria,  et  esecis  se  condidit  timbris. 
620.  Turn  Saturnia  Turn  regina  Defmi,  coelo  delapsa,  morantes 

r.egina   Deum,  delapsa^  Tmpulit  ipsa  manu  portas,  et,  cardine  verso, 

coelo,  ipsa  Belli  ferratos  rupit  Saturnia  postes. 

Ardet  inexcita  Ausonia  atque  imrnobilis  ante. 
Pars  pedes  ire  parat  campis  ;  pars  arduus  altis 
Pulverulentus  equis  furit  :  omnes  arma  requirunt. 
Pars  leves  clypeos  et  spicula  lucida  tergunt 
Arvina  pingui,  subiguntque  in  cote  secures  : 
Signaque  ferre  juvat,  sonitusque  audire  tubarum. 
629.  Adeo    quinque  Quinque  adeo  magnse  positis  incudibus  urbes 

niagnce  urbes  Tela  novant  :  Atina  potens,  Tiburque  superbum, 

Ardea,  Crustumerique,  et  turrigerae  Antemnae. 
Tegmina  tuta  cavant  capitum,  flectuntque  salignas 
Umbonum  crates  :  alii  thoracas  ahenos, 
Aut  leves  ocreas  lento  ducunt  argento. 
Vomeris  hue  et  falcis  honos,  hue  omnis  aratri          635 
Cessit  amor  ;  recoquunt  patrios  fornacibus  crises. 
Classica  jamque  sonant  :  it  bello  tessera  signurn. 
Hie  galeam  tectis  trcpidus  rapit  :  ille  frementes 


625 


(33(1 


NOTES. 


The  doors  of  the  temple  of  Janus  were  open 
in  time  of  war,  but  shut  in  time  of  peace. 
Immediately  on  the  declaration  of  war,  the 
consul,  with  much  parade  and  solemnity, 
opened  them.  What  is  said  here  on  the 
subject,  is  by  anticipation.  Jubebalur :  is 
urged — impor  tun  e  d . 

622.  Postes.  Postis,  properly,  the  door- 
post, or  that  part  of  the  frame  to  which  the 
door  is  hung.  Also,  the  door  itself,  by  me- 
lon. 

624.  Pars  arduus :  a  part  raised  on  lofty 
s.teeds,  involved  in  clouds  of  dust,  rage  for 
war.  The  meaning  of  the  passage  is :  a 
part  prepare  to  take  the  field  as  infantry, 
(pedites,)  a  part  as  cavalry. 

627.  Arvina  :  tallow — any  fat. 
.,;.  629.  Urbes:  the  cities;  by  meton. the  in- 
liabitants.    Incudibus  positis  :  on  their  erect- 
ed anvils,  or  their  anvils  being  erected. 

630.  Novant  Ida :  they  repair  their  wea- 
pons.    Atina :  a  city  of  the  Polsci.    Tibur  : 
this  was  a  city  in  the  northern  part  of  Lati- 
um,  near  the  cataract  of  the  river  Anien. 
It  was  situated  near  the  top  of  a  mountain. 
Hence  the  epithet  svperbum.     Ilodie,  Tri- 

VOli. 

631.  Ardea.     This  was  the  capital  of  tho 
RutulL     See  372,  and  410,  supra.     Crus- 
tumeri :  this  was  a  city  situated  not  far  from 
the  place  where  Rome  was  afterward  built. 
Little,  however,  is  known  of  it.     AnlemncR  : 
a  city  near  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Ani- 
en and  Tiber. 

633.  Crates  umbonum.  These  were  the 
supporters  or  frames  of  the  shields,  made  of 
osiers,  or  small  pieces  of  wood,  and  after- 
ward covered  with  the  hides  of  beasts,  {7m- 


bo  :  the  farthest  projecting  point  of  the 
shield  ;  by  synec.  put  for  the  whole  shield. 
These  frames  were  made  of  willow. 

634.  Ducunt :  in  the  sense  of  cxcudunl- 
Leves  ocreas:  smooth  greaves  of  ductile  sil- 
ver.    These  were  armour  for  the  legs  and 
thighs. 

635.  Honos  romeiis :   the  honor  (regard) 
of  the  ploughshare  and  of  the  pruning  knife, 
gives  place  (/me)  to  the  preparations  for  war; 
and  all  the  love  of  the  plough  yields  to  them. 
They  are  so  intent  upon  war,  that  they  dis- 
regard the  business  of  agriculture. 

636.  Recoquunt :  they  form  anew — they 
make  over  again. 

637.  Tessera  signwn  :  the  tessera,  the  signal 
for  war,   goes  forth.     This   was    a  square 
figure  like  a  dice,  on  which  was  inscribed 
the  watchword  or  private  signal,  by  which 
they  could  distinguish  friends  from  foes  in 
battle.     Or, 'according  to  others,  it  contain- 
ed the  order  and  regulations  of  the  march,. 
This  was  distributed  among  the  soldiers. 
Hence  the  phrase  :  it  tessera.     It  was  after- 
ward given  vira  vnce.     Classica :  the  trum- 
pets.    The  tuba  was  a  straight  trumpet :  the 
cornua,  a  crooked  trumpet,  resembling  a 
horn.     They  were  also  called  buccina.    The 
iiluus  was  a  trumpet  not  so  straight  as  the 
tuba,  nor  so  crooked  as  the  cernu.     Classi- 
cum,  properly,  the  sound  of  the  trumpet : 
the  trumpet  itself,  by  meton. 

639.  Trilicem  auru.  The  coat  of  mail  was 
composed  of  plates  of  iron  linked  together 
by  rings.  Some  of  them  were  fringed  or 
bordered  in  the  lower  extremity  with  gold 
tissue  of  two  or  three  textures,  and  were  ac- 
cordingly called  bilix,  triliz*  &c>  Ad  Juga : 


MvlS,     LIB.  VII. 


Ad  juga  cogit  equos  ;  clypeumque,  auroque  triliccm          639.  Induiturque  cly- 
Loricam  induitur,  fidoque  accingitur  ense.  640  Peumi  loricamque  trili- 


650 


Pandite  nunc  Helicona,  Deae,  cantusque  movete 
Qui  bello  exciti  reges  :  quae  quemque  secutse 
Complerint  campos  acies  :  quibus  Itala  jam  turn 
Floruerit  terra  alma  viris,  quibus  arserit  armis. 
Et  meministis  enim,  Divas,  et  memorare  potestis  : 
Ad  nos  vix  tenuis  famae  perlabitur  aura. 

Primus  init  bellum  Tyrrhenis  asper  ab  oris 
Contemptor  Divum  Mezentius,  agminaque  armat. 
Filius  huic  juxtfi  Lausus  ;  quo  pulchrior  alter 
Non  fuit,  excepto  Laurentis  corpore  Turni : 
Lausus  equum  domitor,  debellatorque  ferarum, 
Ducit  Agyllina  nequicquam  ex  urbe  secutos 
Mille  viros*  dignus  patriis  qui  Isetior  esset 
Imperiis,  et  cui  pater  hand  Mezentius  esset. 

Post  hos,  insignem  palma  per  gramina  currum, 
Victoresque  ostentat  equos,  satus  Hercule  pulchro 
Pulcher  Aventinus  ;  clypeoque  insigne  paternum, 
Centum  angues,  cinctamque  gerit  serpentibus  hydram  : 
Collis  Aventini  sylva  quern  Rhea  sacerdos 
Furtivum  partu  sub  luminis  edidit  oras,  660 

JVIixta  Deo  mulier :  postquam  Laurentia  victor, 
Geryone  extincto,  Tirynthius  attigit  arva, 


cem  auro 

641.  O    Deae   Musa, 
pandite 

642.  Qui  reges  exciti 
fuerint  ;  quas  acies 

643.  Quibus  viris  jam 
turn  Itala,  alma  terra 

648.  Asper  Mezentius,', 
contemptor  Divum,  pri- 
mus init 


sus  sequitur  juxta,  quo 

652.  Ducit  mille  viros 
secutos  eum  nequicquam 


655  6^5.  Post  hos  pulcher 
Aventinus,  satus  pul- 
chro Hercule,  ostentat 
currum  insignem  palma 

657.  Clypeoque  gerit 
paternum  insigne,  nempe 

659.  Quern  Rhea  sa- 
cerdos, mulier  mixta 
Deo,  partu  edidit  furti- 
vum  sub  oras  luminis 


NOTES. 


lo  the  chariots.     Chariots  were  anciently 
used  in  war  by  all  distinguished  persons. 

640.  Induitur  :  in  the  sense  of  tndn.it. 

641.  Helicona :  a  Gi'eek  ace.  :  a  mountain 
in  Beotia  sacred  to  the  muses.     The  poet 
here  imitates  the  Iliad,  lib.  ii.  both  in  this 
invocation,  and  in  the  enumeration  of  the 
forces  of  the  Italian  princes.     But,  in  seve- 
ral particulars,  he  has  improved  upon  his 
model. 

646.  Tenuis  aura  :  a  small  breath  of  fame, 
&c. — scarcely  a  slender  thread  of  tradition 
hath  extended  down  to  us. 

647.  Asper  :  fierce — cruel. 

648.  Mezenlius.      We  are  told  that  he 
commanded  his  subjects  to  pay  him  a  tax  of 
the  first  fruits,  and  the  firstlings  of  their 
flocks ;  which  before  were  given  to  the  gods. 
On   this   account,   he   was   considered    an 
atheist,  contemptor  divum.     The  poet  here 
gives  us  a  list  of  the  troops  engaged  on  the 
part  of  Turnus. 

649.  Huic.     The  dative  of  the  personal 
pronouns  is  often  used  in  the  sense  of  the 
genitive.     Huic  :  in  the  sense  of  hujus. 

650.  Corpore  Turni :  a  Grecism,  tor  Tur- 
nus himself. 

652.  Argyllina :  an  adj.  from  Argylla,  a 
city  of  Tuscany,  near  the  confines  of  Lati- 
um.  It  was  founded  by  a  colony  of  Thes- 
salians.  Nequtcquam  .  m  vain,  because  he 
was  to  be  slain  in  the  war  with  his  troops: 
or,  because  he  could  not  prevent,  thereby 
the  purposes  of  the  gods  concerning  the 
Troians. 


653.  Dignus,  &c.  This  line  is  somewhat 
perplexed.  The  usual  ordo  is,  dignus  qui 
esset  Icelior,  &c.  It  would  be  easier  by  trans- 
position thus  :  qui  cssel  dignus  (fuisse)  latior, 
&c. :  who  was  worthy  to  have  been  happier 
in  his  father's  authority.  It  was  in  obedi- 
ence to  his  father  that  he  came  to  the  war. 
If  he  had  not  been  constrained,  he  would 
have  tarried  at  home,  shunned  the  toils  and 
dangers  of  the  war,  and  by  that  means  have 
saved  his  life.  He  was  worthy  to  have 
lived.  Ruoeus  interprets  imperils  by  regno, 
implying  that  he  deserved  to  be  happier  in 
liis  father's  kingdom — to  have  remained  at 
home,  and,  by  that  means,  saved  his  life. 
Cui:  to  whom  Mezentius  ought  not  to  have 
been  a  father ;  who  could  have  imposed 
such  commands  upon  a  son. 

657.  Pulcher.  Dr.  Trapp  thinks  this  can- 
not here  mean  beautiful ;  but  rather  stout, 
illustrious,  renowned ;  as  the  same  word  is 
applied  to  Hercules,  his  father.  Palermim 
insigne :  his  father's  ensign,  or  impress. 
This  was  the  figure  of  the  conquered  hydra, 
shooliiig  up  into  a  hundred  heads. 

660.  Edidit  partu :   brought  forth  at   a. 
bmh  into  hfe,&c. 

661.  Mixia:  uniting — mingling  with — 
having   intercourse   with.     Hercules,  after 
he   had  slain  Geryon,  the  king  of  Spain, 
and  taken   hib  herds,   returned    with  them 
through  Italy.     H  was  at  this  time,  that  the 
pries:  ronccived  Aventinus.    and 
afterward  i>oio  him  to  that  hero. 

662.  Tirunthius:   a   name  of  Hercules 


P.  V1RGILII  MARON1S 


runt 


Tyrrhenoque  boves  in  flumine  lavit  Iberas. 
664.  Ejus  milites  ge-  Pila  manu,  saevosque  gerunt  in  bella  dolories  ; 

Et  tereti  pugnant  mucrone,  veruque  Sabello.  665 

Ipse  pedes,  tegmen  torquens  immane  leonis, 
Terribili  impexum  seta,  cum  dentibus  albis, 
Indutus  capiti :  sic  regia  tecta  subibat 
Horridus,  Herculeoque  humeros  innexus  amictu. 

570.  Turn  gemini  fra-      Turn  gemini  fratres  Tiburtia  mcenia  linquunt,        670 
tres,  Catillusque,  acer-  Fratris  Tiburti  dictam  cognomine  gentem, 
que  Coras,  Argiva  ju-  Catillusque,  acerque  Coras,  Argiva  juventus  : 
Et  primam  ante  aciem  densa  inter  tela  feruntur. 
Ceu  duo  nubigenae  cum  vertice  montis  ab  alto 
Descendunt  Centauri,  Omolen  Othrynque  nivalem  675 
Linquentes  cursu  rapido  :  dat  euntibus  ingens 
Sylva  locum,  et  magno  cedunt  virgulta  fra^ore. 
678.NecCaeculusfun-      Nee  Praenestinae  fundator  defuit  urbis  ; 
dator  Prsenestinse  urbis  Vulcano  genitum  pecora  inter  agrestia  regem, 
o±!s  LtaqsUcercdidTtgr.  Inventumque  focis,  orani8  quern  credidit  aetas,  680 

nitum  es.te  Caeculus.     Hunc  legio  late  comitatur  agrestis  : 

682.  Quique  viri  co-  Quique  altum  Praeneste  viri,  quique  arva  Gabinae 
hint   altum    Prceneste,  Junonis,  gelidumque  Anienem,  et  roscida  rivis 
qU685eQuoT/w  aids  O  ^ernica  saxa  c°lunt :  quos,  dives  Anagnia,  pascis  ; 
pater  Amasenef  ^rma  QUOSJ  Amasene  pater.     Non  illis  omnibus  arma,      685 
non  sunt  omnibus          Nee  clypei  currusve  sonant :  pars  maxima  glandes 


NOTES. 


from  Tyrins,  a  city  near  Argos,  where  he 
was  brought  up. 

663.  Tyrrheno  fiumine :  the  river  Tiber, 
which  divided  Tuscany  or  Etruria  from  La- 
tiurn.    Iberas  boves :  his  Spanish  herds.    Jbe- 
ras :  an  adj.  from  Iberus,  a  river  of  Spain. 
Hodie,  Ebro. 

664.  Dolones.     These  were  long  poles  or 
battoons,  with  bayonets  enclosed  at  the  end, 
which  were  hardly  to  be  observed.     Hence 
they  were  called  dolones,  from  dolus,  being 
a  kind  of  deceitful  weapon. 

665.  Vc.ru.    This  was  a  kind  of  dart  used 
by  the  Sabines  and  Samnitcs.     Hence  the 
epithet  Sabello,  that  is,  Sabino  vel  Samnitico. 

668.  Indutus  capiti :  he  put  it  (the  shaggy 
lion  skin)   upon  his  head.      Cinctus  circa 
caput,  says  Ruams. 

669.  Innexus :  covered,  as  to  his  shoul- 
ders, with  the  garment  of  Hercules,  his  fa- 
ther.    This  was  the  hide  of  the  Nemaean 
lion. 

673.  Feruntur :  in  the  sense  of  incedunt. 
Ante  primam  .  before  the  first  line — in  the 
front  of  the  Iviltle. 

674.  Nubigenx:  cloud-born  sons.    These 
were  the  Corners,  whom  Ixion  begat,  i«  b 
said,  upon  a  cioud      T'liey  were  a  people  of 
Thessaly,  and  celebrated  for  horsemanship. 
Ixion  was  their  king, 

Qlo.  O/7U-&K — OfJiryn.  These  were  moun- 
tains of  Thcssalv,  where  the  Centaurs  re- 
sided. 

678.  Fundator,  &c.  Cieculus,wearetold, 


had  very  small  eyes,  as  his  name  implies, 
He  was  very  ambitious,  and  was  the  found- 
er of  a  colony.  He  pretended  that  he  was 
the  son  of  Vulcan,  and  that  the  brightness 
of  his  father's  fire  had  injured  his  eight. 
He  built  the  city  Prceneste,  situated  on  a 
mountain.  Hence  called  altum  Prceneste, 
about  24  miles  from  Rome. 

680.  Inventum  focis:  found  upon  the 
hearth.  He  was  therefore  reputed  the  son 
of  Vulcan.  The  verb  esse  vel  fuisse  is  un- 
derstood. 

682.  Gabince  Junonis.     Galina:  an  adj. 
from  Gabiii  a  town  of  the  Volsci,  between 
Rome  and   Praeneste.      Here  Juno  had  a 
splendid  temple.     Hence  she  is  called  Ga- 
binian  Juno. 

683.  Gelidum  dnienem :  the  river  Anien, 
which  empties  into  the  Tiber  from  the  north- 
east.    Its  water  was  very  cold.     Hence  the 
epithet  gelidum. 

684.  Hernica   saxa :    the   towns   of  the 
Hernici.     They  were  a  people  between  the 
jEqui,   the  Marsi,  and   the  Volsci.     Their 
country   warf    very   mountainous.      Hence 
their  tovvns  were  called  saxa,  being   built 
amongst   rocks.      Their   chief    town   was 
dnagnia.     Roscidi  rivis  :  watered  with  rills 
or  streams. 

685  dmasene.  The  river  Amasenus, 
which  watered  the  country  about  Anagnia. 
The  epithet  pater  is  common  to  all  the  river 
gods.  Hodie,  Toppia. 

686.  Glandes  plumbi:  balls  of  lead.  Spar- 
git:  throws. 


j£NE!S.     LIB.  VII. 


423 


Liventis  plumbi  spargit ;  pars  spicula  gestat 
Bina  manu,  fulvosque  lupi  de  pelle  galeros 
Tegmen  habet  capiti :  vestigia  nuda  sinistri 
Instituere  pedis  ;  crudus  tegit  eiltera  pero.  690 

At  Messapus  equum  domitor,  Neptunia  proles, 
Quern  neque  fas  igni  ciuquam  nee  sternere  ferro, 
Jampridem  resides  populos,  desuetaque  bello 
Agmina,  in  arma  vocat  subito,  ferrumque  retractat. 
Hi  Fescenninas  acies,  aequosque  Faliscos  ;  695 

Hi  Soractis  habent  arces,  Flaviniaque  arva, 
Et  Cimini  cum  monte  lacurn,  lucosque  Capenos. 
Ibant  aequati  numero,  regemque  canebant  : 
Ceu  quondam  nivei  liquida  inter  nubila  cycni 
Cum  sese  e  pastu  referunt,  et  longa  canoros  700 

Dant  per  colla  modos  :  sonat  amnis,  et  Asia  longe 
Pulsa  palus. 

Nee  quisquam  aeratas  acies  ex  agmine  tanto 
Misceri  putet,  aeriam  sed  gurgite  ab  alto 


692.    Quern    neque 
erat  fas  cuique  sternere 

695.   Hi  ducuntYes* 
cenninas 


NOTES. 


r  688.  Fulvos  galeros :  tawny  caps  of  the 
wolf's  skin,  &c. 

689.  Vestigia  nuda :  they  formed  the  prints 
or  tracks  of  the  left  foot  naked — theil»left 
foot  was  naked.  Crudus  pero  :  unwrought 
leather  covers  the  other.  Vestigia  is  under- 
stood. The  pero  was  a  kind  of  high  shoe, 
made  of  raw  hide,  and  worn  by  rustics  prin- 
cipally. Instituere :  in  the  sense  of  posu- 
tre. 

691.  Messapus.  By  birth  he  was  a  Greek. 
After  his  arrival  in  Italy,  he  occupied  the 
eastern  part,  which  was  from  him  called 
Messapia,  afterward  Calabria.  He  was  a 
skilful  navigator ;  and  hence  called  Nep- 
tunia proles  :  the  offspring  of  Neptune.  Vir- 
gil places  his  dominions  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Etruria,  not  far  from  the  place  where 
Rome  was  afterward  built. 

693.  Populos  jampridem :  his  people,  a  long 
time  inactive,  and  disengaged  from  the  pur- 
suits of  war. 

695.  Fescenninas  acies  :  the  Fescennine 
troops.  These  were  from  the  city  Fescen- 
nia,  or  Fescennium,  a  town  of  Etruria,  a 
little  below  the  confluence  of  the  Nar  and 
Tiber.  Acies,  properly,  an  army  drawn  up 
in  order  of  battle.  Here,  troops  in  general. 
JEquosqut  Faliscos.  These  were  a  people 
situated  a  little  below  Fescennium.  Their 
city  was  Faliscum.  Ssrvius  says,  they  were 
called  JEquos,  because  tiie  .iG.nans  borrow- 
ed from  them  their  jura  fecialia,  or  laws  of 
arms  :  also,  a  supplement  to  the  laws  of  the 
twelve  tables.  Others  make  JEqui  the  name 
of  a  people,  called,  also,  ^Equicolce,  and  read, 
JEquosquc  Faliscosque.  The  hi  in  this  and 
the  following  line,  appears  to  refer  to  Mes- 
sapus, within  whose  territories  all  these  cities 
and  people  were,  here  mentioned ;  and,  con- 
sequently, he  was  their  commander  in  chief. 


The  plu.  may  be  used  for  the  sing,  by  way 
of  aggrandizement,  as  is  common  to  all  Ian* 
guages.  Or  the  hi  must  refer  to  the  subor- 
dinate officers  and  commanders  of  Messapus. 
This  seems  to  be  the  opinion  of  Ruaeus,  who 
has :  hi  ducts  Messapi. 

696.  Soractis.   Soracte  was  the  name  of  a 
mountain  in  the  country  of  the  Falisci.  Ar- 
ces :  the  towers  or  strong  places  built  upon 
it.     Flavinia  arva.    Little  is  known  of  this 
place,  nor  is  its  situation  exactly  ascertain- 
ed. 

697.  Cimini.     Ciminus  was  a  mountain 
in  the   western  part  of  Etruria.     It  had*  a 
lake  and  a  grove.     Capenos  :  an  adj.  of  Ca- 
pena,  a  city  on  the  hanks  of  the  Tiber.    Here 
was  a  grove  and  temple.     All  these  follow- 
ed Messapus  to  the  war. 

698.  Ibant  cequati :   they  marched   with 
equal  steps,  and  uniform  motion.    By  nume- 
ro, we  are  to  understand  a  kind  of  harmo- 
ny and  keeping  time  with  their  music.    Or, 
rather,  the  order  of  their  march — rank  and 
file. 

699.  Ceu  quondam,  &c.     This  simile  is 
taken  from  the  Iliad,  lib.  ii.  and  is  very  fine- 
ly expressed. 

701.  'Amnis  et  Asia  .  the  river  and   the 
Asian  lake,  struck  from  afar,  resqund.    The 
Amnis  is  the  Caystnu.     See  Geor.  i.  383. 
Modos :  in  the  sense  of  voces. 

702.  JVec  quisquam  putet :  nor  would  any 
one    (who   heard  their    music  only)    have 
thought  them  armed  troops  of  so  great  num- 
bers, united  and  joined  together;  but  an  ae- 
rial  cloud  of -sonorous    fowls,   &c.      The 
words,  who  heard  the.ir  music  only,  are  neces- 
sary to  make  the  sense  complete.     For  the 
poet  could  not  intend  that  those  who  saw 
them,  would  have  taken  them  for  a  flock  of 
birds. 


424 


P.  VIRGILI1  MAROJS1S 


Urgeri  volucrum  raucarum  ad  litora  nubem.  705 

Ecce,  Sabinorum  prisco  de  sanguine,  magnum 
Agmen  agens  Clausus,  magnique  ipse  agminis  instar, 
Claudia  nunc  a  quo  diffunditur  et  tribus  et  gens 

510.  Vnzcumeoibant*™  L^tium    postquam  in  partem  data  Roma  Sabinis 
ingens    Amiterna     co-  Una  mgens  Amiterna  cohors,  pnscique  Qumtcs,      71f 
hors,  priscique  Ereti  manus  omnis,  oliviferaeque  MutuscaR  : 

712.  Uli  guoque  ibant  Qui  Nomentum  urbem,  qui  rosea  rura  Velini  : 
colunt  urbem  No-  Qui  Tetricae  horrentes  rupes,  montemque  Severum, 

f™!  ":C-periamqUe  colunt,  Forulosque  et  flumen  H.mell*. ' 
lunt  Qui  Tybnm  Fabanmque  bibunt :  quos  frigida  misit    . 

715.  Illi  ibant quoque,Nursia.  i  et  Hortinae  classes,  populique  Latini :        716 
quos  frigida  Nursia  mi-  Quosque  secans  infaustum  interluit  Allia  nomen. 

•TIT  ru-  AI  Qu&m  multi  Libyco  volvuntur  marmore  fluctus, 

717.  //toque,  quos  Al-  c?  u-  -^  •        i_    L        •  T 

lia,  infaustum   nomen  S»vus  ubi  Orion  hyberms  conditur  undis  : 
secans   interluit,  ibant  ^e*  quam  Sole  novo  densae  torrentur  aristae, 
una  cum  eo.  Aut  Hermi  campo,  aut  Lyciae  flaventibus  arvis. 


NOTES. 


707.  Clausus.    After  the  expulsion  of  the 
kings,  Atta  Clausus  removed  with  liis  fami- 
ly, and   about  five   thousand   clients  and 
friends,  from  Regillum,  a  city  of  the  Sabines, 
to  Rome.     After  which  he  took  the  name  of 
Appius.     He  was  admitted  into  the  patri- 
cian order.     The  poet  makes  the  Clausus 
here  named,  to  have  been  one  of  his  ances- 
tors. Instar  agminis  :  himself  like  a  mighty 
army — a  match  for. 

708.  Diffunditur :  in  the  sense  of  propa- 
gatur,  vel  spargitur. 

709.  In  partem  Sabinis.     The  poet  here 
alludes  to  the  union  of  the  Sabines  and  Ro- 
mans, which  put  an  end  to  the  wars  be- 
tween the  two  nations.     These   were  the 
conditions  of  the  compact.     The    Sabines 
were  to  remove  to  Rome,  which  was  to  re- 
tain its  name.     The  citizens  were  to  take 
tiie  name  of  Quirites,  from  Cure*,  a  city  of 
the  Sabines  ;  and  the  government  was  to  be 
jointly  administered  by  Tatius  and  Romu- 
lus. 

710.  Amilerna  cohors.      The   poet   here 
enumerates  various  places,  all  belonging  to 
the  Sabines.     Amittrna:  an  adj. from  Ami- 
ternum,  a  town  situated   among  the  Appe- 
nines.      Quirites   were    the   inhabitants   of 
Cures,  whence  the  Romans  were  afterward 
sometimes  called  Quintes.     E return  was  a 
village  ueSr  the  confluence  of  the   rivers 
Allia  and  Tiber.     Hodie,  Monte  Hot  undo. 
MulusccE :  a  village  beyond  the  Palus  Rea- 
tina,  to  the  north.    Hodie,  Monte  Leone. 
Momentum,  was  a  town  near  Erelum  on  the 
east.     Hodie,  J\f:omcntnno. 

712.  Rosea  rura.  Part  of.the  country  of 
Reatina,  according  to  Pliny,  was  called  ro- 
sea, from  ros,  dew  ;  which,  falling  copiously, 
fertilized  that  part  of  the  country.  Mr.^ 
Addison- observes,  that  the  rive^  Veunus  is 
shaded  by  a  green  forest  made  up  of  seve- 
ral kinds  of  trees,  which  preserve  their  ver- 


dure all  the  year.  The  neighboring  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  them  ;  and,  by  rea- 
son of  their  height,  are  more  exposed  to 
dews  and  drizzling  rains  than  the  adjacent 
par*.  Some  copies  have  roscida.  Dr. 
Trapp  prefers  rosea,  and  takes  it  for  a  pa- 
tronymic adjective  ;  and  observes  it  should 
be  written  with  a  capital  R.  Heyne  writes 
it  with  a  capital.  Tetricce — Severum.  The 
names  of  two  mountains,  so  called  from 
their  wild  aspect  and  barrenness.  Their  situ- 
ation is  uncertain. 

714.  Cusp*, -i am.  Casperia  was  a  town 
not  far  from  Cures.  Hodie,  Aspera.  Foru- 
los.  Foruli  was  a  town  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Amiternum.  Himellce,.  This  was  a  small 
river  falling  into  the  Tiber,  a  little  below 
Cures.  Hodie,  Ala. 

716.  Nursia.      This   city   was   situated 
among  the  Apennines,  and  much  exposed 
to  frost.    Hence  the  epithet,  frigida.   Hodie, 
Norica.     Hortince. :  an  adj.  from  Hortanurn 
or  Horta,  a'  city  at  the  confluence  of  the 
JVar  and  Tiber.      Classes.     It  is  plain  that 
classes  here  means  land  forces,  or  troops  in 
general.     Heyne  says,  copite. 

717.  Allia.     A  river  that  runs  into  the 
Tiber  a  little  below  Erelum.     Here  the  Ro- 
mans were  completely  defeated  by  the  Galli 
Senones,    under   Brennus,  their   king :    on 
which  account,  Virgil  calls  it  infaustum  no- 
men  :  an  inauspicious  name.   Secans :  in  the 
sense  of  dividens. 

719.  Orion :  a  constellation  much  dreaded 
by  mariners ;  hence  called  SCEVUS  :  stormy. 

720.  JVb?;o  sole.    By  this  interpreters  un- 
derstand the  sun   in  the  beginning  of  the 
summer.     But   perhaps  the   sun  is  called 
new,  not  in  respect  of  the  year ;  but  of  the 
aristae,  the  ears  of  corn.     Hermi.    Hermus 
was  a  river  of  Lydia,  a  most  fertile  country. 
Lycice.   This  was  a  country  on  the  south  of 


./ENEIS.     LIB.  VII. 


Scuta  sonant,  pulsuque  pedum  tremit  excita  tellus. 

Hinc  Agamemnonius,  Trojani  nominis  hostis, 
Curru  jungit  Halesus  equos,  Turnoque  feroces 

Mille  rapit  populos.     Vertunt  felicia  Baccho  725     725.  Rapit  mille  fero- 

Massica  qui  rastris  :  et  quos  de  collibus  altis  ces  populos  inauxilium 

\urunci  misere  patres,  Sidicinaque  juxta  Turno.  Illi  veniunt  qui 

JSquora :  quique  Cales  linquunt ;  amnisque  vadosi  J^ttt^?  el 

Accola  Vulturni ;  panterque  Saticulus  asper,  m  veniunt  quos  Aur'un. 

Oscorumque  manus.    Teretes  sunt  aclides  illis  730  ci  patres,    Sidicinaque 

Tela  ;  sed  haec  lento  mos  est  aptare  flagello  :  juxta  aequora  misere 

LEevas  cetra  teffit  :  falcati  cominus  enses.  732'  Cetra  tegit  laevas 

TVT                       •    •,                  •     •    j-   ^         i  •!_•  manus;    falcati     enses 

Nec  tu  carmmibus^nostns  mdictus  abibis,  sunt  illis  adpugnandum 
CEbale  ;  quern  generasse  Telon  Sebethide  Nympha         cominus.     Nec   tu,  O 

Fertur,  Teleboum  Capreas  cum  regna  teneret  735  pater  (Ebale,  abibis  in- 

Jam  senior  :  patriis  sed  non  et  filius  arvis  dictus 
Contentus,  late  jam  turn  ditione  premebat 

Sarrastes  populos,  et  quae  rigat  aequora  Sarnus  :  t  J^  P*"*"*"*  <lui 
Quique  Rufas,  Batulumque  tenent,  atque  arva  Celennae  :  e"^  Et  ^  quos  mfl5. 

Et  quos  maliferse  despectant  mo3nia  Abellae  :  740  nia 


NOTES, 


Asia  Minor,  abounding  in  corn.    Torrentur  : 
dried — ripened. 

722.  Excita  :  in  the  sense  of  cammota. 

723.  Hinc :  in  the  next  place,  Halesus,  &c. 

724.  Halesus.     Either  the  natural  son  of 
Agamemnon,  or  an  illegitimate  one.     Or 
perhaps  by  Agamemnonius,  we  are  to  under- 
stand simply  his  being  a  Greek  by  birth. 
Curru :  for  currui. 

726.  Massica.  The  poet  here  mentions 
several  nations  and  places  in  Campania. 
Massica  :  an  adj.  agreeing  with  arva  under- 
stood. Massicus  was  a  mountain  in  Cam- 
pania near  the  sea,  in  the  confines  of  La- 
lium,  very  fertile  in  vines.  Aurunci  patres. 
The  Aurunci,  or  Ausone.s,  were  the  most 
ancient  inhabitants  of  Italy,  and  therefore 
styled  Patres.  They  were  between  Campa- 
nia and  the  Volsci.  Sidicina :  plu.  of  Sidi- 
cinum,  a  tract  of  country  to  the  eastward 
of  the  Aurunci*  bordering  upon  the  sea. 
Cales :  plu.  a  town  built  upon  the  mountain 
Massicus.  Hodie,  Calvi. 

729.  Accola :  the  inhabitants  of  the  forda- 
ble  river  Fulturnus — those  who  live  near 
the  river,  &c.  came  also  to  the  war.  Mr. 
Davidson  observes  that  vadosus  must  be 
used  here  metaphorically,  to  signify  danger- 
ous ;  or  it  must  refer  to  those  parts  of  the 
river  near  the  mouth,  where  it  spreads  and 
runs  with  a  gentle  course,  and  consequent- 
ly is  shoal.  The  Vulturnus  is  a  river  of 
Campania,  noted  for  its  rapidity.  Vadnsus  : 
from  vadum,  a  shoal  or  sand- bank.  This 
river  takes  its  rise  in  the  Apennines,  and 
after  a  very  circuitous  course  falls  into  the 
sea  not  far  from  the  ancient  Cumse.  Saticu- 
lus: an  inhabitant  of  Saticula,  or  Satricula,  a 
town  to  tho  cast  of  Vulturous,  and  Capuae. 


Manus  Oscorum.  The  Osci,  were  a  people 
descended  from  the  ancient  Ausones,  and  in- 
habited the  city  Capua.  All  these  troops 
were  under  the  command  of  Halesus. 

730.  Teretes  aclides.  The  aclis  was  a  kind 
of  missive  weapon,  with  a  sharp  point  at 
each  end.  It  had  a  string  fastened  to  it, 
by  which  the  owner  drew  it  back  after  a 
throw.  These  in  close  fight  were  formida- 
ble weapons.  It  is  probable  they  bound 
them  about  the  wrist  with  a  cord,  (Jlagello.) 
or  string,  by  way  of  security. 

732.  Falcati :  in  the  sense  of  curvi. 

733.  Indictus  :  unsung — unmentioned. 

734.  Telon :  ace.  of  Greek  ending.   Sebz- 
thide :  the  nymph  Sebethis. 

735.  Capreas:   Caprea,   an   island   over 
against  the  Surrentinum  Prornontorium.  The 
Teleboii  a  colony  from  Epirus,  possessed  it. 
Hodie,  Capri. 

737.  Premebat  ditione :  held  in  bondage — 
in  subjection. 

738.  Sarnus.     A  river  flowing  through 
Campania,  into    the   Sinus  Neapolitanus. 
Sarrastes.     These  were   the  inhabitants  of 
the  promontory  Surrentinum,  in  that  part  of 
Italy  called  Campania.     JEquora  :  in  the 
sense  of  campi  vel  arva.     JEquor,  properly 
signifies  any  plane,  or  level  surface,  whether 
land  or  water. 

739.  Rufas :  Rufe,  or  Rufwe,  was  a  city 
farther  to   the  east.      Hodie,  Rufo.    The 
situation  of  Batulum  and  Ceknncf,  is  un- 
known. 

740.  Abella :  Abella  a  town  to  the  north 
of  Sarnus,  in  the  confines  of  Campania  and 
the  Harpini.    It  was  celebrated  for  that  sort 
of  nuts,  called  nuces  avellance,  or  filbert-nuts. 
Hodie.  Avella.    It  was  built  on  an  elevated 


54 


1\  VIRGlLIi  MARON1S 


Teutonico  ritu  soliti  torquere  cateias  : 

742.  Queis  tegmina  Tegmina  queis  capitum  raptus  de  subere  cortex, 
capitum  sum  cortex       ^ratseque  micant  pelte,  micat  an-eus  ensis. 

Et  te  montosse  misere  in  pnelia  Nursre, 

^  .  r  Ufens,  insignem  fama  ct  felicibus  armis :  745 

^quicola  in  <£rii  •£  Horrida  pracipue  cui  gens,  assuetaque  multo 
his,  horrida  gens,  Kssu-  Venatu  nemorum,  duns  ^Equicola  glebis. 
etaque    multo    venatu  Armati  terram  exercent ;  scmperque  recentes 
nemorurn,  paret  Convectare  juvat  praedas,  et  vivere  rapto. 

750.  Quin  et  fortissi-  Quin  et  Marrubia  venit  de  gente  sacerdos,  750 

mus  Umbro  venit  missu  Fronde  super  galeam  et  felici  comptus  oliva, 
regis  Archippi,  sacerdos  Archippi  regis  missu,  fortissimus  Umbro  : 

Vipereo  generi  et  graviter  spirantibus  hydris 

754.  Quisolebat  spar- Spargere  qui  somnos  cantuque  manuque  solebat, 
gere  somnos  vipereo       Mulcebatque  iras,  et  morsus  arte  Jevabat.  755 

Sed  non  Dardaniae  medicari  cuspidis  ictum 
Evaluit :  neque  eum  juvere  in  vulnera  cantus 
Somniferi,  et  Marsis  quaesitse  in  montibus  herbse. 
759.  Nemus  Angitiae  Te  nemus  Angitiae,  vitrefi  te  Fucinus  unda, 
flevit  te,  Fucinus  vitrea  Te  liquidi  flevere  lacus.  760 

Ibat  et  Hippolyti  proles  pulcherrima  bello, 


NOTES. 


situation.  Hence  it  is  said  to  look,  dc- 
spectant,  down  upon  the  inhabitants  below. 
Mali/era :  fruit-bearing. 

741.  Cateias.     The  cateia  was  a  kind  of 
halbert  or  dart,  used  by  the  Germans,  and 
Gauls.  All  the  nations  just  mentioned  were 
subject  to  (Ebdus,  and  followed  him  to  the 
war.     Ritu :   after  the  Teutonic  manner, 
(hey  used,  £o.     Soliti :  sunt  is  understood. 
The  Teutones  were  a  people  of  Germany, 
near  the  Chersonesus  Cimbrica.  Hodie,  Den- 
mark. 

742.  Tegmina :  coverings  for  the  head — 
helmets.     Ruaeus  says,  galea.     Queis :  the 
dat.  in  the  sense  of  quorum. 

744.  NurscE :  the  situation  of  this  place 
is  not  known,  probably  it  was  among  the 
Apennines. 

745.  Insignem  fama. :  illustrious  by  fame, 
and  successful  arms.     This  is  equivalent 
to  insignem  famdfelicium  armorum. 

748.  Exercent :  in  the  sense  of  colunt. 

749.  Vivere  rapto  :  to  live  upon  plunder. 
This   is   agreeable  to  what   Livy  says  of 
those  nations :    Forluna  Volscis  JEquisque 
pradonum  potius  mentem  quam  hostium  dedit. 
The  JEquicoli  or  J&qui  were  a  people  to 
the  east  of  Latium,  not  far  from  the  source 
of  the  river  Anien.      Their   country  was 
hard   and    mountainous.      Virgil   calls  it, 
JEquicola  duris  glebis:  .Equicola  of  hard 
soil.     These  were  under  the  command  of 
Ufens,  and  followed  him  to  the  war. 

750.  Marrubia:  an  adj.  of  Marrubium  or 
Marruvium,  a  city  of  the  Marsi,  to  the  east 
of  the  ^qui,  on  the  river  Liris. 

751.  Comptus  super:   decked  upon  his 


helmet   witli    leaves,  and    the   auspicious 
olive — having  his  helmet  adorned  with  the 
leaves  of  the  happy  olive.     Fronde  et  felici 
oliva,  by  hend.  for  fronde  felicis  olivce. 
752.  Missu  :  by  the  command,  or  order. 

754.  Spargere   somnos :  to   diffuse    sleep 
over  the  viperous  race,  &c.     Cantu :  by  his 
charms,  or  incantations. 

755.  Levabat :  he  healed — cured. 

756.  Ictum :  in  the  sense  of  vulnus.  The 
wounds  inflicted   by  the  weapons   of  the 
Trojans. 

757.  Juvere :  helped — aided.  Riweus  says, 
profueruni. 

758.  Somniferi  rctnlus :  soporific  charms. 
Ilerbcs :  herbs  gathered  in  the  mountains  of 
the  Marsi.     These  people  were  skilled  in 
enchantments,  particularly  in  charming  ser- 
pents.    This  they  learned  from  Marsus,  the 
son  of  Circe,  the  founder  of  their  race. 

759.  AngiticE.     Angitia  was  the  sister  of 
Circe,  and  came  with  her  into  Italy.     She 
occupied  the  country  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  lake  Fucinus.     The  town  she  built  is 
now  called  Luco,  situated  to  the  westward 
of  the  said  lake.    Hodie,  Lago  Fucino.    Vi- 
trea: clear — pellucid. 

760.  Liquidi :  in  the  sense  of  puri. 

761.  Hippolyti:   Hippolytus  was  the  son 
of  Theseus  king  of  Athens.     Refusing  the 
overtures  of  his   step-mother   Ph&dra,  he 
was  accused  by  her  to  his  father,  who  con- 
demned him  to  death.     As  he  was  driving 
his  chariot  along  the  shore,  his  horses  were 
affrighted  by  sea-monsters,  tore  his  chariot 
in  pieces  and    killed  him.     Diana  pitying 
his  hard  fate,  by  the  help  of  jEsculapius. 


ENEIS.     LIB.  YIK 


772.  Fulmine  detrusii. 
Phcebigenarn.  repeat  n, 
rem 


Virbius  ;  insignem  quern  mater  Aricia  misit. 

Eductum  Egeriae  lucis,  humentia  circum 

Litora,  pinguis  ubi  et  placabilis  ara  Dianas.  764 

Namque  ferunt  fama  Hippolytum,  postquam  arte  never-    765.  Hippolytum  Vi,-- 

Occiderit,  patriasque  explerit  sanguine  pamas,         [cae  6mm,  postquam  occide- 

Turbatis  distractus  equis,  ad  sidera  rursus  ritartenovercse,distrac- 

JEtherea,  et  superas  coal,  veni-e  sub  auras,  ^ 

Paeomis  revocatum  herbis,  et  amore  Dianae.  venisse  rursus 

Turn  pater  ornnipotens,  aliquem  indignatus  ab  umbris 

Mortalem  infernis  ad  lumina  surgere  vitas,  771 

Ipse  repertorcm  medicines  talis  et  artis 

Fulmine  Phoebigenam  Stygias  detrusit  ad  undas. 

At  Trivia  Hippolytum  secretis  alma  recondit 

Sedibus,  et  Nymphffi  Egeriae  nemorique  relegat :      775 

Solus  ubi  in  sylvis  Italis  ignobilis  aevum 

Exigeret,  versoque  ubi  nomine  Virbius  esset. 

Unde  etiam  Trivias  templo  lucisque  sacratis 

Cornipedes  arcentur  equi,  quod  litore  currum 

Et  juvenem  monstris  pavidi  effudere  marinis.  780 

Filius  ardentes  baud  secius  aequore  campi 

Exerceoat  equos,  curruque  in.bella  ruebat. 

Ipse  inter  prirnos  praestanti  corpore  Turnus 
Vertitur,  arma  tenens,  et  toto  vertice  supra  est. 
Cui  triplici  crinita  juba  galea  alta  Chimaeram 
Sustinet,  jEtna3os  efflantem  faucibus  ignes  : 


731.  Filius  hujus  Vie- 
bii  haud  secius  exer- 
cebat, 

784.  Et  est  supra  om- 
"--OK  nes  toto  vertice 

787.  Ilia  est  tarn  ma- 
gis  fremens,  et  effera 


Tarn  magis  ilia  fremens,  et  tristibus  effera  flammis,       tristibus  flammis, 


NOTES. 


restored  him  to  life,  and  commended  him  to 
the  care  of  Egeria,  the  nymph  of  the  Arici- 
nean  grove.  Here  he  was  worshipped  as  a 
demi-god  and  called  Virbius ;  from  the 
words  vir  and  bis.  Virgil  makes  him  the 
son  of  Hippolytus  and  the  nymph  Aricia. 
By  mater,  we  are  to  understand  his  mother. 

762.  Aricia.    This  was  a  city  of  ancient 
Latium,  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 
It  might  be  so  called  from  the  nymph  Ari- 
cia. Servius  understands  by  mater  this  city, 
which  was  the  birthplace  of  the  mother  of 
Augustus,  and  the  parent  of  an  illustrious 
family.   But  it  is  better  to  take  it  as  above. 
In  its  neighborhood  was  a  grove  sacred  to 
Egeria.     With  this  nymph,  Numa  Pompi- 
lius  pretended  to  be  intimate,  and  to  receive 
instructions  in  religion. 

763.  Humentia  litora :  the  shores  of  the 
lake  Aricinus. 

764.  Pinguis :  this  is  said  of  the  altar,  in 
reference  to  the  number  of  victims  offered 
upon  it.     Placabilis:  easy  to  be  appeased. 
The  verb  est  is  understood. 

766.  Exploit:    had  satisfied— filled  up. 
Turbatis  :  affrighted. 

768.  Sub  superas  auras  cctli  :  to  the  upper 
regions  of  light — this  upper  world. 

769.  Paoniis  herbis :  such  herbs  as  wero 
by  Ptrnn.  the  physician  of  the  jj 


by  Apollo,  his   father,  who   is  also  styled 
Pa>an — medicinal  herbs. 

773.  Phatbigenam :  ^Esculapius,  the  son 
of  Phoebus  and  Coronis,  the  daughter  of  a 
king  of  the  Lapithae.  He  is  esteemed  the 
father  of  physic.  It  is  said  he  raised  several 
from  the  dead. 

775.  Relegat :  she  consigns  him   to  the 
nymph,  Sec.  Trivia :  a  name  of  Diana,  from 
tres  et  via. 

776.  Ignobilis:   unknown — retired   from 
the  world. 

778.  Unde :  hence — from  that  circum- 
stance— to  wit,  their  being  affrighted  at  the 
monsters. 

780.  Pavidi :  affrighted  at  the  sea-mou- 
sters,  they  overturned — ran  away  with  the 
chariot,  &c. 

781.  Filius  haud :  the  son,  not  less  intre- 
pidly than  the  father,  managed  the  fierv 
steeds,  £c. 

784.  Vertitur  inter  primes  :  ho  marches 
in  the  foremost  ranks.      Vertitur:    in  tl.°- 
sense  of  incedit. 

785.  Galea  crinita  :  his  lofty  helmet  wav- 
ing with  a  triple  crest,  &c.     The  figure  of 
the  Chimtera  was  represented  on  his  helmet. 
See  jEn.  vi.  288. 

787.  Effera :  fierce— dreadful.  TV 

— :>' 


428 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


Quam  magis  effuso  crudescunt  sanguine  puguw. 
789.  At  Io  ex  auroAt  levem  clypeum  sublatis  cornibus  lo 

"0  insi§nibat'  Ja">,  S6tis  °bsita'.  J"™.  b?>  79° 

Argumentum  ingens  !  et  custos  virgmis  Argus, 

Ccelataque  amnem  fundens  pater  Inachus  urna. 
Insequitur  nimbus  peditum,  clypeataque  totis 
Agmina  densantur  campis,  Argivaque  pubes, 
Auruneaeque  manus,  Rutuli,  veteresque  Sicani,         795 
796.  Labici  picti  quoad  Et  Sacranae  acies,  et  picti  scuta  Labici  : 
scuta:    qui  arant  tuosQui  saltus,  Tiberine,  tuos,  sacrumque  Numici 

Litus  arant :  Rutulosque  exercent  vomere  colles, 
Circ33umque  jugum  :  queis  Jupiter  Anxurus  arvis 
Praesidet,  et  viridi  gaudens  Feronia  luco  :  800 

80 l.Gelidusque  Ufens  Qua  Saturae  jacet  atra  palus  ;  gelidusque  per  imas 
quaerit  iter  per  Quaerit  iter  valles,  atque  in  mare  eonditur  Ufens. 

Hos  super  advenit  Volsca  de  gente  Camilla, 

805.  Ilia  non  assueta  Agmen  agens  equitum  et  florentes  aere  catervas, 
c^foemineas manus  coloBellatrix:  non  ilia  colo  calathisve  Minerv33  805 


NOTES. 


788.  Crudescunt :  rage — grow  more  and 
more  fierce  and  bloody. 

789.  Io.     The   poets   say   she   was   the 
daughter  of  the  river-god  Inachus.     Jove 
had  an  amour  with  her ;  and  likely  to  be 
discovered  by  Juno,  he  changed  her  into  a 
heifer.     Juno  suspecting  the  trick,  desired 
the  heifer  to  be  given  to  her.     Having  ob- 
tained her  request,  she  gave  her  into  the 
custody  of  the  shepherd  Argus,  fabled  to 
have  had  a  hundred  eyes.     He  was  slain 
by  Mercury ;  and  Juno  placed  his  eyes  in 
the  tail  of  her   peacock.      After  this  she 
drove  the  heifer  into  Egypt,  where  she  was 
restored  to  her  former  shape  by  Jove.  Here 
she   married  Osiris,  king  of  Egypt;   and 
after  her  death,  was  worshipped  as  a  god- 
dess, under  the  name  of  Isis.     This  fable 
was  represented  on  the  shield  of  Turnus. 
He  was  descended  from  Inachus,  king  of 
Argos.    See  372,  supra.— sublatis :  high- 
wide — spreading. 

790.  Obsita:  covered  with  hairs.     Bos: 
in  the  sense  of  vacca. 

791.  Argumentum:  subject — device.   In- 
gens :  noble — illustrious. 

792.  Pater,  here  refers  to  the  father  of  Io. 
Ccelata  urna :  from  his  embossed  urn. 

794.  Argivaque   pubes.     The  poet  now 
enumerates  the  nations  that  followed  Tur- 
nus.     The    Argive  troops,  most  probably 
came  from  Ardea.     See  372,  supra. 

795.  Auruncce  manus.     These  were  the 
descendants  of  the  old  Aurunci,  or  Ausones, 
the  first  people  of  Italy.     Sicani.     These 
were  the  inhabitants  of  some  part  of  Lati- 
am;  or  the  remains  of  the  Siculi,  whom 
Cluverius  thinks  to  have  been  among  the 
first  inhabitants  of  Italy ;  but,  being  expel- 
led their  country,  fled  to  Sicily,  to  which 
island  they  gave  their  name. 


796.  Sacrance:  an  adject,  from  Sacra/if. 
These  were  a  people  made  up  of  the  abori- 
gines and  the  Pelasgi :  who,  after  their  ex- 
pulsion of  the  Siculi,  were  themselves  driven 
by  the  Sabines  beyond  the  river  Anien,  arid 
settled  near  the  place  where  Rome  was  af- 
terward built.  Labici.  Their  city  Labi' 
cum,  was  in  the  northern  part  of  Latium. 

798.  Exercent :  in  the  sense  of  cxcindunt 
vel  vertunt. 

799.  Circaum  jugum.     This  was  the  hill 
and  promontory  which  bounded  old  Latium 
on  the  east.     Here  was  the  residence  of  the 
celebrated   Circe.     Hodie,  mount  Circdlo. 
Anxurus :  an  epithet  of  Jupiter,  from  Anxur1 
or  Anxurus,  a  town  of  the  Volsci,  where  he 
was  particularly  worshipped. 

800.  Feronia:  Feronia  rejoicing  in  a  ver- 
dant grove.      This  was   situated  between 
Mons  Circceus,  and  Terracina  or  Anxur.    It 
is  not  certain  what  goddess  is  meant  by 
Feronia.     Most  interpreters  take  her  to  be 
the  same  with  Juno.     But  La  Cerda  thinks 
her  to  be  the  same  with  Flora,  relying  on  tho 
authority  of  Dionysius. 

801.  Atra  palus  Satura  :  the  dismal  lake 
of  Satura.     By  this  we  are  to  understand 
the  palus  pontina,  orpontine  lake,  whidi  ex- 
tended  along   the  maritime  coast  of   the 
Volsci.     It  gave  rise  to  many  foul  and  un- 
wholesome streams.     Here  fitly  called  atra 
palus.     Ufens.     This  river   flows   in   deep 
winding  vales,  to  which  the  sun  can  hardly 
have  access.     Hence  the  epithet,  gelidus. 

803.  Super  hos :  beside  these — in  addi- 
tion to  the  troops  already  mentioned,  Ca- 
milla brings  her  squadrons  of  horse  and 
foot. 

8p4.  Florentes  cere :  glittering,  or  gleam- 
ing in  brazen  armor.  The  Volsci,  her  peo- 
ple, were  brave  and  warlike ;  and  had  the 


.     LIB.  V1J. 


Fcemineas  assueta  maims ;  sed  praelia  virgo 
Dura  pati,  cursuque  pedum  praevertere  ventos. 
Ilia  vel  intactae  segetis  per  summa  volaret 
Gramina,  nee  teneras  cursu  laesisset  aristas : 
Vel  mare  per  medium,  fluctu  suspensa  tumenti. 
Ferret  iter,  celeres  nee  tingeret  aBquore  plantas. 
lllarn  omnis  tectis  agrisque  efFusa  juventus, 
Turbaque  miratur  matrum,  et  prospectat  euntem, 
Attonitis  inhians  animis  ;  ut  regius  ostro 
Velet  honos  leves  liumeros  ;  ut  fibula  crinem 
Auro  internectat ;  Lyciam  ut  gerat  ipsa  pharetram, 
Et  pastoralem  prafixa  cuspide  myrtum. 


806.  Sed  virgo  assueta, 
est  pati  dura  praelia 


810  810.  Suspensa  tu- 
menti fluctu,  vel  ferret 
iter  per  medium  mare 


815 


814.  Videns  ut  regius 


NOTES. 


Latins  on  the  west,  the  Aurunci  and  Cam- 
pani  on  the  east,  and  the  Hernici  and  ^Equi 
on  the  north. 

806.  Assueta :  she  had  not  accustomed 
her  female  hands  to  the  distaff,  &c.  Cala- 
this  Minerva..  Calathus  is  a  basket  for  wo- 
men to  put  their  sewing  and  other  work  into. 
Hence,  by  meton.  the  work  itself.  Then 
will  calathis  Minervce  mean,  light  and  easy 
female  employments  in  general.  She  had  not 
accustomed  her  hands  to  these  ;  but  to  en- 
dure the  fatigue  and  hardships  of  war,  &c. 

808.  Ilia  vel  volaret :  she  could  even  fly 
along  the  topmost  stalks  of  the  corn  un- 
touched, &c.  Gramina :  the  stalks  or  blades 
of  corn.  We  may  observe  that  the  poet 
here  does  not  say  she  actually  flew  over  the 
fields  of  corn  ;  but,  by  an  hyperbole,  to  de- 
note her  swiftness,  she  could  even  do  it,  nor 
touch  them  in  her  course. 

812.  Omnis  juventus  effusa :  all  the  youth 


issuing  from  city  and  country,  and  the  crowd 
of  matrons,  wonder  at  her,  &c.  Tectis  and 
ag-ris  are  plainly  opposed  to  each  other ;  the 
one  put  for  the  city,  and  the  other  for  the 
country. 

814.  Inhians :  gazing  upon  her. 

815.  Regius  honos :'  how  the  regal  orna- 
ments, &c. 

816.  Ut  ipsa  gerat :  how  she  bears  the 
Lycian  quiver,  &c.    The  poet  gives  her  this 
quiver,  because  the  Lycians  were  famed  for 
skill  in  archery. 

817.  Myrtum.    The  myrtle  was  a  suitable 
wood   for  spears.     Hence,  by   meton.   the 
spear  itself.     It  is  called  pastoral,  because 
she  had  lived  among  shepherds  with  her  fa- 
ther Metabus.     Cuspide  :  this  is  put  for  the 
point  of  the  spear,  which  was  tipped  with 
steel.    Ruaeus  says,  armatam  cuspide ;  mean- 
ing myrtum,  the  spear  or  javelin. 


QUESTIONS. 


From  Cajeta  to  what  place  did  ./Eneas 
direct  his  course ? 

What  time  of  the  day  did  he  set  sail  ? 

What  does  Dr.  Trapp  observe  of  the  open- 
ing of  this  book  ? 

After  his  arrival  in  the  Tiber,  what  were 
the  first  measures  which  he  adopted  ? 

How  were  his  ambassadors  received  by 
Latinus  ? 

Who  was  Latinus  ? 

How  many  generations  was  he  from  Sa- 
t  urn  ? 

Why  was  his  kingdom  called  Latium  ? 

Had  he  any  children  ? 

What  was  the  name  of  his  daughW  ? 

In  the  course  of  his  life,  had  he  any  sons? 

What  was  the  age  of  his  daughter  at  that 
time  ? 

Had  any  of  the  Italian  princes  sought  her 
in  marriage  ? 

Wrho  was  the  most  distinguished  of  her 
suitors? 

Had  she  been  promised  in  marriage  to 


Who  was  Turnus  ? 

Of  what  country  were  his  ancestors  -* 

What  was  the  character  of  Turnus  ? 

Was  Latinus  in  favor  of  this  connexion . 

What  was  the  reason  of  his  opposing  it? 

What  particularly  influenced  his  mind  up- 
on this  subject13 

What  was  the  response  of  the  oracle  of 
Faunus ? 

Did  he  consider  ^Eneas  to  be  the  person 
alluded  to  by  the  oracle  as  his  son-in-law? 

Did  he  propose  to  the  Trojan  ambassa- 
dors a  connexion  between  him  and  his 
daughter  ? 

Was  this  connexion  opposed  by  Turnus  ? 

What  was  the  consequence  of  this  ? 

How  was  the  mother  of  Lavinia  affected 
toward  Turnus? 

What  was  her  name? 

Did  she  endeavor  to  persuade  her  husband 
to  consent  to  the  match  ? 

Did  she  make  any  speech  to  him  upon  the 
subject  ? 

What, is  the  character  of  tlmt  addrnss  f 


430 


P.  V1RGILII  MARONKS 


How  was  she  affected  with  the  determi- 
nation of  Latinus  ? 

tineas  had  been  told  that  his  followers 
should  be  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  con- 
suming their  trenchers,  before  they  should 
find  a  permanent  settlement :  how  was  that 
prediction  fulfilled? 

Who  made  this  prophetic  declaration  to 
/Eneas  ? 

How  was  the  accomplishment  received  by 
him  and  his  associates  ? 

How  was  Juno  affected  with  this  kind  re- 
ception of  the  Trojans  ? 

What  does  the  poet  represent  her  as  do- 
ing to  kindle  the  war  ? 

What  course  does  Alecto  pursue  ? 

While  these  things  are  going  on,  what  do 
the  Trojans? 

While  in  the  chase,  what  does  Ascanius  'i 

To  whom  did  this  beautiful  stag  belong  ? 

Whither  did  the  wounded  animal  flee  ? 

What  effect  had  this  upon  the  minds  of 
the  rustics? 

Who  was  killed  in  this  skirmish  ? 

Who  was  Almon  ? 

Who  was  Tyrrheus  ? 

What  was  his  employment  ? 

Was  there  any  other  person  slain : 

Did  the  Trojans  suffer  any  loss  ? 

What  was  the  next  measure  adopted  ? 

What  course  did  Latinus  pursue  ? 

Did  Turnus  also  urge  the  aged  monarch 
to  declare  war  against  the  intruders  ? 

How  was  the  war  finally  declared  ? 

What  was  the  manner  or  form  of  declar- 


In  time  of  peace,  what  was  the  state  of 
the  temple  of  Janus  ? 

What  in  time  of  war  ? 

After  the  war  had  been  thus  declared, 
what  effect  had  it  upon  the  neighboring 
nations  ? 

Which  side  did  they  join? 

Who  may  be  considered  the  comniander- 
in-chief? 

How  does  the  book  conclude  ? 

Who  was  the  first  who  joined  the  confe- 
deracy ? 

Who  was  Mezentius  ? 

Over  what  people  was  he  king  ? 

What  was  his  character  ? 

Why.  did  the  people  expel  him  from  his 
throne  ? 

Had  he  any  son  ? 

What  was  his  name  ? 

What  does  the  poet  say  of  him  ? 

Who  is  mentioned  as  a  distinguished, 
horseman  ? 

What  troops  had  he  under  his  command  ? 

Among  the  commanders,  was  there  any 
distinguished  female?  What  was  her  name? 

Of  what  people  was  she  queen  ? 

For  what  was  she  especially  distinguish- 
ed? 

What  does  the  poet  say  of  her  speed,  and 
the  rapidity  of  her  course  ? 

Do  these  last  books  excite  in  us  an  inte- 
rest equal  to  the  first  books  of  the  .flSneid  •' 

Has  the  poet  been  censured  on  this  ac- 
count ? 

Is  this  censure  justly  founded? 

Why  is  it  not  justly  founded •? 


LIBER    OCTAVUS. 


WAR  being  determined  upon,  Turnus  sends  to  Diomede  to  engage  him  in  his  interest ; 
and  ^Eneas,  at  the  direction  of  the  god  of  the  Tiber,  ascends  that  river  to  Evandor  to 
obtain  supplies.  He  finds  the  aged  monarch  engaged  in  the  sacred  rites  of  Hercules. 
He  receives  him  very  kindty,  informs  him  of  their  relationslyp,  and  of  his  former  ac- 
quaintance with  Priam  and  Anchises,  who  visited  Arcadia,  his  native  country.  He  then 
proceeds  to  give  him  an  account  of  the  victory  of  Hercules  over  the  monster  Cacus,  a 
noted  robber  :  in  memory  of  which,  the  rites,  in  which  he  was  then  engaged,  were 
;»stituted.  He  also  recounts  to  him  the  antiquities  of  that  part  of  Italy,  and  mentions, 
particularly,  the  rock  or  hill  on  which  the  Capitol  at  Rome  was  afterward  built.  While 
these  things  are  going  on,  Venus  repairs  to  Vulcan,  and  engages  him  to  make  armor 
for  ./Eneas.  He  immediately  repairs  to  the  /Eolian  Islands,  where  he  had  his  forges, 
and  sets  about  the  business  with  all  haste. 

Evander  furnishes  two  hundred  horse,  and  sends  Pallas,  his  son,  with  as  many  more.  At 
this  time  the  Tuscans  are  in  arms  to  avenge  the  barbarities  of  Mezentius,  their  king-, 
who  had  fled  to  Turnus  for  safety.  These  gladly  join  ./Eneas  in  the  war.  The  book 
concludes  with  a  description  of  the  armor  of  ;Eneas,  brought  to  him  by  Venus  through 
the  air.  The  scene  is  here  changed  from  the  country  of  Latinus  to  that  of  Evander. 
This  book  is  chiefly  episodical,  and  abounds  in  matter  of  the  most  interesting  kind. 
Dr.  Trapp  thinks,  on  the  whole,  it  is  one  of  the  noblest,  most  elegant,  and  most,  enter- 
taining of  the  wholfi  /F.neirl. 


JENEIS.     LIB.  VIII. 


toi 


UT  belli  signum  Laurenti  Turnus  ab  arce 
Extulit,  et  rauco  strepuerunt  cornua  cantu  : 
Utque  acres  concussit  equos,  utque  impulit  arma : 
Extemplo  turbati  animi :  simul  omne  tumultu 
Conjurat  trepido  Latium,  ssevitque  juventus 
Effera.     Ductores  primi,  Messapus,  et  Ufens, 
Contemptorque  Deum  Mezentius,  undique  cogunt 
Auxilia,  et  latos  vastant  cultoribus  agros. 
Mittitur  et  magni  Venulus  Diomedis  ad  urbem, 
Qui  petat  auxilium,  et  Latio  consistere  Teucros, 
Advectum  ^Eneam  classi,  victosque  Penates 
Inferre,  et  fatis  regem  se  dicere  posci, 
Edoceat ;  multasque  viro  se  adjungere  gentes 
Dardanio,  et  late  Latio  increbrescere  nomen. 
Quid  struat  his  cceptis,  quern,  si  fortuna  sequatur, 
Eventum  pugnae  cupiat,  manifestius  ipsi, . 
Quam  Turno  regi,  aut  regi  apparere  Latino. 

Talia  per  Latium :  qua)  Laomedontius  heros 
Cuncta  videns,  magno  curarum  fluctuat  sestu; 
Atque  animum  nunc  hue  celerem,  nunc  dividit  illuc, 
In  partesque  rapit  varias,  perque  omnia  versat. 
Sicut  aquae  tremulum  labris  ubi  lumen  ahenis 
Sobe  repercussum5  aut  radiantis  imagine  Lunae, 
Omnia  pervolitat  late  loca ;  jamque  sub  auras 
Erigitur,  summique  ferit  laquearia  tecti. 

Nox  erat,  et  terras  animalia  fessa  per  omnes 
Alituum  pecudumque  genus  sopor  altus  habebat : 
Cum  pater  in  ripa  gelidique  sub  setheris  axe 
JSneas,  tristi  turbatus  pectora  bello, 
Procubuit,  seramque  dedit  per  membra  quietem. 
Huic  deus  ipse  loci,  fluvio  Tiberinus  amoeno, 
Populeas  inter  senior  se  attollere  frondes 
Arisus.     Eum  tenuis  glauco  velabat  amictu 


4.    Extemplo    animi 
5  turbati  sunt 


10  10.  Et  edoceat  euwTeu- 
cros  consistere  Latio  ; 
JEneam  advectum  esse 
classi, 


15  15.  Et  addat,  quid 
JEneas  struat  his  ccep- 
tis ;  quern  eventuin  pug- 
naeJ  cupiat,  si  fortuna 
sequatur  ewm,  apparere 
manifestius  ipsi  Diome- 
di  quam 

21  18.  Talia  fiunt  per 
Latium ;  quas  cuncta 


28.  Cum  pater  tineas, 
turbatus  quoad  pectora, 
procubuit 


NOTES. 


1.  Signum.     The  poet  here  alludes  to  the 
custom  among  the  Romans,  of  hanging  out 
the  sign  or  signal  of  war  from  the  Capitol. 

2.  Cornua :  trumpets.     See  JEn.  vii.  637. 
Concussit  equos :  roused  the  active  horses. 
This  he  did   by  the  sound  of  the  trumpets, 
the  clashing  of  their  arms,  &c.     Impulit  ar- 
ma.    Some  understand  by  this  the  throwing 
of  the  spear  into  the  enemy's  country,  which 
was  a  practice  among  the  Romans.     This 
was  a  declaration  of  war.     Servius  under- 
stands it  of  the  rattling  of  the  arms  in  the 
temple  of  Mars.     But  it  is  easier  to  under- 
stand it  of  his  striking  on  his  shield  as  a 
sign  and  prelude  to  the  war. 

8.  Vastant:  in  the  sense  of  spoliunt.  Cul- 
toribus :  the  farmers — inhabitants. 

9.  Urbem  Diomedis :  the  city  of  Diomede, 
Arpog  or  Argyripa,  a  city  built  by  him  in 
Apulia,  after  the  destruction  of  Troy.  See 
J&n.  xi.  243,  et  seq. 

12,  Pasfi  fff-tis :  that  he* was  demanded 


by  the  fates  or  destinies  as  a  king  over  the 
Latins. 

14.  JVbrnen:  the  name  of  JEneas his 

fame — renown,  had  spread  widely. 

18.  Talia :  the  verb^tm/,  or  another  of 
the  like  import,  is  understood. 

22.  Sicut  aqu(B:  as  when  the  tremulous 
light  in  brazen  vats  of  water,  reflected  from 
the  sun,  or  the  image  of  the  radiant  moon, 
flies  through,  &c.  This  simile  Dr.  Trapp 
observes  is  of  the  low  kind  ;  but  extremely 
elegant  and  beautiful.  By  *oZe,  we  are  to 
understand  the  image  of  the  sun. 

24.  Sub  auras:  simply,  on  high. 

27.  Alituum:  in  the  sense  ofvolucnaa. 

28.  Sub  axe :  under  the  canopy  of  the 
cold  sky. 

31.  Senior  Tiberinus,  Deus  loci :  old  Ti- 
berinus, the  god  of  the  place,  seemed  to  him 
to  raise  himself  from  the  pleasant  stream 
among,  £c.  This  is  a  most  beautiful  des- 
cription. 


I*.  VtRGILII  MARONIS 


35.  Turn  cizpit  affari 
eum  sic 


o9.  Hie  erit  certa  do- 
mus  tibi ;  h'c  erunt  certi 
Penatea  tibi :  ne  absiste 
ab  incepto 


44.  Jacebit  recubans 
solo,  ipsa  alba,  et  ejus 
nati  albi  circum  ubera 

49.  Nunc  adverte,  dn 
cebo  te  paucis  verbis,  qua 
ratione  tu  victor 

51.  Arcades,  genus 
profectum  a  Pallante, 
qui  comites  secuti  sunt 
regern  Evandrum,  qui 
secuti  sunt  ejus  signa, 
deleggre 


Carbasus,  et  criiies  umbrosa  tegebat  arundo. 

Turn  sic  affari,  et  curas  his  demere  dictis :  85 

O  sate  gente  Deum,  Trojanam  ex  hostibus  urbem 

Qui  revehis  nobis,  aeternaque  Pergama  servas, 

Expectate  solo  Laurenti,  arvisque  Latinis : 

Hie  tibi  certa  domus  ;  certi,  ne  absiste,  Penates : 

Neu  belli  terrere  minis.     Tumor  omnis  et  irae  40 

Concessere  Deum. 

Jamque  tibi,  ne  vana  putes  hsec  fingere  somnurn^ 

Litoreis  ingens  inventa  sub  ilicibus  sus, 

Triginta  capitum  foetus  enixa,  jacebit, 

Alba,  solo  recubans,  albi  circum  ubera  nati.  45 

Hie  locus  urbis  erit,  requies  ea  certa  laborum  : 

Ex  quo  ter  denis  urbem  redeuntibus  annis 

Ascanius  clari  condet  cognominis  Albam. 

Haud  incerta  cano.     Nunc,  qua  ratione,  quod  instat, 

Expedias  victor,  paucis,  adverte,  docebo.  50 

Arcades  his  oris,  genus  a  Pallante  profectum, 

Qui  regem  Evandrum  comites,  qui  signa  secuti, 

Delegere  locum,  et  posuere  in  montibus  urbern 


NOTES. 


34.  Tennis  carbttsus :  fine  lawn — a  robe 
of  lawn.  In  this  habit,  river-gods  were 
commonly  represented  on  medals  and  an- 
cient monuments. 

-  36.  Gente:  of  the  family— race— stock. 
yEneas  sprang  from  Jove  both  by  Dardanus 
and  Venus. 

37.  Revehis  :  who  bringest  back  to  us  the 
Trojan  city,  &c.     JEterna  Pergama:  and 
Pergamus  to  continue  forever— to  be  eternal. 
Here  is  an  allusion  to  the  opinion  of  the 
Romans,  of  the  eternal   duration   of  their 
empire.     Dardanus,  the  founder  of  the  Tro- 
jan race,  was  a  native  of  Italy. 

38.  Expectate:  welcome — looked  for:  a 
part.  adj.   agreeing  with  sate  in  the  voc. 
Solo :  in  the  sense  of  terra. 

39.  Penates :    properly  household  gods ; 
by  meton.  a  house  or  dwelling.  Certi  Pena- 
tis :  a  certain  or  fixed  abode. 

41.  Concessere.  It  is  ev?dent  that  Juno 
was  still  the  enemy  of  the  Trojans.  To 
save  Virgil  from  a  seeming  inconsistency, 
Servius  makes  the  sense,  as  well  as  the  line, 
abrupt ;  and  observes  that  some  have  filled 
it  up  thus  :  Concessere  Deum  profugis  nova 
Mania  Teucris.  La  Cerda  observes,  that 
Virgil  does  not  say  all  the  gods,  and  thinks 
that  it  is  sufficient  for  the  poef  s  purpose, 
that  Jupiter  and  Neptune,  who  took  part 
with  the  Greeks,  were  now  reconciled  to 
the  Trojans.  Ires :  the  anger  of  the  gods 
has  ceased — subsided. 

44.  F&tus  enixa :  having  brought  forth  a 
litter  of  thirty  head,  &c.  Helenus  iaformed 
yEneas,  (lib.  iii.  389.)  that  when  he  should 
iind  a  white  sow  under  the  holms  on  the  side 
of  the  river,  with  a  litter  of  thirty  white  pigs 
around  her-  hr  might  bo  nssnr^r!  that  was 


the  place  destined  to  him  by  the  go( 
berinus  here  repeats  t.  e  same,  lifts 


rods.  Ti- 
the cur- 
tain of  futurity,  and  gives  him  some  direc- 
tions in  his  critical  affairs. 

45.  Jucebit  recubans:  shall  lie  prostrate, 
or  stretched  on  the  ground,  &c.  I  think 
recubans  should  be  taken  in  the  sense  of 
strata,  or  prostrata,  and  connected  with  ja- 
cebit. To  take  recubans  in  its  usual  sense 
and  meaning,  would  be  mere  tautology. 
But  in  the  sense  of  strata,  it  gives  this  addi- 
tional idea,  that  the  animal  was  lying  flat, 
or  at  full  length,  in  the  attitude  of  giving 
suck  to  her  pigs. 

47.  Ex  quo :  from  which  time,  thirty 
years  having  rolled  away,  Ascanius  shall, 
&c.  The  thirty  years  here  spoken  of,  arc 
not  to  be  reckoned  from  the  discovery  of  the 
sow,  or  that  would  not  agree  with  history  ; 
but  from  the  death  of  ./Eneas,  who  sat  on 
the  throne  of  Lavinium  three  years.  Asca- 
nius succeeded  him,  who,  in  the  thirtieth 
year  of  his  reign,  built  Alba  Longa,  and 
made  it  the  seat  of  his  government. 

49.  Cano  :  in  the  sense  of  dico,  vel  pr(E- 
dico. 

50.  Expedias :  you  may  accomplish,  or 
effect. 

51.  Arcades:  plu.  of  Areas,  a  native  of 
Arcadia,  'a  country   of  the    Peloponnesus. 
This  was   the   birthplace  of  Evander.     He 
migrated  into  Italy,  and  settled  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tiber^pori  a  mount,  which  he  call- 
ed Palantium,Pallanteurh,  or  Palatium,  from 
his  nattve  city  Pallantium  :  or  from  Pallas, 
king  of  Arcadia,  his  great  grandfather.    On 
the  same  spot  Rome  was  afterward  built. 

53.  Posne're,:  in  the  sense  cf 


JSNEJS.    LIB.  VIIL 


433 


55 


60 


62.  Ego  sum  ille,  quem 
cernis 


Pallantis  proavi  de  noniiiie,  Pallanteum. 

Hi  bellum  assidue  ducunt  cum  gente  Latina  : 

Hos  castris  adhibe  socios,  et  foedera  junge. 

Ipse  ego  te  ripis  et  recto  flumine  ducam, 

Adversum  remis  superes  subvectus  ut  amnem. 

Surge,  age,  nate  Dea  ;  primisque  cadentibus  astris 

Junoni  fer  rite  preces,  iramque  minasque 

Supplicibus  supera  votis.    Mihi  victor  honorem 

Persolves.     Ego  sum,  pleno  quem  flumine  cernis 

Stringentem  ripas,  et  pinguia  culta  secantem, 

Creruleus  Tybris,  ccelo  gratissimus  amnis. 

Hie  mihi  magna  domus  ;  celsis  caput  urbibus  exit. 

Dixit  :  deinde  lacu  fluvius  se  condidit  alto 
Ima  petens  :  nox  ^Eneam  somnusque  reliquit. 
Surgit,  et  oetherii  spectans  orientia  Sol  is 
Lumina,  rite  cavis  undam  de  flumine  palmis 
Sustulit,  ac  tales  efludit  ad  aethera  voces  ; 
Nympha3,  Laurentes  Nympha?,  genus  amnibus  unde  est  ; 
Tuque,  6  Tybri  tuo  genitor  cum  flumine  sancto, 
Accipite  ^Enean,  et  tandem  arcete  periclis. 
Quo  te  cunque  lacus  miserantem  incommoda  nostra 
Fonte  tenet,  quocunque  solo  pulcherrimus  exis  ; 
Semper  honore  meo,  semper  celebrabere  donis, 
Uormger  nespendum  fluvius  regnator  aquarum  :  corniger  fluvius. 


65 


70 


2.  Tuque,  O  genitor 

im  tuo 


75.   Quocunque  solo 
tu     exis     pulcherriraus 
tu  celebrabere 
meo 
me  is 


NOTES. 


54.  Pallanteum  :  the  name  of  the  city. 

56.  Junge  fcsdera :  make — ratify  a  treaty 
with  them. 

57.  Recto  flumine.     This  does  not  mean 
that  the  river  was  straight,  or  in  a  direct 
line ;  but  that  it  would  lead  him  to  the  place 
of  his  destination — to  the  residence  of  Evan- 
der,  in  a  direct  or  unerring  course.     Absque 
f.rrore,  says  Ruaeus. 

58.  Adversum  amnem.     By  this  we  are  to 
understand  the  current  of  the  river,  which 
was  against  him  as  he  ascended  it.     Ut  sub- 
vectus:  that  borne  along,  you  may  over- 
come, &c. 

59.  Primis  astris  cadenlibus :  the  first  stars 
setting.     By  this  we  are  to  understand  the 
early  dawn.     The  stars  are  said  to  set,  when 
they  disappear  at  the  approach  of  the  sun. 

63.  Stringentem  ripas:  touching  lightly, 
or  rolling  gently  along  the  banks  with  my 
full  stream.  Secantem  :  in  the  sense  of  di- 
videnlem. 

65.  Caput  exit,  &c.  There  are  some  com- 
mentators who  take  these  words  in  a  pro- 
phetic or  oracular  sense,  that  here  should  be 
the  head  to  lofty  cities — Rome,  the  empress 
of  the  world.  The  chief  diificulty  in  tliis 
is  the  word  exit,  the  present  for  the  future. 
Dr.  Trapp  thinks  this  not  very  material, 
especially  in  a  prophetic  or  oracular  sen- 
tence. Others  take  them  in  a  literal  sense. 
Here  is  rny  palace ;  my  source  or  head  rises 
near,  or  flows  from  lofty  cities.  The  for- 
mer is  the  best  idea.  But  it  is  probable, 

55 


Virgil  intended  to  include  both :  and,  there- 
fore, expressed  himself  ambiguously.  Da- 
vidson renders  the  passage  thus  :  "  here  is 
my  spacious  mansion;  near  lofty  cities  my 
fountain  springs." 

66.  Alto  lacu  :  the  deepest  part  of  the 
stream^the  bed  of  the  river. 

68.  Spectans  orientia,  &c.  It  was  a  cus- 
tom of  the  ancients,  in  prayer,  to  turn  their 
faces  toward  the  east.  It  was  also  a  cus- 
tom to  wash  their  hands  before  they  perform- 
ed any  acts  of  religion.  .flSneas  for  that 
purpose  takes  water  (undam)  from  the  ri- 
ver, and  turns  his  face  toward  the  rising 
sun. 

74.  Quocunque  fonlc :  in  whatever  place 
thy  lake  holds,  or  contains  thee  pitying,  &c. 
It  was  the  opinion  of  some  philosophers, 
that  rivers  took  their  rise  from  great  lakes, 
or  reservoirs  of  water  under  ground.  ^Sneas 
here  promises  to  worship  the  god  Tiber,  in 
whatever  place  he  found  his  residence  to 
be  ;  whether  in  his  primary  reservoir,  in  his 
fountain,  or  in  the  course  of  the  river.  Fon- 
te appears  to  be  used  here  in  the  sense  of 
loco. 

76.  Celebrabere.    Some  manuscripts  have 
venerabere :  thou  shalt  be  worshipped.    Ho- 
nore :  worship — veneration. 

77.  Cornigerjluwus.    Horns  ajp  an  em- 
blem of  power,  and  are,  therefore,  applica- 
ble to  the  Tiber,  here  called  the  ruler  of  the 
Italian  rivers.     But  it  is  common  with  the 
poets  to  ascribe  to  rivers  the  form  of  the 


434 


, 


VlRGILlf  MARON1S 


Adsis  6  tantum,  et  propius  tua  numina  firmes ! 

Sic  memorat :  geminasqiie  legit  de  classe  biremes? 
Remigioque  aptat :  socios  sinuil  instruit  armis.  SO 

81.  Autem  ecce  mon-  Ecce  autera  subitum  atque  oculis  mirabile  monstrum  ! 
strum   subitum    atque  Candida  per  sylvam  cum  fcetu  concolor  albo 
mirabile  o/ert  sese  ocu-  procubuit,  viridique  in  litore  conspicitur  sus  : 
to!  rJalbo^tuToIQ^-"  Pi-to  tibi  enim,  tibi,  maxima  Juno, 
cubuit  per  sylvam         Mactat,  sacra  terens,  et  cum  grege  sistit  ad  aram.     85 

84.  Quam  pius  tineas  Tybris  e&  fluvium,  quam  longa  est,  nocte  tumentem 
mactat  tibi,  (enim  tibi  Leniit ;  et  tacita  refluens  ita  substitit  unda, 
Mitis  ut  in  morem  stagni  placidrcque  paludis 
Sterneret  aequor  aquis,  remo  ut  luctamen  abesset. 
88.  Ut  stern eretaequor  Ergo  iter  inceptum  celerant  rumore  secundo.  90 

aquis  in  morem  mitis  Labitur  uncta  vadis  abies  :  mirantur  et  undse, 

st^ni*T  Miratur  nemus  insuetum,  fulgentia  longe 

92.  Nemus  insuetum «  •   *        a      •       •   ,  • 

his  spectaculis  miratur  Scuta  *iru™>  "uvio  pictasque  mnare  carmas. 
scuta  virurn,  fulgentia  Olli  remigio  noctemque  diemque  fatigant, 
longe  Et  longos  superant  flexus,  variisque  teguntur  95 

95.  Longos flexus/u- A rboribus,  viridesque  secant  placido  aequore  sylvas, 

Sol  medium  coeli  conscenderat  igneus  orbem, 
Cum  muros,  arcemque  procul,  et  rara  domorum 
Tecta  vident,  quae  nunc  Romana  potentia  coelo 


NOTES. 


bull.  The  reason  of  this  is,  that  the  roar- 
ing noise  of  rivers  resembles  the  bellowing 
of  that  animal.  See  Geor.  IV.  372.  The 
.Tiber  could  not  be  called  the  king  of  Italian 
rivers  from  its  magnitude  ;  that  belongs  to 
the  Eridanus  or  Po,  called  the  king  of  ri- 
vers. Geor.  I.  482.  There  must  be  some 
other  reason  for  it ;  the  future  magnitude 
and  glory  of  Rome,  built  on  its  banks  ;  or 
JEneas  may  be  supposed  to  speak  from  his 
own  knowledge,  supposing  the  Tiber  to  be 
the  largest  river.  Fluvius,  here,  is  plainly 
in  the  vocative  case. 

78.  Numina  :  oracles — prophetic  declara- 
tions. 

84.  Enim  tibi.     Mr.  Dryden  says  the 
word  enim  was  of  such  necessity  among  the 
Romans,  that  a  sacrifice  could  not  be  per- 
formed without  it.     But  this  appears  a  no- 
tion entirely  his  own.     Servius  says,  it  is 
merely  expletive   and   ornamental.     It  is 
plain  there  is  an  ellipsis,  which,  to  make 
sense,  must  be  filled.     .Sneas  had  just  been 
ordered  by  Tiberinus  to  offer  prayers  and 
supplications  to  Juno,  and  to  overcome  her 
resentment  by  vows  and  offerings.     He  sa- 
crifices (mactat')  to  thee,  O  supreme  Juno ; 
for  to  thee  he  was  commanded,  &c.     As  Ju- 
piter is  called  Maximus,  so  Juno,  his  consort 
and  queen,  is  called  Maxima.      For  the 
same  reason,  she  is  sometimes  called  omni- 
potens. 

85.  Grege :  her  pigs— litter  of  pigs. 

86.  Ed  node :  in  that  night.     Tumentem 
leniit:  it  smoothed  (lowered)  its  swelling 
current. 


89.  Ut  sterneret :  that  it  might  level  the 
surface  of  its  waters  in  the  manner,  &c. 
Aquis :  the  dat.  in  the  sense  of  the  gen. 

90.  Secundo  rumore.      By   this  we  are, 
most   probably,  to  understand  the  shouts 
and  acclamations  with  which  they  animated 
each  other,  under  the  assurance  of  a  prosper- 
ous issue.     This  assurance  they  had  from 
the  omen  of  the  white  sow.     They  under- 
stood by  this  that  they  should  succeed  to 
their  wishes. 

91.  Uncta  abies  labitur :  the  ship  glides 
easily   along  on  the  watert  as  if  it   were 
moving  down  the  current.    Abies :  properly 
the  fir-tree  ;  by  meton.  a  ship,  because  ships 
were  made  of  that  wood.     This  is  the  sense 
given  by   Ruseus   and  Davidson.      Heyne 
connects  secundo  rumore  with  uncta  abies, 
understanding  by  it  the  noise  made  in  the 
water  by  the  oars  and  the   keel  as  they 
moved  along.     Valpy  is  of  the  same  opi- 
nion.   It  appears  to  be  an  unnecessary  re- 
finement. 

92.    Insuetum:    unaccustomed  to   such 
sights.     His  spectaculis,  says  RUEBUS. 

94.  Fatigant :  in  the  sense  of  traducunt. 
Remigio :  in  rowing. 

95.  Flexus :  the  windings  and  flexures  of 
the  river. 

96.  Secant  virides :  they  cut  the  verdant 
trees  in  the  smooth  surface — the  shades  of 
the  trees,  which  appeared  in  the  water  of 
the  river,  by  meton. 

97.  Medium  orbem.     This  is  a  fine   cir- 
cumlocution for  the  middle  of  the  day.    The 
sun  had  ascended  the  middle  of  his  course 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  VIII. 


JEquavit  :  turn  res  inopes  Evandrus  habebat.  100 

Ocyus  advertunt  proras,  urbique  propinquant. 
Forte  die  solemnem  illo  rex  Areas  honorem 
Amphitryoniadae  magno  Divisque  ferebat, 
Ante  urbem,  in  luco.     Pallas  huic  filius  una, 
Una  omnes  juvenum  primi,  pauperque  senatus,         105 
Thura  dabant  :  tepidusque  cruor  fumabat  ad  aras. 
Ut  celsas  videre  rates,  atque  inter  opacum 
Allabi  neraus,  et  tacitis  incumbere  remis  ; 
Terrentur  visu  subito,  cunctique  relictis 
Consurgunt  mensis  :  audax  quos  rumpere  Pallas      110 
Sacra  vetat,  raptoque  volat  telo  obvius  ipse 
Et  procul  e  tumulo,  Juvenes,  quae  causa  subegit 
Ignotas  tentare  vias  ?  quo  tenditis  ?  inquit. 
Qui  genus  ?  unde  domo  ?  pacemne  hue  fertis,  an  arma  ? 


106.   Dabant    thura 
**"%!£*!» 

bi  inter 


to 
procul 


turmllo  inquit. 


114    Qui 


120 


Turn  pater  ./Eneas  puppi  sic  fatur  ab  alta,  115  genus?    Unde  venistis 

Paciferaeque  manu  ramum  preetendit  olivae  :  domo  ? 

Trojugenas  ac  tela  vides  inimica  Latinis, 
Quos  illi  bello  profugos  egiere  superbo. 
Evandrum  petimus  :  ferte  haec,  et  dicite  lectos 
Dardaniae  venisse  duces,  socia  arma  rogantes. 

Obstupuit,  tanto  perculsus  nomine,  Pallas  : 
Egredere,  6  quicunque  es,  ait,  coramque  parentem 
Alloquere,  ac  nostris  succede  penatibus  hospes. 
Accepitque  manu,  dextramque  amplexus  inhaesit. 
Progressi  subeunt  luco,  fluviumque  relinquunt. 
Tum  regem  ^Eneas  dictis  affatur  amicis  : 
Optima  Grajugenum,  cui  me  fortuna  precari, 
Et  vittat.comptos  yoluit  praetendere  ramos  : 
Non  equidem  extimui,  Danaum  quod  ductor  et  Areas,    et  Areas,  quodque 


. 
l 


127.  Cui  fortuna  vo- 
125luit  me  precari,  et  prae- 
tendere 

Jg;  .  Jg-*«    non 
fofes    du7ctor  Danaum, 


NOTES. 


or  circuit.  The  next  day  after  their  depar- 
ture,  they  arrived  at  the  city  of  Evander  ; 
it  was  small,  and  its  inhabitants  poor. 

102.  Areas  rex.     Evander  is  called  Areas, 
an  Arcadian,  because  he  was  a  native  of 
that  country.     Honorem  :  in  the   sense  of 
sacrificium. 

103.  Amphitryoniada  magno  :   to   great 
Hercules.     A  patronymic  noun,  from  Am- 
phitryon,  the  husband  of  Alcmena,  the  mo- 
ther  of  Hercules,  by  Jove.     See  j£n.  VI. 
801. 

106.  Dabant  :  in  the  sense  of  offerebant. 

108.  Tacitis:  silent—  not  moving.  The 
impetus,  which  the  galleys  had  already  re- 
ceived,  was  carrying  them  forward,  without 
the  assistance  of  the  oars,  which  conse- 
quently  were  still.  The  oarsmen  were  rest- 
ing  upon  their  oars  at  the  same  time,  incum- 
bere, &c. 

113.  Quo  tenditis  :  whither  are  you  go- 
ing? 

114.  Arma:  in  the  sense  of  bellum. 

118.  Profugos.  Most  probably  we  are  to 
understand  by  this,  the  Trojans  driven  from 
their  native  country,  and  wandering  from 


place  to  place  without  any  habitation.  The 
same  term  he  used,  JEn.  1.  2.  in  reference  to 
his  leaving  his  own  country,  &c.  As  Pallas 
had  proposed  his  questions  in  a  brief  man- 
ner,  so  jEneas  is  as  brief  in  his  answers. 
Trojugenas  profugos  answers  to  the  ques- 
tion  :  Qui  genus,  et  unde  domo?  The  olive- 
branch  is  a  sufficient  reply  to  Pacem-ne  hue 
fertis,  an  arma  ?  To  remove  any  suspicion 
arising  from  their  arms,  he  informs  him  they 
were  Inimica  Latinis.  Having  been  made 
satisfied  of  their  friendly  intention,  Pallas 
immediately  invites  them  on  shore. 

122.  Egredere  :  come  on  shore—  land,  who- 
ever    thou    art—  whatever   be    thy    name. 
^neas  had  mformed  him  they  were  Tro- 
janSi  but  had  not  ag      t  told  his  name> 
n 

128.  Ramos  comptos  vilta  :  to  hold  out 
boughs  adorned  with  the  fillet.  Olive  boughs 
wrapped  around  with  wreaths  01  while 
wool,  hanging  down  over  the  hands  of  the 
suppliant,  were  emblems  of  peace,  and  de- 
noted  that  the  persons  camo  with  a  friendly 
intention. 


436 


>.  VIRGILII  MARONiS 


Quodque  a  stirpe  fores  geminis  conjunctus  Atridis 
Sed  mea  me  virtus,  et  sancta  oracula  Divum, 
Cognatique  patres,  tua  terris  didita  fama, 
Conjunxere  tibi.  et  fatis  egere  volentem. 
Dardanus,  Iliacse  primus  pater  urbis  et  auctor, 
Electra,  ut  Graii  perhibent,  Atlantide  cretus, 
Advehitur  Teucros  :  Electram  maximus  Atlas 
Edidit,  aBthereos  humero  qui  sustinet  orbes. 
138.  Quern  conceptum  Vobis  Mercurius  pater  est,  quern  Candida  Maia 

Candida  Maia  fudit        Cyllenes  gelido  conceptum  vertice  fudit. 

At  Maiam,  auditis  si  quicquam  credimus,  Atlas, 
Idem  Atlas  generat,  coeli  qui  sidera  tollit. 
142.  Sic  genus  ambo-gic  amborum  scindit  se  sanguine  ab  uno. 

rum  nostrum  scindit  se  » 

143.£gofretushisre-His  fretus  ;  non  legates,  neque  pnma  per  artem 

6ws  non  pepigi  Tentamenta  tui  pepigi  ;  memet  ipse,  meumque 

Objeci  caput,  et  supplex  ad  limina  veni. 

146.  Eadem  Daunia  Gens  eadem,  quiE  te,  crudeli  Daunia  bello 
gens,  quae  insequitur  te  Insequitur  :  nos  si  pellant,  nihil  abfore  credunt, 
crudeli  bello,  insequilur  Qum  omnem  Hesperiam  penitus  sua  sub  juga  mittant  ; 
"ulTEUeneant  mare,  ^t  mare»  qu°d  supra,  teneant,  qundque  alluit  infra. 
quod  alluit  earn  supra',  Accipe,  daque  fidem.     Sunt  nobis  fortia  bello  150 

qnodqne  alluit  earn  infra  Pectora,  sunt  animi,  et  rebus  spectata  juventus. 

152.  Ille.Et?a?uferjam-  Dixcrat  ^Eneas  :  ille  os  oculosque  loquentis 
dudnmlustrabatosocu-  Jamdudum,  et  totum  lustrabat  lumine  corpus. 
locque  JEntK  loquentis  Tunc  gic  auca  refert  .  Ut  ^  fortissimc  Teucrum, 


131 


135 


140 


145 


NOTES. 


130.  A  stirpe  fores  conjunctus,  &c.    It  ap- 
pears that  Evander  was  related  to  the  sons 
of  Atreus,  Agamemnon  and  Menelaus,  the 
bitter  enemies  of  the  Trojans.     Atlas  was 
their  common   ancestor.      He   had    seven 
daughters;  of    one    of  them    Jove    begat 
Tantalus,  the  grandfather  of  Atreus.     Of 
another  (Maia)  he  begat  Mercury,  the  repu- 
ted father  of  Evander.     Stirpe :  in  the  sense 
of  origine. 

131.  Oracula :  these  were  the  answers  or 
responses  of  the  Sibyl.     See  JEn.  VI.  96. 
Didita  :  diffused — spread. 

132.  Cognati  patres.  Electra,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Atlas,  was  the  mother  of  Dardanus, 
by  Jove  ;  so  that  ^Eneas  and  Evander  had 
the  same  common  origin — Atlas  and  Jove. 
Their  ancestors  were  relations. 

133.  Fatis  :  by  their  power — authority ; 
they  forced  or  impelled  me  hither  by  their 
authority.      Yet  he  came  willingly — their 
commands   and  directions  concurred  with 
his  own  inclinations. 

135.  Cretus :  sprung  from  Electra,  the 
daughter  of  Atlas.  Here  the  poet  traces 
the  line  of  relationship  between  ^Eneas  and 
Evander . 

137.  Edidit:  in  the  sense  of  genuit. 

139.  Fudit :  in  the  sense  of  peperit,  vel 
edidit. 

140.  -Si  credimus  quicquam :  if  we  give 
any  credit  to    things  heard — to  tradition. 
Atlas.  See  ^En.  IV.  247.  and  Geor.  I.  138. 


Cyllenes:  gen.  of  Cyllene:  a  mountain  in 
Arcadia,  where  Mercury  was  born  ;  whence 
he  is  sometimes  called  Cyllenus. 

143.  Genus:  in  the  sense  of  gens,  vel/a- 
milia. 

144.  JVbn  pepigi  prima  :  I  did  not  make 
the  first  trial  of  your  inclinations  in  this 
matter  by  ambassadors,  nor  by  art ;  but  I 
have  come  in  person — I  have  exposed  my- 
self and  my  life  to  the  consequences.     Pe- 
pigi :  the  perf.  of  pango.     Heyne  says,  non 
prius  te  sentavi  per  legates,  et  callida  consilia, 
which  is  evidently  the  sense  of  the  passage. 

146.  Daunia :  an  adj.  from  Daunus,  the 
father  of  Turnus. — Rutulian  or  Italian. 

149.  Et  mare,  quod :  should  they  be  able 
to  expel  us,  they  hope  to  be  able  to  subject 
all  Italy,  from  the  Adriatic  sea  on  the  north, 
to  the  Tuscan  or  lower  sea  on  the  south. 

151.  Spectata  rebus  :  tried  or  exercised  in 
action.  Animi :  courage. 

153.  Lustrabat  lumine :  surveyed  with  an 
attentive  eye.  Lumine:  in  the  sense  of 
ocuU». 

157.  Hesiones :  Hesione  was  the  daughter 
of  Laomedon,  king  of  Troy.  She  married 
Telamon,  king  of  the  island  of  Salamis,  in 
the  Sinus  Saronicus.  Hesiones :  gen.  of 
Hesione ;  put  in  apposition  with  sororis. 

159.  Protiniis.  Dr.  Trapp  renders  this, 
in  his  way.  But  Arcadia  lies  to  the  west  of 
Salamis.  It  must  mean,  at  the  same  time — 
continuing  his  journey  forward.  Priam,  be- 


•JRNEIS.     LIB.  VIII. 


437 


160 


165 


Accipio,  agnoscoque  libens  !  ut  verba  parentis         155 
Et  vocem  Anchisce  magni  vultumque  recordor  ! 
Nam  memini  Hesiones  visentem  regna  sororis 
Laomedontiadem  Priamum,  Salamina  petentem, 
Protinus  Arcadia?  gelidos  invisere  fines. 
Turn  mihi  prirna  genas  vestibat  flore  juventa  : 
Mirabarque  duces  Teucros,  mirabar  et  ipsum 
Laomedontiaden  :  sed  cunctis  altior  ibat 
Anchises.     Mihi  mens  juvenili  ardebat  amore 
Compellare  virum,  et  dextrae  conjungere  dextram. 
Accessi,  et  cupidus  Phenei  sub  moenia  duxi. 
lile  mihi  insignem  pharetram,  Lyciasque  sagittas 
Discedens,  chlamydemque  auro  dedit  intertextam, 
Fraenaque  bina,  meus  quae  nunc  habet  aurea  Pallas. 
Ergo  et,  quam  petitis,  juncta  est  mihi  fcedere  dextra : 
Et,  lux,  cum  primum  terris  se  crastina  reddet,          170 
Auxilio  laetos  dimittam,  opibusque  juvabo. 
Interea  sacra  haec,  quando  hue  venistis  amici, 
Annua,  quoe  differre  nefas,  celebrate  faventes 
Nobiscum,  et  jam  nunc  sociorum  assuescite  mensis. 

Haec  ubi  dicta,  dapes  jubet  et  sublata  reponi         175 
Pocula,  gramineoque  viros  locat  ipse  sedili :, 
Praecipuumque  toro  et  villosi  pelle  leonis     ^A^H/^O' 
Accipit  jEneam,  solioque  invitat  acerno.   7^. 
Turn  lecti  juvenes  certatim  araeque  sacerdos 
Viscera  tosta  ferunt  taurorum,  onerantque  canistris  180 
Dona  laboratas  Cereris,  Bacchumque  ministrant. 
Vescitur  ^Eneas,  simul  et  Trojana  juventus, 
Perpetui  tergo  bovis,  et  lustralibus  extis. 

-4*       Noras. 


dit  mihi 


172.  Interea,  quando 
vos  venistis  hue  tanguam 
amici,  faventes  cele- 


differre 

175.   Ubi  haec  dicta 
*wnf,  jubet 


ing  on  a  visit  to  his  sister  at  Salamis,  pro- 
ceeded  with  his  company  and  attendants  to 
visit  the  cool  borders  of  Arcadia.  Anchises 
accompanied  him,  with  whom  Evander,  then 
a  youth,  contracted  an  acquaintance  and 
friendship. 

160.  Flore.  Flos  here  may  mean  the 
down  on  his  cheeks,  before  he  had  properly 
a  beard.  Ruaeus  says,  lanugine.  Ve.stibo.1  : 
by  syn.  for  vestiebat. 

165.  Phenei.     Pheneum  or  Pheneus,  was 
a   city  in   Arcadia,   near  mount   Cyllene. 
Duxi  :  I  led  Anchises,  &c. 

166.  Lycias  :  an  adj.  from  Lycia,  a  coun- 
try  of  Asia  Minor,  whose  inhabitants  were 
famed  for  their  skill  in  archery.    Here  Apol- 
lo,  the  god  of  the  bow,  had  a  famous  temple, 

169.  Mihi  :  in  the  sense  of  mea,  agreeing 
with  dextra. 

171.  Auxilio.  This  may  refer  to  the  men, 
whom  Evander  sent  with  him  to  the  war, 
and  ojribus,  to  the  provisions,  and  other  ne- 
cessaries,  with  which  he  furnished  him. 

172.  Interea  hcec  sacra.   This  is  an  episode 
of  the  finest  kind,  and  adds  much  to  the 
excellence  of  this  book.     The  story  in  brief 
is  this  :  Cacus,  a  monster,  the  son  of  Vulcan, 
half  man  and  half  beast,  had  his  residence 
in   an  inaccessible  mountain,   whence   he 


used  to  make  excursions  into  the  plain,  and 
plunder  and  lay  waste  the  country.  Her- 
cules,  on  his  return  from  Spain,  happened 
to  pass  this  way;  and  having  discovered 
the  monster,  by  the  lowing  of  one  of  his 
heifers,  which  he  had  stolen,  came  upon 
him  and  slew  him.  For  this  act,  the  inha- 
bitants  considered  him  their  benefactor,  and 
paid  him  divine  honors. 

175.  Reponi  :  to  be  replaced  —  brought 
back.  They  had  finished  their  repast,  and 
the  dishes  had  been  removed. 

178.  Actrno:  maple  —  made  of  the  wood 
of  the  maple-tree. 

179.  Sacerdos  arce.     The  feast  at  the  end 
of  the  ceremony  was  always  considered  a* 
a  part  of  the  sacrifice.     The  priest,  therc- 
fore,  does  nothing  out  of  character  in  serv- 
ing  at  this  entertainment. 

180.  Tosla  viscera  :  the  roasted  flesh,  &c. 

181.  Dona  laboratcc  Cereris  :  a  circumlocu- 
tion  for  bread.     Bacchum  :  for  vinum. 

183.  Tergo  perpe.tui  boris  :  they  feast  upon 
the  chine  of  an  entire  ox,  and  the  hallowed 
entrails.  At  some  of  their  entertainments, 
it  is  evident  from  Homer,  that  the  ancients 
used  to  roast,  and  serve  up  whole  oxen. 
Homer  assigns  the  chine  to  his  heroes,  and 
that  whole  and  unbroken. 


43S  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Postquam  exempta  fames,  et  amor  compresses  edendi, 
Rex  Evandrus  ait :  Non  hsec  solemnia  nobis,  185 

Has  ex  more  dapes,  hanc  tanti  numinis  aram, 
Vana  superstitio  veterumve  ignara  Deorum      , 
Imposuit :  saevis,  hospes  Trojane,  periclis 
Servati  facimus,  meritosque  novamus  honores. 
Jam  primum  saxis  suspensam  hanc  aspice  rupem  :  190 
191.  Ut  moles  disject®  Disjectae  procul  ut  moles,  desertaque  montis 

twit  procul  gtat  domus>  et  scopuli  ingentem  traxere  ruinam. 

193.HicfuitspeluncaHic  spelunca  fuit  vasto  submota  recessu, 

submota  vasto  recessu,  Semihominis  Caci  facies  quam  dira  tenebat, 

quam  inaccessam  radiis  golis  inaccessam  radiig  •  semperque  recenti  195 

Caede  tepebat  humus  ;  foribusque  affixa  superbis 
Ora  viriim  tristi  pendebant  pallida  tabo. 
Huic  monstro  Vulcanus  erat  pater  :  illius  atros 
'199.  Tile  vomens  atros  Ore  vomens  ignes,  magna  se  mole  ferebat. 

ignes  illius  patris  ex  ore  Attulit  et  nobis  aliquando  optantibus  setas  200 

fe,£^aiTse    .  ,    Auxilium  adventumque  Dei  :  nam  maximus  ultor, 

201.  JNarji  Alcides  aae-  „.  .    .  «  •  i--  i_ 

rat,  maximus  ultor  m-  Tergemim  nece  Geryoms  spohisque  superbus, 
minum,  superbus  nece,  Alcides  adcrat  :  taurosque  hac  victor  agebat 
spoliisque  Ingentes  :  vallemque  boves  amnemque  tenebant. 

At  furiis  Caci  mens  eff era,  ne  quid  inausum  205 

Aut  intractatum  scelerisve  dolive  fuisset, 
209.  Atque  occultabat  Quatuor  a  stabulis  praestanti  corpore  tauros 
hos  opaco  saxo,  tractos  Avertit,  totidem  forma  superante  juvencas. 
ra  toseuenverTisind?dts  At(*ue  1?OS'  ne  <lua  forent  pedibus  vestigia  rectis, 
'  vtarum,UneVquaVelti2a  Cau<&  in  speluncam  tractos,  versisque  viarum         210 
forent  ex  pedibus  rectis  Indiciis  raptos,  saxo  occultabat  opaco. 

NOTES. 

184.  Compressus :  was  allayed.  The  verb  1 99.  Magna  mole. :of  vast  sizejor  magnitude. 

est  is  understood.  200.   JEtas  aliquando  :    time    at   length 

186.  Hanc  aram :  this  sacrifice  in  honor  brought  also  aid,  and   the  presence  of  a 
of  so  great  a  god.    Ara,  by  meton.  for  the  god  to  us  wishing  it — greatly  desiring  it. 
sacrifice  offered  upon  it  Et :  also.     It  brought  aid,  &c.  to  us,  as  it 

187.  JVbn    superstitio:  not   superstition,  had  done  to  many  others,  whose  grievances 
vain  and  ignorant  of  the  old  Gods,  hath  Hercules  had  redressed. 

imposed  on  us  these  solemn  rites,  these,  &c.  202.  Geryonis :  Geryon  was  said  to  have 

Superstition  here  is  opposed   to  religion,  three  bodies,  because  he  reigned  over  the 

The   former  was  the  worship  of  modern  three  islands,  Majorca,  Minorca,  and  Ivica, 

gods,  to  the  neglect  of  the  old  ones;  while  on  the  Spanish  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 

the  latter  was  adhering  to  the  established  See  -ffin.  vi.  289. 

worship  of  the  old  gods  exclusively.     The  204.  Amnem  :  this  must  mean  the  banks 

religion  of  Evander  was  not  a  false  super-  of  the  river,  and  not  the  river  itself.  Eff  era  : 

stition,  disregarding  the  ancient  gods,  and  in  the  sense  of  condtata.    Mens  Caci :  the 

the  established  order  of  their  worship.  It  was  mind  of  Cacus,  by  meton.  for  Cacus  himself, 

founded  in  gratitude  to  Hercules,  for  a  great  208.  Avertit:  in  the  sense  of  abducit.  £M- 

deliverance  from  a  most  cruel  monster.  per  ante :  in  the  sense  of  eximia,  vel  pulchra. 

189.  Meritos  honores:  Ruseus  says,  meri-  The  prep,  e  is  understood,  to  govern  forma, 

turn  cultum.     Novamus  :  we  repeat.  It  also  governs  corpore,  in  the  preceding  line. 

191.  Ut:  in  the  sense  of  quomodo.  209.  Ne.  qua  vestigia  forent,  &c.  Themean- 

194.  Dira  facies  Caci,  &r.  Dr.  Trappob-  ing  is:  that  Cacus  drew  the  cattle  back- 
serves,  it  is  a  peculiar  elegancy  in  poetry,  ward  to  his  cave,  that  their  tracks  might 
to  put  a  person's  most  remarkable  quality  seem  to  proceed  irom  it ;  and  might  lead  the 
in  a  substantive,  as  an  ei-ithet  to  him  in  an  searcher  for  them  the  other  way  ;  and  by 
adjective  Than:  sap ientia  LvL,  ibr  wise  that  mean*  prevent  discovery. 
Lffiliu*.  Vis  fferc-'ilis,  for  powerful  Hercules.  211.  Saxo  opaco.  By  this  we  may  under- 
Dira  fades  Cwi.  tor  direfui-iooicing  Cacus.  stand  nis  cave,  which  was  in  a  rocky  moun- 
See  supra.  172.  tain.  Or  by  saxum,  the  stone  which  shut 

197.  Ora :  in  the  sense  of  capita.  the  mouth  or  entrance  of  his  cave.    He  hid 


LIB.  VIII. 


Quaerentem  nulla  ad  speluncam  signa  ferebant. 

Interea  cum  jam  stabulis  saturata  moveret 

Amphitryoniades  armenta,  abitumque  pararet, 

Discessu  mugire  boves,  atque  omne  querelis 

Impleri  nernus,  et  colies  clamore  relinqui. 

Reddidit  una  bourn  vocem,  vastoque  sub  antro 

Mugiit,  et  Caci  spem  custodita  fefellit.  - — - 

Hie  vero  Alcidae  furiis  exarserat  atro 

Felle  dolor  :  rapit  arma  manu,  nodisque  gravatum  220 

Robur,  et  aerii  cursu  petit  ardua  mentis. 

Turn  primum  nostri  Cacum  videre  timentem, 

Turbatumque  oculis.     Fugit  ilicet  ocyor  Euro, 

Speluncamque  petit :  pedibus  timor  addidit  alas. 

Ut  sese  inclusit,  ruptisque  immane  catenis  225 

Dejecit  saxum,  ferro  quod  et  arte  paterna 

Pendebat ;  fultosque  emuniit  objice  postes  ; 

Ecce  furens  animis  aderat  Tirynihius,  omnemque 

Accessum  lustrans,  hue  ora  ferebat  et  illuc, 

Dentibus  infrendens.     Ter  totum  fervidus  ira  230 

Lustrat  Aventini  montem ;  ter  saxea  teniat 

Limina  nequicquam  ;  ter  fessus  valle  resedit. 

Stabat  acuta  silex,  prsecisis  undique  saxis, 

Speluncse  dorso  insurgens,  altissima  visu, 

Dirarum  nidis  domus  opportuna  volucrum. 

Hane,  ut  prona  jugo  laevum  incumbebat  ad  amnem, 

Dexter  in  adversum  nitens  cbncussit,  et  imis 


499 

212.  Nulla  signa  fere- 
bant  heroa  quserentem 
boves 

215  215.  Boves  caperunt 
mugire  discessu,  atque 
omne  nemus  capit  im- 
pleri  querelis,  et  colies 
caperunt  relinqui  cla- 
more 


221.  Ardua  juga  aerii 
montis 

222.  Nostri  homines 


236.  Hercules  dexter 
nitens  in  adversum  con- 
hanc  silicem,  ut 
prona  incumbebat  jugo 
ad  Isevura  amuem,  et 
solvit  earn  avulsam 


NOTES. 


them  in  his  cave,  by  shutting  the  entrance 
upon  them.  Indiciis :  in  the  sense  of  signis. 
212.  Qweeren/em  :  Hercules  searching  for 
his  cattle.  Ferebant :  in  the  sense  of  duct- 
bunt. 

214.  Abitum :  a  sup.  in  «m,  of  abeo ;  to 
depart. 

215.  Discessu :  in  their  departure — as  he 
was  driving  them  off.     This  bellowing  of 
his  cattle  was  in  consequence  of  the  loss  of 
those  that  had  been  stolen  by  Cacus.     At 
this  moment  one  of  those  shut  up  in  the 
cave,  hearing  the  bellowing  of  her  mates, 
answered,  and  by  that  means,  leu  to  a  disco- 
very. 

216.  Relinqui :  the  hills  were  left  by  the 
cattle,  to  proceed  on  their  way ;  and  conse- 
quently, they  would  cease  to  resound  with 
the  i.i.       .    -.{'  the  herd.       ,, 

219.  Furiis :  in  the  sense  of  infurias. 

220.  Dolor  atro  felle :  then  indeed  rage 
from  the  black  gall  of  Hercules,  flamed  into 
fury.     Alcidce :  gen.  of  Alcides^  a  name  of 
Hercules.    The  poet  here  supposes  the  gall 
to  be  the  seat  of  the  angry  passions. 

221.  Robur:  the  club  was  the  principal 
weapon  of  Hercules. 

223.  Oculis.  By  this  is  evidently  meant 
the  sight  of  Hercules.  On  seeing  the  hero 
approach,  Cacus  was  filled  with  fear  and 
consternation.  Dr.  Trapp  and  Mr  David- 
son, both  give  a  very  singular  turn  to  this. 


They  think  that  Cacus  by  his  eyes  ex- 
pressed his  fear  and  dismay.  Ruaeus  says, 
visu. 

226.  Paterna  arte:  by  his  father's  art. 
The  Cyclops,  the  servants  of  Vulcan,  are  said 
to  have  invented  the  art  of  fortifying  cities. 

227.  Postes :  properly  the  door-posts.   By 
rneton.  the  door  or  entrance.    Objice :  from 
obear,  a  bolt  or  bar — any  thing  that  shutteth 
in  or  out,  and  preventeth  passage.    Fultos : 
secured. 

228.  Tirynlkius.    A  name  of  Hercules, 
from  Tirynthus,  a  town  of  Argolis,  in  the 
Peloponnesus,  where  he  passed  the  greater 
part  of  his  youth. 

22<).  Ferebat  ora :  he  cast  his  eyes — he 
looked  on  every  side. 

233.  Acuta  silex  stabat,  &c.  The  mean- 
ing of  the  passage  is  this :  on  the  side  of 
the  cave,  stood  a  large  flinty  rock,  and  pro- 
jecting \vitii  its  top  over  the  river  on  the  left. 
This  the  hero  observing,  he  took  hit  s-and 
opposite  to  it  on  the  right ;  and  exerting  his 
strength,  started  it  from  its  bed,  and  pulled 
it  over.  By  this  means,  an  \pcrture  was 
made  into  the  cave  of  the  monster.  This 
cave  was  on  Mount  Aventinus.  on  the  east 
of  the  Tiber.  Saxis  prcecisis  undique :  the 
rock  brting  sharpened  or  tapered  all  around 
toward  the  top.  This  rock  was  a  suita- 
ble place  for  the  haunts  of  inauspicious 
bird.. 


440  P.VIRGILII   MARONIS 

Avulsam  solvit  radicibus  :  indc  repentc 
Impulit,  impulsu  quo  maximus  insonat  aether  : 
Dissultant  ripae,  refluitque  exterritus  amnis.  240 

At  specus,  et  Caci  detecta  apparuit  ingens 
Regia,  et  umbrosae  penitus  patuere  cavernae. 
243.  Non  secus   ac  Non  secus  ac  siqua  penitus  vi  terra  dehiscens 

siqua  ji  terra  dehiscens  lnfernas  reseret  sedes,  et  regna  recludat 

pemtus  asPallida,  Dis  invisa;   superque  immane  barathrum   245 

Cernatur,  trepidentque  irnmisso  lumine  Manes.        » 
247.  Ergo  Alcides  pro-  Ergo  insperata  deprensum  in  luce  repentc, 

mit  turn  telis  desuper,  Inclusumque  cavo  saxo,  atque  insueta  rudentein,  /  ^ 

repente   deprensum  in  Desuper  Alcides  telis  premit,  omniaque  arma 

Advocat,  et  ramis  vastisque  molaribus  instat.  250 

Ille  autem,  neque  enim  fuga  jam  super  ulla  pericli  est, 
Faucibus  ingentem  fumum,  mirabile  dictu  ! 
Evomit  ;  involvitque  domum  caligine  caeca, 
Prospectum  eripiens  oculis  :  glomeratque  sub  antro 
Fumiferam  noctem,  commixtis  igne  tenebris.  255 

256.  Alcides   ardens  Non  tulit  Alcides  animis  ;  seque  ipse  per  ignem 

animif  non  tuUt  /we;  praBCipiti  jecit  saltu,  qua  plurimus  undam 

Fumus  agit,  nebulaque  ingens  specus  aestuat  atra. 
Hie  Cacum  in  tenebris  incendia  vana  vomentem 
260.  Complexus  eum  Corripit,  in  nodum  complexus  ;  et  angit  inhaerens   260 

in  nodum  Elisos  oculos,  et  siccum  sanguine  guttur. 

Panditur  extemplo  foribus  domus  atra  revulsis  : 
Abstractaeque  boves,  abjurataeque  rapinae 
265.  Nostra  corda  ne-  Ccelo  ostenduntur  ;  pedibusque  informe  cadaver 

queunt,  Protrahitur.     Nequeunt  expleri  corda  tuendo  265 

NOTES. 

236.  Jugo  :  in  the  sense  of  vertice.  any  stone.    Advocat  :  calls  to  his  aid  every 

238.  Solvit  :  loosened  it.  kind  of  weapon,  &c. 

239.  Quo  impulsu  :  by  the  fall  of  which.         251.  Fuga  .  esca        s         at%  The       t, 

240.  Ripa  dissultant.  Mr.  Davidson  thinks     of  the  verb  are  separated  by  tmesis. 
this  is  to  be  taken  in  a  literal  sense  ;  the         __„    T 

banks  leap  different  ways.     The  tumbling  253'  Invo^-  ™  the  sense  of  imp  let. 

rock  shatters  the  bank,  and  makes  it  fly  in  254.  Oculis  :  from  the  eyes  of  Hercules. 

pieces.  These  shattered  fragments,  together  Glomerat  :  whirls  around  in  his  cave,  &c. 

with  the  splinters  of  the  rock,  falling  into  256.  Animis:  in  the  sense  of  ird. 

the  river,  drive   back   its   current.      This  257.  Qua  fumus  :  where  the  smoke  as- 

plain  natural  eftect,  the  poet  describes  in  cends  thickest  in  wavy  columns  ;  and  where 

animated  style  :  Dissultant  ripoz,  &c.  the  capacious  den  waves  in  black  clouds  of 

241.  Detecta:  uncovered.  smoke 


-.  *»•  »«"  «*»  -'  Aiding  him  fast,  he 

244.  Reseret  :  in  the  sense  of  aperial  squeezes  his  eyes  started  from  their  sockets 

245.  Invisa  Dis  :  abhorred-hated  by  the  f?d  hlS  throatkdestlt«te  of  blood.     He  held 
gods.     Ru^us  interprets  invisa,  by  ina^ec-  h"y?  ,fest  J.bo.at  th.e  ™$  ^  hls  ^ 
ta:  unseen-invisible.      Dr.  Tra/P  thinks  parted  from  their  sockets     It  also  prevented 
this  to  be  one  of  the  finest  Mte  that  ever  the  circu'atl°n,  of  th«  bl°od  ;    the   conse~ 
was  written.     The  idea  is  taken  from  Ho-  quence  °f  whlch  Was  death' 

mer.   Iliad,  Lib.  20.     Super  :  in  the  sense  263.  Abstracts  boves  :  these  were  the  sto- 

of  desuper.  len  or  filched  heifers  of  Hercules.     Abjura- 

248.  Rudenlem  insueta  :  roaring  hugely.  t<R  rapine  •'  abjured  plunder.     Most  proba- 

Insueta:  an  adj.  neu.  plu.  taken  as  an  adv.  kly  these  were  things  which  Cacus  had  de- 

in  imitation  of  the  Greeks.  nied  upon  oath  to  have  been  in  his  posses- 

250.  Ramis.  Here  the  boughs  are  taken  for  s^on' 

the  trees  that  bore  them,  by  synec.  ;  for  the  ^64.  Ccdo  :  in  the  sense  of  luci. 

boughs  would  have  been  too  feeble  weap-  265.  Corda  :  in  the  sense  of  tmimi,  vel 

ons,     Molare  :  properly  a  mill-stone  —  here  oculi. 


IS.     L1K.  Viil. 


W  0 


Terribiies  oculos,  vultum,  villosaque  setis 
Pectora  semiferi,  atque  extinctos  faucibus  ignes. 

Ex  illo  celebratus  honos,  laetique  minores 
Servavere  diem  ;  primusque  Potitius  auctor, 
Et  domus  Herculei  custos  Pinaria  sacri, 
Hanc  aram  luco  statuit ;  quae  maxima  semper 
Dicetur  nobis,  et  erit  quae  maxima  semper. 
Quare  agite,  6  juvenes,  tantarum  in  munere  laudum, 
Cingite  fronde  comas,  et  pocula  pdrgite  dextris ; 
Communemque  vocate  Deum,  et  date  vina  volentes. 
Dixerat.    Herculea  bicolor  cum  populus  umbra       276 
Velavitque  comas,  foliisque  innexa  pependit ; 
Et  sacer  implevit  dextram  scyphus.     Ocyus  omnes 
In  mensam  laeti  libant,  Divosque  precantur. 

Devexo  interea  propior  fit  vesper  Olympo  :  280 

Jamque  sacerdotes,  primusque  Potitius,  ibant, 
Pellibus  in  morem  cincti,  flammasque  ferebant. 
Instaurant  epulas,  et  mensae  grata  secundsB 
Dona  ferunt,  cumulantque  oneratis  lancfbus  aras. 
Tum  Salii  ad  cantus,  incensa  altaria  circum,  285 


267.  Pectora  semiteri 
Caci  villosa 

268  Ex  illo  temporr 
honos  Herculis  celebra- 
tus  est 

270.  Et  Pinaria  do- 
mus, custos  Herculei 
sacri 


275.  Herculem  com- 
munem  Deum. 


quoad  tempora  populeKs 
ramis  adsunt 


NOTES. 


269.  Auctor :  institutor — founder. 

270.  Domus:  in  the  sense  of  familia.  Sa- 
cri •  in  the  sense  of  sacrijicii,  says  Ruseus. 
Custos:  keeper — preserver.      Ruaeus  inter- 
prets it  by  ministra  ;  which  implies  that  this 
family  performed  the  offering's  and  sacrifices 
to  Hercules  themselves.     Davidson  renders 
it :  "  the  depository  of  this  institution  sacred 
to  Hercules." 

271.  Quce  dicetur :  which  shall  always  be 
called  the  greatest  by  us,  &c.     Dionysius 
informs  us  that  this  was  the  altar  on  which 
Hercules  offered  the  tenth  of  his  spoils.    On 
that  account  it  became  the  object  of  their 
chief  veneration  ;  and  was  therefore  called 
maxima,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  numerous 
altars,  which  that  hero  had  in  Italy. 

273.  Munere  tantarum  :  in  the  celebration 
of  so  great  virtue,  &c.  Laudum :  praise- 
worthy deeds.  Munus,  says  Donatus,  dici- 
tur  cur  a  cujusque  rei  perficiendce  imposita 
cum  necessitate  faciendi. 

275.  Communem  Deum.  Those  gods  were 
called  communes,  or  common,  who  were  wor- 
shipped on  account  of  their  general  good, 
or  utility.     Such  were  Mars  and  Mercury. 
Hercules  was  one  of  them .    The  Arcadians, 
Trojans,  and  Italians,  equally  worshipped 
them. 

276.  Populus  bicolor,  £c.  The  poplar  tree 
was  sacred  to  Hercules,  because,  in  his  de- 
scent to  hell,  he  made  himself  a  crown  of  the 
leaves  of  that  tree.    The  par*  next  his  head 
retained  its  color,  while  the  outer  part  be- 
came black  with  the  smoke  of  the  infernal 
regions.     Hence  it  is  called  bicolor  :  double- 
colored.     Herculea  umbra :  with  its  Hercu- 
lean shade. 

?77.  tnnexa  :  in  the  sense  of  implicate. 


278.  Scyphus :  a  large  vessel  or  cup  used 
by  Hercules,  and  sacred  to  that  god.  It  is 
of  Greek  origin. 

280.  Vesper  Jit:  the  evening  becomes 
nearer,  the  heaven  being  set — the  day  being 
closed.  This  is  said  according  to  the  notion 
of  those  philosophers,  who  taught  that  the 
whole  heavens  revolve  about  the  earth  in 
the  space  of  twenty-four  hours.  As  the 
hemisphere  of  day  sets,  that  of  the  night 
arises.  Devexo  Olympo  :  the  day  drawing 
toward  a  close.  This  is  the  better  version. 
For  night  had  not  yet  arrived.  It  was  only 
fast  approaching — it  was  coming  near. 

282.  Cincti :  clad  in  skins  according  to 
custom.  This  custom  was  founded  on  the 
habit  of  Hercules,  which  was  the  skin  of  a. 
lion. 

284.  Cumulanl  aras;  they  heap  the  al- 
tars with  full  chargers.     La  Cerda  under- 
stands this  of  the  incense,  which,  on  solemn 
occasions,  used  to  be  offered  on  broad  plates. 
This  seems  to  agree  best  with  the  following 
words :  circum  incensa  altaria  :  around  the 
altars  burning  with  incense.     Others  refer 
it  to  the  dona  secunda,  menscc ;  the  fruits  and 
other  delicacies  which  used  to  be  served  up 
in   the  second  course;  and,  in  the  sacred 
banquets,  were  first  presented  on  the  altar 
by  way  of  consecration.     The  ancients  di- 
vided their  feasts  into  one,  two,  and  some- 
times  three   courses,    or   tables :   the  first 
course  consisted  of  meats,  which  being  re- 
moved, a  second   course  was  brought  on, 
consisting'of  fruits,  desserts,  wine,  &c.  They 
were   denominated  prima  mensa,   stcundo, 
mensa,  &c. 

285.  Salii.     These  were  a  choir  of  twelve 
men  of  patrician  order,   first  instituted  bv 


P.  V1RG1LI1  MARONIS 


287.   Hit;  csi  chorus  Populeis  aclsunt  evincti  tempora  ramis. 
juvenum,  ille  est  chorus  jjjc  juvenum  chorus,  ille  senuni ;  qui  carmine  laudes 
S628™uTpremens  nrn-  Herculeas  et  facta  ferunt:  ut  prima  noverc* 
nu  eliserit  prima  mon-  Monstra  manu,  germnosque  premens  ehsent  angues 
stra  novercse  Junonis,  Ut  bello  egregias  idem  disjecerit  urbes, 
geminosque  angues:      Trojamque,  CEchaliamque  ;  at  duros  mille  labores 

293.Tu,Oinvictefo-R         sub  Eurystheo,  fatis  Junonis  iniquse, 
nubigTar  ^Pertulerit.     Tu  nubigenas,  invictc,  bimembres, 

296.  Cerberus  janitor  Hylaeumque,  Pholumque  ntanu  ;  tu  Cressia  mactas 
Orci,  recubans  cruento  Prodigia,  ct  vastum  Nemese  sub  rupe  leonem,          295 
antrosuperscmesaossa,Te  styo-ii  tremuere  lacus  :  te  janitor  Orci, 
SST^A^Tte  Ossa  9UPer  recubans  antro  semesa  cruento. 

300.  Lernoeus  anguis  Nee  te  ullae  facies,  non  terruit  ipse  Typhceus 
mm  turba  capitum  cir-  Arduus,  arma  tenens  :  non  te  rationis  egentem 
cumstetit  te  non  egen-  Lernseus  turba  capitum  circumstetit  anguis.  300 

"SSlftrtr  adiet  |al™>  vera  Jovis  proles,  decus  addite  Divis  ; 
nos  et  tua  sacra  Et  nos,  et  tua  dexter  adi  pede  sacra  secundo. 


NOTES. 


in  honor  of  Mars.  Virgil  supposes 
that  Evander  was  the  founder  of  it  in  ho- 
nor of  Hercules,  so  called  from  salio.  Evan- 
der divided  his  band  into  two  choirs ;  the 
one  consisting  of  youths,  the  other  of  old  men. 
286.  Adsunt :  in  the  sense  of  accedunt  vel 
saltant.  Cantus:  music — song.  Ruoeus 
says,  inter  cantus. 

288.  Ferunt  carmine :   they  celebrate  in 
song  the  praises  of  Hercules,  and  his  heroic 
deeds.     The  chief  of  these  are  ten,  which 
are  denominated  labors.     1.  When   in  his 
cradle,  he  killed  the  two  serpents  that  Juno 
s.ent  to  devour  him ;  2.  He  took  Troy  in  the 
reign  of  Laomedon,  because  he  refused  to 
pay  the  promised  reward  for  delivering  his 
daughter  Hesione  from   a  whale ;    3.    He 
destroyed  the  city  of  (Echalia,  in  Thessaly, 
because  Eurytus,  its  king,  refused  to  give 
him  his  daughter  after  he  had  promised  her 
to  him ;  4.  The  servitude  imposed  upon  him 
by  Eurystheus,  king  of  My  cense ;  5.  His 
victory  over  the  centaurs,  a  people  of  Thes- 
saly ;  6.  His  victory  over  the  bull  that  ra- 
vaged Crete.     This  bull  vomited  or  breath- 
ed flames.     Some  say  he  killed  him,  others 
that  he  carried  him  to  Eurystheus  ;  7.  His 
victory  over  the  lion  in  the  Nemsean  grove  ; 
8.  His  descent  into  hell ;  9.  He  assisted  the 
gods  in  the  war  against  the  giants ;  10.  He 
lulled  the  hydra  of  a  hundred  heads  in  the 
lake  of  Lerna.     It  is  said  he  built  a  funeral 
i>ile  on  mount  (Eta,  in  Thessaly,  von  which 
he  threw  himself;  and  having  become  pu- 
rified from  all  mortal  pollution,  he  ascended 
lo  heaven,  and  took  a  seat  among  the  gods. 
See  Lex.  under  Hercules.     Ferunt:  in  the 
sense  of  mernorant  vel  celebrant. 

289.  Premens :  grasping  in  his  hand,  he 
killed  the  first  monsters,  &c.     Ut :  how. 

292.  Euryrtheo.  Eurystheus  was  king  of 
Mycenae,  to  whom  Hercules  was  made  sub- 
ject by  the  fates  for  a  term  of  years.  He 


imposed  on  him  the  severest  labors,  at  the 
instance  of  Juno,  with  an  intention  to  des- 
troy him.  Juno  was  the  bitter  enemy  of 
her  stepson.  Hence  she  is  called  iniquK 
Junonis.  Falls  :  by  the  order — destination. 
Per  potestatem  Junonis,  says  Ruseus. 

293.  Nubigenas:  the  cloud-born  sons. — 
They  were  fabled  to  have  been  the  sons  of 
Jxion  and  Nubes.     Their  upper  part  was 
human,  their  lower  part  a  horse.     Hence 
they  are  called  bimembres:  double  membered. 
The  truth  of  the  fable  is  this :  Mount  Pe- 
lion  was  infested  by  a  species  of  wild  cattle 
or  bulls,  that  proved  very  troublesome  to  tho 
inhabitants  of  the  adjacent  country.     Ixioii, 
king  of  Thessaly,  offered  a  great  reward  to 
any  who  should  destroy  them.    Whereupon, 
the  young  men  of  a  village  called  Nephele 
undertook  it.     For  this  purpose  they  mount- 
ed on  horseback,   and  attacked  them  with 
such  success,  that,  in  a  short  time,  they  were 
utterly  destroyed.     Hence  the  fable  of  their 
being  begotten  by  Ixion  on  a  cloud,  Nepkeh 
being  the   Greek  word  for  a  cloud.     They 
were  called  Centauri,  from  the  circumstance 
of  their  killing  these   bulls.     Tu,  invicte. 
This  is  a  beautiful  transition  from  the  third 
person  to  the  second.     This  figure,  properly 
used,  renders    composition   animated   and 
lively. 

294.  Cressia  prodigia:    the    bull    that 
breathed  fire,  and  the  hind  with  brazen  feet . 
Prodigia :  monsters. 

296.  Tremuere :  in  the  sense  of  timuerunt. 

299.  Egentem  rationis  :  wanting  presence 
of  mind — reason.  Circumstetit:  surround- 
ed— assaulted  on  every  side. 

301.  Addite :    added  to  the  gods  as  an 
honor  to  their   assembly.     Addite  :  a  part, 
agreeing  with  vera  proles,  in  the  voc. 

302.  Dexter :  favorable — propitious.  Adi : 
approach — visit.     Ruseus   says,  veni.      6'e- 
mndopede:  with  favorable  omens — signs. 


JBNEIS.     LIB.  Vfll. 


Talia  carminibus  celebrant ;  super  omnia  Caci 
Speluncam  adjiciunt,  spirantemque  ignibus  ipsum. 
Consonat  omne  nemus  strepitu,  collesque  resultant. 

Exin  se  cuncti  divinis  rebus  ad  urbem  30f> 

Perfectis  rcferunt.     Ibat  rex  obsitusfsevo~7  tfl*JLf\JkSyb 
Et  comitem  JEneam  juxta  natumque  tenebat/   / 
Ingrediens,  varioque  viam  sermone  levabat. 
Miratur,  facilesque  oculos  fet  omnia  circum  310 

./Eneas,  capiturque  locis ;  et  singula  Ia3tus 
Exquiritque  auditque  virum  monumenta  priorum. 

Turn  rex  Evandrus,  Romanae  conditor  arcis  :  313  Conditor  Roma. 

Haec  nemora  indigenes  Fauni  Nymphaeque  tenebant,       n8e  arcis  inqu.it :  Fauni, 
Gensque  virum  truncis  et  duro  robore  nata  :  315  Nymphaeque  indigeme, 

Queis  neque  mos,  neque  cultus  erat ;  nee  jungere  tauros,  gensque  virfun  nata 
Aut  componere  opes  norant,  aut  parcere  parto  ; 
Sed  rami,  atque  asper  victu  venatus  alebat. 
Primus  ab  oethereo  venit  Saturnus  Olympo, 
Arma  Jovis  fugiens,  et  regnis  exul  ademptis.  320 

Is  genus  indocile  ac  dispersum  montibus  altis 
Composuit,  legesque  dedit :  Latiumque  vocari 
Maluit,  his  quoniam  latuisset  tutus  in  oris. 
Aurea,  quae  perhibent,  illo  sub  rege  fuerunt 
Saecula ;  sic  placid^  populos  in  pace  regebat.  325 

Deterior  donee  paulatim  ac  decolor  astas, 
Et  belli  rabies,  et  amor  successit  habendi. 
Turn  maims  Ausoniae,  et  gentes  venere  Sicame  : 
Saepius  et  nomen  posuit  Saturnia  tellus. 
Turn  reges,  asperque  immani  corpore  Tybris  ;         330 
A  quo  post  Itali  fluvium  cognomine  Tybrim 
Diximus  :  amisit  verum  vetus  Albula  nomen. 


322.  Maluitque  regi- 
onem  vocari  Latmm. 
quoniam 


runt ;  asperque  Tybris 
ex  immani  corpore  te.~ 
nit,  a  quo  m>s  Jtali  post 


NOTES. 


303.  Super  omnia :  above  all — in  addition 
to  all  other  things. 

307.  Obsitus  cevo  :  sown  thick  with  age — 
with  gray  hairs,  and  other  marks  of  age. 
This  is  a  metaphor  taken  from  a  field  of 
corn. 

310.  Faciles  oculos :  his  rolling  eyes — his 

es  eager  to  observe  the  various  scenes 

t  presented  to  his  view. 

11.  Capitur:  is  captivated — charmed. 

12.  Singula  :    all every   one.      This 

d  signifies  all  taken  singly — one  by  one. 

313.  Conditor  Romance,  arcis.     Evander's 
city   Pallanteum  was   built  upon  the  hill, 
afterward  called   mons    Palatinns;    where 
Romulus  laid  the  foundation  of  Rome. 

314.  Indigence:  properly,  a  sub.  here  used 
as  an  adj. :  born  in  the  place — native  of  the 
country — not  foreign. 

315.  Gens  viritM  nala:    a  race   of  men 
sprung  from  the  trunks  of  trees  and  hard 
oak.     At  first  men  inhabited  the  d-jserts  and 
forests.     Hence  they  were  thought  to  luive 
sprung  from  trees.     Mos :  in  the  sense  of 
leg&s.     Cultus :  civil  institutions. 

317.  Aul  parcere  parto  :  or  to  use  frugal- 

1v  what  tlinv  l):irl  rtrrmirpfl        TMiT'*    r]o<jr>r:.  11- 


tion  of  the  state  of  the  spot  where  Rome 
was  afterward  built,  and  its  comparison 
with  its  state  when  the  poet  wrote,  must, 
have  been  highly  gratifying  to  his  country- 
men. 

318.  Asper :  in  the  sense  of  durus. 

320.  Regnis  ademptis:  his  possessions 
(kingdom}  being  taken  from  him — banished 
from  his  throne  and  kingdom. 

3'22.  Composuit :  he  united  together — he 
formed  into  society  a  race,  &c. 

326.  Donee  deterior  :  till,  by  little  and  lit- 
tle, a  depraved  and  corrupt  age,  and  a  rage 
for  war,  &c.     Here  is  an  allusion  to  the  sil- 
ver, brass,  and  iron  ages.     See  Eel.  iv.  6. 

327.  Habendi  :    of  possessing getting 

wealth. 

329.  Posuit  nomen :  changed  its  name.- 
laid  it  down. 

330.  Tybris.     He  was  a  king  of  the  Tus- 
cans, and,  being  slain  near  the  river,  gave 
his  name  to  it.     Its  original  name  was  Al- 
bula.   Some  derive  its  name  from  Tiberinus, 
king  of  the  Albans,  who  was  drowned  in 
it.     Aspcr :  fierce. 

332.  Dm>m<*:  called.  .says 


444 


P.  V1RG1L1I  MARONk* 


Me  pulsum  patria,  pelagique  extrema  sequentem, 
Fortuna  omnipotens  et  ineluctabile  fatum 
His  posuere  locis  :  matrisque  egere  tremenda          335 
336.Tremendaquemo-  Carmentis  Nymphae  monita,  et  Deus  auctor  Apollo. 
nita   Carmentis    Nym-      Vix  ea  dicta,  dehinc  progressus,  monstrat'et  aram, 
phffimeo:matris,etDeus]2t  Carmentalem  Romano  nomine  portam, 
Apollo  aucl  regere7neQuam  memorant  Nymphae  priscum  Carmentis  honorem 

337.  Vix  ea  dicta  fue-  Vatis  fatidicae  ;  cecinit  quse  prima  futures 
-runt,    dehinc    Evander  jEneadas  magnos,  et  nobile  Pallanteum. 
progressus  monstrat       Hinc  lucum  ingentem,  quern  Romulus  acer  asylum 

339.    Quam   homines  R  w  jit       t       ]ida  monstrat  sub  rupc  Lupercal, 
meraorant    fuisse    pns-  „  '.      JL* 

cum  honorem  Nymph®  Parrhasio  dictum  Panos  de  more  Lyca3i. 
Carmentis  Necnon  et  sacri  monstrat  nemus  Argileti  :  345 

342.  Hinc  monstrat  in-  Testaturque  locum,  et  letum  docet  hospitis  Argi. 
gentem  Hinc  ad  Tarpeiam  sedem  et  Capitolia  ducit, 


347.     Hinc 
JEnean  ad 


"* 


Aurea  nunc>  olim  sylvestribus  horrida  dumis. 

Jam  turn  relligio  pavidos  terrebat  agrestes 
351   Evander  inquit  :  • 


350 


Deus  (sed  quis  Deus,  est  """  """  '  Jam  tum  sylva™  ^xumque  tremebant. 
incertum,)  habitat  hoc  "oc  nemus,  hunc,  inquit,  frondoso  vertice  collem, 
nemus,  et  hunc  Quis  Deus,  incertum  est,  habitat  Deus.   Arcades  ipsum 


NOTES. 


333.  Sequentem:  experiencing  the  dan- 
gers of  the  sea.  Ruaeus  says,  quarentem 
ultima  spatia  maris.  Heyne  takes  extrema 
pelagi,  in  the  sense  of  ultimum  mare. 

336.  Auctor.  By  this  Servius  understands 
the  author  of  oracles.     Rueeus  takes  it  in 
the  sense  of  suasor  :  persuader,  or  adviser. 
This  is  the  sense  given  to  the  word  by  Da- 
vidson. 

337.  Dehinc :  in  the  sense  of  cum. 

340.  FatidicK  vatis  :  a  prophetic  prophet- 
ess. Cecinit :  in  the  sense  of  pradixit. 

342.  Quern  asylum :  which  Romulus  ren- 
dered an  asylum— reduced  or  turned  into  an 
asylum.     This  was  a  place  of  safety  to  all 
criminals  who   should   take    refuge  in  it. 
Multitudes  fled  thither  from  the  neighbor- 
ing nations.     By  this  means,  Romulus  in- 
creased the  number  of  his  subjects ;  which 
was  the  object  he  had  in  view.     But  then 
they  were  desperate  and  abandoned  charac- 
ters generally.  Hinc  :  in  the  sense  of  deinde. 

343.  Lupercal.     This  was  a  place  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Palatine,  where  the  Arcadians 
under  Evander  built  a  temple  to  Pan,  the 
god  of  Arcadia  ;  where  he  was  worshipped 
as  the  protector  of  their  flocks  from  wolves. 
Lupercal,  from  lupus,  a  wolf.      Here  the 
young  men   performed  their  annual  plays 
naked,  and  were  called   Luperci.      Some 
suppose  Romulus  to  have  instituted  these 
sports,  because,  in  that  place,  he  was  nou- 
rished by  Lupa. 

344.  Dictum  de ;  so  called  from  the  Ar- 
cadian manner  of  Lycsean  Pan.    Parrhasio  : 
an  adj.  from  Parrhasia,  a  district  and  city 
of  Arcadia.    Lycoei  :  an  adj.  from  Lyceum, 
a  mountain  in  Arcadia,  where  Pan  was  par- 
ticularly worshipped. 


345.  Argileli.      Argiletum  was  a  place 
between  mount  Aventinus  and  Capitolinus, 
so  called  because  it  belonged  to  Argus;  or 
because   he    there    hospitably   entertained 
Evander  on  his  arrival  in  Italy ;  or,  lastly, 
because  he  was  buried   there.     For  some 
cause  or  other,  Argus  was  killed  by  the  new 
comers,  without  the  knowledge  of  Evander, 
who  gave  him  a  sumptuous  burial. 

346.  Testatur  locum :  he  calls  the  place  to 
witness,  &c.     On  seeing  the  place,  the  re- 
membrance of  his  friend  and  host  sensibly 
affected  him.      He  began  immediately  to 
make  protestations  of  his  innocence,  and 
call  the  place  to  witness  that  he  was  clean 
from  the  foul  deed.     Docet :  he  relates — he 
informs  ^Eneas  of  the  death  of  his  host. 

347.  Tarpeiam  sedem  :  the  Tarpeian  rock. 
This  is  so  called  by  anticipation.     It  was 
not  given  to  the  place  till  the  time  of  Ro- 
mulus.    It  was  first  called  Salurnium,  from 
a  city  built   by  Janus,  in  memory  of  his 
friendship  and  union  with  Saturn.     After- 
wards called   by  Romulus  Tarpeiwfi,  and 
lastly  Capitolimim,  because  the  head  of  a 
man    (capuf)   was  found  there,   when  the 
foundations  of  the  capitol  were  laid. 

349.  Dira  relligio :  even  then  the  awful 
sanctity  of  the  place  terrified  the  fearful  rus- 
tics.    Dr.  Trapp  observes,  there   is  some- 
thing wonderfully  grand  and  awful  in  this 
image,  both  as  it  is  in  itself,  and  as  it  is 
connected  with  what  follows ;  the  capitol  is 
to  be  built  upon  it.     A  god  had  already 
chosen  it  for  his  residence.     Rueeus  says, 
horrida  saiictitas. 

350.  Tremebant :  they   feared  even  then 
the  ffrove.  fee. 


jENEiS.     LIB.  Vill. 


446 


Credurit  se  vidisse  Jovem  ;  cum  saepe  nigrantem 
.^Egida  concuteret  dextra,  nimbosque  cieret. 
Haec  duo  praeterea  disjectis  oppida  muris, 
Relliquias  veterumque  vides  monumenta  virorum. 
Hanc  Janus  pater,  hanc  Saturnus  condidit  urbem 
Janiculum  huic,  illi  fuerat  Saturnia  nomen. 

Talibus  inter  se  dictis  ad  tecta  subibant 
Pauperis  Evandri ;  passimque  armenta  videbant 
Romanoque  foro  et  lautis  mugire  Carinis. 
Ut  ventum  ad  sedes  :  Haec,  inquit,  limina  victor 
Alcides  subiit  ;  haec  ilium  regia  cepit. 
Aude,  hospes,  contemnere  opes,  et  te  quoque  dignum 
Finaje  Deo,  rebusque  veni  non  asper  egenis.  365 

Dixit :  et  angusti  subter  fastigia  tecti 
Ingentem  JEneam  duxit ;  stratisque  locavit. 
Effultum  foliis  et  pelle  Libystidis  ursse. 

Nox  ruit,  et  fuscis  tellurem  amplectitur  alis. 
At  Venus  baud  animo  nequicquam  exterrita  mater, 
Laurentumque  minis  et  duro  mota  tumultu,  371 

Vulcanum  alloquitur  ;  thalamoque  haec  conjugis  aureo 
Incipit,  et  dictis  divinum  aspirat  amorern  : 
Durn  bello  Argolici  vastabant  Pergama  reges 
Debita,  casurasque  inimicis  ignibus  arces  ; 
Non  ullum  auxilium  miseris,  non  arma  rogavi 
Artis  opisque  tuae  :  nee  te,  charissime  conjux, 
Incassumve  tuos  volui  exercere  labores ; 
Quamvis  et  Priami  deberem  plurima  natis, 
Et  durum  ^Eneae  flevissem  saepe  laborem ; 
Nunc  Jovis  imperils  Rutulorum  constitit  oris  : 
Ergo  eadem  supplex  venio,  et  sanctum  mihi  numen 


355      355.   Praeterea  vides 
hffic  duo  oppida 


358.  Janiculum  fuerat 
nomen    huic,   Saturnia. 
nomen  illi. 


361.  Mugire  in  loco, 
delude  dtc/oque  Romano 
foro,  et  lautis  Carinis. 


367.  Locavitque  turn 
stratis,  effultum  foliis 


370.  At  Venus  mater 
haud     nequic- 
exterrita   animo, 
motaque 

372.    Incipitque   hsc 
verba  in  aureo 


375 


376.  Non  rogavi  ullum 
auxilium  miseris  Troja- 
m's,  non  rogaviulla  arma 
tus3  artis  opisque 


380 


NOTES. 


354.  JEgida  :  ace.  sing,  of  ogi's,  a  shield 
made  of  goat  skin,    from   a   Greek  word 
signifying   a  goat.     Nimbos :  nimbus   pro- 
perly signifies  those  deep  and  black  clouds, 
which  brew  storms,  thunder,  and  lightning 
— the  tempest  itself. 

355.  Muris  disjecti* :   their   walls   being 
demolished — thrown  down. 

361.  Carinis.     Carince  was  the  name  of 
a  magnificent  street  in  Rome,  where  Pom- 
pey  had  his  house. 

362.  Ad  sedes :  to  the  palace  of  Evander. 
Ventum  :  est  is  understood  :  in  the  sense  of 
venerunt. 

364.  Aude :    be  not   afraid   to   despise. 
Davidson  says, "  have  greatness  of  mind  to 
undervalue  magnificence,'"  &c. 

365.  Finge  te  queque :  manifest  yourself 
worthy  of  a  god.     By   Deo,  some  under- 
stand Hercules,  whom  Evander  would  have 
^Eneas  to  imitate.     But  the  quoque  seems 
to  determine  it  to  be  taken  in  a  general 
sense  :  as  Hercules  acted  worthy  of  a  god, 
so  do  you.     f'eni  non  asjpcr  :  come  not  dis- 
pleased with  our  poverty.     Finge :  Ruaeus 
says,  ostende,    Asper :  for  qff"ensuf>. 


370.  At  Venus.  This  is  a  fine  episode, 
It  consists,  properly,  of  three  parts  :  the  con- 
versation between  Venus  and  her  husband 
— the  casting  and  forging  of  the  arms  by 
the  Cyclops,  with  a  description  of  the  place 
— the  sculpture  upon  the  shield  of  ^Eneas, 
&c.  The  whole  is  in  imitation  of  the  Diad, 
lib.  18.  where  Thetis  entreats  Vulcan  to 
make  arms  for  her  son.  But  Virgil  is  su- 
perior to  Homer  in  dignity  of  sentiment. 

373.  Aspirat.  Some  copies  have  inspi- 
rat.  The  sense  is  the  same  in  either  case. 
She  inspires  into  her  husband  a  divine  love, 
by  her  endearing  words. 

375.  Debita  :  destined— doomed  to  de- 
struction, in  consequence  of  the  perjury  of 
Laomedon.  After  which,  Neptune  and 
Apollo  became  the  enemies  of  Troy.  See 
Geor.  i.  502. 

379.  Deberem :  I  owed  very  much  to  the 
sons  of  Priam. 

382.  Eadem  venio  :  I,  the  same  affection- 
ate wife,  who  have  always  been  so  tender 
of  your  honois  and  so  loth  to  give  you 
trouble,  come  to  you  a  suppliant,  and  ask 
of  your  divinity,  sacred  to  me,  arms,  a  mr>- 


446 


P.  V1RG1L1I  MARONIS 


383.  Thetis  filia  Nerei  Arma  rogo,  genitrix  nato.     Te  filia  Nerei, 
potuit  fleeter*  te,  et  Ti-  fe  potujt  lachrymis  Tithonia  flectere  conjux. 
&  HE  kehry'-  Aspice,  qui  coeant  populi,  quaB  moenia  clausis 
mjs  Ferrum  acuant  portis,  in  me  excidiumque  meorum. 

Dixerat :  et  niveis  hinc  atque  hinc  Diva  lacertis 
388    Fovet    Deum  Cunctantem  amplexu  molli  fovet :  ille  repente 
cunctaiitem  molli    am-  Accepit  solitam  flammam  ;  notusque  medullas 
plexa.  Intravit  calor,  et  labefacta  per  ossa  cucurrit : 

Non  secus  atque  olim  tonitru  cum  rupta  corusco 
Ignea  rima  micans  percurrit  lumine  nimbos. 
393.  Conjux  ejus  Iseta  Sensit  laeta  dolis,  et  formae  conscia  conjux. 
dolis,  et  conscia  farmae      Tum  pater  KieTDO  fatur  devinctus  amore  : 
Quid  causas  petis  ex  alto  1  fiducia  cessit 
Quo  tibi,  Diva,  mei  1  similis  si  cura  fuisset, 
Tum  quoque  fas  nobis  Teucros  armare  fuisset. 
Nee  pater  omnipotens  Trojam,  riec  fata  vetabant 
Stare,  decemque  alios  Priamum  superesse  per  annos. 
Et  nunc,  si  bellare  paras,  atque  haec  tibi  mens  est :  400 
401.  Quicquid  curce  Quicquid  in  arte  mea  possum  promittere  curae, 
est  in  mea  arte  possum  QUO(J  fieri  ferro,  liquidove  potest  electro, 

pr^QU^e  /l6/'      •        Quantum  ignes  animaeque  valent :  absiste  precando 
403.  Quantum  iffnes ,~  ••        •     i   i  •  -n 

i;m«..iio  vai™t    «™.  Viribus  mdubitare  tuis.     Ea  verba  locutus, 


385 


390 


39.5 


animaeque  valent,  pro- 

mitto  id : 


Optatos  dedit  amplexus  :  placidumque  petivit 
Conjugis  infusus  gremio  per  membra  soporem. 
Inde,  ubi  prima  quies  medio  jam  noctis  abactae 


405 


NOTES. 


ther  for  a  son.    Verbs  of  asking,  &c.  go- 
vern two  accusatives. 

383.  Filia  Nerei:   the  daughter  of  Ne- 
reus — Thetis,  the  reputed  mother  of  Achil- 
les.    See  Eel.  iv.  37. 

384.  Tithonia  conjux  :  Aurora. 

385.  Mcenia :  cities — fortified  towns.  Here 
put  for  the  inhabitants,  by  meton.     .Acuant  : 
.sharpen — prepare. 

386.  In  me:   against  me.     Venus   here 
identifies  herself  with  ./Eneas  and  theTrojans. 

388.  Cunctantem :  hesitating — loth  to  un- 
dertake the  business. 

391.  Atque  :  in  the  sense  of  quam.  Olim  : 
sometimes.     This  word  signifies  time  past, 
future,    and    indefinite.      This  last  is  the 
meaning  here. 

392.  Ignea  rima.     Ruaeus  says,  flammeus 
hiatus,  apertus  fulgenti  fulmine.     Nimbos  : 
in  the  sense  of  nubes.     Servius,  whom  Dr. 
Trapp  follows,  takes  corusco,  for  darted  or 
brandished.     Ruseas  interprets  it   by  ful- 
genti, shining.     The  former  is  the  best,  in- 
asmuch as  thunder  does  not  shine ;  it  is  the 
lightning  alone  that  becomes  visible.    There 
may  be  reference  here  to  the  darting  of  the 
thunderbolt  of  Jove.     It  pierces  the  cloud, 
and  disengages  the   lightning,   which,   let 
loose,  runs  across  the  heavens   in   forked 
light.     Ignea   rima,   very    beautifully    ex- 
presses a  stream  of  fire,  bursting  through  a 
rived  cloud— lightning. 

^M.  Pnter  :  Vulcan  is  meant. 


395.  Qwirf  c  ausas  petis :  why  do  you  seek 
reasons  from  far?  Instead  of  coming  to 
the  point  at  once,  you  have  recourse  to  far- 
fetched arguments. 

398.  JVec  pater.  It  hath  been  observed 
by  commentators,  upon  this  and  similar  pas- 
sages of  Virgil,  that  though  the  fates  could 
not  be  changed,  they  might  be  deferred.  But 
Mr.  Dryden  hath  made  it  appear,  that  this 
very  deferring  is  in  consequence  of  a  decree. 
In  this  sense,  these  words  of  Vulcan  are  to 
be  understood.  Troy  did  fall  at  such  a 
time ;  but  it  was  not  necessary  it  should. 
The  fates  would  have  permitted  me  to  defer 
its  doom  for  ten  years  longer  ;  and  I  would 
have  done  it,  if  you  had  desired  it :  but  I 
could  have  done  it  no  longer — it  being  then 
destined  to  be  destroyed. 

401.  Curce:  skill. 

402.  Liquido  electro.     A  composition  of 
gold  and  silver  is  called  electrum.      Pliny 
makes  the  proportion  to  be  four  fifths  of 
silver,  and  one  fifth  of  gold.     Here  put  for 
metals  in«general :  the  species  for  the  genus. 

403.  AnimoR :  the  wind  or  breath  of  the 
bellows.     Absiste:    cease   to    distrust  your 
power  at  entreaty. 

406.  Infusus  gremio :  and  resting  on  the 
bosom  of  his  spouse,  he  sought  soft  sleep, 
&c.     Ruseus  sa.y$,jacens. 

407.  Medio  curricula  noctis  jam:   in  the 
middle   course  of  night,  ,now  being  past. 
This  marks  the  time  to  be  just  after  mid- 


.ENE1S.     LIB.  V11L 


147 


Ourriculo  expulerat  somnum  ;  cum  foemina,  primum         408.  Cum  fcemina,cui 

Cui  tolerare  colo  vitam  tenuique  Minerva,  est  primum  offidum  to- 

Impositum  cinerem  et  sopitos  suscitat  ignes,  410  terare  vitam  colo 

Noctem  addens  operi,  famulasque  ad  lumina  longo 

Exercet  £§faso  ;  castum  ut  servare  cubile 

Conjugis,  et  possit  parvos  educere  natos. 

Haud  secus  ignipotens,  nee  tempore  segnior  illo, 

Mollibus  e  stratis  opera  ad  fabrilia  surgit. 

Insula  Sicanium  juxta  latus,  ^Eoliamque 
Erigitur  Liparen,  fumantibus  ardua  saxis  ; 
Quam  subter  specus,  et  Cyclopum  exesa  caminis 
Antra  ^Etnaea  tenant,  validique  incudibus  ictus 
Auditi  referunt  gemitum,  striduntque  cavernis 
Stricture  Chalybum,  et  fornacibus  ignis  anhelat ; 
Vulcani  domus,  et  Vulcania  nomine  tellus. 
Hue  tune  ignipotens  coelo  descendit  ab  alto. 
Ferrum  exercebant  vasto  Cyclopes  in  antro, 

Brontesque,  Steropesque,  et  nudus  membra  Pyracmon.     426.  Erat  his  in  ma- 
His  informatum  manibus  jam  parte  polita  425nibus  fulmen  informa- 

Fulmen  erat ;  toto  genitor  qu<B  plurima  ccelo  tura  ex  **»'_?«»  P1™- 

r*   ••    -.  •  n~  ma  genitor  Deorum  de- 

Dejicit  in  terras  ;  pars  imperfecta  manebat.  jicit  toto  ccelo  in  terras, 

Tres  imbris  torti  radios,  tres  nubis  aquosec  parte  jam  polita  : 


415 


418.     Supter    quam 
specus,  et  JCtnaea  antra 
420  exesa     caminis    Cyclo- 
pum tenant. 

422.  Hose  est  domua 
Vulcani,  et  tellus  dicta 
est  Vulcania,  ejus  no- 
mine. 


NOTES. 


night.  Rest  is  here  said  to  expel  sleep,  be- 
cause, when  we  have  taken  rest,  sleep  be- 
comes unnecessary.  Curricula  :  circle — 
course.  Ruaeus  says,  spalio. 

409.  Tenui  Minerva.     This  may   mean 
handycraft  in  general,  or  spinstry  in  parti- 
cular.    Or,  perhaps,  it  is  better  to  under- 
stand it  of  the  works  of  the  loom. 

410.  Suscitat  impositum,  &c.     Virgil  here 
connects  the  same  verb  with  two  substan- 
tives, when  it  can  properly  be  used  with  one 
of  them  only.     This  is  frequent  with  him, 
and  is  a  beauty  which  our  language  will 
not  admit.     Cinerem  impositum  is,  doubt- 
less, the  ashes  that  cover  the  fire,  which  she 
first  removes;    and    then    she    kindles    or 
awakes  the  dormant  fire  (sopitos  ignes)  into 
a  flame.     See  ./En.  vii.  431. 

411.  Addens  noctem:  adding  the  night  to 
her  work — working  in  the  night,  before  the 
approach  of  day. 

412.  Castum:  chaste — undefiled.      Here 
the  poet  gives  us  a  fine  description  of  do- 
mestic industry,  on  the  part  of  the  mistress 
of  the  house. 

414.  Ignipotens  :  a  name  of  Vulcan.    JV*<5C 
segnior :  nor  less  active— industrious  than  she. 

415.  Ad  fabrilia  opera :  to  his  mechanic 
labours. 

416.  Insula  erigitur,  &c.     Between  Sicily 
and  the  Italian  coast  there  are  seven  islands, 
called  JEiOlidai,  from   ./Eolus,  who  reigned 
there  ;  and  Fulcanice,  from  Vulcanus,  whose 
forge  was   fabled  to  have  been  in  one  of 
them.     This  is  imitated  from  Homer.     He, 
however,  places  Vulcan's  forge  in  heaven ; 
Virgil,  with  more  propriety,  places  it  on  the 


earth.  As  the  eruptions  of  ./Etna  are  mat- 
ters of  fact,  the  poet,  with  much  judgment, 
places  the  forge  of  the  Cyclops  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  that  'mountain.  The  whole 
description  is  of  the  noblest  kind.  Brontes, 
Steropes,  and  Pyracmon,  were  his  principal 
assistants.  All  of  Greek  derivation. 

418.  Exesa:  excavated — hollowed  out  by 
the  forges  of  the  Cyclops. 

421.  Stricture:  bars  of  iron  or  steel. 
Chalybum.  The  Chalybes  were  a  people  of 
Spain ;  or,  according  to  some,  of  Pontus, 
celebrated  for  their  iron  works.  Here,  by 
meton.  put  for  iron  and  steel. 

426.  Informatum :  unfinished.  A  part 
only  was  polished,  the  rest  remaining  in  an 
imperfect  state. 

429.  Tres  radios  torti  imbris.  By  the 
torti  imbris,  the  wreathed  shower,  commen- 
tators understand  hail.  The  torti  expresses 
the  violence  with  which  hail  in  a  storm  is 
hurled  or  darted.  Radios.  These  are  the 
forks  or  spikes  with  which  lightning  is 
painted  or  described.  The  form  of  thunder, 
to  which  Virgil  here  seems  to  allude,  is 
known  from  medals.  It  consisted  of  twelve 
wreathed  spikes  or  darts,  extended  like  tho 
radii  of  a  circle,  three  and  three  together, 
with  wings  spread  out  in  the  middle.  The 
wings  denote  the  lightning's  rapid  motion, 
and  the  spikes  or  darts,  its  penetrating- 
quality.  By  the  four  different  kinds  of 
spikes,  Servius  undei stands  the  four  seasons 
of  the  year.  According  to  him,  the  tres  im- 
bris torti  radios,  or  the  three  spikes  of  hail, 
denote  the  winter  season,  when  hail-storms 
abound.  The  tres  nubis  aqvoste  ro.fa< 


448  P.  VlRGlLll  MARON1S 

Addiderant,  rutili  tres  ignis  et  alitis  Austri.  430 

Fulgores  nunc  terrificos,  sonitumque,  metumque 
Miscebant  operi,  flammisque  sequacibus  iras. 
Parte  ali§t  Marti  currumque  rotasque  volucres 

434.  Quibus  ille  exci-instabant,  quibus  ille  viros,  quibus  excitat  urbes  : 

'amaT  e*d/a/^gidaque  horriferam,  turbata?  Palladis  arma,          435 
436.  Certatimque  po-  Certatim  squamis  serpentum  auroque  poiibant ; 
libant  horriferam  JEgi-  Connexosque  angues,  ipsamque  in  pectore  Divae 
da,  arma  turbatae  Pal-Gorgona,  desecto  vertentem  lumina  collo. 
lad]oosq^amis  Tollite  cuncta,  inquit,  coeptosque  auferte  labores, 

sam   in  p^rDiv^^^i  Cyclopes,  et  hue  advertite  mentem.  440 

vertentem  Arma  acri  facienda  viro  :  nunc  viribus  usus, 

439.  Vulcanus  inquit,  Nunc  manibus  rapidis,  omni  nunc  arte  magistra  : 
Vos,  O  jEtnau  Cyclopes,  Precipitate  moras.     Nee  plura  effatus.     At  illi 
e441.CUNutnc  ™t  usus0^"8  incubuere  omnes,  pariterque  laborem 
viribus  Sortiti.     Fluit  aes  rivis,  aurique  metallum ;  445 

Vulnificusque  chalybs  vasta  fornace  liquescit. 

447.  Unum  sufficien-  Ingentem  clypeum  informant,  unum  omnia  contra 
tern  contra  Tela  Latinorum  ;  septenosque  orbibus  orbes 

Impediunt.     Alii  ventosis  follibus  auras 
Accipiunt  redduntque  ;  alii  stridentia  tingunt  450 

./Era  lacu  ;  gemit  impositis  ineudibus  antrum. 
Illi  inter  sese  multa  vi  brachia  tollunt 

454.  Dum  Lemniusln  numerum,  versantque  tenaci  forcipe  massam. 
pater  Vuteanus  properat      Hasc  pater  JEoliis  properat  dum  Lemnius  oris, 

456.  Matutini  cantusEvandrum  ex  numjii  tecto  lux  SUScitat  alma,  455 

±LTE^ndC±^Et  matutini  voluerum  sub  eulmine  eantus. 
humili  tecto,  alma  lux  Consurgit  senior,  tumcaque  mducitur  artus, 
suscitat  eum.  Et  Tyrrhena  pedum  circumdat  vincula  plantis. 

tr 
NOTES. 

the  three  spikes  of  a  watery  cloud,  denote  JEn.  ii.  616.     Desecto  collo :  her  neck  being 

the  spring  season,  which  is  called  imbriferum  cut  off. 

ver,  because  rain  then  abounds.    The  tres  ru-         444.  Incubuere  :  they  applied  vigorously 

tuli  ignis  radios,  or  the  three  spikes  of  spark-  — they  set  about  it  in  earnest. 

ling  fire,  denote  the  summer  season,  when         445.  Sortiti :   having  distributed  by  lot — 

lightning  is  most  frequent.     The  tres  alitis  having  assigned  to  each  one  his  part. 

Austri  radios,  or  the  three  spikes  of  winged         446.  Chalybs :  steel.     See  421,  supra. — 

wind,   denote  the  autumnal  season,  when  also,  Geor.  i.  58.     Unum :  alone,  sufficient. 

storms  of  wind  are  frequent  and  violent.  449.  Impediunt :   they  involve  or  infold 

430.    Addiderant.      This  part  they  had  seven  orbs  in  orbs.     Ruseus  says,  connec- 

completed;  therefore  he  uses  the  plu.  perf.  tunt.     Alii  accipiunt :  simply,  some   blow 

tense  :  they  had  done  with  it.     But  in  the  the  bellows,  others  put,  &c. 
following  line,   he   says,  nunc   miscebant:         451.  Lacu:  the  trough, 
they  were  now  mingling  with  the  work,  the          452.  Illi  tollunt  brachia.    In  the  very  turn 

terrific  lightning,  &c.     This    distinction  of  of  the  verse,  we  see  them  lifting   up,  and 

tense  is  worthy  of  notice.  letting  fall  their  hammers  alternately,  and 

432.  Sequacibus :  persecuting — avenging,  keeping  time  with  one  another.     In  nume- 

435.  Horriferam.     Pierius  informs  us  that  rum  :  in  regular  motion keeping  stroke 

this  is  the  true  reading  of  all  the  ancient  with  one  another. 

manuscripts.  Heyne reads, horriferam.   Da-  454.  Lemnius  pater:   Vulcan.      He  wa.« 

vidson  reads  the  same.     Valpy  and  RUJBUS  banished  from  heaven  to  Lemnos,  an  island 

have  horrificam.     Turbatce :  in  the  sense  of  in  the  ^gean  sea,  not  far  from  the  Helles- 

iratce.  pont.     See  Geor.  i.  295. 

436.  Squamis  serpentum  auroque:    with  457.  Inducitur :    in  the  sense  of  induit 
the  scales  of  serpents  and  gold ;  by  hend.  vel  vestit. 

for  aureis  squamis  serpentum.    Poiibant :  in         458.  Tyrrhena  vincula :  he  binds  his  Tus- 

t.he  sense  of  ornabant.  can  sandals  to  the  bottom  of  his  feet.  These 

438.  Gorgona:  ace.  sing,  of  Gorgon.    See     sandals  were  of  wood,  about  four 


LIB.  VIII. 


449 


405 


466.  Pallas  films  {bat 
comes  huic  Evandro  ; 
Achates  ibat  comes  olli 
JEnea. 


470 


Turn  iateri  atque  humeris  Tegeaeum  subligat  ensem, 

Demissa  ab  laev£  pantherae  terga  retorquens.  460     460.   Retorquens   in 

Necnon  et  gemini  custodes  limine  ab  alto  destram  terga  panther® 

Procedunt,  gressumque  canes  comitantur  herilem. 

Hospitis  ^Eneae  sedem  et  secreta  petebat, 

Sermonum  memor  et  promissi  muneris,  heros. 

Nee  minus  ^Eneas  se  matutinus  agebat. 

Filius  huic  Pallas,  olli  comes  ibat  Achates. 

Congressi  jurigunt  dextras,  mediisque  residunt 

jEdibus,  et  licito  tandem  sermone  fruuntur. 

Rex  prior  baec  : 

Maxime  Teucrorum  ductor,  quo  sospite,  nunquam 

Res  equidem  Troja3  victas  aut  regna  fatebor.  471.  Nunquam  equi- 

Nobis  ad  belli  auxilium  pro  nomine  tanto  dem  fatebor  res  Trojae 

Exiguse  vires.     Hinc  Tusco  claudimur  amni ;  victas  ewe, 

TT-        r»  •  •  eversa  esse. 

time  Rutulus  premit,  et  murum  circumsonat  armis.       exiguae 

Sed  tibi  ego  ingentes  populos,  opulentaque  regnis 
Jungere  castra  paro,  quam  fors  inopina  salutem 
Ostentat  :  fatis  hue  te  poscentibus  affers. 
Haud  procul  hinc  saxo  colitur  fundata  vetusto 
Urhis  Agyllinas  sedes  :  ubi  Lydia  quondam 
Gens,  bello  prreclara,  jugis  insedit  Etruscis. 
Hanc  multos  florentem  annos  rex  deinde  superbo 
Imperio  et  ssevis  tenuit  Mezentius  armis. 
Quid  memorem  infandas  csedes  ?  quid  facta  tyranni 
Effera  ?  Di  capiti  ipsius  generique  reservent ! 
Mortua  quin  etiam  jungebat  corpora  vivis, 
Componens  manibusque  manus  atque  oribus  ora, 


475 


aut   regna 
Sunt  nobis 


474.  Premit  new,  et 
circumsonat  nostrum 
murum  armis. 


480 

481.  Deinde  rex  Me- 
zentius tenuit  hanc  ur- 
bem  florentem  multos 
annos 

484.  Di  reservent  talia 
485  capiti  ipsius,  generique. 


NOTES. 


broad,  and  fastened  to  the  feet  with  gilded 
thongs.  The  poet  here  makes  a  very  hap- 
py transition  from  the  smoke,  fire,  and  noise 
of  Vulcan's  cavern,  to  the  sweet  air  of  the 
morning,  and  the  charming  music  of  birds. 

459.  Tcgeceum :   an  adj.  from  Tegea,  a 
city  of  Arcadia,  where  Pan  was  especially 
worshipped  :  Arcadian. 

460.  Retorquens  terga^c.  This  panther's 
skin  was  cast  or  thrown  back  over  the  right 
shoulder,  passed  around,  and  hung  down 
over  the  left.     Terga  :  in  the  sense  of  pel- 
hm. 

461.  Gemini  c<mes,  &c.     These  two  dogs, 
that  are  all  the  guard  Evander  has,  gives  us 
a  lively  image  of  the  poverty  and  sim  plicity 
of  that  good  monarch. 

463.  Secreta:  private  apartments,  which 
jEneas  occupied. 

464.  Muneris  :  aid — assistance. 

465.  Agebat :  in  the  sense  of  movcbat. 
468.  Licito:  free — unrestrained. 

471.  Ret  Troja:  the  power  of  Troy. 

472.  Pro  tanto  nomine :  for,  or  in  propor- 
tion to,  the  greatness  of  the  Trojan  name  ; 
or  the  greatness  of  the  cause  in  which  he 
was  about  to  engage. 

473.  ExigvcE  vires :  small  ability,  or  means 
to  support,  &c.     Tusco  amni      the  Tiber, 


57 


which  bounded  his  territory  on  the  west,  and 
divided  it  from  the  Tuscans. 

476.  Paro:  Ruaeus  says,  wiec^or. 

478.  Fundata:  structa   antiquis  lapidi- 
6u5,  says  Ruaeus. 

479.  J)gyllin<z:  an  adj.  from  AgyHa>  a 
city  of  Etruria  or  Tuscany.     It  was  planted 
by  a  Lydian  colony.    It  was  afterward  call- 
ed Cere.     Hodie,  Cerveteri.     Lydia  :  an  ex- 
tensive country  of  Asia  Minor :  here  used 
as  an  adjective.     Part  of  it  was  called  Mce- 
onia. 

480.  Etruscis  jugis :  on  the  Tuscan  moun- 
tains. 

482.  Mezenliuf  tenuit,  &c.  This  story  is 
of  importance  to  the  subject,  and  very  pro- 
perly introduced  in  this  place.  For,  without, 
the  auxiliary  forces  of  the  Tuscans,  iEneas 
could  not  have  carried  on  the  war.  The 
tyranny  of  Mezentius  gives  an  air  of  pro- 
bability to  the  whole. 

485.  Qwn  etiam  jungebat :  moreover  he 
joined  dead  bodies  to  the  living,  putting,  &c. 
The  invention  of  this  cruel  kind  of  punish- 
ment, is  ascribed,  by  Cicero  and  others,  to 
the  Tuscans.  Virgil  takr?  occasion  hence 
to  form  a  character  of  uncommon  barbarity 
in  one  of  his  personal 


450  1'.  VIHGlLli  MAKONIS 

487.  Genus  torment!  !  Tormenti  genus  !  et  sanie  taboque  fluentes, 
teSj^t^Complezu  in  misero,  long*  sic  morte  necabat. 
in  hoc  misero  At  *essi  tandem  cives  intanda  furentem 

Armati  circumsistunt,  ipsumque,  domumque  :  490 

491.   Jactant  ignem  Obtruncant  socios,  ignem  ad  fastigia  jactant. 
ad  fastigia  ejus  regies..     Hie  inter  ca?des  Rutulorum  elapsus  in  agros 
493.  Ccepit  confugere  Confugere,  et  Turni  defendier  hospitis  armis. 
Ergo  omnis  furiis  surrexit  Etruria  justis, 
Regem  ad  supplicium  prsesenti  Marte  reposcunt.     495 
His  ego  te,  ^Enea,  ductorem  millibus  addam. 
Toto  namque  fremunt  condensse  litore  puppes, 

498.  Retinet  eos  :  di-  Signaque  ferre  jubent.     Retinet  longaevus  aruspex,    '  . 
mw,Odelectajuventus,Fata  canens  :  O  Maeoniae  delecta  juventus,  499 

Flos  veterum  virtusque  virum  ;  quos  Justus  in  hostem 
501.  Et  quos  Mezen-  Fert  dolor,  et  merita  accendit  Mezentius  ira  : 
this  accendit  merita  ira  ;  Nulli  fas  Italo  tantam  subjungere  gentem  : 
est  fas  nulli  Italo  Externos  optate  duces.     Turn  Etrusca  resedit 

Hoc  acies  campo,  monitis  exterrita  Divum. 
505.  Tarchon  ipse  mi-  Ipse  oratores  ad  me  regniq^e  coronam  505 

Cum  sceptro  misit,  mantfatque  insignia,  Tarchon  : 
507.  Rogans  ut  sue-  Succedam  castris,  Tyrrhenaque  regna  capessam.     . 
cedam  Sed  mini  tarda  gelu,  saeclisque  etfoeta,  senectus 

509.  Viresquejam  ni-Invidet  imperium,  seraeque  ad  fortia  vires. 
mis  sera  ad  fortia  facia  Natum  exhortarer,  ni,  mixtus  matre  Sabella  510 

nJ!£^i±  «inc  P"?»»  patriaa  traheret.     Tq.  cujus  et  annis 
id,  ni  &t  genen  fatum  mdulget,  quern  numina  poscunt, 

Ingredere,  6  Teucrum  atque  Italum  fortissime  ductor. 
515.  Adjunfam  hunc  TT          X-L-  •>  i     •  /•. 

meum  Jilium°  Pallanta  JJunc  tlbl  Pr8eterea,  spes  et  solatia  nostn, 
tibi,  spes,  et  solatia  nos-  Pallanta  adjungam.     Sub  te  tolerare  magistro          515 
tri;  w/sub  te  magistro  Militiam,  et  grave  Martis  opus,  tua  cernere  facta 

NOTES. 

487.  Genus  torment  i:  O  horrid  kind  of  501.  Dolor:  in   the  sense  of  indignatio. 

torture  !     This  is  the  sense  of  Ruams  and  Pert  :  in  the  sense  of  impeUit. 

Valpy.    But  Heyne  and  Davidson  take  them  502.  Subjungere:  to  subdue. 

not  as  an  exclamation.     Fluentes  ;  wasting  503.  Resedit  :  sat  down.    Acits  :   troops 

—pining  away.  in  general.     Optate  :  choose  ye. 


™*                 '  -'  f^  Pn    an  aS  5«4.   Moniti*  :    admonitions—prophetic 

an  adveib,  m  imitation  of  the  Greeks  :  m  declarations.      Rurcus  says,  oraculo.     The 

the  sense  of  immamter.  same  with  /a/a,  verse  499.  7 

490.  Lircumsistunt  :  in  the  sense  of  obsi-  ..     A. 
dent.  ^"-  -Mandatque  :    and  commits  the  en- 

491.  Socios:  his  friends—  those  who  ad-  si^ns  (or  badges)  of  royalty  to  me.     These 
hered  to  the  king.     Their  houses  were  co-  were  the  crown  and  scePtre  Just  mentloned- 
vered  with  straw,  even  the  palaces  of  kings  ;  5u8-  Tarda  gelu  :  benumbed  by  the  frost 
which  was  the  reason  of  their  throwing  fire  °f  aoe-     This  is  highly  metaphorical.     SCE- 
on  the  roof  of  Mezentius's  palace.  clis.    S&culum  properly  signifies  the  space 

493.  Defendier  :  by  paragoge,  for  defendi.  °f  thirty  years  ;  in  which  the  old  actors  are 

497.  Puppes  :  the  ships,  by  meton.  for  the  already  gone  off  the  stage,  and  new  ones 
troops  in  them.    Fremunt  :  impatient  for  the  have  arisen  in  their  room.     Thus  Nestor  is 
war.  said  to  have  lived  three   ages,  or  ninety 

498.  Ferre  signa  :   to  bear  forward  the  years,  as  Plutarch  explains  it.     Sceclis  :  by 
standards  —  to  march.     A  military  phrase.  sJn-  f°r  sceculis  :  here  used  in  the  sense  of 

499.  Mceonia.      Msonia  is  a  country  of  annis.     Effoita  :  worn  out  —  enfeebled. 
Lydia,  in  Asia  Minor,  whence  a  colony  re-  510.  Sabella  matre:  his  Sabine  mother. 
moved  to  Tuscany,  and  settled.    They  built  By  her,  he  became  heir  to  a  part  of  her  na- 
the  city  Agylla.     Lydia  and  Mceonia  are  tive  country.     It  was  therefore  inconsistent 
used,  however,  sometimes  indiscriminately  with  his  duty  to  his  people,  to  accept  of  the 
for  the  same  country.  Tuscan  crown. 


,*:NEIS.   LIB.  vm.  451 

Assuescat ;  priniis  et  te  miretur  ab  annis. 
Arcadas  huic  equites  bis  centum,  robora  pubis 
Lecta,  dabo;  totidemque  suo  tibi  nomine  Pallas. 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  defixique  ora  tenebant  520 

jEneas  Anchisiades  et  fidus  Achates, 
Multaque  dura  suo  tristi  cum  corde  putabant ; 
Ni  signum  coslo  Cytherea  dedisset  aperto. 
Namque  improvise  vibratus  ab  aethere  fulgor 

Cum  sonitu  venit,  et  ruere  omnia  visa  repente,        525     525.  Et  omnia  visa. 
Tyrrhenusque  tubae  mugire  per  aethera  clangor.  suni  ruere  repente 

Suspiciunt :  iterum  atque  iterum  fragor  intonat  ingens  : 
Arma  inter  nubem,  cosli  in  regione  serena, 
Per  sudum  rutilare  vident,  et  pulsa  tonare. 
Obstupuere  animis  alii :  sed  Troius  heros  530 

Agnovit  sonitum,  et  Divas  promissa  parentis. 
Turn  memorat :  Ne  vero,  hospes,  ne  quaere  profecto 

Quern  casum  portenta  ferant :  ego  poscor  Olympo.          533.  Ego  poscor  Olym- 
Hoc  signum  cecinit  missuram  Diva  creatrix,  po  ad  belhim. 

Si  bellum  ingrueret ;  Vulcaniaque  arma  per  auras  535     535.    Seque  laturam 
Laturam  auxilio.  Vulcania  arma  per  au- 

Heu  quantae  miseris  caedes  Laurentibus  instant !  as^ro 

Quas  pcenas  mihi,  Turne,  dabis  !  quam  multa  sub  undas 
Scuta  virum,  galeasque,  et  fortia  corpora  volves, 
Tybri  pater  !  Poscant  acies,  et  fcedera  rumpant.     540 

Haec  ubi  dicta  dedit,  solio  se  tollit  ab  alto  : 
Et  primum  Herculeis  sopitas  ignibus  aras 
Excitat :  hesternumque  Larem,  parvosque  Penates 

NOTES. 

517.   Primis  annis:   from  his  first  and  537.  Instant:  in  the  sense  of  imminent. 

earliest  years  for  bearing  arms ;    which,  540.  Poscant  acies :  let  them  demand  war 

among  the  Romans,  was  about  the  age  of  — let  them  break  their  treaties.    This  is 

seventeen.  spoken  ironically.     Ruaeua  says,  petant  bel- 

522.  Putabant :  they  were  just  entering  lum.  Latinus  had  proposed  j£neas  for  a  son- 

into  a  train  of  perplexing  thoughts,  as  to  in-law ;   and  entered  into   an  alliance   or 

the  present  crisis  of  affairs  :  and  would  hate  treaty  of  friendship  with  him.     To  that  cir- 

pursued  them,  had  not  Venus  interposed,  cumstance  this  is  an  allusion. 

They  were  revolving  in  their  minds  many  542.  Sopitas  aras,  &c.     Most  commenta- 

difficulties  that  might  arise,  &c.  tors  take  this  for,  sopitos  ignes  in  Herculeis 

524.  Fulgor  vibratus  :  a  flash  of  lightning  arts,  by  hypallage  :  the  dormant  fires  on  the 

darting  across  the  sky,  &c.  altar  of  Hercules.     But  it  does  not  appear 

526.  Tyrrhenus  clangor :  a  Tuscan  sound  that  ^neas  returned  to  the  grove,  where 

of  the  trumpet  began,  &c.    The  sound  of  the  the  sacred  riles  had  been  performed  the  day 

trumpet  is  called  Tuscan,  because  it  is  said  before  to  Hercules.     The  altar  here  mei*- 

they  were  the  inventors  of  that  instrument,  tioned  may  have  been  Evander's  domestic 

It  was  understood  to  indicate  that  JEneas  altar,  to  which  the  remains  of  the  hallowed 

was  invited  to  the  throne  of  the  Tuscans.  fire,  from  the  altar  of  Hercules,  might  have 

529.  Pulsa  tonare.     This  seems  to  imply  been  conveyed.     If  we  suppose  this,  there 

that  the  thunder  was  the  effect  of  the  clash-  will  be  no  need  of  an  hypallage.     Excttat : 

ing  of  the  arms  that  appeared,  in  the  air.  he  kindles  up  the  dormant  altars  with  the 

Being  struck  (pulsa)  they  seemed  to  thun-  Herculean  fire — the  fire  taken  from  the  altar 

dor.     Rutilare :  to  flash — shine  through  the  of  Hercules  as  supposed.     This  seems  to  be 

clear  air  or  sky.     Visa  sunt  is  understood.  the  opinion  of  Ruceus  and  Davidson. 

532.  Nevero,  hospes,  ne:  do  not  indeed,  543.  Hesternum Larem.  By  this  some  un- 
do not  indeed,  inquire  what  event  these  pro-  derstand  the  hallowed  hearth,  on  which  the 
digies  portend.  This  repetition  is  very  em-  sacrifices  had  been  offered  the  day  before, 
phatical.  Some  copies  repeat  the  qucere  thus:  But  it  may  be  Evander's  Lar,  or  guardian 
ne  quaere  verb,  ne  quxre  profecto.  god,  to  whom  ^Eneas  had  sacrificed  the 

534.  Cecinit :    in  the  sense  of  prcedixit.  day  before ;  and  with  whom  he  had  then 

Missuram :  that  she  would  send.  &c.  become  acquainted.     Parro*  Penates.    The 


453 


P.  VIRGFLII  MARONIS 


Laetus  adit :  mactant  lectas  de  more  biderites 
Evandrus  pariter,  pariter  Trojana  juventus.  645 

Post  hinc  ad  naves  graditur,  sociosque  revisit : 
547.  De  numero  quo-  Quorum  de  numero,  qui  sese  in  bella  sequantur, 
rum  legit  eos  pr*stanteSpra3stantes  yirtute  legit .   parg  cgetera  prona 

Fertur  aqua,  segnisque  secundo  defluit  amni, 
Nuntia  ventura  Ascanio  rerumque  patrisque.  550 

Dantur  equi  Teucris  Tyrrhena  petentibus  arva : 
552.Ducuntwnwmex-Ducunt  exsortem  ^Eneae,  quern  fulva  leonis 
sortem  equum  JEne®      Pellis  obit  totum,  praefulgens  unguibus  aureis. 

Fama  volat  parvam  subito  vulgata  per  urbem, 
Ocyus  ire  equites  Tyrrheni  ad  limina  regis.  555 

Vota  metu  duplicant  matres  ;  propiusque  periclo 
It  timor,  et  major  Martis  jam  apparet  imago. 
558.  Complexus  dex-Tum  pater  Evandrus  dextram  complexus  euntis 
tram  JUii  euntis  hteret  Haeret,  inexpletum  lachrymans,  ac  talia  fatur : 

O  mihi  prseteritos  referat  si  Jupiter  annos  !  560 

561.  Et  facial  me  ta-  Qualis  eram,  cum  primam  aciem  Praeneste  sub  ipsa 
iem,  quails  eram,  cum  Stravi,  scutorumque  incendi  victor  acervos  : 
stravi  primam  aciem      Et  regem  hac  Herilum  dextra  sub  Tartara  misi : 
Nascenti  cui  tres  animas  Feronia  mater, 
Horrendum  dictu  !  dederat ;  terna  arma  movenda ;  565 
567  Et  exuit  eum  to-  '^er  ^eto  sternen^us  erat :  cui  tune  tamen  omnes 
tidem  armis.  Nunc  ego  Abstulit  haec  animas  dextra,  et  totidem  exuit  armis. 
non  divellerer  usquam  Non  ego  nunc  dulci  amplexu  divellerer  usquam, 


NOTES. 


Penates  were  tutelary  deities,  either  for  fa- 
milies, or  for  cities  and  provinces.  The 
former  were  the  Parvi  Penates,  sometimes 
called  Lares:  the  latter,  the  Magni  Pe- 
nates. 

544.  Bidenies :  properly  sheep  of  two  years 
old,  of  bis  and  dens. 

549.  Fertur  prona  aqua :  borne  down  the 
descending  stream.    Segnis  defluit :  without 
labor,  float  down  the  current— at  their  ease, 
float,  &c.     Ruseus  says,  /en/a  descendit. 

550.  Centura  nuntia:  to  be  messengers 
to  Ascanius,  of  his  father,  and  of  the  state  of 
his  affairs— to  bear  tidings  to  Ascanius,  &c. 

551.  Petentibus  Tyrrhena :  to  the   Tro- 
jans going  to  the  Tuscan  territory. 

552.  Exsortem :  in  the  sense  of  insi*nem  : 
a  distinguished  horse. 

553.  Aureis  unguibus.    The  claws  of  the 
skin  were  overlaid  with  gold,  for  the  sake 
of  ornament.     Obit :  in  the  sense  of  tegit. 

557.  Timor  it  propius,  Arc.  This  passage, 
has  puzzled  commentators  very  much.  Da- 
vidson supposes  the  word  major,  is  to  be 
supplied  with  timor :  their  fear  grows  greater, 
*he  nearer  they  are  to  danger.  Ruseus  takes 
propius  in  the  sense  of  prope .  near— ap- 
proaching to.  He  makes  the  meaning  to  be : 
their  fear  comes  near  to  danger.  They  are 
so  much  impressed  vvitii  the  idea  of  danger, 
that  it  becoines  to  them  almost  a  reality. 
// :  in  the  sense  of  est  vel  Jit.  Most  copies 
have  jam  immediate ly  alter  Martis*  But 


Pierius  informs  us,  that  in  most  of  the  an- 
cient MSS.  which  he  consulted,  it  was  want- 
ing. Hey  no  reads  jam. 

$59.  Inexpletum:  an  adj.  neu.  gen.  used  as 
an  adverb :  immoderately — beyond  measure. 

560.  O  mifii,  &c.   This  is  one  of  the  finest 
parts  of  the  TEneid.    We  see  an  aged  father, 
delivering  his  farewell  address  to  his  only 
son,  the  hope  and  solace  of  his  old  age, 
while  he  holds  him  close  in  his  embrace, 
and  is  full  of  anxious  apprehension  of  never 
seeing  him  again.     The  relation  of  those 
exploits,  which  he  performed  when  he  was 
in   the  vigor  of  manhood,  is  very  natural, 
and  the  conclusion  is  extremely  pathetical, 

561.  Prczneste.     The  founder  of  this  city 
was  Cseculus,  who  took  part  with  Turnus. 
See  rEri.  vii.  678.     How  then  could  Herilus 
have   been   its  king  so  long  before?     He 
might  have  laid  its  foundations,  and  Csecu- 
lus  added  its  fortifications,  £c.    Hence  he 
might  be  called  its  founder. 

562.  Scutorumque,  &c.     It  was  a  custom 
among  the  Romans,  to  gather  up  the  armor 
that  lay  scattered  on  the  field  of  battle,  and 
burn  it  as  an  offering  to  one  of  their  deities. 

564.  Feronia  mater :  to  whom,  at  his  birth, 
his  mother  had  given  three  lives,  and  three 
sets  of  armor  to  be  wielded.  'See  ^En. 
/a.  800. 

568.  Non  ego  nunc :  I  would  not  now  be 
torn  from  thy  sweet  embrace.  This  is  » 


K.NKlti.     IJB.  VIJI. 


570 


575 


Nate,  tuo  :  neque  finitimus  Mezentius  unquam, 
Huic  capiti  insultans,  tot  ferro  sseva  dedisset 
Funera,  tarn  multis  viduasset  civibus  urbem. 
At  vos,  6  Superi,  et  Divum  tu  maxirne  rector 
Jupiter,  Arcadii,  quaeso,  miserescite  regis, 
Et  patrias  audite  preces.     Si  numina  vestra 
Incolumem  Pallanta  mihi,  si  fata  reservant ; 
Si  visurus  eum  vivo,  et  venturus  in  unum ; 
Vitam  oro  :  patiar  quemvis  durare  laborem, 
Sin  aliquem  infandum  casum,  Fortuna,  minaris  ; 
Nunc,  6,  nunc  liceat  crudelem  abrumpere  vitam, 
Dum  curse  ambiguae,  dum  spes  incerta  futuri ; 
Dum  te,  chare  puer,  mea  sera  et  sola  voluptas, 
Complexu  teneo  ;  gravior  ne  nuntius  aures 
Vulneret.     Hsec  genitor  digressu  dicta  supremo 
Fundebat :  famuli  collapsum  in  tecta  ferebant. 

Jamque  adeo  exierat  portis  equitatus  apertis  : 
^Eneas  inter  primos  et  fidus  Achates  ; 
Inde  alii  Trojae  proceres  :  ipse  agmirie  Pallas 
In  medio,  chlamyde  et  pictis  conspectus  in  armis. 
Qualis  ubi  Oceani  perfusus  Lucifer  unda, 
Quem  Venus  ante  alios  astrorum  diligit  ignes, 
Extulit  os  sacrum  ccelo,  tenebrasque  resolvit. 
Stant  pavidae  in  muris  matres,  oculisque  sequuntur 
Pulveream  nubem,  et  fulgentes  aere  catervas. 
Olli  per  dumos,  qua  proxima  meta  viarum,  594.  Qua  meta  via 

Armati  tendunt.     It  clamor  ;  et,  agmine  facto,         595 rum  eyt  P™xinm 
Quadrupedante  putrem  sonitu  quatit  ungula.campum.  - — ^96«  Ungula  equoruru 

Est  ingens  gelid'um  lucus'prope  Ceeritis  amnem, 
Relligione  patrum  late  sacer  :  undique  colles     , 


576.  Et  ventures  in 
unum  locum  cum  «7/o,oro 


580  580.  Dum  mew  curae 
sunt  ambiguse,  dum  spes 
futuri  est  incerta 


585 


589.  Talis  qualis  Lu- 
590  cifer  est,  quern  Venus  di- 
ligit ante  alios  ignes  as- 
trorum, ubi  perfusus  un- 
da Oceani  extulit 


quatit  putrem 


NOTES. 


most  tender  line,  and  paints  the  paternal 
affections  in  the  deepest  colors. 

571.  Viduasset:  in  the  sense  of  privdsset. 

574.  Numina  :  power — will. 

576.  fenturus   in  unum:  to  meet  him 
ugain. 

577.  Patiar :  I  will  consent — agree  to. 

578.  5m  Fortuna  minaris :  but  if,  O  For- 
tune, thou  threatenest  any  dire  calamity  to 
him.     Infandum :   properly  is   that    which 
may  not  be  spoken,  or  expressed — which  I 
dare  not  name. 

579.  Nunc,  3,  nunc,  Sec.    This  is  much  of 
the  nature  of  Mn.  ii.  644.     Sic,  O  sic,  &c. 
There  is  so  much  force  and  emphasis  in  the 
repetition  of  the  sic ,  that  if  wo  remove  it, 
we  destroy  the  chief  beauty  and  energy  of 
the  line.      So  also  with  the  nunc,  in  the 
present  instance. 

580.  Dum  curce :  while  my  sorrows  bo 
doubtful,  &c.     While  it  bo  yet  uncertain, 
whether  I  shall  see  my  dear  son  again. 

583.  Supremo  digressu :  at  his  final  de- 
parture. 

588.  Conspectus  :     conspicuous — distin- 
guished. 

589.  Qualis  ubi.  &c.    This  is  a  beautiful 


simile,  and  said  to  have  been  greatly  ad- 
mired by  Scaliger.     Perfusus  :  wet,  dipped. 

590.  Ante  alios  ignes  astrorum :  above  other 
orbs  of  the  stars — above  other  starry  orbs. 

591.  Resolvit :  in  the  sense  of  dissipat. 

594.  Meta  viarum  :  the  boundary  of  the 
way.    Simply,  the  way. — Via,  says  Heyne. 
Proxima :  the   nearest.     Olli :  for  illi,  by 
antithesis. 

595.  Agmine.     Agmen  properly  signifies 
a  moving  body  or  multitude — an  army  of 
men  on  the  march.     Tendunt:  in  the  sense 
of  incedunt,  vel  progrediuntur.    It :  in  the 
sense  of  sur<rit. 

590.  Quadrupedante  sonitu :  with  a  pran- 
cing sound.  Every  ear  perceives,  that  the 
numbers  of  the  verse  imitate  the  prancing 
of  the  horses.  There  are  no  less  than  five 
dactyls  in  it,  which  give  it  a  quick  and  gal- 
loping motion.  Quatit :  strikes. 

597.  Cvritis  pwpe  geiidum  :  near  the  cold 
river  of  Ctcris.    Cxris :  a  town  of  Tuscany, 
whose  inhabitants  were  called  Ccerites.     In 
the  neighborhood  was  a  small  river  with  a 
grove.     Hence  the  epithet,  gelidus. 

598.  Relligione:  religious   veneration— 
regard. 


454  P.  VIRGILII  MAHON1S 

Inclusere  cavi,  et  nigra  nemus  abiete  cingunt. 
GOO.FamaestveteresSylvano  fama  est  veteres  sacrasse  Pelasgos,  600 

Pelasgos,  qui  primi  all-  A.rvorum  pecorisque  Deo,  lucumque  diemque, 

r±±cT^m7»"2ui  Prirai  fines  aliquando  habuere  Latinos. 

diemque  Sylvano          Haud  procul  hmc  Tarcho  et  Tyrrheni  tuta  tenebant 
Castra  locis  :  celsoque  omnis  de  colle  videri 
Jam  poterat  legio,  et  latis  tendebat  in  arvis.  605 

Hue  pater  jEneas  et  bello  lecta  juventus 
Succedunt,  fessique  et  equos  et  corpora  curant. 

At  Venus,  aethereos  inter  Dea  Candida  nimbos, 
Dona  ferens  aderat :  natumque  in  valle  reducta 
610.Utqueviditnatum  Ut  procul  egehdo  secretum  flumine  vidit ;  610 

secretum  procul  Talibus  affata  est  dictis,  seque  obtulit  ultro  : 

612.  En  munera  per-  En  perfecta  mei  promissa  conjugis  arte 

fecta  promissa  Munera  !  ne  mox,  aut  Laurentes,  nate,  superbos, 

Aut  acrem  dubites  in  proelia  poscere  Turnum. 
Dixit :  et  amplexus  nati  Cytherea  petivit :  615 

Arma  sub  adversa  posuit  radiantia  quercu. 
Hie,  Deae  donis  et  tanto  et  laetus  honore, 
Expleri  nequit,  atque  oculos  per  singula  volvit ; 
Miraturque  ;  interque  manus  et  brachia  versat 
Terribilem  cristis  galeam,  flammasque  vomentem,    620 

coerulea  nub^cim  in-  Fatiferumque  ensem,  loricam  ex  acre  rigentem, 

ardescit  Sanguineam,  ingentem  :  qualis  cum  coerula  nubes 

624.  Turn  versat  ocreas  Solis  inardescit  radiis,  longeque  refulget : 

leves  ex  electro.  Turn  leves  ocreas  electro  auroque  recocto, 

626.  Igmpotens,  baud  Hastamque    et  ciypei  non  enarrabile  textum.  625 

iffnarus  vatum,  inscms-  '  £• 

que  venturi  sevi  fecerat      Illic  res  "alas,  Romanorumque  tnumphos, 

illic  Haud  vatum  ignarus,  venturique  inscius  aevi, 

NOTES. 

599.  Cavi :  in  the  sense  of  curvi :  winding  and  his  arms.     Miratur :   he  wonders  at 
hills.  them.     Ruseus  says,  stupet. 

600.  Pelasgos.   These  were  a  colony  from         620.  Galeam  :   the  helmet  vomiting  out 
JEmonia,  the   ancient    name  of  Thessaly.  flames.     He  means  only  that  the  crest  or 
They  expelled  the  Etrusci,  and  settled  in  plume  was  of  a  fiery  red  eolor,  and  seemed 
their  country.    They,  in  turn,  were  expelled  to  rise  out  of  his  helmet  like  flames. 

by  the  Tyrrheni,  a  colony  from  Lydia,  or          621.  Fatiferum  :  mortal — causing  death. 
Mseonia  in  the  lesser  Asia.  622    Ccerula  nubes ;  an  azure  cloud  ;  such 

605.  Tendebat:  pitched  their  tents  in  the  an  one  as  receives  the  tincture, and  reflects 

open  fields.     Legio :  troops  In  general.  the  various  colors  of  the  rainbow. 

607.  Curant :  rest — refresh.  Ruseus  says,         624.  Leves  :  smooth — polished.   Recoclo  : 
veficiunt.  doubly  puri6ed.     Ruaeus  says,  repurgato. 

608.  Nimbos:  in  the  sense  of  nubes.  625.  Non enarrabile tc xturn : the inexpres- 
610.  Flumine:   near  the   cool  river — on      sible  texture  of  the  shield. 

the  banks  of  the  cold  stream.     Secretum  :  626.  Italas  res :  the  Italian  history, 

retired — remote.  627.  Haud  ignarus,  be.     We  now  come 

612.  Perfecta:  made — finished.  to  the  conclusion  of  the  book;  and,certain- 

613.  Mox  ne  dubites :  ciad  in  this  armor,  ly,  there  never  was  a  book  more  nobly  fin- 
my  son,  you  may  not  hesitate  to  challenge  ished.     Having  given  us  the  particulars  of 
either  the  proud,  &c.    The  epithet  superbos,  the  arms  and  armor,  the  poet  proceeds  to 
refers  to  the  outrage,  which  they  had  of-  the  description  of  the  sculptures  upon  the 
fered  to  tineas  and  his  followers,  mentioned  shield.     And  by  way  of  prophecy,  he  gives 
118  supra,  us  a  very  important  piece  of  history  in  these 

618.  Expleri:  to  be  satisfied  in  looking  engravings,  and  by  that  means,  makes  them 
upon  them.  one  o^"  tb«  most  important  parts  of  the  poem. 

619.  Fe.rsat  interque  :  he  turnp  and  shu\s  It  is  Lr.ul.ued  from  Homer ;  but  greatly  im- 
his  armor  every  way,  the  less   a  his  hands,  proved.    Vatum:  in  the  sense  of  vaticinio- 
the  larger  in  his  arms — between  his  hands  rum  vel  prcediciionum.    Valpy  says,  "  Of 


.     LIB.  VIII. 


455 


Fecerat  Ignipotens :  illic  genus  omne  futurae  628.  Illio  exprcsscrat 

Stirpis  ab  Ascanio,  pugnataque  in  ordine  bella.  omne  Senus 

Fecerat  et  viridi  foetam  Mavortis  in  antro  630 

Procubuisse  lupam  :  geminos  huic  ubera  circum 
Ludere  pendentes  pueros,  et  lambere  matrem 
Impavidos  :  illam  tereti  cervice  reflexam 
Mulcere  alternos,  et  corpora  fingere  lingua. 

Nee  procul  hinc  Remain,  et  raptas  sine  more  Sabinas     635.  Nee  procul  hinc 
Consessu  caveae,  magnis  Circensibus  actis,  636  addiderat  Romam,   et 

Addiderat :  subitoque  novum  consurgere  bellum  Sabinas  virgines  rjiptas 

T»          ..  j.       rr,     .  •     /"«     •!_  •  sine  more 

Romulidis,    ratioque  sem,  Cunbusque  sevens. 

Post  idem,  inter  se  posito  certamine,  reges 
Armati,  Jovis  ante  aras  paterasque  tenentes 
Stabant ;  et  caesa  jungebant  fcedera  porca. 

Haud  procul  inde  citoe  Metium  in  di versa  quadrigae 
Distulerant ;  at  tu  dictis,  Albane,  maneres  ! 
Raptabatque  viri  mendacis  viscera  Tullus 
Per  sylv.m;  et  sparsi  rorabant  sanguine  vepres 

Nec  non  larqumium  ejectum  Porsenna  jubebat          non  Porsenna  jubebat 
Accipere,  ingentique  urbem  obsidione  premebat.  Romanos  accipere 


640 


636.  Circensibus  ludis 
actis. 


NOTES. 


what  had  been  foretold,"  by  preceding  pro- 
phets. Davidson  says  of  Vulcan :  "  A  pro- 
phet not  unskilful,"  taking  igncirus  vat  urn 
in  the  sense  of  ignarus  vates  vel  propheta. 

628.  Ignipotens :  a  name  of  Vulcan  ;  of 
ignis  and  potens.  Fecerat :  in  the  sense  of 
expresserat. 

630.  Fcetam:  not  pregnant,  but  in  the 
sense  of  enixarn :  having  just  brought  forth 
her  young.  This  description  is  thought  to 
have  been  taken  from  a  statue  of  Romulus 
and  Remus  sucking  the  wolf,  that  was  in 
the  capitol  in  Virgil's  time.  See  /En.  i.  274. 

635.  Sabinas  ra,ttas.  After  Romulus  had 
founded  his  city,  he  became  sensible  that 
a  body  of  men  could  not  long  be  kept  to- 
gether, without  some  common  bond ;  nor 
could  his  state  continue  long  without 
women.  He  therefore  proposed  a*iiances 
with  his  neighbors,  for  the  purpose  of  ob- 
taining wives  for  his  subjects ;  but  they  re- 
fused any  connexion  with  a  band  of  rulfians. 
He  then  conceived  the  plan  of  taking  them 
by  violence.  For  this  purpose  he  instituted 
sports,  which  were  then  called  Conaual.es, 
afterward  Circcnses.  In  these  he  invited  his 
neighbors,  especially  the  Sabmes,  from  the 
city  Cures,  and  upon  a  signal  given,  tnc  ilo- 
inans  were  to  rush  upon  the  women,  and 
convey  them  to  their  own  homes.  This  they 
did,  in  violation  of  good  faith,  and  every 
principle  of  justice.  War  immediately  en- 
sued between  the  two  states,  which  however 
was  settled  between  Tatius  king  of  the  Sa- 
bines,  and  Romulus,  upon  these  conditions  : 
the  Sabines  should  migrate  to  Rome ;  the 
government  should  be  administered  jointly 
by  the  two  kings ;  that  Rome  should  re- 
tain its  name ;  but  that  the  citizens  should 


be  called  Curites,  or  Quirites,  from  Cures, 
Sine  more :  without  regard  to  law  or  right. 
Servius  says,  absque  exemplo,  whom  Ruaeus 
follows :  without  precedent,  or  example.  Da- 
vidson thinks  it  should  be  taken  in  the  sense 
of  malo  more  :  wickedly — atrociously.  For, 
says  he  :  Romulus,  solatus  earum  mcestitiam, 
docuit,  non  injuria  sed  connubii  causa,  ipsas 
raptas  esse;  et  demonstravit  morem  istum  et 
GrcBcum  et  antiquum  esse.  Ex  Dionysio. 

636.  Concessu  cavece :  in  the  crowded  circus 
— in  the  assembly  of  the  circus :  when  the 
great  Circensian  games  were  celebrated. 
For  caveat,  see  Geor.  ii.  381. 

638.  Romulidis:  dat.  of  Romulidce,  the 
Romans,  so  called  from  Romulus.  Curibus 
sevcris.  Cures,  was  a  city  of  the  Sabmes  :  by 
meton.  put  for  the  inhabitants.  These  are 
again  put  by  synec.  for  the  Sabines  in  ge- 
neral. They  were  a  people  remarkable  for 
their  integrity  and  rigid  virtue.  Hence  the 
epithet  stveris. 

640.  Tenentes  pateras :  holding  goblets 
ready  to  offer  libations  on  the  altar. 

642.  Metium  distulerant.  The  poet,  sen- 
sible that  the  story  of  Metius  might  shock 
the  humanity  of  his  reader,  is  careful  to  re- 
mind him  of  the  cause,  for  which  the  Ro- 
man king  was  so  terribly  severe,  both  hi 
his  apostrophe  to  the  traitor,  and  in  giving 
him  the  epithet  of  mendax,  false  or  treache- 
rous. See  nom.  prop,  under  Metius. 

645.  Rorabant :  in  the  sense  ofdistillabant. 

646.  Porsenna.      He   was   king   of  the 
Etrusci,  and  took  part  with  Tarquin  after 
his  expulsion,  and   endeavored   to  restore 
him  to  his  throne.     And  he  came  near  ef- 
fecting it.     Ho  took  possession  of  Janieu- 

on  the  western  bank  of  the  Tiber, 


456 


P.  V1RGIL1I  MARONIS 


655 


660 


./Eneadse  in  ferrum  pro  libertate  ruebani. 
Ilium  indignant!  similem,  similemque  minanti 
Aspiceres,  pontem  auderet  quod  vellere  Codes, 
Et  fluvium  vinclis  innaret  Claslia  ruptis. 

652.  In  summo  clypeo     Jn  summo  custos  Tarpeiae  Manlius  arcis 
Manlius,  custos  Stabat  pro  templo,  et  Capitolia  celsa  tenebat : 

Romuleoque  recens  horrebat  regia  culmo. 
Atque  hie  auratis  volitans  argenteus  anser 
Porticibus,  Gallos  in  limine  adesse  canebat : 
Galli  per  dumos  aderant,  arcemque  tenebant, 
Defensi  tenebris,  et  dono  noctis  opacae. 

659.  Erat  ollis  aurea  Aurea  C33saries  ollis,  atque  aurea  vestis  ; 
-Virgatis  lucent  sagulis :  turn  lactea  colla 
Auro  innectuntur  ;  duo  quisque  Alpina  coruscant 

662.   Protect!   quoad  Gaega  manlly  scutis  protect!  corpora  longis. 

C°663™  Hie   cxtuderat  /  Hic  exsultantes  Salios,  nudosque  Lupercos, 
exsultantes  Salios          Lanigerosque  apices,  et  lapsa  ancilia  ccelo, 

- 


the  time  the  Gauls  held  possession  of  Rome, 
an  attempt  was  made  to  seize  upon  the 
capitol  in  the  dead  of  the  night.  The  only 
access  was  by  a  narrow  passage.  The 
Gauls  had  succeeded  in  eluding  the  guards ; 
and  an  alarm  was  given  by  the  noise  of  a. 
flock  of  geese,  which  was  near  this  private 
passage :  and  by  that  means  the  capitol  was 
saved.  The  goose  afterward  was  held  in 
high  estimation.  To  this  circumstance  the 
poet  here  alludes. 

656.  Canebat :  in  the  sense  of  monebaty 
vel  indicabat. 

658.  Dono :  by  the  favor — assistance. 

659.  Auria  ccEsaries,  Sec.     Here  we  have 
a  description  of  the  Gauls,  and  an  account 
of  their  armor.   They  are  said  by  Livy  and 
others  to  have  had  long  yellow  hair,  and  a 
remarkable  white  neck.     Their  hair,  there- 
fore, the  poet  calls  aurea,  golden,  and  their 
necks  laelea,  milk-white. 

660.  Sagulis.    The  $agulum  was  a  cloak 
or   upper  garment   worn    by   the   ancient 
Gauls.      It  was  streaked   or  striped  with 
different  colors.      Hence    the   epithet  vir- 
gatis. 

661.  Auro:  in  the  sense  of  aureis  moni- 
libus. 

662.  Gcesa.    The  gasum  was  a  long,  but 
a  light  and  slender  spear,  so  that  two  of 
them  could  easily  be  carried  in  one's  hand. 
They  are  here  called  Alpina,  because  pecu- 
liar to  the  Gauls,  who  inhabited  about  the 
Alps. 

663.  "Salios.    See  285.  supra.    Lupercox. 
See  343.  supra. 

664.  Lanigeros  apices :  woollen  caps.  An- 
cilia.    The  ancile  was  a  kind  of  oval  shield, 
worn  only  by  the  priests  of  Mars  on  certain 
days.     One  of  them  is  said  to  have  fallen 
from  heaven  in  the  reign  of  Nurna ;  and 
to  have  portended  that  the  city  of  Rome 


over  which  a  bridge  was  built  to  connect  it 
with  the  main  city.  This  bridge  was  de- 
fended on  the  western  end  by  Codes,  against 
the  Etruscan  array,  as  they  attempted  to 
pass  it,  until  the  Romans  on  the  eastern 
shore  broke  it  down.  After  which  he  cast 
himself  into  the  river,  and  swam  to  his 
friends.  By  this  means  the  city  was  saved. 
See  nom.  prop,  under  Tarquinius. 

648.  JEneadcB:  the  Romans,  so  called  from 
./Eneas. 

649.  Ilium:  Porsenna. 

651.  Clcelia.    One  of  the   conditions  of 
peace  exacted  by  Porsenna  of  the  Romans, 
was  the  surrender  of  their  virgins  to  him  as 
hostages.     Among  these  hostages  was  Clo3- 
lia.     Under  the  pretence  of  bathing  herself, 
she  eluded  her  guards,  and  with  some  others 
mounted  their  horses,  and  swam  over  the 
Tiber.     Porsenna  demanded  her,  and  she 
was  restored.   But  he  set  her  at  liberty  with 
such  other  of  the  hostages,  as  he  thought 
proper  to  name.     The  Romans  presented 
her  with  an  equestrian  statue. 

652.  Manlius.     In  the  year  of  Rome  364, 
the  Gauls,  under  Brennus,  routed  the  Ro- 
man army  at  the  river  Allium,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Rome  and  took  it.   Marcus  Man- 
lius collected  a  body  of  men,  threw  himself 
into  the  capital,  and  defended  it.     By  this 
means  the  city  was  saved.     See  347.  supra. 

654.  Rcgia  horrebat :  the  palace  appeared 
rough,  and  newly  repaired  with  Romulian 
straw.  This  thatched  palace  of  Romulus, 
which  was  built  on  mount  Cupitolinus,  was 
repaired  from  time  to  txrao.  as  it  fell  to  de- 
cay. Virgil  here  represents  it  as  standing 
in  the  time  of  Manlius,  327  years  alter  the 
death  of  Romulus.  It  was  held  in  great 
veneration,  as  a  monument  of  their  ancient 
frugality. 

G55.  Argentcns  anscr.    It,  is  said  that  at 


1S.     LIB.  Mil. 


45? 


'Extuderat :  castte  clucebant  sacra  per  urbem  6t>5 

Pilentis  matres  in  mollibus.     Hinc  procul  addit 
Tartareas  etiam  sedes,  alta  ostia  Ditis  : 
Et  scelerum  poenas  :  et  te,  Catilina,  minari 
Pendentem  scopulo,  Furiarumque  ora  trementem 
Secretosque  pios  :  his  dantem  jura  Catonem. 

Haec  inter  tumidi  late  maris  ibat  imago 
Aurea,  sed  fluctu  spumabant  coerula  cano  ; 
Et  circum  argento  clari  delphines  in  orbem 
./Equora  verrebant  caudis,  aestumque  secabant. 
In  medio  classes  aeratas,  Actia  bella, 
Cernere  erat :  totumque  instructo  Marte  videres 
Fervere  Leucaten,  auroque  effulgere  fluctus. 
Hinc  Augustus  agens  Italos  in  prcelia  Ca3sar, 
Cum  patribus,  populoque,  Penatibus,  et  magnis  Dis, 
Stans  celsa  in  puppi :  geminas  cui  tempora  flammas 


670     670.  Piosque  secretes 
ab  impiis:  ct  Catonem 
672.  Sed  coerula  cequo- 
ra  spumabant  cano  fluc- 
tu 

C75     675.   In  medio  mart 
*  erat  cernere 


NOTES. 


should  become  most  powerful,  and  be  ren- 
dered invincible,  so  long  as  that  remained 
in  it. 

665.  Extuderat :  had  represented.  Ruaeus 
says,  sculpserat, 

666.  Pilentis,  &c.     In  the  war  with  the 
Veientes,  Camillus  vowed  an  offering  of  gold 
to  Apollo  of  Delphi ;   and  not  having  it  in 
his  power  to  perform  it,  the  women  of  dis- 
tinction brought  together  their  jewels,  and 
presented  them  to  him.     Whereupon  they 
received  the  honor  of  being  carried  at  the 
public  shows,  and  other  exhibitions,  in  light 
coaches  (pilentis  mollibus)  at  the  public  ex- 
pense. 

668.  Catilina.  L.  Scrgius  Catiline  was 
of  patrician  rank,  but  of  a  very  abandoned 
character.  He  twice  sought  the  consulate, 
and  was  as  often  disappointed  ;  which  so  en- 
raged him,  that  lie  entered  into  a  conspiracy 
with  some  others  to  murder  the  consuls  and 
burn  the  city.  The  whole  plot  was  disco- 
vered by  the  vigilance  of  Cicero,  and  Ca- 
tiline expelled  from  Rome.  He  after- 
ward perished  on  the  field  of  battle,  about 
the  middle  of  December,  58  years  before 
the  Christian  era.  His  associates  also  pe- 
rished, many  of  them  miserably,  by  the 
hand  of  the  public  executioner.  Sallust 
lias  given  a  full  account  of  this  most  dar- 
ing conspiracy,  written  in  purely  classic 
style. 

670.  Calonem.  Some  understand  Calo 
the  Censor;  but  others,  with  more  reason, 
perhaps,  Cato  Uticensis.  La  Cerda  here 
censures  Virgil  very  much  in  making  Cato 
give  laws  in  hell  to  gratify  Augustus.  But, 
it  is  to  be  observed,  that  Cato  does  not  sus- 
tain that  character  in  the  place  of  the  con- 
demned ;  but  in  the  abodes  of  the  blessed. 
Beside,  it  could  not,  be  a  dishonor  to  Cato  to 
be  ranked  with  Minos  and  Rhadamanthus, 
those  distinguished  legislators.  A  question 
may  here  arise  :  what  is  the  use  of  giving 


Sft 


laws  to  those  in  Elysium,  who  are  establish- 
ed in  perfection  and  virtue  ?  Perhaps  by 
jura,  wo  are  to  understand  their  rights  or 
just  rewards.  This  Cato  was  distinguished 
for  his  integrity  and  rigid  virtue. 

671.  Inter  hue,  &c.     The  poet  now  pro- 
ceeds to  the  ever  memorable  victory  which 
Augustus  obtained  over  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra on  the  shores  of  Epirus,  near  Actium^ 
in  the  year  of  Rome  723.     Upon  this,  the 
poet  exerts  all  the  energy  of  his  mind,  with 
a   view  to   immortalize   the   name  of  his 
prince.      The  previous  description  of  the 
sea,  is  a  painting  which  nothing  can  sur- 
pass.    Imago  ibat :  the  surface  of  the  wide- 
swelling  sea  was  golden.    Ibat :  in  the  sense 
of  erat  vel  apparebat. 

672.  Cozrula.    Maria  is  understood.  This 
expresses  the   waters  in   general,   without 
any  particular  reference  to  color   in    this 
place.     Cano  fluctu:   with  white  silvered 
waves. 

673.  Clari :  shining  in  silver. 

674.  JEstum :  in  the  sense  ofjluctus  vel 
mare. 

675.  Actia  bella:  the  Actic  fight.    Actia: 
an  adj.  from  Actiutn,  a  promontory  of  Epi- 
rus, where  Augustus  gained  a  complete  vic- 
tory over  Antony  and  Cleopatra,    in  the 
year  of  Rome   723.     This   victory  placed 
Augustus  securely  on  the  imperial  throne. 
«?Era/ew ;  brazen  beaked. 

676.  Instruclo  marte :  with  the  marshalled 
fight.    Leucaten.     See  ./En.  iii.  274. 

678.  Hinc  Augustus,  &c.  Here  the  poet 
arranges  the  respective  armies.  On  the  one 
side,  Augustus,  with  his  Italian  forces,  the 
fathers  of  his  country,  and  its  guardian 
gods.  On  the  other  side,  Antony,  with  his 
foreign  forces,  and  the  gods  of  Egypt.  Eve- 
ry line  is  beyond  expression  admirable. 

680.  Cui  tola  tempora:  whose  joyous 
temples,  &c.  Cui :  in  the  sense  of  cvjus. 
Geminas  fammas.  Some  refer  this  to  his 


458 


P.  VIRGIL1I  MARON1S 


Lseta  vomunt,  patriumque  aperitur  vertice  sidus.     681 
682.  In  alia  parte  erat  Parte  alia,  ventis  et  Dis  Agrippa  secundis, 
Agrippa  Arduus,  agmen  agens  :  cui,  belli  insigne  superbum, 

gent^ostrata^avaU  co-  Tempora  navali  fulgent  rostrata  corona, 
ron^  Hinc  ope  barbarica  variisque  Antonius  armis  685 

685.  Hinc  victor  An- Victor,  ab  Aurorae  populis  et  litore  rub  - 
tonius,   barbarica  ope,  ^oryptum,  viresque  Orientis,  et  ultima  secum 
varusque       ms,    vehit  gac^ra  yehit :  sequiturque,  nefas  !  ^Egyptia  conjux. 
enlsreUtmultimaqBlctra  Una  omnes  ruere,  ac  tp.tum  spumare  reductis 
secum,  usque  ab  populis  Convulsum  remis  rostrisque  tridentibus  aequor.         690 

689.  Omnes  vi&n/ur  Alta  petunt :  pelago  credas  innare  revulsas 
ruere    una,   ac   totum  CyCia(jaS}  aut  montes  concurrere  montibus  altos  : 
Tantsi  mole  viri  turritis  puppibus  instant. 
Stuppea  tfamrha  manu,  telisque  volatile  ferrum 


NOTES. 


helmet,the  cone  or  tuft  of  which  had  red  fiery 
plumes.  Others,  to  his  diadem,  which  was 
set  with  sparkling  gems. 

681.  Patrium  sidus.     This  alludes  to  the 
manner  in  which  he  used  to  be  represented 
in  the  Roman  sculpture,  having  over  his 
head  the  star  into  which  his  adopted  father 
Julius  Caesar  was  supposed  to  have  been 
changed.     Vomunt  flammas.    The  poet  here 
imitates  Homer  in  his   description  of  the 
helmet  of  Diornede. 

682.  Ag.'Lppa  :  a  noble  Roman,  and  high- 
ly honored  by  his  prince.     To  his  skill  and 
conduct,  the  victory  at  Actium  was  chiefly 
owing.     He  was  the  son-in-law  of  Augus- 
tas, and  also  his  adopted  son.     He  died  in 
the  year  of  the  city  742.     Secundis :  in  the 
sense  of  propitm. 

684.  Rostrata:   adorned  with  the  naval 
crown.     This  crown  was  bestowed  on  such 
as  signalized  themselves  in  an  engagement 
at  sea.     It  was  set  around  with  figures  like 
the  beaks  of  ships. 

685.  Antonius.      Marcus  Antonius   was 
the  companion  of  Julius  Caesar  in  all  his 
expeditions,  and  was  magister  equitum  dur- 
ing his  dictatorship.  After  the  death  of  Cfe- 
sar,  he  was  triumvir  with  Octavius  (after- 
ward Augustus)  arid  Lepidus.     He  over- 
threw the  army  of  Brutus  and  Cassius,  and 
with  them,  the  hopes  of  the  republicans,  on 
the  plains  of  Philippi.     He  performed  many 
noble  deeds  for  his  country,  and  triumphed 
over  the  Parthians   in  the  year  of  Rome 
716.     He  put  away  his  wife  for  the  sake  of 
Octavia,  the  sister  of  Augustus.     He  put 
her  away  in  turn,  and  married  Cleopatra, 
queen  of  Egypt ;  whereupon  he  was  declar- 
ed an  enemy  by  the  Senate.     War  was  im- 
mediately declared  against  him.     The  two 
armies,  or  rather  fleets,  engaged  at  Actium, 
a    promontory  of    Epirus.      Antony  was 
vanquished, and  fled  to  Alexandria  in  Egypt, 
which  was  soon  besieged ;  and  was  taken 
the  following  year.     He  killed  himself,  to 
prevent  falling  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies. 


The  same  was  the  end  of  Cleopatra,  who 
died  by  the  bite  of  asps,  which  she  kept  for 
that  purpose.  The  army  of  Antony  was 
made  up  chiefly  of  Asiatics.  Hence  popu- 
lis Auroras, :  from  the  nations  of  the  morn- 
ing— of  the  east.  Variis  armis :  with  va- 
rious arms — with  arms  of  various  kingdoms 
and  nations. 

686.  Rubro  litore:  from  the  coast  of  the 
Red  sea.  This  sea  separates  Egypt  from 
Arabia.  Victor.  This  is  mentioned  with 
reference  to  his  victory  and  triumph  over  the 
Parthians.  It  is  added  to  do  honor  to  Au- 
gustus in  conquering  so  formidable  an  ene- 
my. 

688.  Bactra :  neu.  plu. :  a  principal  city 
of  Bactriana,  a  country  lying  to  the  south- 
east of  the  Caspian  sea,  put,  by  synec.  for 
the  whole  country.  The  Romans,  like  the 
Greeks  before  them,  called  all  other  nations 
barbarians.  So  here  the  forces  of  Antony 
are  called,  barbarica  opes.  Ultima :  the 
farthest,  or  most  remote  part  of  the  empire. 
JEgyptia  conjux :  Cleopatra. 

690.  Reductis  remis  :  with  laboring  oars. 
Reductis,  shows  the  men  laboring  at  the  oar, 
and  with  all  their  might  pulling  home  every 
stroke.  Tridentibus  rostris :  with  trident 
beaks.  See  ^n.  v.  143. 

692.  Cydadas.  The  Cyclades  were  a  clus- 
ter of  islands  in  the  jEgean  sea.    Delos,  one 
of  them,   was  the  birthplace  of  Apollo  and 
Diana.     The  poet  likens  the  ships,  on  ac- 
count of  their  magnitude,  to  these  islands 
floating  on  the  sea,  and  to  mountains  en- 
gaging with  one  another.     The  comparison 
is  of  the  noblest  kind. 

693.  Turritis  puppibus.   These  were  ships 
that  had  turrets  or  towers  erected  on  their 
decks ;  from  which  the  soldiers  threw  all 
manner  of  weapons,  as  if  they  had  been  on 
dry  land  ;  and  so  engaged  with  the  greatest 
fury  imaginable.     Of  so  great  size  or  bulk  : 
tantd  mole. 

604.  Stuppea  flamma.  These  were  bun- 
dles of  tow  or  hemp  set  on  fire,  and  cast  on 


jENEIS.     LIB.  Vill. 


Spargitur  :  arva  nova  Neptunia  csedc  rubescunt.      (UJf> 

Regina  in  mediis"  patrio  vocat  agmina  sistro  : 
Necdum  etiam  geminos  a  tergo  respicit  angues. 
Omnigenumque  Deum  monstra,  et  latrator  Anubis, 
Contra  Neptunum  et  Venerem,  contraque  Minervam 
Tela  tenent.     Saevit  medio  in  certamine  Mayors      700 
Ccelatus  ferro,  tristesque  ex  aethere  Diras  ; 
Et  scissa  gaudens  vadit  Discordia  palla, 
Quam  cum  sangumeo  sequitur  Bellona  flagello. 
Actius  base  cernens  arcutn  intendebat  Apollo 
Desuper  :  omnis  eo  terrore  ^Egyptus,  et  Indi, 
Omnis  Arabs,  omnes  vertebant  terga  Sabaei. 
Ipsa  videbatur  ventis  regina  voeatis 
Vela  dare,  et  laxos  jam  jamque  immittere  funes. 
Illam  inter  csedes,  pallentem  morte  futura, 
Fecerat  Ignipotens  undis  et  lapyge  ferri : 
Contra  autem  magno  rnosrentem  corpore  Nilum, 
Pandentemque  sinus,  et  tota  veste  vocantem 


696.  In  mediis  parti- 
bus  clypei  regina  Cleo- 
patra vocat 


701.  Tristesque  Dirse 
sceviunl  ex  ffi there. 


705 

710.  Ignipotens  fece- 
rat   illarn   inter   caedes, 
pallentem  futura  morte 
ferri 

711.  Autem    contra 
710  c&laverat  Nilum  magno 

corpore  mcerentern,  pan- 
dentemque  suos  sinus,  et 
tota  veste  expassa  vo- 


Coeruleum  in  gremium,  latebrosaque  fiumina  victos.      cantem  victos 


NOTES. 


board  the  enemy.  Stuppea :  an  adj.  from 
stuppa.  Telis  volatile  ferrum.  It  is  not  ea- 
sy to  come  at  the  meaning  of  these  words. 
If  we  could  take  tdis  in  the  sense  of  machi- 
nis,  the  engines  with  which  the  weapons 
were  thrown,  there  would  be  no  difficulty. 
Heyne  thinks  this  can  hardly  be  done.  He 
suggests  the  reading  of  teli  in  the  gen.  The 
volatile  steel  of  the  dart  is  thrown.  The 
dat.  is  frequently  used  in  the  sense  of  the 
gen.  If  it  be  in  the  present  case,  the  mean- 
ing will  be :  The  volatile  steel  of  (to)  the 
darts  is  thrown  ;  that  is,  the  darts  and  mis- 
sive weapons  themselves.  Ferrum :  the  point 
or  barb  of  the  dart,  by  synee.  the  whole 
dart. 

695.  Neptunia  arva :  a  most  beautiful  ex- 
pression for  the  sea.    JVbra  ccede :  with  great 
— unusual  slaughter. 

696.  Sistro.     The  sistrum  was  a  kind  of 
timbrel  peculiar  to  the  Egyptians,  and  used 
by  them  in  the  worship  of  [sis.   The  epithet 
patrio  is  therefore  very  proper. 

697.  Geminos  angues.     This  is  supposed 
to  allude  to  the  manner  of  her  death.     As 
she  was  to  die  by  the  bite  of  asps,  it  is  sup- 
posed that  Vulcan  engraved  them  behind 
her,  to  show  what  was  to  be   her  destiny, 
though  she  was  not  then  apprehensive  of  it. 

698.  Omnigenum,  &c.      The  Egyptians 
were  notorious  for  consecrating  as  gods  the 
several  kinds  of  animals.     Cicero  says  of 
them :  omnt  fere  genus  bestiarum  JF.gyptii 
consecrarunt.     The  deities,  however,  most 
honored,  were  Osiris,  one  of  their  kings,  and 
Isis  his  wife.     Also,  Anubis.    He  was  most 
probably  their  servant,  and,  for  his  fidelity, 
was  consecrated.     He  was  representt-i  with 
a  dog's  head,  in  allusion  to  his  fidelity ;  the 
dog  being  the  most  faithful  of  animals.  Vir- 
gil calls  him  latrator. 


702.  Gaudens  scissa  palla :  discord  rejoic- 
ing in  her  rent  mantle.  By  the  rent  mantle, 
the  poet  very  forcibly  expresses  the  effect  of 
discord  in  dividing  the  minds  of  men,  and 
destroying  the  peace  of  society. 

704.  Aetna.   Apollo  is  here  called  Actius, 
from  Actium,  a  promontory  on  the  coast  of 
Epirus,  where  he  had  a  famous  temple.  The 
whole  coast  was  sacred  to  him.     The  word 
Actium  is  derived  from  a  Greek  word  whicli 
signifies  the  shore,  or  litus. 

705.  Indi :  either  the  Bactrians,  or  the 
/Ethiopians.      These  composed   a  part   of 
the  forces  of  Antony.     The  inhabitants  of 
any  warm  climate  were  sometimes  called 
Indi,  indiscriminately.     Sabcei :  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Arabia  Felix.     These,  also,  were 
with    Antony.      Eo  terrore:  with  the  fear 
of  that,  &c. 

708.  Immittere  laxos  funes :  to  give  loose 
ropes — to  let  go  the  ropes  that  contracted 
the  sails.  This  is  a  metaphor  taken  from 
loosening-  the  reins  of  a  horse,  to  let  him  go 
at  full  speed. 

710.  lapyge.     This  wind  blew  from  Apu- 
lia, the  most  eastern  part  of  Italy,  and  con- 
sequently toward  Egypt.    It  is  called  lapyx^ 
from   the  ancient    name   of  Apulia.     Fe- 
ccrat :  had  engraved — represented. 

711.  Nilum.     This  personification  of  the 
river  Nile  is  extremely  fine.     The  Nile  is  the 
largest  river  of  Africa.    Rising  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Abyssinia,  and  running  a  northerly 
course,  fertilizing  the  country  through  which 
it  passes,  it  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  sea 
by  seven  mouths.     Its  inundations  are  oc- 
casioned by  the  periodical  rains,  which  fall 
within  the  tropics.     Moerenicm  :  in  the  sense 
of  dolentem. 

713.  Latebrosa:  winding affording  a 

safe  and  secure  retreat. 


P.  VJUCilLH  MARONJS 


7-20 


At  Csssar,  triplici  invectus  Romana  triumpho 
Moenia,  Dis  Italis  votum  immortale  ^acrabat, 
716.JV*empetercentumMaxima  ter  centum  totam  delubra  per  urbem. 
maxima  delubra  Lsetitia,  ludisque  viae  plausuque  fremebant : 

718.  Erat  chorus  ma-  Omnibus  in  templis  matrum  chorus  ;  omnibus  arae  : 
tram  in  omnibus  temp-Ante  ^  tcrmm  caegi  strav£re  juvenci. 
us ;  erant  arse  .  ,.,.«!        _..      .  . 

720.    Augustus  ipse,IpseJ  sedens  mveo  candentis  hmine  Phcebi, 
sedens  in  niveo  limine  Dona  recognoscit  populorum,  aptatque  superbi3 
candentis  templi  Postibus.     Incedunt  victae  longo  ordine  gent.cs, 

Quam  variae  linguis,  habitu  tarn  vestis  et  arinis. 

724.    Hie    Mulciber  Hie  Nomadum  genus,  et  discinctos  Mulciber  Afros  ; 
finxerat  genus  Hic  LeiegaS)  Carasque,  sagittiferosque  Gelonos       725 

Finxerat.     Euphrates  ibat  jam  mollior  undis, 

729.  JEneas  miratur  Extremique  hominum  Morini,  Rhenusque  bicornis, 
talia  dona  parentis  Ve-  Indomitique  Dahss,  et  pontem  indignatus  Araxes. 
™73a  Gaudetnue  ima-     Talia'  Per  clyPeum  Vulcani,  dona  parentis 
gine  rerum,  quarum  est  Miratur  :  rerumque  ignarus  imagine  gaudet, 
adhuc  ignarus  Attollcns  humero  famamque  et  fata  nepotum. 


730 


NOTES. 


714.  Triplici  triumpko.  Augustus  obtain- 
ed three  victories:  one  over  the  lllyrians, 
another  over  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  and 
a  third  over  Egypt,  which  was  reduced  to 
&  Roman  province.  This  was  effected  by 
the  capture  of  Alexandria  in  the  year  of 
Rome  724,  and  in  the  month  Scxtilis ; 
which  afterward  was  called  Augustus.  Soon 
after  this,  the  year  was  begun  on  the  first 
day  of  January. 

716.  Ter  centum,  &c.  A  definite  number 
is  here  used  for  an  indefinite  number.  We 
are  informed  that  Augustus  built  several 
sumptuous  temples  at  Rome,  among  which 
was  one  to  Julius  Caesar,  his  adopted  fatiier. 
This  was  built  on  mount  Palatine,  of  white 
Parian  marble.  Hence  the  epithet  canden- 
tis, verse  720,  infra.  Vm :  the  streets  of 
the  city.  Fremebant :  in  the  sense  of  rc'so- 
nabant. 

723.  Linguis  :  language.    Habitu :  man- 
ner, or  form  of  their  apparel. 

724.  Nomadum.   The  Nomadce  vel  JYwma- 
dce  were  a  people  of  Africa,  situated  to  the 
west  of  Carthage.     Their  capital  city  was 
Cirta.     They  derived  their   name  from  a 
Greek  word  which  signifies  pasture;  pas- 
turage being  their  chief  business.     Discinc- 
tos: the  Africans   are  so   called  from   the 
looseness  of  their  apparel,  or  from  their  ge- 
neral inactivity  and  aversion  to  labor.   Mul- 
ciber :  a  name  of  Vulcan. 

725.  Lelegas.    The  Lelegtz  were  a  peo- 
ple of  Asia  Minor.     Homer   places  them 
about  the  bay  of  Adramyttium.     By  some 
they  are  confounded  with  the  Cares.    These 


were  a  people  to  the  south  of  Ionia,  and  tt> 
the  north  of  Doris.  Gelonos.  These  were 
a  people  of  Scythia,  or  Thrace,  skilful  in 
throwing  the  arrow. 

726.  Finxerat :  in  the  sense  of  sculpserat. 

727.  Morini.     These  were  a  people  in- 
habiting the  northern  parts  of  Gaul  over 
against  Britain  ;  which  the  Romans  consi- 
dered the  boundary  of  the  world  to   the 
westward.     Hence  they  are  called  extremi 
hominurn :  the  most  remote  of  men.     Their 
capital  was  Tan-anna.     Caius  Carinus  tri- 
umphed over  them,  on  the  same  day  that 
Augustus  obtained  his  first  triumph.     Rhe- 
nus:  the  Rhine,  a  well-known    river.     It 
arises  in  the  Alps,  and  taking  a  northerly 
direction,  unites  with  the  Main  from  the  east. 
Hence  it  is  called  bicornis,  two  horned.     It 
falls  into  the  German  sea  by  several  mouths. 

728.  Daha.      Where  these  people  were 
situated  is  uncertain.      Stephanius  thinks 
they  were  a  nation  of  Scythia.   Others  place 
them  in  Asia,  near  the  river  Oxus,  which 
falls  into  the  Caspian  sea,  from  the  south- 
east, separating  Bactriana  from  Sogdiana. 
If  this  be  correct,  they  were  allies  of  Anto- 
ny.   Araxes.    This  is  a  river,  rising  in  Arme- 
nia, taking  an  easterly  direction,  and  fall- 
ing into  the  Caspian  sea.     It  carried  away 
the  bridge  which  Alexander  built  over  it. 
Hence  it  is  said  :  indignatus  pontem :  it  dis- 
dained a  bridge. 

730.  Ignarus,  £c.  Although  JEneas  was 
delighted  with  these  figures  and  representa- 
tions upon  his  shield,  he  knew  not  what  they 
were  designed  to  represent  and  foreshow. 


jENEIS.     LIB.  V1I1. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  book  ? 

At  whose  direction  did  /Eneas  go  to  the 
court  of  Evander  ? 

Where  was  his  city  situated  ? 

What  wan  the  name  of  it  ? 

Why  was  it  called  Pallanteum? 

How  was  he  received  by  the  aged  mo- 
narch ? 

Of  what  country  was  he  a  native  ? 

What  was  he  doing  at  the  time  of  the 
arrival  of  ./Eneas  ? 

Were  ./Eneas  and  Evander  in  any  way  re- 
lated to  each  other  ? 

How  was  that  relationship  deduced  ? 

Who  was  their  common  ancestor  ? 

Had  Evander  any  acquaintance  with  An- 
chises  ? 

On  what  occasion  had  he  seen  him  ? 

Where  is  the  island  of  Salamis  situated  ? 

How  came  Priam  to  visit  that  island? 

What  other  places  did  he  visit  at  the  same 
lime  ? 

On  what  account  were  those  sacred  rites 
instituted  in  honor  of  Hercules,  in  which 
Evander  was  then  engaged  ? 

Who  was  Hercules ? 

What  other  names  had  he  ? 

On  what  occasion  did  he  visit  Evander  ? 

Who  was  Cacus? 

Where  had  he  his  residence  ? 

What,  had  he  done  to  bring  the  ven- 
geance of  Hercules  upon  him  ? 

In  what  way  did  he  take  those  heifers  to 
his  cave  ? 

What  was  his  object  in  doing  this  ? 

How  was  a  discovery  finally  made  ? 

Where  was  the  cave  of  Cacus  situated  ? 

On  the  approach  of  Hercules,  what  did 
Cacus  do  ? 

How  did  the  hero  find  admission  into  his 
den? 

What  resistance  did  he  make  ? 

How  did  Hercules  kill  the  monster  ? 

Did  Hercules  perform  any  other  distin- 
guished actions  ? 

Wiiat  are  some  of  them  ? 

To  whom  was  he  made  subject  by  Juno  ? 

How  many  actions  did  he  perform  at  the 
command  of  that  king  ? 

What  are  they  called  by  way  of  distinc- 
tion and  eminence  ? 

What  was  the  object  of  .Eneas  in  going 
to  the  court  of  Evander  ? 

Did  he  furnish  him  with  men  and  supplies 
for  the  war  ? 

What  was  the  character  of  Evander  as  a 
soldier  ? 

Had  he  performed,  in  his  youth,  any  feats 

"  valor 5 


What  are  some  of  them ." 

How  many  men  did  he  send  with  JEneas  ? 

Who  commanded  them  ? 

What  was  the  age  of  Pallas  at  that  time  ? 

What  was  the  state  of  the  Tuscans  ? 

Whore  were  they  situated  in  respect  to 
the  Tiber  ? 

What  was  the  cause  of  their  being  in 
arms  ? 

Was  the  throne  of  Tuscany  at  that  time 
vacant  ? 

Had  they  made  any  offer  of  the  crown  to 
Evander  ? 

Why  did  he  decline  it  ? 

Who  commanded  the  Tuscan  troops  ? 

What  was  the  object  of  ^Eneas  in  visit- 
ing the  Tuscan  camp  ? 

Did  the  Tuscans  willingly  place  them- 
selves under  his  command  ? 

Had  there  been  any  prophetic  declarations 
upon  this  subject? 

What  prince  does  Turnus  endeavor  to 
bring  over  to  his  interest  ? 

In  what  part  of  Italy  were  his  posses- 
sions ? 

What  was  the  name  of  his  city  ? 

Who  was  Diomede  ? 

What  did  Venus  in  the  mean  time  ? 

Where  were  the  forges  of  Vulcan  ? 

Who  were  his  workmen  ? 

What  were  the  names  of  the  chief  of 
them  ? 

What  were  they  doing  at  that  time  ? 

On  the  shield  of  jEneas  was  there  any 
carved  work  ? 

Were  there  any  events  of  the  Roman  his- 
tory there  represented? 

What  were  some  of  those  events  ? 

How  did  jEneas  receive  this  impenetra- 
ble shield  ? 

Where  was  he  at  the  time  ? 

Was  this  a  very  unexpected  event  to  him? 

In  what  light  may  this  book  be  consider- 
ed? 

Where  is  the  scene  laid  ? 

What  does  Dr.  Trapp  observe  of  this 
book? 

What  part,  in  particular,  is  the  finest  and 
most  noble? 

In  what  description  does  the  poet  appear 
to  have  exerted  all  the  powers  of  his  mind  ? 

Where  was  that  battle  fought  ? 

What  was  the  consequence  of  that  victo- 
ry to  Augustus? 

What  was  the  end  of  Antony  ? 

What  was  the  end  of  Cleopatra  ? 

In  what  manner  did  she  die? 

How  does  the  book  conclude  ? 


LIBER   NONUS. 


IN  this  book  the  war  commences.  Turnus,  taking  the  advantage  of  the  absence  of 
tineas,  assaults  the  Trojan  camp ;  and  attempts  to  set  fire  to  their  ships,  when  they 
are  changed  into  sea-nymphs.  Li  a  state  of  consternation,  they  send  Nisus  and  Eury- 
alus  to  recall  ^Eneas.  This  introduces  the  episode  of  their  friendship,  generosity,  and 
the  conclusion  of  their  adventures ;  which  extends  from  the  176th  line  to  the  502d,  and 
is  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  the  ^Eneid.  The  next  morning,  Turnus  renews  the  assault, 
and  performs  prodigies  of  valor.  At  length,  being  informed  that  the  Trojans  had 
opened  the  gates,  he  repairs  thither;  when  a  most  desperate  conflict  ensues.  The 
Trojans  take  refuge  within  their  gates.  The  hero  enters  along  with  them,  and  the 
gates  are  closed  upon  him.  Juno  assists  him,  and  a  great  slaughter  ensues.  The  Tro- 
jans flee  in  all  directions  before  him.  At  last,  however,  they  are  rallied  by  Mnestheus 
and  Sergestus,  and  renew  the  fight.  Turnus  retires  before  them,  escapes  from  their 
entrenchments,  and  returns  in  safety  to  his  camp. 

This  book  is  distinguished  from  the  rest  by  the  total  absence  of  JEneas.  It  contains  more 
fighting  than  any  of  the  other.  Dr.  Trapp  considers  the  transformation  of  the  ships 
into  nymphs  of  the  sea,  as  a  blemish  to  the  book. 

ATQUE  ea  diversa  penitus  dum  parte  geruntur, 
Irim  de  coelo  misit  Saturnia  Juno 
Audacem  ad  Turnum.     Luco  turn  forte  parentis 
Pilumni  Turnus  sacrata*  valle  sedebat : 
Ad  quern  sic  roseo  Thaumantias  ore  locuta  est :  f» 

Turne,  quod  optanti  Divum  promittere  nemo 
Auderet,  volvenda  dies  en  attulit  ultro  ! 
jEneas,  urbe,  et  sociis,  et  classe  relicta, 
Sceptra  Palatini  sedemque  petivit  Evandri. 

10.  Nee  est  hoc  satis  ;  Nee  satis  :  extremas  Corythi  penetravit  ad  urbes  :     10 
penetravit  Lydorumque  manum,  collectos  armat  agrestes. 

12.  Nunc  est  tempus  Quid  dubitas  ?  nunc  tempus  equos,  nunc  poscere  currus. 
poscere  equos  Rumpe  moras  omncs,  et  turbata  arripe  castra. 

Dixit :  et  in  crelum  paribus  se  sustulit  alis  ; 
Ingentemque  fuga  secuit  sub  nubibus  arcum.  15 

NOTES, 

1.  Geruntur.     This  refers  to  what  has  the  form  of  a  city,  with  turrets,  ramparts, 

been   related  in   the  preceding  book — the  and  gates, 

transactions  at  the  court  of  Evander.  9.  Evandri.     Evander  is  here  called  Pa- 

3.  Parentis.     Pilumnus  was  not  the  im-  latine,  because  he    dwelt  on  mount  Pala- 

mediate  parent  of  Turnus,  but  one  of  his  tine,  or  Pala  tinus,  where  Romulus  after  ward 

ancestors;  either  his  grandfather  or  great  dwelt;  and, also,  the  Roman  emperors,  down 

grandfather.     Servius  says  Pilumnus  was  from  Augustus.     Sceptra :  the  realms.    Ru- 

the  common  name  of  the  family.  'aeus  says,  regna.     Sedem  :  palace — city. 

5.  Thaumantias.      Iris,  the  daughter  of  10.  Corythi.     Corythus,  a  city  of  Tusca- 
Thaumas  and  Electra.     See  ^En.  iv.  700.  ny  founded  by  Corytus,  a  Tuscan  king,  and 

6.  Optanti :  to  you  wishing  so  favorable  called  by  his  name. 

an  opportunity.  11.  Lydorum.     The  Tuscans  are  called 

7.  Dies  volvenda :  the  time  (that  was)  to      Lydians,  because  they  were  a  colony  from 
be  revolved — the  time  destined  by  the  fates.     Lydia,  of  Asia  Minor. 

Dies :  in  the  sense  of  tempus.  1 5.  Secuit  arcum :  she  cut  the  mighty  bow, 

8.  Urbe.  This  city  of  jEneas  is  sometimes     &c.     The  rainbow  was  reckoned  the  chariot 
called  a  camp.    It  was  a  camp,  fortified  in     of  Iris ;  so  that  the  meaning  is :  she  cut 


.'ENEIS.     LIB.  IX. 


463 


Agnovit  juvenis,  duplicesque  ad  sidera  palmas 
Sustulit,  ac  tali  fugientem  est  voce  secutus  : 
Iri,  decus  cceli,  quis  te  mihi  nubibus  actam 
Detulit  in  terras  ?  unde  haec  tarn  clara  repente 
Tempestas  ?  medium  video  discedere  ccelum, 
Palantesque.  polo  Stellas.     Sequar  omina  tanta, 
Quisquis  in  arma  vocas.     Et  sic  effatus,  ad  undam 
Processit,  summoque  hausit  de  gurgite  lymphas, 
Multa  Deos  orans  :  oneravitque  aethera  votis. 

Jamque  omnis  campis  exercitus  ibat  apertis, 
Dives  equum,  dives  pictai  vestis,  et  auri. 
Messapus  primas  acies,  postrema  coercent 
Tyrrheidae  juvenes  :  medio  dux  agmine  Turnus 
Vertitur  arma  tenens,  et  toto  vertice  supra  est. 
Ceu  septem  surgens  sedatis  amnibus  altus 
Per  taciturn  Ganges  ;  aut  pingui  flumine  Nilus, 
Cum  refluit  campis,  et  jam  se  condidit  alveo. 

Hie  subitam  nigro  glomerari  pulvere  nubem 
Prospiciunt  Teucri,  ac  tenebras  insurgere  campis. 
Primus  ab  adversa  conclamat  mole  Caicus  : 


16.   Juvenis    Turnus 
agnovit  earn 


20 


22.  Quisquis  Deorum 
vocas  me  in  arma.  Et 
sic  effatus  processit  ad 
undam  Tibris 


27.  Messapus  coercel 
primas  acies 

29.  Et  est  supra  om- 
30  nes  alias  toto  vertice 

31.  Aut  ceu  Nilus  pin- 
gui flumine^wif,  cum 


35 


NOTES. 


her  way  through  it,  to  mount  up  again  into 
heaven  in  that  vehicle. 

16.  Palmas  •  properly,  the  palm  of  the 
hand  :  by  synec.  the  whole  hand. 

19.  Unde  hcec  tarn :  whence  this  so  glaring 
brightness,   all  on   a   sudden?      Tempestas 
evidently   means,   in   this   place,   serenity, 
brightness,  or  brilliancy.     Detulit :  in  the 
sense  of  demisit.     Tempestas  tarn  clara.    Ru- 
JEUS  B^ys,  fades  cceli  tarn  splendida. 

20.  Video  medium :  I  see  heaven  open  in 
the  midst,  and  stars  shooting  across  the  sky. 
When   the    lightning   bursts   through   the 
clouds,  the  skies  seem  at  times  to  be  rent 
asunder.     We  are  to  understand  by  stellas* 
the  meteors,  and  other  electric  appearances, 
that  shoot  across  the  skies  like  stars.     Ser- 
vius  understands  it  of  the  stars  themselves. 
That  they  should  ever  appear  in  the  day- 
time is  very  extraordinary,  but  that  they 
should  appear  in  the  additional  light  brought 
by  Iris,  was  much  more  so.    This,  therefore, 
confirmed  Turnus  in  the  opinion  that  it  was 
something  preternatural  and  divine.    Sequar 
tanta  omma,  was  therefore  his  immediate 
determination. 

23.  Lymphas  :    in  the   sense  of  equam. 
Summo  gurgite :   from  the  surface  of  the 
stream. 

24.  JEthcra :  in  the  sense  of  ccelum. 

26.  Picta'i:   the  old  genitive  for  piclce: 
variegated — embroidered . 

27.  Coercent :    in  the  sense   of  inferant. 
Ruaeus  says,  regunt.    Poslrema :  the  rear. 
Agmina  is  understood. 

28.  Tyrrheidcet:  the  sons  of  Tyrrheus,  a 
patronymic  noun.  Tyrrheus  was  the  shep- 
herd of  Latinus,  whose  eldest  son  was  killed 
in  the  first  skirmish.  See  ;En.  vij, 


29.  Vertilur :  in  the  sense  ofinccdit.   This 
line  is  marked^  by  Heyne  as  an  interpola- 
tion. 

30.  Ceu  altus  Ganges :  as  the  deep  Gan- 
ges, rising  silently  from  seven  still  streams, 
flows  on  its  course  silent  and  still,  so  moves 
the  army  of  Turnus.     This  is  a  beautiful 
simile,  and  is  intended  to  express  the  majes- 
tic slowness  and  silence   of  their  march : 
also,  their  order,  after  having  been  scattered 
and  dispersed  ;  as  those  rivers  glide  within 
their  channels,  after  having  overflowed  the 
country.     An  ellipsis  here  is  necessary  in 
order  to  make  the  sense  clear,  which  I  have 
filled.     The  Ganges  is  the  largest  river  of 
Asia,   and   divides   India   into   two   parts. 
After  a  course  of  about  2,000  miles,  in  which 
it  receives  the  waters  of  a  number  of  con- 
siderable streams,  it  falls  into  the   bay  of 
Bengal  by  several  mouths.     Like  the  Nile, 
it  overflows  its  banks.     By  septem  sedatis 
amnibus,  we  are  to  understand  the  several 
rivers  which  flow  into  the  Ganges,  and  aug- 
ment its  waters.     Hence  the  propriety  of 
surgens.     The  natives  worship  the  river  as 
a  god. 

31.  Per  taciturn :  taken  adverbially,  in  the 
sense  of  tacite. 

32.  Cum  reftuit:   when  it  hath  retired, 
or  flowed  back  from  the  plains,  and  confined 
itself  to  its  channel.   Pingui  flumine. :  with 
its  fertilizing  waters.    The  fertility  of  Egypt 
is  wholly  owing  to  the  overflowing  of  the 
Nile.     See  Geor.  iv.  293.  and  ^n.  viii.  711. 

33.  Glomerari:  to  be  formed — to  ascend  in 
wreathy  columns,  like  clouds  of  smoke. 

35.  Mok :  rampart— tower. 


4t>4  P.  V1RGILII  MARONIS 

Quis  globus,  6  cives,  caligine  volvitur  atra  / 
Ferte  citi  ferrum,  date  tela,  scandite  muros. 
Hostis  adest,  eja.     Ingenti  ciamore  per  omnes 
39.  Omnes  Teucri  con-  Condurit  se  Teucri  portas,  et  rncenia  compleiit. 
dunt  se  mgenti  ciamore  jVJamque  ita  discedens  praeceperat  optiraus  armis        40 

PllTtereasiquadWm  f"eas  :  si  <*Uf  «*e«*  fcttniia  fuisset  ; 
fortuna  fuisset  Ne  struere  auderent  aciem,  neu  credere  campo  : 

Castra  modo,  et  tutos  servarent  aggere  muros. 
Ergo,  etsi  conferre  manum  pudor  iraque  moustrat, 
Objiciunt  portas  tamea^  et  prsecepta  lacessunt  ;         45 
Armatique  cavis  exspectani  tyrribus  hostem. 

Turnus,  ut  antevolans  tardum  praecesserat  agmen, 
Viginti  lectie  equitum  comitatus,  et  urbi 
Improvisus  adest  :  maculis  quern  Thracius  albis 
Portat  equus,  cristaque  tegit  galea  aurea  rubra.         50 
51.  O  juvenes,  ecquisficquis  erit  mecum,  juvenes,  qui  primus  in  hostem  ? 
resirum  _erit,  qui  primus  E      ait     et  jacu]um  intorquens  emittit  in  auras, 
zrruet  in  hostem    me-  n  .      .   .  .   c    \ 

cum  ;  rrincipmm  pugna3  ;  et  campo  sese  arduus  mlert. 

Ciamore  excipiunt  socii,  t'remituque  sequuntur 
Horrisono.     Teucrum  mirantur  inertia  corda  :  55 

3.  Viros  non  dare  se  ^fon  &QUQ  dare  se  campo,  non  obvia  ferre 

a"rma  obvT'  *         "  Arma  viros  5  sed  castra  fovere'     Huc  turbidus  atque  bn 
57.  Turnus  turbidus  Lustrat  equo  muros,  aditumque  per  avia  quaerit.    , 

lustrat  Ac  veluti  pleno  lupus  insidiatus  ovili, 

Cum  fremit  ad  caulas,  ventos  perpessus  et  imbres,     60 
64.  Rabies  edendi  col-  Nocte  superfc'  media  :  tuti  sub  matribus  agni 


,         r 

siccaj  sanguine  fatigant  Saevit  m  absentes  :  collecta  iatigat  edendi 

turn                             Ex  longo  rabies,  et  siccae  sanguine  fauces. 

NOTES. 

36.  Globus  :  a  troop,  or  multitude  of  sol-  ceremony  of  throwing  a  javelin  into  the 
diers.     Quis  :  in  the  sense  of  quantus.    Vol-  enemy's  territory,  as  a  signal  of  war.   Prin- 
vitur  :  is  approaching.    Ruaeus  says,  accedit  cipium  :  in  the  sense  of  initium. 

adnos.     But  volvitur  may  be  taken  perhaps  54.  Horrisono  fremitu:  with  terrific  shouts. 

in  the  sense  of  involvilur  :  is  involved,  or  Excipiunt  :  they  answer  with  acclamation 

concealed  from  us,  in  that  thick  cloud  of  dust.  —  they  second,  &c. 

37.  Ferrum  :  here,  must  mean  arms  in  ge-  55.  Inertia:  cowardly  —  fearful. 
neral.  56.  Obvia:  in  the  sense  of  adversa. 

38.  Per  :  in  the  sense  of  intra.  57.  Fovere  castra  :  to  cherish  or  hug  their 

40.  Optimus  armis  :  most  skilful  in  the  camp  —  keep  close  to  it.     This  is  an  oppro- 
art  of  war  —  most  valiant  in  arms.  brious  expression.     It  is  a  metaphor  taken 

41.  Siqua  fortuna  :  if  there  should  be  any  from  timorous  mothers,  who  hug  their  chil- 
danger  or  hazard  daring  his  absence,  he  di-  dren,  and  keep  them  close  to  their  bosoms, 
rected  that  they  should  not,  &c.     If  war  when  apprehensive  of  their  being  in  danger. 
should  break  out  while,  &c.  Turbidus  :  in  the  sense  of  iratus. 

43.  Modo  :    only  —  they   should   attempt  58.  Per  avia  :  in  the  sense  of  per  inac- 
nothing   more,     dggcre  :   in  the   sense   of  cessa  loca.     Avia  :  of  a  priv.  and  via. 
munimentis.  60.  Cum  fremit  :  growls  around  the  sheep- 

44.  Monstrat  conferre  :  urges  them  to  en-  cotes.     Perpessus  :  enduring  —  suffering. 
gage  hand  to  hand  —  in  close  quarters,  and  61.  Super:  until  —  as  far  as.   Ruaeussays, 
on  equal  terms,  yet,&c.  sub  medium  noclem. 

48.  Equitum  :  gen.  plu.  for  equitibus,  to  62.  lilt  asper  :  he  fierce  and  outrageous 
agree  with  lectis.  with  anger,  &c.     Absentes  :  the  lambs  shut 

49.  Albis  maculis  :  of  white  spots.     The  up  in  the  fold,  and  out  of  his  reach.     Exer- 
prep.  e  vel  ex  is  understood.  cent  :  in  the  sense  of  emiltunt. 

52.  Intorquens  jaculum:  brandishing  his  63.  Scetit:  in  the  sense  offurit.     Eos  is 

javelin,  he  threw  it  into  the  air,  as  the  begin-  understood. 

ning,  £e.    This  is  an  allusion  to  the  Roman  64.  Rabies  edcndi  :  a  rage  for  eating  — 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  IX. 


465 


Maud  aliter  Rutulo  muros  et  castra  tuenti 
Ignescunt  irae  :  et  duris  dolor  ossibus  ardet ; 
Qua  tentet  ratione  aditus  ;  et  qua  via  clauses 
Excutiat  Teucros  vallo,  atque  efTundat  in  aequor. 
Classem,  quae  lateri  castrorum  adjuncta  latebat, 
Aggeribus  septam  cireum  et  fluvialibus  undis, 
Invadit ;  sociosque  incendia  poscit  ovantes, 
Atque  manum  pinu  flagrant!  fervidus  implet. 
Turn  vero  incumbunt :  urget  praesentia  Turni, 
Atque  omnis  facibus  pubes  accingitur  atris. 
Diripuere  focos  :  piceum  fert  fumida  lumen 
Ta?da,  et  commixtam  Vulcanus  ad  astra  favillam. 

Quis  Deus,  6  Musae,  tarn  sseva  incendia  Teucris 
Avertit  ?  tantos  ratibus  quis  depulit  ignes  ? 
Dicite.     Prisca  fides  facto,  sed  fama  perennis. 

Tempore,  quo  primum  Phrygia  formabat  in  Ida 
^Eneas  classem,  et  pelagi  petere  alta  parabat ; 
Ipsa  Deum  fertur  genitrix  Berecynthia  magnum 


65 


70 


76.  Et  Vulcanus  fert 
commixtam  favillam  ad 
astra. 

79.  Est  prisca  fides 
facto,  sed  fama  ejus  est 
perennis. 

82.  Berecynthia  ipsa 
genitrix  Deum  fertur 
affata  esse  magnum  Jo- 
vem 


NOTES. 


hunger.  Edendi:  in  the  sense  of  cibi.  Fa- 
ligat:  urges  him  on.  Ruseus  says,  vexat. 
SicccB :  dry — thirsting  for  blood. 

65.  Rutulo :  to  the  Rutulian — to  Turnus. 

66.  Dolor  :  indignation — anguish. 

67.  Qua  ratione:  in  what  way  he  may 
obtain  access;  and  in  what  way  he  may 
dislodge  the  Trojans,  shut  up  in  their  in- 
trenchments,   &c.      It    is   much   better  to 
take  via  in  the  abl.  than  the  nominative  to 
the  verb  excutiat,  with  Heync  and  Valpy. 
This  obscures  the  sense,  while  the  former 
renders  it  obvious.     Ruaeus  and  Davidson 
read  qua  via.     Heyne,  quce  via. 

69.  Adjuncta :  adjoining — near  to.     Ru- 
aeus  says,  admola, 

70.  Cireum  septam :   protected   around. 
Ruffius  says,  defensam.     Fluvialibus  undis  : 
by  the  waters  of  the  river — simply,  by  the 
river  Tiber. 

71.  Poscit  incendia  :  he  demands  flames 
of  his  joyous  companions.     He  orders  them 
to  take  fire,  and  assist  him  in  burning  the 
ships.     Verbs  of  commanding,  &c.  govern 
two  accusatives. 

73.  Incumbunt :   they    exert    all    their 
strength— they  spring  to  it  earnestly. 

75.  Diripuere :  they   strip — plunder  the 
hearths.     Fert :  in  the  sense  of  emittit. 

76.  Vukanus :  the  god  of  fire,  by  meton. 
put  for  fire  itself.      Tceda :    a  firebrand — 
torch.     Favillam  :  the  sparks. 

78.  Depulit :  in  the  sense  of  avertit. 

79.  Prisca  Jides,  &c.     There  have  been 
various  conjectures  upon  the  sense  of  this 
passage.     Servius  takes  prisca  in  the  sense 
of  obsolete.     It  was  once  believed,  but  now 
is  not ;  yet  the  report  continues,  and  is  like- 
ly to   be   immortal.     This  Dr.  Trapp  ap- 
proves.    Some  take  prisca  Jides  facto,  sim- 
ply for  priscwn  faction,  with  the  addition  of 


its  being  believed.  But  to  put  Jides  facto  for 
factum,  though  with  the  addition  of  belief, 
is  harsh  and  singular.  Heyne  takes  facto, 
in  the  sense  offacti,  which  makes  the  sense 
easier.  The  belief  of  the  fact  was  ancient, 
but  the  report  or  tradition  will  always  con- 
tinue. Davidson  renders  the  words  :  "  an- 
cient is  the  testimony  of  the  fact,  but  im- 
mortal is  its  fame."  Valpy  says,  "  the  fact 
was  at  first  credited  on  good  authority,  but 
the  tradition  has  been  constant.*' 

80.  Tempore,  quo,  &c.  By  some  critics, 
Virgil  has  been  censured  for  this  metamor- 
phosis of  the  ships  of  ^Eneas  into  sea-nymphs. 
Dr.  Trapp  has  considered  this  matter  at  some 
length  in  a  note  upon  this  place.  In  con- 
clusion he  says :  Virgil  we  know  was  not 
the  first  who  wrote  of  the  coming  of  ./Ene- 
as into  Italy :  and,  among  other  tradi- 
tions of  his  country,  it  is  probable  he  found 
the  story  coined  to  his  hand,  and  could  not 
omit  it  without  disobliging  those  whom  it 
was  his  business  to  please.  This  appears 
probable,  if  we  consider  the  judgment  of 
this  great  poet,  (wfio  is  not  likely  to  be  the 
inventor  of  a  story  which  exceeds  all  Ovid's 
in  improbability,)  and  also  the  hints  which 
he  gives  of  his  own  disapprobation  of  it. 
However,  he  does  all  he  can  to  cover  its 
absurdity,  and  deludes  us  as  much  as  possi- 
ble. He  invokes  the  muses  afresh ;  intro- 
duces it  as  a  thing  scarcely  credible :  it  is 
done  by  the  greatest  of  the  gods  at  the  re- 
quest of  his  mother.  The  story  is  short 
and  elegant.  But  when  all  is  said,  the 
faulty  image  is  not  covered.  Upon  the 
whole,  I  am  satisfied  that  Virgil  was  forced 
to  insert  it  contrary  to  his  judgment ;  or 
that  he  would  have  erased  it,  had  he  lived  to 
perfect  the  poem.  Alta :  sjmtia is  understood. 

82.  Berecynthia :  a  name  of  Cybele,  who 


59 


P.  VIRGIL1I  IVJAR0NIS 


Vocibus  his  affata  Jovem  :  Da,  nate,  petenti, 
Quod  tua  chara  parens  domito  te  poscit  Olympo. 

85.  Fuit  in  summa  Pinea  sylva  mihi  multos  dilecta  per  annos,  85 

arce  pinea  sylva  dilecta  Lucus  in  arce  fat  summit  quo  sacra  ferebant, 
wmpe?\ueva  IOS'  Nigranti  pice£  trabibusque  obscurus  acernis. 

88.  Ego  Iseta  dedi  has  Has  ego  Dardanio  juveni,  cum  classis  ogeret, 
arbores  Laeta  dedi :  nunc  solicitam  timor  anxius  urget. 

Solve  metus,  atque  hoc  precibus  sine  posse  parentem, 
91.  Ut  Ufa  naves  ne  j^e  cursu  quassatae  ullo,  neu  turbine  venti 
cu"surnLqM«oSaturbine  Vincantur-     Prosit  nostris  in  montibus  ortas. 
venti  •  prsoit  iis  eas  or-  Filius  huic  contra,  torquet  qui  sidera  mundi : 
tas  esse  in  O  genitrix,  qud  fata  vocas  ?  aut  quid  petis  istis  ? 

Mortaline  manu  factae  immortale  carinse 
Fas  habeant !  certusque  incerta  pericula  lustret 
jEneas  ?  cui  tanta  Deo  permissa  potestas  ? 

98.  Ubi  defunct®  j?m'-Im6,  ubi  defunctce  finem,  portusque  tenebunt 
culis  maris  tenebunt       Ausonios  ;  olim  qusecunque  evaserit  undis, 

Dardaniumque  ducem  Laurentia  vexerit  arva; 
101.   Eripiam   huic  Mortalem  eripiam  formam,  magnique  jubebo 
xnortalem  jEquoris  esse  Deas  :  qualis  Nereia  Doto 

Et  Galatea  secant  spumantem  pectore  pontum. 
104.  Annuitque  id  ra-  Dixerat :  idque  ratum,  Stygii  per  flumina  fratris, 
turn  esse  per  flumina      per  p]ce  torrentes  atraque  voragine  ripas, 

108.CumirijuriaTur- Annuitv:  ut  totum  nutu  tremefecif  Olympum. 
ni    admonuit   matrem      ^rg°  aderat  promissa  dies,  et  tempora  Parca3 
Cybelen  depellere  taedas  Debita  complerant ;  curn  Turni  injuria  matrem 


91 


95 


100 


105 


NOTES. 


is  said  to  have  bean  the  mother  of  the  gods. 
See  ^n.  vi.  784. 

84.  Olympo  domilo.  Jupiter  had  dethroned 
his  father  Saturn,  and  reduced  all  the  gods 
to  his  obedience.  The  mention  of  this  cir- 
cumstance is  emphatical.  For  kings  are 
most  likely  to  grant  favors  on  their  first  ac- 
cession to  their  thrones.  And  besides,  it  was 
peculiarly  proper  to  be  mentioned  by  her ; 
for  it  was  by  her  means  that  he  was  so  ad- 
vanced. He  had  been  preserved  by  her 
from  Saturn ;  and  for  the  undisturbed  pos- 
session of  Olympus,  he  was  indebted  to  his 
mother.  Jove  could  not  therefore  refuse  her 
prayer. 

86.  Lucus :  put,  in  apposition  with  pinea 
sylva.    Ferebant :  in  the  sense  of  offerebant. 
Sacra :  sacrifices. 

87.  Obscurus :  darkened — shaded  ;  agree- 
ing with  lucus.    Arce.  summa :  mount  Ida, 
where  Cybele  was  peculiarly  worshipped. 
This  mountain  was  sacred  to  her.  Trabibus 
acernis ;  ash-trees.      Trabs :  the  trunk,  put 
by  synec.  for  the  whole  tree. 

88.  Classis :  gen.  governed  by  egeret. 

89.  Urget :  this  is  the  common  reading. 
Davidson  reads  angit. 

90.  Solve  metus :  dismiss  my  fears.    Fear 
may  be  considered  as  a  yoke  in  which  a 
person  is  bound.  Ruaeus  says,  expellt.  Posse 
hoc :  to  obtain  this  by  intreatiee — to  have 
sufficient  influence  with  you  to  obtain,  &c. 


91.  Ullo  cursu:  in  any  voyage — course. 
Thirbine  venti :  a  storm,  or  gale  of  wind. 

94.  Vocas :  in  the  sense  of  vertis.  Fata  : 
the  course — order  of  things.  Istis :  for  those 
ships.  Navibus  is  understood. 

96.  Immortale  fas  :  an  immortal  privilege, 
or  right.  Lustret :  surmount — pass  through. 
Certus  :  safe — secure  from  harm.  For  lus- 
trel,  Ruseus  says  adibit. 

100.  Laurentia  arva :  Italy — the  land  of 
Laurentum.  The  prep,  ad  is  understood. 

102.  Doto — Galatea :  the  names  of  two 
nymphs  of  the  sea,  the  daughters  of  Ne- 
reus  and  Doris.  See  Eel.  ii.  46. 

104.  Annuitque  id  ratum :  he  assented  it 
should  be  granted — he  bowed  his  head  as  a 
sign  that  it  was  granted  to  her.     The  gods 
were  wont  to  swear  by  the  infernal  rivers, 
particularly  by  Styx ;  and  if  they  did  not 
perform,  they  lost  their  divinity  for  an  hun- 
dred years.     See  Geor.  iii.  551. 

105.  Torrentes :  in  the  sense  ofjftuentes. 
Cybele   had   requested   of  Jove,  that  the 
ships  of  ^neas  should  not,  under  any  cir- 
cumstance, be  overcome  or  destroyed.     He 
intimates   this   to   be   a  singular   request. 
Could  ships  built  by  mortal  hands,  enjoy 
the  privilege  of  immortality  ?  was  it  certain, 
that  ^Eneas  would  escape  the  dangers  of 
his  long-  and  perilous  voyage  ?  what  she  de- 
manded was  out  of  his  power  to  grant  un- 
conditionally.    But  if  any  of  them  should 


-ENEIS.     LIB.  IX. 


4H7 


Admonuit  sacris  ratibus  depellere  taedas. 

Hie  primuin  nova  lux  oculis  effulsit,  et  ingens          110 

Visus  ab  Aurora  coelurn  transcurrere  nimbus, 

Idseique  chori :  turn  vox  horrenda  per  auras 

Excidit,  et  Troiim  Rutulorumque  agmina  complet : 

Ne  trepidate  rneas,  Teucri,  defendere  naves, 

Neve  armate  manus  :  maria  ante  exurere  Turno      115 

Quam  sacras  dabitur  pihus.     Vos  ite  solutae, 

Ite,  Deae  pelagi :  genitrix  jubet.     Et  sua  quaeque 

Continue  puppes  abrumpunt  vincula  ripis ; 

Delphinumque  modo  demersis  aequora  rostris 

Ima  petunt.     Hinc  virgineaB,  mirabile  menstrum  !  120 

Reddunt  se  totidem  facies,  pontoque  feruntur, 

Quot  prius  aeratae  steterant  ad  litora  prorae. 

Obstupuere  animis  Rutuli :  conterritus  ipse 

Turbatis  Messapus  equis :  cunctatur  et  amnis 

Rauca  sonans  ;  revocatque  pedem  Tiberinus  ab  alto. 

At  non  audaci  cessit  fiducia  Turno.  126 

Ultro  animos  tollit  dictis,  atque  increpat  ultro  : 
Trojanos  haec  monstra  petunt :  his  Jupiter  ipse 
Auxilium  solitum  eripuit :  non  tela,  nee  ignes 
Expectant  Rutulos.     Ergo  maria  invia  Teucris,       130 
Nee  spes  ulla  fugae  :  rerum  pars  altera  adempta  est : 
Terra  autem  in  manibus  nostris  :  tot  millia  gentes 
Arma  ferunt  Italae.     Nil  me  fatalia  terrent, 
Si  qua  Phryges  prae  se  jactant,  responsa  Deorum. 
Sat  fatis  Venerique  datum,  tetigere  quod  arva          135 
Fertilis  Ausoniae  Tree's.     Sunt  et  mea  contra 


1 12.    Idaeique     chori 
simul :  turn 


115.  Dabitur  Turno 
exurere     maria     ante- 
quam  has  sacras  pinus 

116.  Genitrix  Deorum 
jubet  id. 

120.  Hinc  totidem  vir- 
gineae  facies 


130.  Ergo  maria  sunt 
invia 

133.  Fatalia  responsa 
Deorum,  si  qua  Phryges 
jactant  prse  se 

136.  Et  sunt  mihi  mea 
fata  contra  ilia,  nempe 
exscindere 


NOTES. 


escape  the  dangers  of  the  sea,  and  arrive 
safe  .in  Italy,  he  would  grant  to  such,  to 
become  nymphs  of  the  sea.  This  he  pro- 
mises in  the  most  solemn  manner,  and  rati- 
fies it  by  (!ne  usual  oath. 

109.  Tozdas :  in  the  sense  offlammas. 

110.  Hie  primum,  <fcc.    This  implies,  that 
Cybele  had  before  been  unknown  in  Italy  : 
and  now  made  her  first  appearance  in  that 
country,  in  favor  of  the  Trojans.     Oculis  : 
in  the  sense  ofvisui. 

111.  Nimbus:  a  bright  cloud,  or  cloud  of 
glory,  the  vehicle  of  the  goddess.    Aurora : 
the  east. 

1 12.  Idcr-ique  chori :    her   Idcean   choir. 
These  were  the  priests  of  Cybele,  the  Cury- 
bantcs,  Curetes.  or  Daclyli.     They  made  a 
sound  about  the   goddess  on  their  brazen 
cymbals,  as  she   passed  though   the   sky. 
Horrenda:  awful — inspiring  dread. 

113.  Excidit :  in  the  sense  of  emittitur. 

1 14.  Trepidate  :  in  the  sense  of  proper  ate. 
116.  Vos  ite  solutoz  :/  go,  ye,  free,  go,  god- 
desses of  the  sea. } 

119.  Modo:  in  the  sense  of  more.  De- 
mersis :  sunk — immerged.  Like  dolphins, 
they  dive  with  their  prows  or  beaks  to  the 
bottom  of  the  sea. 

121.  Reddunt  se,  &c.     The  meaning  is : 


after  they  had  gone  to  the  bottom,  each 
one  came  up  with  a  virgin  face,  and  floated 
down  the  stream  into  the  sea. 

124.  Turbatis :  affrighted— alarmed.  Cunc- 
tatur: stopt — delayed. 

125.  Rauca :  an  adj.  neu.  plu.,  taken  as 
an  adv.  Revocat  pedem  :  recalls  his  current 
from  the  deep. 

127.  Tollit  animos :  he  rouses  the  courage 
of  his  men  (militum)  by  his  words,  and  re- 
bukes their  fears. 

128.  Petunt :  in  the  sense  of  spectant. 

130.  Expectant :  naves  Trojana  is  under- 
stood. 

131.  Altera  pars  rerum:  one  part  of  the 
world  is  taken  from  them,  now  their  ships 
have  left  them  ;  namely,  the  sea  :  and  the 
land  is  in  our  possession.    There  is  no  way 
for  them  to  escape. 

133.  Anna:  by  meton.  for  the  men  who 
bear  them.  Ferunt :  bring  to  our  aid.  Ter- 
rent nil,  &c.  This  whole  speech  of  Turnus, 
bespeaks  him  the  soldier  and  intrepid  com- 
mander. And  to  turn  those  very  prodigies, 
which  encouraged  and  animated  his  ene- 
mies, against  them,  marks  his  undaunted^ 
spirit.  He  calls  them  Phrygians  by  way  of 
contempt. 


P.  V1RGILII  MA&ONIS 


Fata  mihi,  ferro  sceleratam  exscindere  gentern, 
Conjuge  praerepta.     Nee  solos  tangit  Atridas 
Iste  dolor ;  solisque  licet  capere  arma  Mycenis. 
140.  Sed  dicetur  est  Sed  periisse  semel  satis  est :  peecare  fuisset  140 

satis  eos  periisse  semel :  ^nte  satis,  penitus  modo  non  genus  omne  perosos 

fuisset  satis  eo*  peccare  p        j   eum       Quibus  haBC  medii  fiducia  valli, 

ante,    penitus    perosos  .  . 

esse  non  modo  omne       Fossarumque  morae,  leti  discrimma  parva, 

Dant  animos.    At  non  viderunt  moenia  Trojae, 
Neptuni  fabricata  manu,  considere  in  ignes  ?  145 

146.  Sed  vos,  O  lecti  Sed  vos,  6  lecti,  ferro  quis  scindere  vallum 

viri,  quis  vestrum  appa-  Apparat,  et  mecum  invadit  trepidantia  castra  ? 

rat  Non  armis  mihi  Vulcani,  non  mille  carinis 

Est  opus  in  Teucros  :  addant  se  protinus  omnes 
Etrusci  socios  :  tenebras  et  inertia  furta  150 

Palladii,  csesis  summae  custodibus  arcis, 
Ne  timeant :  nee  equi  caeca  condemur  in  alvo. 
Luce  palam  certum  est  igni  circumdare  muros. 
154.   Faxo  ut  haud  Haud  sibi  cum  Danais  rem,  faxo,  et  pube  Pelasga 

putent  esse  remsibi  cum  Esse  putent,  decimum  quos  distulit  Hector  in  annum. 
Nunc  adeo,  melior  quoniam  pars  acta  diei  ;  156 

Quod  superest ;  laeti  bene  gestis  corpora  rebus 


150..Ne  timeant  tene- 
bras 


NOTES. 


138.  Conjuge  prcerepta.  Lavinia  bad  been 
promised  to  Turnus  in  marriage :  and  he 
already  considered  her  as  his  wife.    She  was 
taken  (prcerepta)  from  him,  and  transferred 
to  JEneas. 

139.  Licetque  Mycenis :  nor  is  it  lawful 
for  Greece  alone  to  take  up  arms.     It  is 
lawful  for  us  too,  in  a  similar  cause.     It  is 
plain  that  the  negation  is  to  be  continued, 
in  this  last  membdr  of  the  sentence. 

140.  Sed  periisse  semel,  &c.  This  is  a  diffi- 
cult passage;  and  it  is  so  rendered  by  its 
conciseness.  To  make  the  sense,  something 
must  be  supplied.     There  is  a  note  in  the 
Variorum  edition  upon  this  place,  in  these 
words:  Verum  dicent  Trojani  se  luisse  jam 
Helena  rap  turn.     Respondet :  desiissent  ergo 
peccare :    dedicissent   odisse  potius  fceminas 
omnts,  qudm  vel  unam  rapere :  quod  quia  in 
Lavinia  faciunt,  iterum  pereant.      Ex  quo 
colligitur,quotiespeccaverint,  toties  eos  perire 
debere.     Upon  the  words  penitus  modo  non, 
Dr.  Trapp  observes,  the  penitus  should  be 
connected  with  pei'osos :  and  the  modo  non, 
lie  takes  in  the  sense  of  propemodum,  and 
joins  them  with  omne  genus,  £c.   That  they 
should  utterly  hate  almost  the  whole  female 
sex.    They  could  not  hate  all  women ;  their 
mothers,  sisters,  and  relations,  must  be  ex- 
cepted.     Ruffius  makes  the  first  clause  an 
interrogation :  which  is  incorrect.    It  is  a 
supposed  objection,  to  which  peccare  fuisset, 
&c.  is  the  answer. 

14'i.  Quibus  finec  fiducia:  to  whom  this 
confide  :-3  of  an  .'niervening  rampart,  &c. 
give  < ..oiiiu^e.  Tho  meaning  of  the  passage 
Js  this:  let  them  not  presume  on  their  forti- 


fications and  ramparts,  that  these  will  save 
them  from  death,  since  their  former  treache- 
ry was  punished,  when  they  were  guarded 
by  much  stronger  munitions,  even  those 
walls  which  were  built  by  the  hand  of  Nep- 
tune. Parva  discrimina  Icthi :  a  small  space, 
or  feeble  partition  between  them  and  death. 
Medii :  intervening — between  them  and  us. 
144.  At :  this  is  the  reading  of  Heyne, 
and  Valpy.  The  common  reading  is  an. 

147.  Trepidantia   castra :   trembling — in 
terror  and  consternation,  now  their  leader 
is  absent. 

148.  JVbn  armis  opus  est :  either  that  he 
needed  not  arms  made  by  Vulcan,  such  as 
Achilles  had ;  or  that  he  would  not  use  his 
own  sword,  which  was  also  the  workman- 
ship of  the  god  of  fire.    See  jEn.  xii.  90. 

151.  Palladii,  &c.  Here  is  an  allusion  to 
the  exploit  of  Diomede  and  Ulysses,  who 
privately  entered  the  temple  of  Minerva  in 
Troy,  and  stole  the  Palladium,  having  slain 
the  guards.  Hence,  inertia  furta :  such  cow- 
ardly and  unmanly  conduct,  Turnus  dis- 
dains. 

153.  Luce  palam  :  I  am  resolved  to  sur- 
round, &c.     Turnus  promises  the  Trojans 
fair  play,  that  he  will  not  have  recourse  to 
those  stratagems  and  arts,  which  the  Greeks 
employed  when  before  Troy.  This  bespeaks 
a  manly  and  dignified  spirit ;  one,  truly  be- 
coming the  hero.     Luce  palam :  openly — 
in  the  day. 

154.  Faxo  .  I  will  do  or  cause  that,  &c. 
157.  Rebus  bene  ge>tu.    These  words  are 

to  be  taken  absolutely.  Things  being  favor- 
ably begun.     This  is  the  sense  given  by 


ENE1S.     LIB.  l\. 


Procurate,  viri ;  et  pugnam  sperate  parati. 

Interea  vigilum  excubiis  obsidere  portas, 
Cura  datur  Messapo,  et  moenia  cingere  flammis.      160 
Bis  septem  Rutuli,  muros  qui  milite  servent, 
Delecti :  ast  illos  centeni  quemque  sequuntur, 
Purpurei  cristis  juvenes,  auroque  corusci. 
Discurrunt,  variantque  vices,  fusique  per  herbam 
Indulgent  vino,  et  vertunt  crateras  ahenos.  165 

Collucent  ignes  :  noctem  custodia  ducit 
Insomnem  ludo. 

Haec  super  e  vallo  prospectant  Troes,  et  armis 
Alta  tenent ;  nee  non  trepidi  formidine  portas 
Explorant,  pontesque  et  propugnaeula  jungunt :        170 
Tela  gerunt.     Instant  Mnestheus  acerque  Serestus  : 
Quos  pater  jEneas,  si  quando  adversa  vocarent, 
Rectores  juvenum,  et  rerum  dedit  esse  magistros. 
Omnis  per  muros  legio  sortita  periclum 
Excubat,  exercetque  vices,  quod  cuique  tuendum  est. 


158.  O  viri,  laeti  pro- 
curate  corpora 


162.  Ast  centeni  juve- 
nes purpurei  cristis 


172.  Quos  pater  /Eneas 
dedit  esse  rectores  juve- 
num, et  magistros  rerum 

175.  Exercetque  vices 


Nisus  erat  portas  custos,  acerrimus  armis, 
Hyrtacides  ;  comitem  JEneae  quern  miserat  Ida 
Venatrix,  jaculo  celerem  levibusque  sagittis  : 
Et  juxta  comes  Euryalus,  quo  pulchrior  alter 
Non  fuit  jEneadum,  Trojana  irec  induit  arma ; 
Ora  puer  prima  signans  intonsa  juventa. 
His  arnor  unus  erat,  pariterque  in  bella  ruebant : 
Tune  quoque  communi  portam  statione  tenebant. 
Nisus  ait :  Di-ne  hunc  ardorem  mentibus  addunt, 


176  *luoad  id,  quod  est  cui- 
que  tuendum. 


179.    Et   juxta   ewn 
1 80  cornes  Euryalus,  quo 


NOTES. 


Davidson  and  Ruaeus.  Or  the  meaning  may 
be :  prepare  yourselves  for  noble  exploits,  on 
the  morrow. 

158.  Procurate :  refresh— invigorate.  Spe- 
rate :  in  the  sense  of  expectate. 

159.  Excubiis  vigilum  :  simply,  with  sen- 
tinels or  guards.     Obsidere :  to  besiege  the 
gates  of  the  Trojan  camp — to  block  up,  &c. 

160.  Cingere  m&nia  :  to  encompass  their 
walls  with  "fires  to  give  them  light  in  the 
night,  lest  the  enemy  should  sally  out  upon 
them  unobserved  ;  or  in  despair,  leave  their 
city. 

162.  Sequuntur  illos  quemque :  follow  them 
every  one.  Quisque  is  a  distributive  pronoun. 
Delecti :  fourteen  Rutulians  were  chosen  to 
superintend  the  watch,  and  see  tfiat  due  at- 
tention was  paid,  and  each  one  performed 
his  duty.  Milite :  with  soldiers ;  the  same 
as  militibus.  The  guard  amounted  then  to 
fourteen  hundred  men. 

164.  Variant  vices :  they  shift,  or  change 
their  tours  of  duty.  They  stand  guard  by 
turns. 

169.  Alta :  the  high  places  oi*  the  walls. 
Loca  or  spatia  is  understood. 

170.  Jungunt,  Arc.  The  same  as  jungunt 
propugnaeula    cum  pontibus.       They  laid 
bridges  from  one  bulwark  or  tower  to  ano- 
ther, for  the  purpose  of  ready  and  easy  com- 


munication.    They  connected  their  towers 
or  ramparts  together  by  means  of  bridges. 

172.  Adversa :  in  the  sense  of  res  adversoe. 
Vocarent:  should  require — demand. 

173.  Dedit:  appointed. 

175.  Exercet  vices :   they  perform   their 
watch  in  turns.     Exercet:  in  the  sense  of 
variat.    Tuendum  :  to  be  attended  to — per- 
formed— done. 

176.  Nisus  erat,  &c.     Here  the  poet  be- 
gins his  celebrated  episode  of  the  friendship 
of  Nisus  and  Euryalus.  He  had  in  the  fourth 
book  considered  the  force  of  love.      Here 
he  gives  us  a  specimen  of  his  skill  in  the 
power  of  friendship ;    and  never  was  any 
thing  more  artfully  disposed,  more  noble, 
more  moving,  and  pathetic,  than  this  piece. 
It  is  introduced  without  any  formal  intro- 
duction.    He  was  speaking  of  the  several 
posts  that  were  to  be  defended;  and  amonsj 
the  rest,  was  one  committed  to  the  care  of 
these  two  friends. 

177.  Ida :  either   the  mother  of  Nisus  : 
or  mount  Ida,  which  is  sometimes  called 
vnuitrix,  because  it  abounded  in  game,  and 
was  frequented  by  hunters.     Hyrtacidts  :  a 
noun  patronymic,  from  Hyrtacus,thc  father 
of  Nisus. 

181.  Intonsa  ora:  his  beardless  face — un- 
shaven face. 

182.  Bella :  in  the  sense  of  pugnam. 


470  P.VIRGILII  MARONIS 

185.  An  sua  dira  cu-  Euryale  ?  an  sua  cuique  Deus  fit  dira  cupido  ?          185 
Aufpugnam,  aut  aliquid  jamdudum  invadere  magnum 
Mens  agitat  mihi ;  nee  placida  contenta  quiete  est. 
Cernis,  quas  Rutulos  habeat  fiducia  rerum  : 
Lumina  rara  micant :  somno  vinoque  soluti 
Procubuere  :  silent  late  loca.     Percipe  porrd  190 

Quid  dubitem,  et  quae  nunc  animo  sententia  surgat. 
jEneam  acciri  omnes,  populusque,  patresque, 
Exposcunt ;  mittique  viros,  qui  certa  reportent. 
Si  tibi,  quae  posco,  promittunt ;  nam  mihi  facti 
Fama  sat  est ;  tumuio  videor  reperire  sub  illo          195 
196.  Videorwu/w  posse  Posse  viam  ad  muros  et  mcenia  Pallantea. 

Ub  1U°      ObstuPuit  magno  laudum  perculsus  amore 

Euryalus,  simul  his  ardentem  affatur  amicum  : 

199.  Nise,  fugisne  ad-  Me-ne  igitur  socium  summis  adjungere  rebus, 
jungere  me  socium  tibi  Nise,  fugis  ?  solum  te  in  tanta  pericula  mittam  ?      200 

in  2oTm^feSUS?enitorNon  ita  me  genitor»  bellis  assuetus  Opheltes 
Opheltes  assuetuf  hems  Argolicum  terrorem  inter  Trojaeque  labores 
non  sic  erudiit  me  sub-  Sublatum  erudiit :  nee  tecum  talia  gessi, 
latum  Magnanimum  ^Enean  et  fata  extrema  secutus. 

205.  Hie  est,  hie  est  Est  hie,  est  animus,  lucis  contemptor  ;  et  istum      205 
animus,  contemptor  lu-  Qui  vita,  bene  credat  emi,  quo  tendis,  honorem. 
as,  et  qui  credat  istum  Nisug  ad   hjBC      Equidenl  de  te  nil  tale  verebar  ; 
honorem,    quo    tendis,  -^        f  .,  . 

bene  emi  vita  ipsn.         ^ec  *as  :  non*      *ta  me  referat  tibi  magnus  ovantem 

209.  Quicunque  Dem  Jupiter,  aut  quicunque  oculis  hsec  aspicit  aequis. 
aspicit  Sed  si  quis  (quae  rnulta  vides  discriminje  tali)  210 

Si  quis  in  adversuin  rapiat  casusve  Deusve, 
Te  superesse  velim  :  tua  vita,  dignior  aetas. 

NOTES. 

185.  Dira  :  great,  vehement,  or  ardent.  203.  Sublatum,  This  alludes  to  the  Ro- 

Ruseus  says,  ardens.  man  custom  of  laying  down  the  child  naked 

187.  Agitat:  urges — impels.  Mihi:  in  upon  the  ground  as  soon  as  born,  that  the 

the  sense  of  men.  father  might  take  it  up,  in  token  of  his  own- 

189.  Rara :  here  and  there — few.     Mi-  ing  it  for  his  own  child.    Heyrie  says,  natum 
cant :  in  the  sense  of  splendent.  et  educatum.   Nee  gessi  :  nor  have  I  perform- 

190.  Percipe  quid  dubitem:  hear  what  I  ed  such  actions  in  your  company,  that  you 
am  meditating,  and  what,  &c.     This  first  should  now  refuse  me  as  your  companion 
speech  is  noble  and  disinterested.  Nisus  com-  and  partner  in  your  hazardous  enterprise  ; 
municates  his  purposes  to  his  friend;  who  nor  have  I  acted  so  cowardly,  &c. 

is  struck  with  the  proposal,  and  takes  it  ill,  205.  Est  hie,  &c.     These  two  lines  are 

that  he  should  think  of  excluding  him  from  extremely  fine.     Nisus  replies  to  them  in  a 

a  share  of  the  danger  and  glory  of  the  en-  speech  extremely  pathetic.     He  declines  the 

terpnse.     Dubitem :  in  the  sense  ofmediter.  company  of  Euryalus,  chiefly  on  account  of 

193.  Certa :  the  truth— true  things.  the  dangers  of  the  undertaking,  his  youth 

195.  Fama :  the  glory  of  the  deed,  &c.  and  inexperience  ;  and  his  being  more  wor- 

196.  Mania  Pallantea:  the  city  of  Evan-  thy  of  a  long  life.     The  whole  is  greatly 
der-  heightened  by  the  mention  of  his  aged  mo- 

197.  Laudum :  in  the  sense  of  glories.  ther.     Hie  est,  est  animus  :  here  is,  here  is  a. 

199.  Rebus :  enterprises— undertakings.        soul,  a  despiser  of  life  ;  and  which,  &c.    Lw- 

200.  Fugit :  refuse—reject.  eit.  in  the  sense  of  vit(K. 

202.  Inter  labores  Trojce.     This  intimates  nnf.    ^  ^  J     ,.         ,-.,                i  •  i. 

that  he  was  about  seventeen  years  of  age.  206'  ^uo  tendis :  whlther~to  wluch  y°u 

For    ^Eneas'    wanderings    had    continued  aspire,  or  aim  at. 

seven  years,  and  the  Trojan  war  ten  years.  21°-  Tali  ditcrimine  :  in  such  a  hazar- 

This  made  him  just  the  age  when  youth  dous  enterprise,  as  he  had  in  contempla' 

among  the  Romans  began  to  bear  arms.    It  211.  Adversum:  a  sub.  in  the  sense  of 

also  agrees  with  what  is  said  verse  181,  su-  periculum.  Rapiat  me  :  hurry  me — carry  me, 

pra,  of  his  just  beginning  to  have  a  beard,  &c. 


J3NEIS.    LIB.  IX.  471 

Sit,  qui  me  raptum  pugna,  pretiove  redemptum,  213.  Sit  aliqui*,  qui 

Mandet  humo  solitfc  ;  aut,  si  qua  id  fortuna  vetabit,        mandet  me  solita  humo 

Absenti  ferat  inferias,  decoretque  sepulchro.  215 

Neu  matri  miser®  tanti  sim  causa  doloris  : 

Quae  te  sola,  puer,  multis  e  matribus  ausa, 

Persequitur ;  magni  nee  raoenia  curat  Acestae. 

Ille  autem  :  Causas  nequicquam  nectis  inanes  ;  219.  Autem  ille  Eury- 

Nec  mea  jam  mutata  loco  sententia  cedit.  220  alus 

Acceleremus,  ait.     Vigiles  siirnl  excitat  :  illi 

Succedunt,  servantque  vices  :  statione  relicta, 

Jpse  comes  Niso  graditur,  regemque  requirunt. 

Caetera  per  terras  omnes  animalia  somno 
Laxabant  curas,  et  corda  oblita  laborum.  225 

Ductores  Teucrum  primi,  et  delecta  juventus, 
Consilium  summis  regni  de  rebus  habebant : 
Quid  facerent,  quisve  jEneas  jam  nuntius  esset.  - 
Stant  longis  adnixi  hastis,  et  scuta  tenentes, 
Castrorum  et  campi  medio.     Turn  Nisus,  et  una      230 
Euryalus,  confestim  alacres  admittier  orant : 
Rem  magnam,  pretiumque  morae  fore.     Primus  lulus  c  wn/  r< 

Accepit  trepidos,  ac  Nisum  dicere  jussit. 
Tune  sic  Hyrtacides  :  Audite,  6,  mentibus  aequis, 
-dEneadas  ;  neve  haec  nostris  spectentur  ab  annis,     235 
Quae  ferimus.     Rutuli  somno  vinoque  sepulti 
Conticuere  :  locum  insidiis  conspeximus  ipsi, 
Qui  patet  in  bivio  portae,  quae  proxima  ponto. 
Interrupt  ignes,  aterque  ad  sidera  fumus 
Erigitur.     Si  fortuna  permittitis  uti,  240 

NOTES. 

213.  Sit  qui  mandet :  may  there  be  some  224.  Catera  animalia,  &c.     This  is  very 

one  who  will  commit  me   to  the  solitary  expressive,  and  greatly  heightens  the  image, 

earth,  snatched  from  the  field  of  battle,  or  At  this  time,  when  all  nature  was  silent,  and 

redeemed  with  money,  &c.  enjoying  repose,  the  Trojan  chiefs  were  as- 

215.  Ferat :  or  may  perform  the  funeral  sembled  in  council  upon  the  state  of  their 

rites  to  me  absent,  and  honor  me  with  an  affairs.    At  this  moment,  they  are  surprised 

empty  tomb.     It  was  usual  among  the  Ro-  by  Nisus  and  Euryalus,  who  demand  to  be 

mans,  when  the  corpse  could  not  be  obtain-  admitted. 

ed,  to  perform  the  same  funeral  rites,  as  if  227.  Regni :  government — state, 

it  were  present.     The  tomb  was  said  to  be  231.   Admittier  :    by   paragoge,  for  ad- 

empty,  because  the  corpse  was  not  there,  milti. 

Of  such  a  burial,  Nisu*  here  speaks.  232.  Pretium  rnor<s.      He   observes  that 

217.  Auaa :   having  courage daring,  the  subject  he  wished  to  propose,  was  of 

Ruffiu*  says,  audax.  great  importance,   and   would   sufficiently 

218.  Mcenia  Acestct.     This  was  the  city      compensate  for  the  interruption  of  their  de- 
which  ^Eneas  founded  in  Sicily,  and  called     liberations. 

after  the  name  of  his  friend  Acestes.     Here  235.  Spectentur:  in  the  sense  of  astimen- 

he  left  the  aged  and  infirm,  and  all  who  tar.     Ferimus :  in  the  sense  of  proponimus. 

were  not  willing  to  accompany  him  into  Ita-  237.  fruidiis  locum :  we  have  observed  a 

ly.     The  mother  of  Euryalus  was  among  place  for  our  purpose — one  fit  for  the  execu- 

those  who  braved  the  dangers  of  the"  voyage,  tion  of  our  design.   Nos  ipsi  :  we  ourselves, 

and  accompanied  him,  the  poet  intimates,  238.  In  bivio  °porta> :  in  the  forked  ways 

for  the  sake  of  her  son.  of  the  gate— where  the  way  before  the  gate 

219.  Causat :  pretexts — excuses.  divides  into  two  paths. 

221.  Excitat  vigiles :  at  the  same  time,  he  239.  Ignes  interrupt i :  the  fires  are  dying 
wakes  the  watch — those  who  were  to  keep  away  ;  or,  only  here  and  there  one  is  burn- 
watch  in  turn.  in^,  the  rest  having  gone  out. 

223.  Regem:  Ascanius  here  is  intended,  240.  Uti  :<>  embrace  this  oppox- 

as  being  a  prince  and  heir  to  the  crown.  t unity. 


472  P.  VIRtllLIl    MARONIS 

241.  Si  permittitis  nos  Quaesitum  ./Enean  ad  moenia  Pallantea, 
uti  hdc  fortuna,  vos cer-  Mox  hic  cum  spoiiis    in£renti  csedo  peracta. 
netis  jEnean  quaesitum  Axr  *.-         TVT  •     x-  n-A 

a  no&«  ad  moenia  Pal- Affore  cernetis.     INec  nos  via  fallit  euntes  : 
lantea,  mox  affore  hic    Vidimus  obscuris  primam  sub  vallibus  urbeni 

Venatu  assiduo,  et  totum  cognovimus  amnem.         245 

Hic  annis  gravis,  atque  animi  maturus  Alethes  : 
Di  patrii,  quorum  semper  sub  numine  Troja  est, 
Non  tamen  omnino  Teucros  delere  paratis, 
Cum  tales  animos  juvenum,  et  tarn  certa  tulistis       249 
Pectora.     Sic  memorans,  humeros  dextrasque  tenebat 
Amborum,  et  vultum  lachrymis  atque  ora  rigabat. 

252.  Qu*,  qujB  digna  ^U8e  vobis>  <luaB  <%na>  viri>  Pro  talibus  ausis 
prsemia  rear  posse  solvi  Praemia  posse  rear  solvi  ?  pulcherrima  primum 
vobis,  O  viri,  pro  Di,  moresque  dabunt  vestri :  turn  caetera  reddet 

Actutum  pius  ^Eneas,  atque  integer  sevi  255 

256.  Non    unquam  Ascanius,  merit!  tanti  non  immemor  unquam. 
futurus  immeaaor  tanti      Immo  ego  vos,  cui  sola  salus  genitore  reducto. 
me257    Ascanius    cui  ExciPie  Ascanius,  per  magnos,  Nise,  Penates, 
sola  saiuses/m  genitore  Assaracique  Larem,  et  canae  penetralia  Vestae, 
reducto,  excipit ;  immo  Obtestor ;  quaecunque  mihi  fortuna  fidesque  est,       260 
ego  obtestor  vos,  O  Nise  In  vestris  pono  gremiis  ;  revocate  parentem, 
262.  Nihil  erit  triste  Reddite  conspectum  :  nihil  illo  triste  recepto. 
nobis  illo  recepto.  gma  rfabo  argento  perfecta,  atque  aspera  signis 

Pocula,  devicta  genitor  quae  cepit  Arisba  ; 
,   Et  tripodas  geminos,  auri  duo  magna  talenta  ;         265 
'"  Cratera  antiquum,  quern  dat  Sidonia  Dido. 
Si  vero  capere  Italiam,  sceptrisque  potiri, 
268.  Si  vero  contige-  Contigerit  victori,  et  prsedae  ducere  sortem  : 
rit  mihi  victori  Vidisti  quo  Turnus  equo,  quibus  ibat  in  armis, 

Aureus  ?  ipsum  ilium  clypeum  cristasque  rubentes  270 
Excipiam  sorti :  jam  nunc  tua  praemia,  Nise. 

NOTES. 

242.-  Pemctd :  made— done.  258.  Excipit :  in  the  sense  of  incipil. 

244.  Primam  urbem  :  the  front  of  the  259.  Larem  Assaraci.  This  was  the  tute- 

houses,  or  the  skirts  of  the  city  Pallanteum.  lar  deity  or  guardian  god  of  Assaracus  and 

Perhaps,  simply,  the  suburbs  of  the  city.  his  family.  Vesta  was  the  goddess  that 

246.  Animi:  understanding — judgment.  presided  over  the  inextinguishable  fire.    She 

247.  JVwmme  :  in  the  sense  of  polestate.  was  called  cana,  hoary,  or  aged,  because 

248.  JVbn  tamen,  &c.     The  word  tamen  she  was  the  most  ancient  of  all  the  goddess- 
shows  that  there  is  an  ellipsis  here  of  licet  es,  and  deemed  the  mother  of  all  the  living1. 
ad  tempus  irascamini,  or  of  some  others  of  263.  Signis :  figures — carved  work. 

the  like  import :  ye  were  angry  with  us  for  264.  Arisba  devicta.      Most  interpreters 

a  time,  yet  ye  determine  not  to  destroy,  &c.  understand  by  this  that  Arisba  was  taken 

249.    Tulistis  :     ye    have   produced    or  by  the  Trojans.     But  Catrou  thinks  it  was 

granted.     Pectora :  courage — resolution.  one  of  those  cities  taken  by  the  Greeks  in 

252.  Talibus  ausis :   for  such  an  enter-  the  first  nine  years  of  the  war ;  and  that 
prise,  or  bold  undertaking.     Heyne  reads,  these  cups  were  saved  by  jEneas  from  the 
istis  laudibus  •  and  Valpy  after  him.     The  hands  of  the  Greeks,  when  they  plundered 
common  reading  is  talibus  ausis.  the  tov»n.    Pliny  informs  us  that  Arisba  was 

253.  Pulcherrima :  in  the  sense  of  optima,  a  city  of  Troas,  and  part  of  the  kingdom  of 

254.  Mores  vestri:  your  virtues.    Cater  a:  Priam. 

pramia  is  understood.  267.  Sceptris :  in  the  sense  of  imperio  vel 

255.  Integer  otvi.     Dr.  Trapp  thinks  this     regno,  by  meton. 

refers  to  the  future  manhood  of  Ascanius.  ^268.  Ducere.  sortem  :  to  draw  lots  for  the 

This,  too,   is  the  opinion  of  the  Variorum  booty — to  divide  the  booty  by  lot. 

edition.     Others  take  it  for  the  present  state  271.  Excipiam:  I  will  exempt  from  the 

of  his  youth — mature  in  age,  lot — I  will  reserve. 


-&NEIS.     LIB.  IX. 


r/a 


274.  Insuper  his,  ge- 
tor    dabit    -id    campi 

quod 

275.  Vero  accipio  te, 
venerande  puer. 


Praeterea  bis  sex  genitor  lectissima  matrum 

Corpora,  captivosque  dabit,  suaque  omnibus  arma  : 

Insuper  his,  campi  quod  rex  habet  ipse  Latinus. 

Te  vero,  mea  quern  spatiis  propioribus  aetas 

Insequitur,  venerande  puer,  jam  pectore  toto 

Accipio,  et  comitem  casus  complector  in  omnes. 

Nulla  meis  sine  te  quaeretur  gloria  rebus  : 

Sen  pacem,  seu  bella  geram,  tibi  maxima  reruni 

Verborumque  fides.     Contra  quern  talia  fatur 

Euryalus  :  Me  riulla  dies  tarn  ibrtibus  ausis 

Dissimilem  arguerit ;  tantum  fortuna  secunda, 

Haud  adversa  cadat.     Sed  te  super  omnia  dona 

Unum  oro  :  genitrix  Priami  de  gente  vetusta 

Est  mihi,  quam  miseram  tenuit  non  Ilia  tellus 

Mecum  excedentem,  non  moenia  regis  Acestae. 

Hanc  ego  nunc  ignaram  hujus  quodcunque  pericli  est,  Ilia  i 

Inque  salutatam  linquo  :  nox,  et  tua  testis  288.  Nox,  et  tua  dex- 

Dextera,  quod  nequeam  lachrymas  perferre  parentis.     tra  sunt  testis,  quod 

At  tu,  oro,  solare  inopem,  et  succurre  relictae.          290 

Hanc  sine  me  spem  ferre  tui  :  audentior  ibo 

In  casus  omnes.     Percussa  mente  dederunt 

Dardanidae  lachrymas  ;  ante  omnes  pulcher  lulus  ; 

Atque  animum  patriae  strinxit  pietatis  imago. 

Turn  sic  effatur  :  295 

Spondeo  digna  tuis  ingentibus  omnia.  cceptis. 

Namque  erit  ista  mihi  genitrix,  nomenque  Creiisa; 

Solum  defuerit :  nee  partum  gratia  talem 


280 


285     285.  Quam  miseram 
excedentem  mecum  non 


' 


NOTES. 


272.  Bis  sex  lectissima  corpora :  twelve 
most  choice  matrons,  and  as  many  captives 
of  men,  &c.  Sua :  in  the  sense  ofpropria  : 
it  should  be  taken  after  arma.  The  arms 
peculiar  to  (that  belonged  to)  them  all.  Cor- 
pora matrum :  simply,  matrons — women. 

274.  Insuper  his  :  in  addition  to  these — 
beside  these.     Some  copies  have  insuper,  id 
campi  quod,  &c.     The  sense  will  be  the  same 
either  way.     We  are  not  to  understand  the 
kingdom  of  Latinus  ;  but  his  own  private 
lands  and  possessions. 

275.  Propioribus  spatiis.    By  this  we  are 
to  understand  that  Ascanius  and  Euryalus 
were  nearly  of  the  same  age.     Davidson 
renders   the  words :  "  in  the  nearer  stao-es 
of  life." 

280.  Co-nlra :  in  the  sense  of  ad. 

282.  drguerit :  shall  show  me  unequal  to. 
Ruaeus  says,  ostendet  degenerem.  Tantum 
fortuna  secunda  :  only  let  fortune  fall  pros- 
perous, and  not  adverse.  This  is  the  read- 
ing of  Heinsius,  Ruseus,  and  Davidson. — 
Ileyne  reads,  tantum  :  fortuna,  secunda  aut 
adversa,  cadat,  which  scarcely  makes  sense. 
The  pointing,  too,  tends  to  obscure  it.  Val- 
py,  who  follows  Heyne,  sensible  of  the  diffi- 
'culty  attending  this  reading,  conjectures  the 
passage  was  left  !>y  the  poet,  in  an  unfinish- 
ed state. 


283.  Super  :  above — more  itian. 

284.  Genitrix-  &c.     The  meaning  is,  that 
neither  the  land  of  Troy,  nor  the  city  of 
Acestes,  could  prevent  or  induce  his  mother 
from   following   the    fortunes    of  her    son 
through  all  dangers.     This  reply  of  Eury- 
alus is  very  pathetic.     It  speaks  a  dutiful 
and  affectionate  son. 

•286.  Excedentem  :  from  going  with  me — 
from  accompanying  me  in  all  our  dangers. 

288.  Inque  salutatam :  this  is  for  insalu  • 
tatamque,  by  tmesis :  not  bidden  farewell. 
Nox  et  tua  dextera,  &c.  This  picture  of 
filial  piety  is  admirably  drawn. 

290.  Relictcz:  bereaved — disconsolate. 

292.  Dederunt :  in  the  sense  of  effudc- 
runt.  Percussa.  This  is  the  reading  of 
Heyne.  Some  copies  have  perculsa,  from 
the  verb  percello.  The  sense  is  the  same 
with  either. 

294.  Imago  patrice  pitctalis,  £c.  The  Tro- 
jans were  moved  at  this  image,  or  pattern 
of  piety  toward  a  parent ;  but  in  an  especial 
manner  it  touched  the  heart  of  young  Asca- 
nius ;  who  consoles  the  anxious  youth,  as- 
suring him  that  his  mother  should  not  want 
a  friend  while  he  had  life — that  he  would 
immediately  take  her  for  his  mother,  and 
load  her  with  honors. 

299.  Manet:  await?—  i*  duo,     Pn>- 


f',0 


471  p.  V1RG1L1I  MARONiS 

1'arva  manet.    Casus  factum  quicunque  sequetur, 
Per  caput  hoc  juro,  per  quod  pater  ante  solebat :     300 
Qua;  tibi  polliceor  reduci,  rebusque  secundis, 
Hajc  eadem  matrique  tuce  generique  manebunt. 
Sic  ait  illachrymans  :  humero  simul  exuit  ensem 
Auratum,  mira  quern  fecerat  arte  Lycaon 
Gnossius,  atque  habilem  vagina  aptiirat  eburna.        305 
Dat  Niso  Mnestheus  pellcm  horrentisque  leonis 
Exuvias  :  galeam  fidus  permutat  Alethes. 
->OB.Qu(>seuntcsom-protjnus  armati  incedunt ;  quos  omnis  euntes 

juvenurmlue   se^umqu^  Primorum  manus  ad   Portas  juvenumque  seoumquc 
prosequitur  Prosequitur  votis  :  necnon  et  pulcher  lulus, 

Ante  aiinos  animumque  gerens  curamque  virilem. 
Multa  patri  portanda  dabat  mandata  :  sed  auras 
Omnia  discerpunt,  et  nubibus  irrita  donant. 

Egressi  superant  fossas,  noctisquc  per  umbram 
Castra  inimica  petunt ;  rnultis  tainen  ante  futuri       315 
Exitio.     Passim  vino  somnoque  per  herbam 
Corpora  fusa  vident ;  arrectos  litore  curnis  ; 
Inter  lora  rotasque  viros,  simul  arma,  jaccre, 
Vina  simul.     Prior  Hyrtacides  sic  ore  locutus  : 
Euryale,  audendum  dextra  ;  nunc  ipsa  vocat  res. 

320.  Aliquid  widen- Hftc  iter  est .  tu    ne          manus  se  attonere  nobis    320 
dum  est  dextra  .   ,  T 

A  tergo  possit,  custodi,  et  consule  longe. 

[    Hacc  ego  vasta  dabo,  -et  lato  te  limite  ducam. 

323.  Ego  dabo  hftc  Sic  memorat,  vocemque  premit :  simul  cnse  superbum 
Rhamnetem  aggreditur ;  qui,  forte  tapetibus  altis 
Extructus,  toto  proflabat  pectore  somnum  ; 
Rex  idem,  et  regi  Turno  gratissimus  augur  : 
Sed  non  augurio  potuit  depellere  pestem. 

32U    Jnxta    urn  pre-  Tres  juxt^  famulos  temere  inter  tela  jacentes, 
mit  tres  famulos  jaceri-  Armigerumque  Remi  premit,-  aurigamque  sub  ipsis 
IPS  Nactus  equis ;  ferroque  secat  pendentia  colla.         331 

NOTES. 

the  bringing  forth  such  a  son — bearing  such         311.  Ante  annos:  above  his  years — moro 

a  son.     Ruaeus  says:  nee  levis favor  debetur  than  could  be  expected  considering  his  ago. 
ipsi,qiibdpeperittale.mjilium.  313.  Sed  aura:  but  the  winds  disperse 

300.  Juro  per  hoc  caput,  &c.     The  head  them  all,  and  give  them  unavailing  to  the 
was  considered   by  the  ancients  as  some-  clouds.     This  is  a  beautiful  metaphor.     By 
tiling  sacred,  and  they  were  wont  to  swear  this  the  poet  intimates  they  were  to  die  be- 
by  it.     Ascanius,  therefore,  swears  by  his  fore  they  reached  .Eneas,  and  be  lost  entire' 
head :  which  ^Encas  had  done  on  several  ly.     Discerpunt :  in  the  sense  of  dissipant. 
occasions  before.  315.  Ante  :  not  before  they  reached  the 

301.  Rebusque  secundis:  and  the  enter-  camp  of  the  enemy,  but  before  they  were 
prise  being  successful ;  namely,  his  journey  slain  themselves.     Futuri :  to  bo  for  a  des~ 
to  ^neas.  truction  to  many,  before  they  were  slain. 

302.  Generi.:  Rureus  says,/am*Ziw.  317.  Currus  arreclos  :  their  chariots  turn- 

303.  Illachrymans :  weeping  abundantly,  ed  up,  as  when  laid  aside  from  use.     Theiv 
Of  m,  intensivum,  and  lachrymans.  poles  or  tongues  were  standing  erect. 

304.  Lycaon.     He  was  a  famous  artificer          318.  Vina:  wine;  by  mcton.  for  the  ves- 
of  Gnossus,  a  city  of  Crete,  where  arms  were  sels  containing  it. 

curiously  made.     Arte:  art — skill.  322.  Tu  custodi,  et :  watch  thou,  and  ob- 

&&.' Aptarat  habilem  :  had  fitted  it  exact  serve  at  a  distance,  that  no  hand,  &c.    Here 

with,  &c.  vasta :   ana.  vcl  loca  is  understood  :    those, 

300.  Horrcnlis  :  rough — shaggy.  fields  laid  waste. 

309.  Primorum  :  gen.  of  prinmres  •    no-  328.  Peslem  :  in  the  sense  of  mortem. 

i>J«s— rhief  rae.n.  TX>    Prnnif :  ho  ki!'<?  three  servants 


-EJVEIS.     LIB.  L\.  .tfi> 

Turn  eapLl  ip,si  aui'ert  domino,  truncumquc  relinquu 
Sanguine  sirigultantem  :  atro  tepefacta  cruore 

Terra  torique  madent.     Nee  non  Lamyrumque  Lamum-     334.  Nee  noii  occidti 
que  Lamyrumque 

Et  juvenem  Scrranum  ;  ilia  qui  plurima  nocte          335 

Luserat,  insignis  facie,  multoque  jacebat  336-  Jacebatque  vic- 

Membra  Deo  victus  :  felix,  si  protmus  ilium  tus  V™*  memhra 

JEquasset  nocti  ludum,  in  lucemque  tulisset. 

Impastus  ceii  plena  leo  per  ovilia  turbans, 

Suadet  enim  vesana  fames,  manditque  trahitque      340 

Molle  pecus,  mutumque  meta,:  frcmit  ore  cruento. 

Nee  minor  Euryali  credes  :  incensus  et  ipse 

Perfurit ;  ae  muitam  in  medio  sine  nomine  plebem,  340.  Ac  subit  muitam 

Fadumque  Hebesumque  subit,  Rhcstumque  Abarimque  plebem  sine  nomine  in 

Jgnaros;  Rhretuni  vigilantem,  et  cuncta  videntem ;  345  ^™™«™ 

feed  magnum  metuens  se  post  cratera  tegebat : 

Pectore  in  adverse  totum  cui  cominus  enseiii  347.  Cui  assurgenti. 

Condidit  assurgenti ;  et  multa  morte  recepit  condidit  totum   ensom 

Purpureum  :  vomit  ille  animam,  et  cum  sanguine  mixta  comimi9 

Vina  refert  moriens.     Hie  furto  fervidus  instat.        350 

Jamque  ad  Messapi  socios  tendebat,  ubi  ignem 
Deficere  extremum,  et  religatos  rite  videbat 

Carpere  gramen  equos  :  breviter  cum  talia  Nisus,  353.  Enim  sensit  se  ct 

(Sensit  enim  nimia  caede  atque  cupidine  ferri)  socium  ferri  nimia  ceede, 

Absistamus,  ait :  nam  lux'inimica  propinquat.          355  at 
PoBnarum  exhaustum  satis  est :  via  facta  per  hostes. 
Multa  virum  solido  argento  perfecta  relinquunt 

NOTES. 

Temere :  carelessly — at  random.     Promis-  the  sword  red,  or  bathed  in  blood,  having 

ewe,  says  Ruasus.  effected  a  mortal  wound.     Heyne  says,  re- 

332.  Domino :  their  master  Remus.  traxit  cnsem  purpureum  cum  multo  sanguine. 

333.  Singultantem,  &c.    Dr.  Trapp  ren-  This  also  is  the  sense  of  RUJEUS  :  he  says, 
<3ers  this,  iveltering  in  blood ;  but  this  is  not  retraxit  eum  (ensem)  post  certam  mortem' 
the  meaning  of  singulto,  which  denotes  the          Dr.  Trapp  renders  recipit :  he  receives  him 
sound  that  a  liquid  makes  when  poured  out  (Rhcotus)  with  certain  death.    Rhoatus  was 
of  a  bottle,  or  some  vessel  of  a  narrow  neck,  rising  up  toward  Euryalus,  and  as  it  were 

335.  Plurima :  neu.plu.  taken  as  an  adv.  meeting  him  half-way.  He  buried  the  sword 

in  imitation  of  the  Greeks :  very  much.  in  his  breast,  and  received  him  with  certain 

337.  Deo  multo  :  by  much  wine.  See  ^En.  death,  meaning  the  full  and  fair  stroke  which 

i.  636.  By  Deo,  we  are  to  understand  Bac-  he  had  at  his  breast.  This  he  insists  upon  as 

chus,  the  god  of  wine,  put  by  meton.  for  the  true  interpretation.  Davidson  renders 

wine  itself.  Felix  si  prolinus  :  happy  if  he  the  words  :  "  he  receives  him  with  copious 

had,  without  intermission,  equalled  that  death."  Hcyne  reads  purpureum  connected 

sport  with  the  night — if  ho  had  continued  with  cnsem.  The  common  reading  is  purpu- 

it  all  the  night.  ream,  agreeing  with  animam  :  but  of  that  it 

J3B.  Ttdisset :  in  the  sense  of  produxissel.  is  not  easy  to  make  sense.     Valpy,  RUSJUS. 

339.  Per  ovilia  turbans:  Dr.  Trapp  thinks  and  Davidson,  read  purpuream. 

with  Servius,  that  this  is  for  perturbans,  by          350.  Furto :  in  the  sence  of  ccedi  vel  sfragr  : 

tmesis.      Ceu :   as   a   hungry  lion   raging  any  thing  done  in  a  private  or  secret  man- 

among  a  full  fold  of  sheep,  &c.      lluseus  ner,  may  be  called  furtum. 
says,  tumultuans  inphnis  ovilibus.  352.  Religatos:  in  the  sense  of  solutos. 

340.  Vesana  :  in  the  sense  of  immoderata         354.  Nimia  cce,de  atquc  cupidine:  the  same 
vel  vehcmens.     Trahit :  in  the  sense  of  lace-  as  nimia  cupidine  cadis :  with  too  groat  n 
rat.     Suadet :  in  the  sense  of  impellit.  desire  of  slaughter. 

344.  Subit:  he  comes  to — he  assaults —  356.  Sat^s   poznarum  :   enough,  of  ven- 

attacks.     Ruaeus  says,  aggrcditur.    Muitam  geance  or  punishment  has  been  taken.  Ex- 

plebem  :    a   promiscuous    throng — a   great  haustum :  in  the  sense  of  sumptum. 

number.  o57    Perfrfn  :  in  the  een«p  of  ornnfa  vpl 

348.  Recepit  purpweifw :  1«e  dw»w  bark  fttrln. 


476 


P.  VIRG1L1I  MARON1S 


Armaque,  craterasque  simul,  pulchrosque 

359.  Euryalus ,  rapit  Euryalus  phaleras  Rhamnetis,  et  aurea  bullis 
phaleras  Cingula  :  Tiburti  Remulo  ditissimus  olim  360 

361.  Qui  dona  ditis^Quae  mittit  dona,  hospitio  cum  jungeret  absens, 
simus   Caedicus    mittit  Caedicus  :  ille  suo  moriens  dat  habere  nepoti : 
olim  Tiburti    Remulo,  p     t  mortem  bello  Rutuli  pugnaque  potiti  : 
cum  absens  mnsreret  se  T,  ,,      .. 

Mi  Hasc  rapit,  atque  humeris  nequicquam  fortibus  aptat. 

Turn  galeam  Messapi  habilem  cristisque  decoram    365 
Induit.     Excedunt  castris,  et  tuta  capessunt. 
367.  Interea  tercen-      Interea  praemissi  equites  ex  urbe  Latinu, 
turn  equites  oranes  scu-  Caetera  dum  legio  campis  instructa  moratur, 
tati,  Volscente  maffistro,  ii  m  c       u 

ibant     et   ferebant  re-  ^"ant»   et  * urno  re£l  responsa  ferebant, 
sponsa  regi  Turno,  prce-  Tercentum,  scutati  omnes,  Volscente  magistro. 
missi   ex  Latina  urbe,Jamque  propinquabant  castris,  muroque  subibant : 
dum  Cum  procul  hos  laevo  flectentes  limite  ccrnunt : 

872.  Hos  duos juvenesEi  ga]ea  Euryalum  sublustri  noctis  in  umbra 
374.  Adversa  radiis  Prodidit  immemorem,  radiisque  ad  versa  refulsit. 
CE  refulsit  Haud  temere  est  visum  :  conclamat  ab  agmine  Volscens, 

State,  viri :  quae  causa  viae  ?  quive  estis  in  armis  ?  376 
377.imW/Memnnen-Quove  tenetis  iter?   Nihil  mi  tendere  contra  : 
dere  mhil   contra ;  sed «    j       i  /•  •  x- 

cfpperunt  °e"  celerare  lugam  in  sylvas,  et  ndere  nocti. 

Objiciunt  equites  sese  ad  divortia  nota 
Hinc  atque  hinc,  omnemque  aditum  custode  coronant. 
Sylva  fuit,  late  dumis  atque  ilice  nigra  381 

383.  Rara  semita  du-  Horrida,  quam  densi  complerant  undique  sentes  : 
cebat  ad  earn  sylvam       Rura  per  occultos  ducebat  semita  calles. 


NOTES. 


359.  Plmleras.  These  were  certain  orna- 
ments worn  by  persons  of  distinction  among 
the  Romans.  Dr.  Trapp  and  some  others, 
explain  this  of  the  ornaments  of  Rhamnes' 
horse.  But  they,  doubtless,  belonged  to  his 
own  person:  for  Euryalus  put  them  on. 
Bullis :  the  bullce,  were  studs  or  bosses  upon 
girdles,  something  like  the  head  of  a  nail, 
and  usually  of  gold.  Cingula  aurea  bullis  : 
a  girdle  or  belt  with  golden  bosses. 

363.  Post  mortem  :  after  the  death  of  Re- 
mulus,   &c.     This  is  one   of  the  thirteen 
passages  of  Virgil,  which  Servius  considers 
inexplicable.     The  common  editions  have 
pugnaque ;  but  the  Roman  manuscript  has 
prwdaque.  The  meaning  appears  to  be  this : 
that  in  a  war  between  the  Tiburtines  and 
the  Rutulians,  in  which   the  grandson  of 
Remulus,  who  commanded  the  former,  was 
slain,  the  Rutulians  took  from  him  those 
spoils,  with  the  rest  of  the  booty.      David- 
son reads  prceda.     Heyne  and  Ruoeus  read 
pugna.    Potiti :  gained  the  battle — the  vic- 
tory ;  and  consequently  the  booty  fell  into 
their  hands.     The  verb  sunt  is  understood. 

364.  Aptat  nequicquam :  he  fits  them  to 
his  shoulders  in  vain — in  vain,  because  he 
was  so  soon  to  be  slain,  and  lose  them. 

366.  Capessunt :  in  the  sense  of  petunt. 
JLoca  is  understood  with  tuta. 

368.  Ccetera  legio.  These  were  the  foot. 
A  Roman  legion  consisted  of  four  thousand 


foot,  and  three  hundred  horse.  These  troops 
were  furnished  by  Latinus,  or  rather  Amata, 
his  queen.  The  horse,  as  being  light  troops 
and  more  expeditious  in  their  movements, 
advanced,  and  arrived  in  the  camp,  while 
the  infantry  were  on  the  plain  advancing 
more  slowly. 

372.  LKVO  limite :  the  left-hand  way,  or 
path.     See  238.  supra. 

373.  Galea  :  this  was  the  helmet  of  Mes- 
sapus,  which  he  had  put  on.     Immemorem  : 
heedless— unmindful  of  the  danger  he  in- 
curred by  so  doing. 

374.  ddversa :  opposite  to.    That  part  of 
the  helmet  struck  by  the  rays  of  light,  re- 
flected them  to  a  distant  object — it  shone. 

375.  Haud  temere  visum  eat.  Ruseus  takes 
these  words  in  the  sense  of  nonfalso  visum 
est  nobis,  referring  them  to  Volscens.   Heyne 
says,  res  animadversa  est  haud  in  vanum — 
res  non  neglecta  est.     He  makes  a  full  stop 
after  visum.     Davidson  renders  the  words  : 
"  Scarcely  was  the  object  seen,  when  Vol- 
scens," &c.  "  This  passed  not  unobserved," 
says  Valpy. 

377.  Tendere :  in  the  sense  of  respondere. 

379.  Divortia  :  passes — passages. 

380.  Coronant :  in  the  sense  of  circum- 
dant,  vel   'obsident.     Heyne    reads   abitum. 
The  common  readirfg  is  aditum. 

383.  Kara :  few— dispersed  here  and  there, 
secret  or  private  ways. 


.     LIB.  L\.  ,       477 

Euryalum  tenebrss  ramorum  onerosaque  praeda 

Impediunt,  fallitque  timor  regione  viarum.  385     385.  Fallit  eum  a  recta 

Nisus  abit :  jamque  imprudens  evaserat  hostes,  regione 

Atque  lacus,  qui  post  Albae  de  nomine  dicti 

Albani :  turn  rex  stabula  alta  Latinus  habebat. 

Ut  stetit,  et  frustra  absentem  repexit  amicum  : 

Euryale  infelix,  qua  te  regione  reliqui  ?  390 

Quave  sequar?  Rursus  perplexum  iter  omne  revolvens 

Fallacis  sylvae,  simul  et  vestigia  retro 

Observata  legit,  dumisque  silentibus  errat : 

Audit  equos,  audit  strepitus,  et  sign  a  sequentum.      394 

Nee  longum  in  medio  tempus,  cum  clamor  ad  aures          395.  Nee  longum  tern  - 

Pervenit,  ac  videt  Euryalum  ;  quern  jam  manus  omnis,  Pus  intervenit  in  medio 

Fraude  loci  et  noctis,  subito  turbante  tumultu, 

Oppressum  rapit,  et  coriantem  plurima  frustra. 

Quid  faciat  ?  qu£  vi  juvenem,  quibus  audeat  armis 

Eripere  1  an  sese  medios  moriturus*in  hostes  400 

Inferat,  et  pulchram  properet  per  vulnera  mortem  ? 

Ocyus  adducto  torquens  hastile  lacerto, 

Suspiciens  altam  Lunam,  sic  voce  precatur  : 

Tu,  Dea,  tu  praesens  nostro  succurre  labori,  404.  Tu,  O  Latonia 

Astrorum  decus,  et  nemorum  Latonia  custos  :  405  Dea'  tu  pnusens  succur- 

Si  qua  tuis  unquam  pro  me  pater  Hyrtacus  aris  ^gno1    °  labori'  tu  de' 

Dona  tulit ;  si  qua  ipse  meis  venatibus  auxi, 

Suspendi-ve  tholo,  aut  sacra  ad  fastigia  fixi :  408.  Suspendi-ve  ali- 

Hunc  sine  me  turbare  globum,  et  rege  tela  per  auras.    1ua  dona  tn°l° 

Dixerat :  et  toto  connixus  corpore  ferrum  410 

Conjicit.     Hasta  volans  noctis  diverberat  umbras, 
Et  venit  adversi  in  tergum  Sulmonis  ;  ibique 

NOTES. 

384.  Onerosa  :  in  the  sense  of  gravis.  398.  Oppressum  :  in  the   sense  of  inter- 

386.  Imprudens :  regardless  of  his  friend      ceplum,  vel  tradilum. 

—not  aware  of  his  being  behind.  400.  Eripere :  rescue — free. 

387.  Lacus.  This  is  the  reading  of  Heyne  403.  Altam  Lunam.   Diana  on  the  earth, 
and  Davidson.    But  Ruaeus  reads  locos,  and  is  Luna  in  heaven,  and  Hecate  in  hell.  She 
thinks  it  to  be  the  true  reading.     For,  says  is  called  Latonia  from  Laiona,  the  name  of 
he,  the  lake   Albanus  was   at   least   four  her  mother. 

leagues  distant.     Beside,  it  was  about  the  404.  Succurre :  in  the  sense  offave. 

middle  of  the  night,  when  Nisus  and  his  407.   Si  qua :    dona   is   to   be   supplied, 

friend  left  the  Trojan  camp.     He  could  not  Auxi :  have  increased — added  any  offering 

have  had  time  to  do  so  much,  to  go  that  dis-  to  those  made  by  my  father, 

tance,  and  return  in  search  of  his  friend :  408.  T/tolo :  tholus  was  the  middle,  and 

and  all  this  in  the  space  of  half  a  summer's  highest  part  of  the  arched  roof  of  the  temple, 

night.  For  this  reason,  he  prefers  locos,  and  from  which  the  spoils  of  war  used  to  be  sus- 

explains  it  of  the   Alban   territory,  which  pcnded. 

might  extend  as  far  as  the  place  where  he  409.  Hunc  globum  :  this  company  of  men. 

then  was.  412.   Adversi.      Adversus   signifies   right 

191.  Revolvens  :  in  the  sense  of  remeliens.  against,    or    opposite,   without    regarding 

393.  Legit  vestigia :  he  follows,  or  traces  whether  the   face    or   back   be   turned   to 

his  steps^  &c.  the  object.     This  passage,  Servius  reckons 

397.  Fraude  loci  «/  noctis:  through  the  among  his  thirteen  inexplicables.  The  mean- 
treachery  of  the  place,  and  of  the  night,  ing  is  plainly  this :  the  spear  entered  his 
The  poet  represents  the  place  and  night  as  back  and  reached  to  his  breast,  which  it 
two  traitors,  to  whom  Euryalus  had  com-  might  very  well  do,  though  it  were  broken 
mitted  his  safety,  and  they  betrayed  him.  (frangitur)  from  the  wood.  Adversi.  This 
Subito  tumultu  turbetntt :  in  a  sudden  tumul-  is  the  common  reading.  Heyne  reads  avtrti, 
tuous  bustle — there  being  a  sudden,  &c.  Rueens  says,  oppositi. 


478  1VVIRGILII  MARONiS 

Frangitur,  ac  fisso  transit  prsecordia  iigiio. 
Volvitur  ille,  vomens  calidum  de  pectore  flumen, 
Frigidus.  et  longis  singultibus  ilia  pulsat.  415 

416.  Ecce  idem  acrior  Diversi  circumspiciunt.     Hoc  acrior  idem 
Ecce  aliud  summa  telum  librabat  ab  aure  ; 
Dum  trepidant.     lit  hasta  Tago  per  tempus  utrumquo 
Stridens,  trajectoque  haesit  tepeiacta  cerebro. 
Srevit  atrox  Volscens,  nee  teli  conspicit  usquam       420 
Auctorem  ;  nee  quo  se  ardens  immittere  possit. 
Tu  tamen  interea  calido  rnihi  sanguine  prerias 
Persolves  arnborum,  inquit.     Simul  ense  recluso 
Ibat  in  Euryalum.     Tune  vero  cxterritus,  amens 
Conclamat  Nisus  ;  nee  se  celare  tenebris  42.") 

Amplius,  aut  tantum  potuit  perferre  dolorcm  : 

adsum  quiTcUd/  O  Me»  me  5  ad§um,  qui  feci  ;  in  me  convertite  ferrurn, 
Rutuli,  convertite  fer-  O  Rutuli  !  mea  fraus  omnis.  Nihil  iste,  nee  ausus  ; 
rum  in  me:  omnis  fraus  Nee  potuit  ;  coelum*hoc,  et  conscia  sidera  testor  : 

Iste  fecit  mini,  Tantum  intblicem  nimium  dilexit  amicum.  430 


trit  fa%*  CSt;  necp°"Talia  dicta  dabat  :  sed  viribus  ensis  adaetus 
Transabiit  costas,  et  Candida  pectora  rumpit. 
Volvitur  Euryalus  leto,  pulclirosque  per  artus 
It  cruor,  inque  humeros  cervix  collapsa  recumbit. 
Purpureus  veluti  cum  flos,  succisus  aratro,  435 

Languescit  moriens  ;  lassove  papavera  collo 
Demisere  caput,  pluvia  cum  forte  gravantur. 
At  Nisus  ruit  in  medios,  solumque  per  omnes 
Volscentem  petit  :  in  solo  Volscente  moratur  ; 
Quern  circum  glomerati  hostes  hinc  cominus  atque  hinc 
Proturbant.     Instat  non  segnius,  ac  rotat  ensein      441 
Fulrnineum,  donee  Rutuli  clamantis  in  ore 
Condidit  adverso,  et  moriens  animarn  abstulit  hosti. 
Turn  super  cxanimem  sese  projecit  amicum 
Confossus,  placidaque  ibi  demum  morte  quicvit.       445 

NOTES. 

413.  Fisso  iigno.    Fissus  here  must  be  Hans,  although  they  were  Latins.      The 
taken  in  the  sense  of  fractus  ;   unless  we  former  were  the  principals  in  the  war. 
suppose  the  wood  might  be  broken,  and  431    Dabat  .  in  the  scnse  of  dixiti  Ensis  . 
split  and  shattered  withal;  and  this  split  the  sword  of  Volscens. 

and  shattered  part  to  pass  through  his  prce- 

cordia.     This  appears  to  be  the  opinion  of  432«  RumP^:  pierces—  lays  open. 

Dr.  Trapp.  435.  It  :  in  the  sense  ofjlyit. 

414.  Volvitur:  in  the  sense  of  cadit.  Flu-  437.  Languescit:  withers.  This  is  a  most 
men  :  for  sanguinem.  beautiful  comparison. 

416.  Diversi:  they  look  about  them  i*         439.  Moratur.   Ruoeus  says,  defigit  oculos 
different  directions.     Idem  :  namely,  Nisus.      in,  &c.     "  Persists  in  his  attack  upon  Vol- 

418.  Tago  :  to  Tagus.     The  dat.  is  fre-      scens,"  says  Valpy. 

quently  used  in  the  sense  of  the  gen.,  espe-  440.  Circum  quern,  kc.     The  enemy  ga- 

oially  among  the  poets.    The  spear  pierced  thered  around  Nisus  to  keep  him  off,  and 

both  his  temples.  prevent  him   from  doing  any  mischief  to 

419.  Tepefacta  :  warmed  by  its  rapid  mo-  them,  wishing  to  take  him  a  prisoner,  rather 
tion  through  the  air.  than  kill  him. 

421.  Jluctorcm:  the  owner  of  the  weapon  441.  Segnius.  Heyne  reads  secius.  The 

—the  one  who  threw  it.  common  reading  is  segnius. 

424.  Ibat  :  in  the  sense  of  irruebat.  442.  Fulmineum.  This  is  very  expressive. 

427.  JHe,  me,  &c.  This  abrupt  exclama-  It  denotes  the  rapid  motion  of  the  sword, 

tion  admirably  marks  the  perturbation  and  and  the  force  with  which  it  was  driven,  as 

disorder  of  his  mind.  He  calls  them  Hutu*  well  as  its  glittering.  Rotat  :  brandishes. 


^ENEIS.    LIB.  IX, 


Fortuuaii  ambo  !  si  quid  mea  carmitia  possunt. 
Nulla  dies  unquam  mernori  vos  eximet  JEVO ; 
Dum  domus  JEriea3  Capitoli  immobile  saxuni 
Accolet,  imperiumque  pater  Romanus  habebit. 

Victores  praeda  Rutuli  spoliisque  potiti, 
Volscentem  exanimem  flentes  in  castra  ferebant. 
Nee  minor  in  castris  luctus,  Rhamnete  reperto 
Exsanguf,  et  primis  una  tot  caede  peremptis, 
Serranoque,  Numaque.     Ingens  concursus  ad  ipsa 
Corpora,  seminecesque  viros,  tepidaque  recentem 
Caede  locum,  et  plenos  spumanti  sanguine  rivos. 
Agnoscunt  spolia  inter  se,  galeamque  nitentem 
Messapi,  et  multo  phaleras  sudore  receptas. 

Et  jam  prima  novo  spargebat  lumine  terras 
Tithoni  croceum  linquens  Aurora  cubile  : 
Jam  Sole  infuso,  jam  rebus  luce  retectis, 
Turnus  in  arma  viros,  armis  circumdatus  ipse, 
Suscitat ;  asratasque  acies  in  praslia  cogit 
Quisque  suas,  variisque  acuunt  rumoribus  iras. 
Quin  ipsa  arrectis,  visu  miserabile  !  in  hastis 
Praefigunt  capita,  et  multo  clamore  sequuntur, 
Euryali  et  Nisi. 


450 


452.  Nee  fuit  minor 
luctus  in  castris  Rtsiu- 
lorum 


455 


459.  Et  jam  prima 
4g0  Aurora,   linquens    ero* 
ceum  cubile 


464.  Quisque  dux  co- 

465  £** suas 

465.  Quin  praefigunt, 

ipsa  capita  Euryali   et 
Nisi  in  arrectis  hastis 


NOTES. 


447.  Nulla  dies :  no  length  of  time  shall 
ever  erase  you  from  mindful  posterity.  This 
is  the  meaning  of  memori  ozvo. 

448.  Immobile  saxum.     This  implies  that 
the  foundation  of  the  Roman  empire  was 
to  be  as  fixed  and  lasting  as  the  Capitoline 
mount,  on  which  the  city  was  built.     After 
the  time  of  Tarquinius  Priscus,  the  Romans 
were  of  opinion  that  their  empire  would  be- 
come universal,  and  have  no  end.     Some 
explain  domus  JEnece,  of  the  family  of  Au- 
gustus ;  which  Virgil  deduces  from  ^Eneas. 
But  it  may  with  propriety  be  taken  for  the 
Romans  in  general.  Heyne  says,  Julia  gens : 
the  Julian  family. 

449.  Pater  Romanus.   Ruoeus  thinks  Ro- 
mulus is  meant,  he  being  the  founder  of 
Rome.    Davidson  thinks  Pater  here  means 
prince,  as  kings  are  often  called  the  fathers 
of  their  people.    Paler  Romanus,  then  will 
mean  a  Roman  prince,  or  sovereign.  Heyne 
understands,   by   Pater  Romanus,   Jupiter 
Capitolinus ;  10  whom  a  famous  temple  was 
built  upon  the  Capitoline  mount.  This  story 
of  Nisus  and  Euryaius  makes  a  very  con- 
siderable part  of  this  book,  and  a  very  in- 
teresting part  too.     It  is  nevertheless  liable 
to  objection  on  the  ground  of  probability. 
It  is  difficult  to  conceive  that  a  whole  army 
should  be  asleep,  and  their  sentinels  among 
the  rest,  when  it  was  their  business  to  see 
that  the  Trojans  were  kept  close.   It  is  said 
one  was  awake  indeed ;  but  he  gave  no 
alarm.    Besides,  we  might  suppose  that  they 
would  have  considered  themselves  sufficient- 

.  to  be  aMo  to  my?  the  can™  of 


the  enemy  in  safety,  without  attempting 
any  thing.  But  poetry  delights  hi  the  won- 
derful and  marvellous. 

453.  Primis :  chief  men — nobles. 

455.  Tepida  cade.     Davidson  reads  tept- 
dum,  agreeing  with   locum.     Heyne  reads 
tepida.    So  also  Ruseus,  and  others.     The 
Roman  manuscript  has  tepidum.  The  sense 
is  the  same  with  either.     RUBBUS  interprets 
the  words :  ad  locum  tepefaclum  recenti  strage, 

456.  Rivos  plenos,  &c.    Dr.  Trapp  thinks, 
that  no   more   is   meant  than   streams  of 
blood  upon  the  ground :  rivos  spumantis  san- 
guinis.     It  is  difficult  to  imagine  that  two 
men,  in  so  short  a  space,  could  spill  so  much 
blood  as  to  justify  the  hyperbole,  that  the 
rivers  were  filled  and  foamed  with  blood. 
Beside,  there  was  only  one  river,  and  that 
one  not  very  near.      Heyne  is  of  the  same 
opinion  with  Dr.  Trapp. 

458.  Sudore :  in  the  sense  of  labore.  Pha- 
leras. These  were  taken  from  Rhamnes. 
See  359,  supra. 

461.  Sole  jam  infuso  :  the  sun  now  being 
ushered  into  the  world — the  sun  having  al- 
ready arisen.  Rebus:  objects — things.  Re- 
tectis: brought  to  view — uncovered.  The 
world  and  all  things  therein  had  been  wrapt 
up  in  the  mantle  of  night.  They  are  now 
disclosed  and  brought  to  view,  by  the  rays 
of  light. 

463.  Acies :  troops  in  general.    JEratas : 
armed  with  brass — clad  in  brazen  armor. 

464.  Rumoribus :  Heyne  takes  Uu's  in  the 
sense  of  hortationibus  vel  vocibw.     Jrns :  in 
the  sense 


480 


P.  VIRGILI1  MARONlfe 


duri  murorum  in  parte  sinistra 
Opposuere  aciem  ;  nam  dextera  cingitur  amni ; 
Ingentesque  tenent  fossas,  et  turribus  altis  470 

471.  Prsefixa   hastis,  Stant  moesti ;  simul  ora  viriirn  praeiixa  videbant, 
mmisnotaimseris*ocwNota  mmis  miseris,  atroque  fluentia  tabo. 

~3T*-  «TV-£^£"     Interest  pavidam  volitans  pennata  per  urbem 
Nuntia  Fama  ruit,  matrisque  allabitur  aures 
Euryali :  at  subitus  miserae  calor  ossa  reliquit.         47i? 
Excussi  manibus  radii,  revolutaque  pensa. 
Evolat  infelix  ;  et,  fcemineo  ululatu, 

478.  Scissa  quoad  co-  gcissa  Comam,  muros  amens  atque  agmina  cursu 
mam,  amcns  ^  .  .,  .,,        .   K  -n  *  T 

Prima  petit :  non  ilia  virum,  non  ilia  pencil, 

480.  Ilia  non  erat  me- Telorumque  memor  :  coelum  dehinc  questibus  implet : 
mor  virfim,  ilia  non  em/ Hunc  ego  te,  Euryale,  aspicio  ?  tu-ne  ilia  senectae  481 

we™°7  P?ncli  .    Sera  meaB  requies  ?  potuisti  linquere  solam, 

481.  Tu-ne  es  ille/a-^,     j  ,.    , 

turns  sera  Crudehs  .'  nee  te,  sub  tanta  pencula  missum, 

483.  Nee  copia  data  Affari  extremum  miserae  data  copia  matri  ? 
est  miser®  matri  afFari  Heu  !  terra  ignota,  canibus  data  prada  Latinis         485 
te  Alitibusque,  jaces  !  nee  te  tua  funera  mater 

Produiiteearftuaf^ereaProduxi'  Pressive  oculos,  aut  vulnera  lavi, 

Veste  tegens  ;  tibi  quam  noctes  festina  diesque 
488.  Tegens  tuum  ca-  Urgebam,  et  tela  curas  solabar  aniles. 

daver  veste,  quam  eg0Quo  sequar  ?  aut  qua?  nunc  artus  avulsaque  membra, 
Et  funus  lacerum  tellus  habet  ?  hoc  mihi  de  te,        491 


festina 


NOTES. 


469.  Aciem :  the  army  of  Turnus.  Cin- 
gitur :  protected — defended. 

474.  Nuntia:  as  a  messenger — herald. 

475.  Subitus :  in  the  sense  of  subitb.  At : 
this  is  the  reading  of  Heyne. 

476.  Radii  excussi :  the  shuttle  fell  from 
her  hands,  as  she  was  weaving.   Or,  by  the 
radii,  we  may  understand  a  machine  with 
spokes  something  like  a  wheel,  which  the 
women  held  in  their  hands,  and  on  which 
they  wound  or  reeled  the  yarn  from  the  spin- 
dles, on  which  it  was  put,  as  it  was  spun. 

What  is  properly  called  the  episode  of 
Nisus  and  Euryalus,  ended  with  the  449th 
verse.  The  lamentation  of  the  mother  of 
Euryalus  most  agreeably  brings  us  back 
to  the  subject  again,  when  we  imagined  we 
had  done  with  it.  Whether  it  be  considered 
a  part  of,  or  a  sequel  to,  that  episode,  is  not 
material.  It  certainly  equals,  if  not  exceeds, 
any  part  of  it ;  and  we  are  much  indebted 
to  the  poet  for  the  picture,  which  he  has 
given  us  of  maternal  grief  and  sorrow. 
Scaliger  was  enraptured  with  it.  Pensa: 
her  work — labor. 

481.  Aspicio  hunc  te :  do  I  see  that  you  ? 
— Is  that  one  I  see  you,  O,  Euryalus  ?  These 
broken  half  sentences  she  uttered,  while  she 
beheld  his  head  suspended  upon  the  spears 
of  the  Rutulians,  as  she  stood  upon   the 
ramparts. 

482.  Sera  requies :  hi  the  sense  of  serum 
solatium. 

484.  Copia:  leave — opportunity.   Ertre- 


mum.  This  alludes  to  the  custom  of  the 
Romans,  when  they  retired  from  the  tomb, 
of  repeating  the  word  vale  three  times. 

487.  Produxi  te  tua,  &c.  Servius  takes 
tua  funera,  for  the  nom.  agreeing  with  mater. 
and  tells  us  that  the  near  relations  of  the 
dead  assisted  at  burial,  and  were  called 
Funerce.  But  it  is  better  to  adhere  to  the 
usual  acceptation  of  the  word.  And  this 
we  may  do,  if  we  supply  the  prep,  ad  before 
it.  Produxi  may  signify  the  laying  out  of 
the  corpse  for  burial,  or  walking  before  it 
to  the  place  of  interment.  This  is  consi- 
dered an  intricate  passage :  and  various 
have  been  the  conjectures  upon  the  proper 
construction.  Heyne  proposes  funere,  for 
funera:  and  RUEBUS  informs  us  tno.t prohtsri 
has  been  proposed  for  produxi.  He  seems 
to  take/7/nera,  with  Servius  and  Scaliger,  in 
the  nom.  He  says,  nee  ego  mater  proluli  in 
ante  cedes,  ut  curatrix  tuifuneris.  The  con- 
struction proposed  above  appears  the  easiest. 
Davidson  renders  the  words,  "  Nor  I,  thy 
mother,  laid  thee  out  for  thy  funeral  obse- 
quies." Valpy  observes,  that  though  no  va- 
riation from  this  reading  has  been  disco- 
vered in  any  of  the  ancient  MSS.,  there  is 
probably  some  error. 

489.  Solabar :  I  was  consoling  my  aged 
cares  with   the   loom — with  weaving  and 
preparing  garments  for  you. 

490.  Sequar  :  in  the  sense  of  ibo. 

491.  Funus:  in  the  sense  off  ado.vcr.  ty.uc 
ie.lbis  nvnr.  £-r 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  IX. 


492.  O  nate,  refers 
hoc  caput  solum  mihi  de 
te 


Kate,  refers  ?  hoc  sum  terraque  marique  secuta  1 
Figite  me,  si  qua  est  pietas  ;  in  me  omnia  tela 
Conjicite,  6  Rutuli ;  me  primam  absumite  ferro  : 
Aut  tu,  magne  pater  Divum,  miserere,  tuoque 
Invisum  hoc  detrude  caput  sub  Tartara  telo  ; 
Quando  aliter  nequeo  crudelem  abrumpere  vitam. 
Hoc  fletu  concussi  animi,  moestusque  per  omhes 
It  gemitus  :  torpent  infractae  ad  prcelia  vires. 
Illam  incendentem  luctus  Idseus  et  Actor, 
Ilionei  monitu  et  multum  lachrymantis  Itili, 
Corripiunt,  interque  manus  sub  tecta  reponunt. 
At  tuba  terribilem  sonitum  procul  aere  canoro 
Increpuit :  sequitur  clamor,  crelumque  remugit. 
Accelerant  acta  pariter  testudine  Volsci, 
Et  fossas  implere  parant,  ac  vellere  vallum. 
Quaerunt  pars  aditum,  et  scalis  ascendere  muros ; 
Qua  rara  est  acies,  mterlucetque  corona 
Non  tarn  spissa  viris.     Telorum  effundere  contra/.  •   '     509- 
Omne  genus  Teucri,  ac  duris  detrudere  contis,         siQcceperun 
Assueti  longo  muros  defendere  bello.  ' 

Saxa  quoque  infesto  volvebant  pondere,  si  qua 
Possent  tectam  aciem  perrumpere  :  cum  tamen  omnes 

Ferre  juvat  subter  densa  testudine  casus.  514    514.Cumtaraenjuvat 

Nee  jam  sufficiunt :  nam,  qua  globus  imminet  ingens,    #«^wfe™  oinnes 
Immanem  Teucri  molem  volvuntque  ruuntque,  515  j^am  qu^  jno.ens 

Quas  stravit  Rutulos  late,  armorumque  resolvit  globus  hostium 


495  495.  Miserere  mei,  de- 
trudeque  hoc  meum  ca- 
put invisum  libi 

498.  Animi  Trojano- 
rum  concussi  sunt 

500  500.  Ideeus  et  Actor, 
monitu  Ilionei  et  lull 


505 


Contra    Teucri 


NOTES. 


492.  Secuta  sum :   have  I  followed    this 
(capu/)  over  sea  and  land  ?     Have  I  follow- 
ed thee  over  sea  and  land  for  this — to  come 
to  this  ? 

493.  Pietas.  Here  pietas,  doubtless,  means 
pity,  or  compassion.     If  there  be  any  pity 
in  you,  O  Rutulians,  &c. 

494.  Me  primam.     We  are  to  suppose  her 
speaking  from  the  rampart,  where  none,  as 
yet,  had  been  slain. 

497.  j^lliier.  Dr.  Trapp  observes,  that 
what  is  here  said  cannot  be  true,  unless 
aliter  be  taken  in  a  limited  sense.  Being 
full  of  grief,  and  referring  every  thing  to 
that,  he  thinks  she  refers  this,  also  ;  as  if 
she  had  said :  since  my  grief  will  not  end 
my  wretched  life  as  I  would  have  it,  I  de- 
sire either  the  enemy  or  the  gods  to  do  it. 
Mr.  Davidson  thinks  she  only  talks  some- 
what inconsistently,  as  might  be  expected 
in  her  state  of  mind  ;  and  observes  that  it 
is  not  improbable  she  had  attempted  to  lay 
violent  hands  upon  herself,  and  was  hindered 
by  those  about  her. 

The  crime  of  self-murder  is  of  so  horrid 
a  nature,  that  the  poet  might  well  suppose 
no  one  could  be  guilty  of  it.  She  wished 
for  death,  since  her  son,  the  support  and  so- 
lace of  her  declining  years,  was  taken  from 
her.  But  where  can  she  find  it?  Not  from 
her  friends.  She  had  called  upon  the  ene- 


my  ;  and  now  she  appeals  to  Jove,  and  en- 
treats him  to  end  her  miserable  existence  ; 
for  otherwise  she  could  not  break  the  cords 
of  life. 

499.  Infractce:  in  the  sense  of  fractcE. 
Torpent :  fail. 

505.  Testudine  acta:  the  testudo  being 
formed.  See  JEn.  ii.  441. 

508.  Qua  acies  est  rara.  The  meaning  is  : 
they  seek  to  attack  the  walls  and  fortifica- 
tions, where  the  troops  are  thin;  and  tho 
ranks  or  lines  not  so  thick  with  men,  but 
they  may  be  seen  through.  Acies :  proper- 
ly, an  army  drawn  up  in  order  of  battle — 
here  troops  in  general.  Corona :  a  body  of 
men  standing  round  in  the  form  of  a  circle. 
Here,  the  ranks  or  lines  of  the  men  upon  the 
walls,  without  any  distinction. 

510.  Detrudere:  to  push  down  the  enemy 
with,  &c. 

511.  Longo  bello.     This  alludes  to  the 
Trojan  war,  which  lasted  ten  years. 

512.  Infesto :  in  the  sense  of  ingenti  vel 
magno.    By  their  great  weight,  they  became 
fatal  to  the  enemy. 

513.  Tectam  aciem :  the  protected  troops 
— those  who  were  covered  by  the  testudo,  or 
target  defence. 

516.  Molem :  any  large  mass  of  matter 
may  be  called  moles.  Ruieus  says,  s<mm?. 


482  P.  VIRG1L1I  MARONIS 

Tegmina  :  nee  curant  caeco  contendere  Marte 
Amplius  audaces  Rutuli  ;  sed  pellere  vallo 

520.  Sed  certant  pel-  Missilibus  certant.  520 

l£re  Trojanoi  Parte  alia  horrendus  visu  quassabat  Etruscam 

Pinum,  et  fumiferos  infert  Mezentius  ignes. 
At  Messapus,  equum  domitor,  Neptunia  proles, 
Rescindif  vallum,  et  scalas  in  moenia  poscit. 

525.  Vos,   O  MUSK,     yos  ^  Calliope,  precor,  aspirate  canenti  ;  525 

Q-s  ibi  turn  ferro  strages,  qu*  funera  Turnus 
Edident  ;  quern  quisque  virum  demisent  Urco  ; 
Et  mecum  ingentes  oras  evolvite  belli  : 
Et  meministis  enim,  Divae,  et  memorare  potestis. 

Turris  erat  vasto  suspectu,  et  pontibus  altis,         530 
Opportuna  loco  ;  summis  quani  viribus  omnes 
Expugnare  Itali,  summaque  evertere  opum  vi 

533.   Contra    Trots  Certabant  :  Troes  contra  defendere  saxis, 

^rque  cavas  densi  tela  intorquere  fenestras. 
Prmceps  ardentem  conjecit  lampada  Turnus, 
Et  flammam  affixit  lateri  ;  quae  plurima  vento 
Corripuit  tabulas,  et  postibus  haesit  adesis. 

538.   Trojani  turbali  Turbati  trepidare  intus,  frustraque  maloruni 
mperunt  trepidare         Velle  fugam.     Dum  se  glornerant,  retroque  residual 

In  partem,  quae  peste  caret  ;  turn  pondere  turris       540 
Procubuit  subito,  et  ccelum  tonat  omne  fragore. 

542.  Trojani  semine-  Semineces  ad  terrain,  immani  mole  secuta, 
ces  veniunt  ad  terram,  Confixique  suis  telis,  et  pectora  duro 

cuSanI  m°le  iUrriS  SC~  Transfossi  Jig110'  veniunt.     Vix  unus  Helenor, 

Et  Lycus  elapsi  :  quorum  primaevus  Helenor  ;          545 
Mseonio  regi  quern  serva  Lycimnia  furtim 

NOTES. 

513.  Cceco  Marte  :  concealed  or  covered  532.  Summa  vi  opum:  with  the  utmost 

fight  —  covered  and  protected  by  their  shields  force  in  their  power. 

held  over  their  heads.  534.  Fenestras  :   the  holes  or  apertures 

522.  Pinum  :  his  spear  or  javelin  made  made  in  the  tower  through  which  to  annoy 

of  the  pine  tree  —  pineam  haslam.     Fumife-  the  assailants. 

ros  ignts.     By  this  we  are  to  understand  a  535.  Lampada.     Lampas  was  a  kind  of 

fire-brand  —  some  resinous  wood  which  Me-  flaming  brand,  made  up  of  hemp,  pitch, 

zentius  carried  in  one  hand  on  fire.     The  rosin,  and  such  like  materials  ;  which  being 

poet,  on  every  occasion,  represents  Mezen-  stuck  around  with  sharp  points,  and  hooks 

tius  as  a  monster  in  wickedness,  in  shape,  of  iron,  was  flung  against  wooden  walls, 

and  in  appearance.     He  is   here  horrendus  &c.   where  it  stuck  fast  till  it  seized  the 

v-isu:  horrid  to  the  sight.     Visu:  for  visui.  boards  with  its  flame.     Lampada:  a  Greek 

See  Eel.  v.  29.     Infert  :  Rueeus  says,  injicit.  ace. 

525.    Calliope.     She    was   chief  of  the  536.  QM«  plurima  vento:    which   being 

muses,  and  presided  over  heroic  poetry  :  for  widely  spread  by  the  wind  —  becoming  very 

which  reason,  she  is  particularly  mentioned,  large,  &c. 

Aspirate  :  in  the  sense  of  docete.  537.  Adesis  postibus  :    to  the  consumed 

527.  Edideril:  in  the  sense  of  fecerit  vel  timbers—  till   the   timbers  were  consumed. 
effecerit.  539.  Fugam  malorum:   a  flight  —  escape 

528.  Oras  belli  ;   limits,  extent,  or  com-  from  the  danger.     Malum  :  in  the  sense  of 
pass  of  the  war.     Evolvile  :  in  the  sense  of  periculum.     Residunt  :  in  the  sense  of  rece- 
explicate.  dunt. 

530.  Pontibus  allis.  The  planks  on  which          540.  Pesle  :  the  devouring  flame. 

they  ascended  from  one  story  to  another  of  545.  Primavus:  born  first—  the  elder  of 

these   towers,  were  called  ponies,   stages,  the  two. 

Vaslo  suspectu  :  of  vast  height,  or  altitude.  546.  Mcconio  regi.     Maeonia  was  a  coun- 

The  prep,  e  or  ex  being  understood.  try  of  Asia  Minor,  sometimes  confounded 

531.  Loco:  in  the  sense  of  situ.  with  Lydia.     Homer  reckons   its    people. 


433 


548. 
nudo 


550 


555 


JENEIS.     LIB.  IX. 

Sustulerat,  vetitisque  ad  Trojani  miserat  arrnis  : 

Ense  levis  nudo,  parmaque  inglorius  alba,  tf^"  548.    llle 

Isque  ubi  se  Turni  media  inter  millia  vidit ; 

Hinc  acies,  atque  hinc  acies  adstare  Latinas  : 

Ut  fera,  quae  densa  venantum  septa  corona 

Contra  tela  furit,  seseque  baud  nescia  morti 

Injicit,  et  saltu  supra  venabula  fertur ; 

Haud  aliter  juvenis  medios  moriturus  in  hostes 

Irruit ;  et,  qua  tela  videt  densissima,  tendit. 

At  pedibus  longe  melior  Lycus,  inter  et  hostes, 

Inter  et  arma,  fuga  muros  tenet ;  altaque  certat 

Prendere  tecta  manu,  sociumque  attingere  dextras. 

Quern  Turnus,  pariter  cursu  teloque  secutus, 

Increpat  his  victor :  Nostrasne  evadere,  demens,     560 

Sperasti  te  posse  manus  ?  Simul  arripit  ipsum 

Pendentem,  et  magna  muri  cum  parte  revellit. 

Qualis  ubi,  aut  leporem,  aut  candenti  corpore  cycnum   evadere 

Sustulit  alta  petens  pedibus  Jovis  armiger  uncis  :       •        563.  Talis,  qualis  ubi 

Quaesitum  aut  matri  multis  balatibus  agnum  565«/fyw7a    armiger  Jovis, 

Martius  a  stabulis  rapuit  lupus.     TJndique  clamor 

Tollitur.     Invadunt,  et  fossas  aggere  complent : 

Ardentes  taedas  alii  ad  fastigia  jactant. 

Ilioneus  saxo,  atque  ingenti  fragmine  mentis, 
Lucetium,  portae  subeuntem  ignesque  ferentem  : 
Emathiona  Liger,  Chorinaeum  sternit  Asylas  : 
Hie  jaculo  bonus,  hie  longe  fallente  sagitta  : 
Ortygium  Caeneus,  victorem  Caenea  Turnus  : 
Turnus  Ityn,  Cloniumque,  Dioxippum,  Promulumque, 
Et  Sagarim,  et  summis  stantem  pro  turribus  Idam  : 
Privernum  Capys.    Hunc  primo  levis  hasta  Themillse 
Strinxerat :  ille  manum,  projecto  tegmine,  demens  577 


levis 


560.  Increpat  eum  his 


d 
™  te 


565.  Aut  talis  qualis 
Martius  lupus,  ubi  ra- 
puit 

568.  Ad  fastigia  mu- 
rorum.  Ilioneus  sternit 
Lucetium 

572.  Hie  erat  bonus 
sagitta  fallante  longe  : 
Caeneus  occidit 

576.  Capys  occidit 
Privernum. 


NOTES. 


among  the  auxiliaries  of  Priam.  Helenor 
was  an  illegitimate  son  of  the  king  of  MOB- 
onia,  by  his  slave  L'icymnia. 

547.  Vtlilis  armis :   in  forbidden  arms. 
Either  against  the  will  of  the  gods  ;  or  in 
allusion  to  a  law  or  custom  of  the  Romans, 
which  forbid  slaves  to  bear  arms,  unless  thoy 
had  been  set  free,  except  in  cases  of  the 

-  greatest  danger.  In  the  time  of  Hannibal, 
all  hands  were  employed  in  the  common  de- 
fence. Sustulcrat :  in  the  sense  of  nepere- 
rat. 

548.  Levis  nudo  ense.     The  poet  here  des- 
cribes Helenor  such,  as  those  troops  among 
the    Romans   called    miles,   from    veioci- 
tas.     They  had  a   small  round  shield   or 
buckler,  a  sword,  and  some  light   missive 
weapons.     Alba  parma.    There  was  no  he- 
roic device  upon  it.     He  had  done  nothing 
to  distinguish  him,  and  deserve  praise.     His 
shield  was  a  mere  blank. 

551.  Corona:  a  troop — company.  Sep- 
ta :  surrounded — encircled. 

553.  Supra  venabula:  upon  the  hunting 
spears. 

556.  Melior :  in  i'.c  sense  of  cekrior. 


557.  Tenet :  reaches — arrives  at  the  walls. 

558.  Tecta  alta :  the  high  summits,  or  tops 
of  the  walls.     Ruseus  interprets  it  by  altos 
pinnas. 

559.  Pariter  cursu :  he  followed  him  with 
equal  pace,  and,  with  his  dart,  kept  close  to 
his  heels.     Or,  he  kept  pace  with  the  dart 
which  he  flung  at  him.     This  last  gives  us 
a  fine  idea  of  the  quickness  of  his  speed. 
It  equalled  the  motion  of  his  dart.     Valpy 
takes  it  in  this  sense. 

565.  Balatibus  :  bleatings — much  bleat- 
ing. 

566.  Marlius.     The  wolf  was  sacred  to 
Mars  :  hence  the  epithet  Marlins. 

567.  Aggere:  simply,  with  earth. 

.OT'.'.  Hie  bonus  jaculo  :  the  one  skilful  in 
throwing  the  javelin  ;  the  other,  &c.  Sa* 
gitla  fallante  longe.  This  is  a  beautiful  epi- 
thet of  an  arrow ;  which  steals  upon  its 
object  una wares,  and  surprises  him  with  un- 
seen death. 

575.  Pro:  before — in  front.  Or,  perhaps, 
we  are  to  understand  that  he  stood  on  the 
front  of  the  towers  next  the  enemy. 

577.  Strinxerat :  in  the  «*nse  of  rubwrft- 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Ad  vulntis  tulit ;  ergo  alis  allapsa  sagitta, 

Et  Isevo  infixa  est  lateri  manus,  abditaque  intus 

Spiramenta  animse  letali  vulnere  rupit.  580 

Stabat  in  egregiis  Arcentis  films  armis, 
Pictus  acu  chlamydem,  et  ferrugine  clarus  Ibera, 
Insignis  facie  ;  genitor  quern  miserat  Arcens, 
Eductum  Martis  luco,  Symsethia  circum 
Flumina,  pinguis  ubi  et  placabilis  ara  Palici.  585 

586.  Mezentius  ipse,  Stridentem  fundam,  positis  Mezentius  armis, 
armis  positis,  egit  stri-  j  t  adducta  circum  caput  egit  habena  : 
dentem  fundam  JT  ,.  ,  .  ,.  c  A 

588.  Et  diffidit  media  Ef  media  adversi  hquefacto  tempora  plumbo 
tempora  juvenis  adversi  Diffidit,  ac  multa  porrectum  extendit  arena. 

590.    Turn   primum      Turn  primum  bello  celerem  intendisse  sagittam    59O 
Ascanius  dicitur  Dicitur,  ante  feras  solitus  terrere  fugaces, 

Ascanius,  fortemque  manu  fudisse  Numanum, 
Cui  Remulo  cognomen  erat ;  Turnique  minorem 
594.  Qm'que  habebat  Germanam,  nuper  thalamo  sociatus,  habebat. 

m"*°^m  . ,  ,  Is  primam  ante  aciem  digna  atque  indirjna  relatn 

596.Tumidusque  quoad  ,T  *  -c 
preecordia  Vociterans,  tumidusque  novo  praecordia  regno 

598.  dil,  non  pudet  Ibat,  et  ingenti  sese  clamore  ferebat : 
ro*,OPhryges,biscapti,Non  pudet  obsidione  iterum  valloque  teneri, 

Bis  capti  Phryges,  ct  morti  praetendere  muros? 


NOTES. 


rerat.  Tegmine :  his  shield.  Being  wounded, 
he  put  his  hand  to  the  wound  to  stop  the 
blood,  and  threw  away  his  shield  for  that 
purpose.  Hence  he  is  called  demens. 

578.  Sagitta  allapsa  alis :  the  arrow  glided 
swiftly  on  its  wings,  &c.  The  arrow  passed 
through  his  hand  as  he  held  it  upon  his 
wound,  fixed  it  to  his  side,  and  then  passed 
into  his  body,  piercing  his  vitals.  Spiramen- 
ta animce :  the  lungs.  This  was  not  the 
arrow  that  first  wounded  him. 

582.  Pictus :  embroidered  as  to  his  cloak 
with  needle  work — having  an  embroidered 
cloak.  Ibera  ferrugine :  in  Iberian  purple. 
Ferrugo  is  the  color  of  polished  iron,  which 
approaches  nearly  to  purple.  Ibera:  ao 
adj.  from  Iberia.  Some  take  this  for  a 
country  lying  between  the  Euxine  and  Cas- 
pian seas,  formerly  called  Iberia,  now  Geor- 
gia. A  colon}'  of  these  peop1  removed  to 
Spain,  and  settled  near  the  river  Iberus,  to 
which  they  gave  name.  Others  take  it  for 
Spain  itself,  sometimes  called  Iberia.  It 
abounded  in  the  best  iron  and  steol.  Facie  : 
in  the  sense  of  forma.  Clarus  :  in  the  sense 
of  splendens. 

585.  Palici.  These  were  the  sons  of  Jove 
and  the  nymph  Thalia,  the  daughter  of  Vul- 
can. They  were  gods  worshipped  in  Sicily, 
near  the  river  Symethia.  It  is  not  easy  to 
assign  the  reason  of  their  altar  being  called 
placabilis.  Some  conjecture  they  were  ap- 
peased only  by  human  victims  at  first;  but 
afterward  by  common  victims.  Perhaps 
their  altar  may  be  so  called,  because  it  was 
the  altar  of  atonement,  as  distinguished 


from  others  that  were  altars  of  thanksgiving 
and  divination.  Diodorus  Siculus  relates 
that  slaves,  who  were  illy  treated  by  their 
masters,  fled  here  for  safety.  And  their 
masters  were  not  allowed  to  take  them  away , 
until  they  had  given  security  for  their  good 
treatment  of  them.  Hence  Ruseus  thinks 
it  was  called  ara  placabilis.  This  is  the  most 
probable  reason. 

587.  Habena  ter :  the  string  being  whirl- 
ed three  times  around  his  head  to  give  the 
greater  force  to  the  ball. 

588.  Liquefacto  plumbo  :  with  the  melted 
lead.     This  is  a  poetical  exaggeration,  to 
express  the  velocity  of  the  ball  through  the 
air.     The  expression  is  borrowed  from  Lu- 
cretius.     Or  the  poet  may   allude  to  the 
casting  of  the  ball  at  first.     Ruaeus  says, 
calffacto  plumbo. 

590.  Intendis.te :  to  have  shot — directed. 

592.  Fudisse  :  in  the  sense  of  slravisse. 

593.  Cui  Remulo :   in  the  sense  of  cui 
Remulus  erat  cognomini  :  to  whom  Remulus 
was  for  a  surname.     This  construction  is  in 
imitation  of  the  Greeks. 

594.  Sociatus  nuper :  being  lately  connect- 
ed with  her  in  marriage. 

595.  Relatu :  a  sup.  in  u,  in  the  sense  of 
dictu. 

596.  Novo  regno :  with  his  new  power, 
which  he  acquired  by  being  connected  with 
the  royal  family. 

597.  Ferebat  sese:  marched  along — took 
himself  along. 

593.  Teneri:  in  the  sense  ofdaudi. 
599.  PrfKlendere :  to  oppose  your  walls  to 


.fiXKJW,     LIB.  IX. 


En  qui  nostra  sibi  bello  connubia  poscunt !  IJOO     600.  En  homines,  qui 

Quis  Deus  Italiam,  quae  vos  dementia  adegit  /  poscunt 

Non  hie  Atrida?  ;  nee  fandi  fictor  Ulysse*. 

Durum  a  stirpe  genus.     Natos  ad  flumina  primum 

Deferimus,  saevoque  gelu  duramus  et  undis. 

Venatu  invigilant  pueri,  sylvasque  fatigant ;  605 

Flectere  ludus  equos,  et  spicula  tendere  cornu.  606.  Eorum  ludus  est 

At  patiens  operum,  parvoque  assueta  juventus, 

Aut  rastris  terram  domat,  aut  quatit  oppida  bello.      ,  .  f  ^        *  -  -*  '•  '' 

Omne  aevum  ferro  teritur,  versaque  juvencum 

Terga  fatigamus  hasta.     Nee  tarda  senectus 

Debilitat  vires  animi,  mutatque  vigorem. 

Canitiem  galea  premimus  ;  semperque  recentes 

Convectare  juvat  prsedas,  et  vivere  rapto. 

Vobis  picta  croco  et  fulgent!  murice  vestis  ; 

Desidiae  cordi ;  juvat  indulgere  choreis  ; 

Et  tunica?  manicas,  et  habent  redimicula  mitrae. 

O  vere  Phrygia?,  neque  enim  Phryges  !  ite  per  alta 

Dindyma,  ubi  assuetis  biforem  dat  tibia  cantum. 

Tympana  vos  buxusque  vocant  Berecynthia  matris 

Idaeae.     Sinite  arma  viris,  et  cedite  ferro. 

Talia  jactantem  dictis,  ac  dira  canentem 
Non  tulit  Ascanius  :  nervoque  obversus  equino 


610 


613.  Juvat  nos 

614.  Est  vobis  vestis 
gj^  picta 

615.  Desidiae  sunt  vo- 
bis cordi : 

618.    Vobis    assuetis 
huic  sono. 


tern,  ac 


NOTES. 


death— to  screen  yourselves  behind  your 
wall,  and  save  yourselves  from  death.  Fleyne 
reads,  Marie.  The  common  reading  is  morti. 
600.  Nostra  connubia  :  our  brides.  This 
is  said  in  allusion  to  the  case  of  Lavinia. 

602.  Fictor   fandi:    the    dissembler    of 
speech.     Fandi :  in  the  sense  of  verborwn. 

603.  Durum  genus :  but  we  are  a  hardy 
race  from  our  origin. 

605.  Venatu:    for  venalui.      See  Eel.  v. 
29.     Invigilant :  are  fond  of — have  a  special 
regard  to.  Fatigant  sylvas :  weary  the  woods 
— the  beasts  or  game  in  the  woods,  by  meton. 

606.  Cornu  :  from  the  bow.     Spicula :  in 
the  sense  ofsagitlas. 

608.  Domat :  in  the  sense  ofexercet.  Qua- 
lit  :  in  the  sense  of  impugnat. 

609.  Ferro :  with  the  sword ;  that  is,  in 
w  ar. 

010.  Fatigamus  terga  :  we  strike  the  backs 
of  our  oxen,  &e.  So  constant  were  they 
in  the  use  of  their  arms,  that  they  did  not 
even  lay  them  aside  when  engaged  in  agri- 
culture. They  used  their  spears,  &c.  to  spur, 
or  urge  on  their  oxen  while  in  the  plough. 

611.  Mutat:  in  the  sense  of  pell  it. 

612.  Premimus,  &c.     By  this  we  are  to 
understand  that  their  old  rnen  had  sufficient 
vigor  and  strength  of  nerve,  to  bear  arms. 

613.  Rapto:  the  plunder. 

615.  Desidice  cordi:  sloth  is  to  you  for 
pleasure  and  delight. 

616.  Tunicas,  habenl:   your  vests   have 
sleeves,  and  the  ribbons  of  the  rnitre.    Other 
nations,  particularly  the  Romans,  had  their 
arms  and  necks  naked,  and  looked  upon 


the  covering  of  those  parts  as  a  mark  of 
effeminacy.  This  is  said  by  way  of  reproach. 

617.  O  vere  Phrygice^  &c.    He  here  speaks 
by  way  of  contempt,  calling  them  not  even 
Phrygian  men,  but  Phrygian  women.     The 
Phrygians  were  noted  for  their  effeminacy 
and  luxury.     See  ^En.  iv.  216. 

618.  Dindyma  :  neu.  plu.  sing.  Dindymus, 
a  mountain  in  Phrygia,  sacred  to  Cybele. 
Hence  she  is  sometimes  called  Dindymine. 
Its  name  is  of  Greek  origin,  and  signifies 
double-topt — -having  two  tops.      Biforem. 
Some  understand  by  this  a  pipe  with  only 
two  stops :  others,  two  pipes  with  different 
stops,  which,  being  played  upon  together, 
made  very  indifferent  harmony.     Biforem 
cantum:    discordant  music.     Ruaeus  says, 
imparem. 

619.  Tympana: neu.  plu. :  timbrels.  Here- 
cyntkia:  an  adj.  from  Berccynlhus,  a  moun- 
tain and  castle  in  Phrygia,  sacred  to  Cybele ; 
who   sometimes    was   called    Berecynthia. 
Buxus  :  properly,  the  box-wood ;  by  meton. 
a  pipo  made  of  the  box-wood.     This  wood 
is  supposed   to  have  abounded  on  mount 
Berecynthus. 

620.  JdfKtR  :  an  adj.  from -/da,  a  mountain 
just  back  of  Troy,  sacred  to  Cybele,  the 
mother  of  the  gods.     Hence  she  is  called 
sometimes  Idaoz.     Sinite  :  in   the  sense  of 
relinquite. 

621.  Canentem  dira  :  uttering  such  indig- 
nities— such  reproaches.     Ruseus  says,  /o- 
quentem. 

622.  Equino  nervo :  the  string  of  his  bow 
was  made  of  horse-hair. 


486  P.  V1RGIL11  MARON1S 

Contendit  telum,  diversaque  brachia  duceu»3 
Constitit,  ante  Jovem  supplex  per  vota  precatus  : 
Jupiter  omnipotens,  audacibus  annue  eceptis.  625 

626.  Ego  ipse  feram  j        tibi  ad  tua  (empia  feram  solemnia  dona, 
sdemnm  dona  tin  ad^  statuam  ante  ar&g  ^^  ^^  juvencum 

Candentem,  pariterque  caput  cum  matre  ferentem, 
Jam  cornu  petat,  et  pedibus  qui  spargat  arenam. 
Audiit,  et  coeli  genitor  de  parte  serena  030 

630.  Genitor  Deorum  Intonuit  lasvum.     Sonat  una  letifer  arcus  ; 
audiit  Et  fugit  horrendum  stridens  elapsa  sagitta, 

Perque  caput  Remuli  venit,  et  cava  tempora  ferro 

Trajicit.     I,  verbis  virtutem  illude  superbis. 

Bis  capti  Phryges  haec  Rutulis  responsa  remittunt.  685 

636.  Ascanius   dixit  Haec  tantum  Ascanius.     Teucri  clarnore  sequuntur. 
hsec  tantum.  Laetitiaque  fremunt,  animosque  ad  sidera  tollimt. 

jEthere£  turn  forte  plaga  crinitus  Apollo 
Desuper  Ausonias  acies  urbemque  videbat, 
.    Nube  sedens  ;  atque  his  victorem  aftatur  lulum  :      640 

Macte  nov£  virtute,  puer :  sic  itur  ad  astra, 

642.  Omnia  bella  ven-  Dis  genite,  et  geniture  Deos.     Jure  omnia  bella 
tura  fato,  Gente  sub  Assaraci  fato  ventura  resident : 

Nee  te  Troja  capit.     Simul  haec  effatus,  ab  alto 
JKthere  se  mittit,  spirantes  dimevet  auras,  645 

Ascaniumque  petit :  fonn£  turn  vertitur  oris 
Antiquum  in  Buten.     Hie  Dardanio  Anchisa? 
Armiger  ante  fuit,  fidusque  ad  limina  custos  : 

f  649.  Turn  pater  JEneas  Turn  comitem  Ascanio  pater  addidit.     Ibat  Apollo 
addidit  hunc  Omnia  longaevo  similis,  vocemque,  coloremque         650 

650.  Similis  longeevo  Et  crines  albos,  et  saeva  sonoribus  arma  : 
Atque  his  ardentem  dictis  affatur  liilum  : 
Sit  satis,  jEneada,  telis  impune  Numanum 
Oppetiisse  tuis  :  primam  hanc  tibi  magnus  Apollo 

NOTES. 

623.  Ducens  brachia:  drawing  his  arms  founder  of  the  Trojan  race.     From  Asca- 
asunder.     This  is  the  posture  of  a   man .  nius,  called  sometimes  lulus,  descended  Ju- 
drawing  the  bow  to  its  full  stretch.    Telum :  lius  and  Augustus  Cffisar,  according  to  Vir- 
his  arrow.  gil,  both  of  whom  received  divine  honors. 

624.  Ante. :  in  the  sense  of  primum.  643.  Sub  genie  Assaraci :  under  the  fa- 

628.  Cadentem:  in  the   sense  of  candi-  mily  of  Assaracus.     He   was  of  the  royal 
dum.  family  of  Troy,  and  one  of  the  ancestors  of 

629.  Petat :  he  pushes — butts.  Ascanius.      Jure  :   by  justice    or    equity. 

631.  Intonuit  Icevum  :  the  left  thundered  ;  Here  is  an  allusion  to  the  universal  peace 
or  it  thundered  on  the  left.  This  was  a  lucky  which  took  place  under  Augustus,  at  the 
omen.     See  Eel.  i.  18.  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 

632.  Stridens:  whizzing  loud.  645.  Spirantes:  blowing — whispering. 

633.  Ferro  :  ferrum,  here,  the  point  of  the          646.  Oris  :  in  the  sense  of  mdtus.     For- 
arrow,  which  was  tipt  with  iron  or  steel —  ma.     This  is  the  reading  of  Valpy  and  Ru- 
the  barb.  aeus.     Heyne  reads,/0ma7n.     But  forma  is 

637.  Animos :  the  courage — valor  of  As-      the  easier. 

canius.  651.  Sceva:   harsh  in  sound — terrible  in 

638.  Plaga :  here,  a  part,  or  quarter  of     sound. 

the  sky  or  heaven.  652.  Ardentem :  fierce — ardent — eager  for 

641.  Macte:  go  on — persevere.     Sic  itur  fight. 

ad  astra:  thus  men  arise  to  the  stars,  thou  653.  JEntada  :  the  voc.  of  the  patronymic 

descendant  of  the  gods,  &c.     By  great  and  JEneades :   the  son  of  ./Eneas.      Impunc  : 

noble  actions,  men  obtain  immortality.    As-  without  injuring  thyself. 

canius  descended  from  Venus  by  ^Eneas  his  654.  Oppetiisse :  in  the  sense  of 

father.  and  from  Jove,  bv  Dardanus.  the  ?'w/r  vel  recidisse. 


2ENEIS.    LIB.  IX. 


487 


655 


659 


665 


Concedit  iaudem,  et  paribus  non  invidet  armis. 
Csstera  parce,  puer,  bello.     Sic  orsu»  Apollo, 
Mortales  medio  aspectus  sermone  reliquit, 
Et  procul  in  tenuem  ex  oculis  evanuit  auram. 
Agnovere  Deum  proceres  divinaque  tela 
Dardanidae,  pharetramque  fuga  sensere  sonantem. 
Ergo  avidum  pugnae  dictis  ac  numine  Phoebi 
Ascanium  prohibent :  ipsi  in  certamina  rursus 
Succedunt,  animasque  in  aperta  pericula  mittunt. 
It  clamor  totis  per  propugnacula  muris. 
Intendunt  acres  arcus,  amentaque  torquent. 
Sternitur  omne  solum  telis  :  turn  scuta,  cavaeque 
Dant  sonitum  flictu  galeae  :  pugna  aspera  surgit. 
Quantus  ab  occasu  veniens  pluvialibus  ho3dis 
Verberat  imber  humum  :  quam  multa  grandine  nimbi 
In  vada  praecipitant,  cum  Jupiter  horridus  Austris    670 
Torquet  aquosam  hyernem,  et  co3lo  cava  nubila  rumpit. 

Pandarus  et  Bitias,  Idaeo  Alcanore  creti, 
Quos  Jovis  eduxit  luco  sylvestris  Hiera, 
Abietibus  juvenes  patriis  et  montibus  aequos, 
Portam,  quae  ducis  imperio  commissa,  recludunt, 
Freti  armis,  ultroque  invitant  moenibus  hostem. 
Ipsi  intus,  dextra  ac  laeva,  pro  turribus  adstant, 
Armati  ferro,  et  cristis  capita  alta  corusci. 
Quales  aeriae  liquentia  flumina  circum, 
Sive  Padi  ripis,  Athesim  seu  propter  amo3num, 


imber 


675      675.  QUSB  coramissa 
erat  ipsis  imperio 


680 


678.  Et  corusci  quoad 
alta  capita  cristis.  Tales 
quales  geminae  aerise 
quercus  consurgunt 


NOTES. 


655.  Paribus  armis.  Apollo,  when  a  child, 
killed  the  serpent  Python  in  defence  of  his 
mother,  as  Ascanius  does  here  Numanus  in 
defence  of  his  country.     Dr.  Trapp  thinks 
paribus  is  to  be  taken  in  a  qualified  sense : 
not  equal  skill  or  glory  in  arms,  but  of  the 
like  kind  or  sort  of  art  in  arms  :  for  it  can 
hardly  be  supposed  that  he  would  compli- 
ment a  boy  to  the  dishonor  of  himself. 

656.  Cetera  ptfrce :  hereafter,  boy,  abstain 
from  fight — as  to  what  remains,  abstain,  &c. 
Orsus :  having  thus  said  :  a  part,  of  the  verb 
ordior.     C&tera :   in  the  sense  of  ccctcrnm 
vel  caterb. 

659.  DardanidcB  procercs :  the  Trojan  no- 
bles, or  chiefs.  Dardanida :  a  sub.  used 
adjectively. 

663.  Mittunt  animus :  they  expose  their 
lives,  &c.  Succedunt :  in  the  sense  of  redc- 
unt. 

665.  Amenta.  These  were  properly  a  kind 
of  thongs,  tied  to  javelins,  by  which  th^r 
were  darted  out  of  the  hand.  They  served 
to  direct  the  weapon  with  more  certainty. 
The  armenta  here  appears  to  be  used  for 
the  darts  or  javelins  themselves;  by  meton. 
Acres:  elastic. 

667.  Flictu :  in  the  sense  of  conjlictu. 

668.  Hcedis.     The  lutdi,  or  kids,  are  two 
stars  in  the  constellation  Auriga,  just  below 
his  shoulder.     The  rising  and  setting  of 


which  were  thought  to  influence  the  wea- 
ther, and  render  it  rainy.  Veniens :  arising' 
through  the  influence  of  the  rainy  kids. 

670.  Jupiter :  in  the  sense  of  aer.  Hor- 
ridus: black — deeply  impregnated  with  va- 
por. In  vada :  upon  the  sea.  Ruaeus  says, 
in  mare. 

672.  IdfEo  :  an  adj.  from  Ida,  a  mountain 
of  Phrygia. 

G74.  Juvenes  cequos :  youths  equal  to  their 
paternal  oaks  and  mountains.  This  is  an 
hyperbole  to  denote  their  great  size  and 
strength.  It  is  said  they  were  brought  up 
by  Hiera.  Turnebus  conjectures  it  should 
be  Hywna,  which  is  a  beast  resembling  a 
wolf;  because  it  is  said  that  Romulus  was 
brought  up  by  a  wolf.  Abietibus  et  montibus : 
the  same  as  abietibus  montanis,  by  hend. 

675.  Redudunl:  in  the  sense  of  aperiunt. 

676.  Invitant:    they   invite— -challenge. 
They  stand  in  the  entrance  of  the  gate,  and 
defy  the  enemy. 

677.  Pro  turribus:  like  towers — in  the 
room  or  place  of  towers :  or  perhaps  before 
the  towers. 

680.  Padi.  Padus  or  Eridanus,  the  Po, 
a  well  known  river  of  Italy,  of  considerable 
magnitude.  Athesim.  This  river  rises  in 
the  Alps,  passes  through  Venice,  and  falls 
into  the  Adriatic,  not  far  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Po. 


488 


P.  VIRGILIi   MARON1S 


hostium 


Consurgunt  geminae  quercus,  intonsaque  ccelo 
Attollunt  capita,  et  sublimi  vertice  nutant. 
Irrumpunt,  aditus  Rutuli  ut  videre  patentes. 
Continue  Quercens,  et  pulcher  Equicolus  armis, 
Et  praeceps  animi  Tmarus,  et  Mavortius  Hsemon;     685 
686.  Totis  agminibus  Agminibus  totis  aut  versi  terga  dedere, 
Aut  ipso  portaR  posuere  in  limine  vitam. 
Turn  magis  increscunt  animis  discordibus  irre  : 
Et  jam  collect!  Troes  glomerantur  eodem, 
Et  conferre  manum,  et  procurrere  longius  audent.  690 

Ductori  Turno  divers-i  in  parte  furenti, 
Turbantique  viros,  perfertur  nuntius,  hostem 
Fervere  caede  nova,  et  portas  praebere  patentes. 
Deserit  inceptum,  atque  immani  concitus  ira 
Dardaniam  ruit  ad  portam,  fratresque  superbos.      695 
696.  Et  primum,  ja-  Et  primum  Antiphaten,  is  enim  se  primus  agebat, 
culo  conjecto,     sternit  Thebana  de  matre  nothum  Sarpedonis  alti, 
££d± £™±  Conjecto  sternit  jaculo.     Volat  Itala  cornus 
matre,  enim  Aera  per  tenuem,  stomachoque  mfixa  sub  altum 

Pectus  abit :  reddit  specus  atri  vulneris  undam        700 

Spumantem,  et  fixo  ferrum  in  pulmone  tepescit. 

Turn  Meropem  atque  Erymantha  manu  ;  turn  sternif 

Aphydnum : 

;  J703.  Turn  slernit  Bi-  Turn  Bitian  ardentem  oculis,  animisque  frementem, 
Non  jaculo  ;  neque  enim  jaculo  vitam  ille  dedisset ; 
Sed  magnum  stridens  contorta  falarica  venit, 


tian 


NOTES. 


681.  Geminaz  aeries  quercu,s :  as  two  aeri- 
al oaks  rise  around,  &c.  This  is  a  fine  si- 
mile. It  is  taken  from  Homer,  Iliad  !xi. 

685.  Prczceps.     Ruaeus  says,  lemerarnts. 

688.  Turn  ira. :  then  rage  increases  more 
and  more  in  the  hostile  minds  of  the  Tro- 
jans. Discordibus :  in  the  sense  of  hostili- 
bus.  Ruaeus  says,  infensis.  » 

690.  Conferre  manum  :  to  engage  in  close 
combat :  a  phrase. 

692.  Turbanti:   routing — driving  before 
him. 

693.  Fervere:  rage  with  uncommon  slaugh- 
ter.    Fervere  signifies  to  be  hot — to  be  busi- 
ly engaged — also,  to  rage.    Nova :  uncom- 
mon— unusual.     Russus  says,  recenti.     But 
he  takes  fervere,  in  the  sense  of  animari  :  to 
be   animated — encouraged.     Prczbere  :  in 
the  sense  of  offerre  vel  dare. 

694.  Deserit :  in  the  sense  of  relinquif. 

695.  Superbos  fratres:  Pandarus  and  Bi- 
tias,  mentioned  above,  the  sons  of  Alcanor. 

696.  Agebat  se :  presented  himself — took 
himself  along. 

697.  Sarpedonis,     Sarpedon  was  the  re- 
puted son  of  Jupiter.     Hence  the  epithet 
alti,  high,  or  nobly  born.     He  was  king  of 
Lycia,    and   assisted    Priam    against    the 
Greeks.      Thebana:  an  adj.  from   Thebes. 
There  were  several  cities  of  that  name  ;  one 
in.  Egypt,  one  in  Beotia.  and  one  in  Thepsa- 


ly.     The  one  here  alluded  to  was  in  Asia 
.  Minor:  the  sovereignty  of  which  was  long 
disputed  between  the  Lydians  and  Mysians. 
Nothum  :  an  illegitimate  son. 

698.  Cornus:  the  corneil-trce — also,  a 
javelin  or  dart  made  of  the  wood  of  that 
tree,  by  meton. 

700.  Specus  alri  vulneris:  the  cavity  of 
the  dark  wound  emits,  &c.     Specus  is  pro- 
perly a  den  or  cave,  which  is  usually  dark 
and  gloomy.     This  idea  the  poet  transfers  to 
the  wound  made  by  the  javelin  of  Turnus. 
Some  copies  have  Sanguinis  in  the  room  of 
vulneris.    In  this  case,  atri  sanguinis  must 
be  governed  by  undam,  and  not  by  specus; 
which  would  signify  the  wound  itself.     The 
common  reading  is  vulneris.     Valpy  takes 
specus  for   the   wound  itself— the    gaping 
wound.     Undam :  a  stream— tide  of  blood. 
Reddit :  in  the  sense  of  emittit. 

701.  Fixo :  in  the  sense  of  transfixo. 

•  703.  Ardentem:  flashing  fire  with  his  eyes. 

704.  Non  jficulo  enim,  &c.     The  meaning 
of  this  line  is  :  that  Turnus  did  not  kill  him 
with  an  ordinary  javelin,  for  he  would  not 
have  yielded  his  life  to  a  javelin — it  would 
have  had  no  effect  on  him.  The  others  he  kill- 
ed with  his  hand — with  an  ordinary  weapon. 

705.  Falarica.    This  was  an  oblong  kind 
of  javelin,  bound  about  with  wild  fire, 
was  usually  shot  out  of  an  engine  atrainst 


S,    LIB.  IX. 

Fulminis  acta  modo  ;  quam  nee  duo  taurea  terga, 

Nee  duplici  squama  lorica  fidelis  et  auro 

Sustinuit :  collapsa  ruunt  immania  membra. 

Dat  tellus  gemitum,  et  clypeum  super  intonat  ingens. 

Qualis  in  Euboi'co  Baiarum  litore  quondam  710 

Saxea  pila  cadit,  magnis  quam  molibus  ante 

Constructam  jaciunt  ponto  :  sic  ilia  ruinam 

Prona  trahit,  penitusque  vadis  illisa  recumbit. 

Miscent  se  maria,  et  nigrae  attoliuntur  arenae. 

Turn  sonitu  Prochyta  alta  tremit,  durumque  cubile  715 

Inarime  Jovis  imperiis  imp6sta  Typhceo. 

Hie  Mars  armipotens  animum  viresque  Latinis 
Addidit,  et  stimulos  acres  sub  pectore  verdt : 
Immisitque  fugam  Teucris,  atrumque  timorem. 
Undique  conveniunt,  quoniam  data  copia  pugna3 ;    720 
Bellatorque  animo  Deus  incidit. 
Pandarus,  ut  fuso  germanum  corpore  cernit, 
Et  quo  sit  fortuna  loco,  qui  casus  agat  res, 
Portam,  vi  multa  converse  cardine,  torquet, 


4S9 


709.    Intonat    super 
cum. 

711.  Quam  construc- 
tam    antd  homines  ja- 
ciunt 

712.  Sic  ilia  cadens 
prona 


716.  Inarimeque  im- 
posta  Typhffio  quasi  du- 
rum cubile  imperiis  Jo- 
vis,  tremit. 

720.  Latini  conveni- 
unt undique,  quoniam 
copia  pugnae  data  est 
iutis 


NOTES. 


wooden  towers  for  the  purpose  of  setting 
them  on  fire.  To  show  the  prodigious 
strength  of  Turnus,  the  poet  intimates  that 
it  was  cast  by  him.  To  express  the  rapi- 
dity of  its  flight,  he  says,  it  flew  like  a  thun- 
der-bolt :  modofulminis. 

706.  Acta  :  driven— sent.    Modo :  in  the 
sense  of  more. 

707.  Duplici  squama.    The  plates  of  a 
coat  of  mail  were  called  squama,  from  their 
resemblance  to  scales.   Squama  el  auro  :  for 

aurea  squama,  by  hend.     Fidelis :  trusty 

faithful.    It  had  hitherto  protected  him  in 
danger. 

708.  Ruunt:  in  the  sense  of  cadunt.    Col- 
lapsa :  failing— losing  their  strength. 

709.  Intonat,  &c.    These  words  may  be 
rendered  :  he,  falling  upon  his  mighty  shield, 
thunders ;  or,  his  mighty  shield  falling  upon 
him,  &c.    Clypeum  :  the  same  with  clypeus. 
This  passage  is  imitated  from  Homer,  Iliad 
v.  42. 

710.  Eubo'ico  litore  Baiarum.    Baioz  was 
a  place  in  Campania,  famous  for  its  foun- 
tains of  warm  water,  situated  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  Sinus  Neapolitan™,  near  the 

;  promontory  Misenus.     A  colony  from  Chal- 

cjs,  on  the  island  Euboea,  hodie,  Neeropont, 
!  founded  the  city  Cumx,  not  far  from  this 
|  place.  Hence  the  shore  is  called  Eubcean. 

Qualis,&c.  The  meaning  is  :  that  Betias 
ifell  like  a  mass  of  rocks,  which  had  been 
:  built  up  to  a  great  height,  and  cast  into  the 

sea,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  dam  or 

barrier  to  the  water. 

711.  Molibus  :  for  a  dam  or  pier. 

713.  Prona:  in  the  sense  of  cadens.  Illi- 
.»« :  dashing  upon  the  water.  Penitits  :  in 
*he  sense  of  profundc.  Recumbit:  it  sinks 
deep  to  the  bottom— it  rests,  &c.  This, 


to  us,  would  be  a  novel  way  of  makino-  a 
dam  or  pier  in  the  water. 

714.  Miscent  se :  in  the  sense  of  turbanlur. 

715.  Prochyta:  an  island  lying  to  the  south 
of  the  promontory  Misenus,  and  formerly 
separated  from  the  main  land,  by  an  earth- 
quake, according  to  Pliny.     Its  name  is  of 
Greek  origin.    Hodie,  Procida.     Alta  :  high, 
in  reference   to  its  surface.     Or,  alta  may 
be  taken  in  the  sense  of  alte  vel  profunde. 
Ruams  says,  intima.     Heyne  observes,  that 
alta  may  be  considered  as  an  epithet  proper 
for  all  islands,  inasmuch  as  they  are  eleva- 
ted or  raised  above  the  sea,  or  surface  of 
the  water :  alta,  epithelon  commune  omnium 
insularum,  quatenus  mari  eminent. 

716  Inarime.  This  is  a  high  and  elevated 
island,  laying  to  the  west  of  Prochyta.  This 
passage  is  taken  from  Homer,  Iliad  ii.  283. 
Typh&o.  Typhreus  was  one  of  the  giants 
that  attempted  to  scale  heaven,  and  was 
signally  punished  by  Jove  for  the  audacious 
attempt. 

718.  Vertit   acres:    he   turns  his  sharp 
spurs  under  their  breast.     This  is  a  meta- 
phor taken  from  the  application  of  the  spur 
to  the  sides  of  the  horse,  to  increase  his 
speed  and  courage. 

719.  Atrum:  in  the  sense  of  horridupi  • 
grim — ghastly. 

720.  Copia :  in  the  sense  of  opportunity. 

721.  Incidit:  in  the  sense  of  subiit  vel 
illabitur. 

722.  Corporefuso :  with  his  body  stretch- 
ed on  the  ground.      Ut:   in  the  sense  of 
quando. 

723.  Casus :  misfortune— danger.    Agal : 
attends  their  affairs — rules — governs,    ilu- 
ffius  says,  imptllat. 

724.  Torquet :  he  shuts  the  gate. 


490  P.  VIRGILII    MAKON1S 

Obnixus  latis  humeris  :  multosquc  suoruui 
Moenibus  exclusos  duro  in  certamine  linquit ; 
Ast  alios  secum  includit,  recipitque  ruentes  : 
Demens !  qui  Rutulum  in  medio  non  agmine  regem 
729.    Incluserit   eum  Viderit  irrumperitem,  uliroque  incluserit  urbi : 

urbi,  veluti  Immanem  veluti  pecora  inter  inertia  tigrim. 

Continue  nova  lux  oculis  effulsit,  et  arma 
Horrendum  sonuere  :  tremunt  in  vertice  cristse 
Sanguineae,  clypeoque  micantia  fulgura  mittunt. 

Agnoscunt  faciem  invisam  atque  immania  membra 
Turbati  subito  ^Eneadae.     Turn  Pandarus  ingens     735 
Emicat,  et,  mortis  fraternoe  fervidus  ira, 
Eftatur :  Non  heec  dotalis  regia  Amatas  ; 
Nee  muris  cohibet  patriis  media  ArdeaTurnum. 
739,  Est  nulla  potes-  Castra  inimica  vides  :  nulla  hinc  exire  potestas. 

tas  Olli  subridens  sedato  pectore  Turnus :  740 

Incipe,  si  qua  animo  virtus,  et  consere  dextram  : 
Hie  etiam  inventum  Priamo  narrabis  Achillem. 
Dixerat.     Ille  rudem  nodis  et  cortice  crudo 
Intorquet,  summis  adnixus  viribus,  hastam. 
Excepere  auras  vulnus :  Saturnia  Juno  74f» 

Detorsit  veniens ;  portaeque  infigitur  hasta. 
At  non  hoc  telum,  mea  quod  vi  dextera  versat, 
Effugies  :  neque  enim  is  teli  nee  vulneris  auctor. 
749.  Sic  Turnus  ait :  Sic  ait :  et  sublatum  alte  consurgit  in  ensem, 

et  consurgit  Et  mediam  ferro  gemina  inter  tempora  frontem        750 

Dividit,  impubesque  immani  vulnere  malas. 

NOTES. 

726.  Duro :  in  the  sense  of  mortifero.  nus,  and,  with  her,  the  kingdom  ofLatium. 

731.  Continue  nova  lux,  &c.     Davidson      The  verb  est  is  to  be  supplied. 

refers  this  to  the  eyes  of  the  Trojans,  and  738.  Ardea.     The  capital  city  of  the  Ru- 

not  to  those  of  Turnus.     The  comeliness  of  tuli.     Media :  the  middle  or  centre  of  your 

his  person  and  the  brightness  of  his  arms  dominions.     Cohibet :  in  the  sense  of  tenet. 

rendered  him  easy  to  be  distinguished  by  Patriis :  paternal  walls. 

the  enemy.    New  light  struck  their  eyes.  741.  Consere  dextram:  engage  hand  to 

Both  Dr.  Trapp  and  Ruaeus  refer  it  to  Tur-  hand  with  me.  - 

nus.     RUBBUS  says,  novum  lumen  emicuit  742.  Etiam  :  also — as  well  as  among  the 

ex  oculis  Tumi.  Greeks. 

732.  Tremunt :  wave.  743.  Hastam  rudem :  a  spear  rough  with 

733.  Micantia :  gleaming — reflecting  from  knots,  £c. 

his  shield.     Mittunt :  in  the  sense  of  mil-  745.   Vulnus :  in  the  sense  of  ictum,  by 

tunt  se :  throws — darts  itself  at  a  distance,  meton. 

Davidson  and  Ruseus  read  miitit,  referring  746.  Detorsit :  turned  it  aside.    Vtniens  : 

to  Turnus.     Heyne  reads  mittunt,  agreeing  hi  the  sense  of  interveniens. 

with  fulgura  in  the  nom.    If  we  read  mittit,  748.  Enim  neque  auctor  teli  :  for  neither 

fulgura  will  be  the  ace.  plu.  governed  by  the  owner  of  the  weapon,  nor  the  author  of 

that  verb.  the  stroke,  is  the  same.     He  far  excels  you 

What  follows  of  the  feats  of  Turnus  is  in  the  strength  of  his  body,  and  the  nerve 

astonishingly  grand.     But  it  may  be  object-  of  his  arm.     Vulneris ;  in  the  sense  of  ictus. 

ed,  that  the   story  is  beyond   probability.  Is:  in  the  sense  of  idem. 

We  are  to  recollect,  however,  that  it  is  al-  749.  Consurgit :  he  rises  upon  his  sword, 

lowable  in   poetry  to  go  beyond  real  life  :  raised  high.  .  He  lifts  up  his  sword,  and  rises 

and,  beside,  he  is  assisted  in  his  amazing  ex-  on  tiptoe,  to  give  greater  force  to  the  blow, 

ploits  by  a  divine  power.  Alii  may  be  connected  with  consurgit,m  sub- 

737.  Hcec  non  dotalis  regia :  this  is  not  latum.  The  sense  is  the  same  in  either  case, 

the  palace  of  Amata,  promised  as  a  dowry  750.  Mediam  frontem :   his  head  in  the 

to  thee.     It  was  the  purpose  of  Amata  to  middle  between,'&c. 

bestow  her  daughter  Lavinia  upon  Tur-  751.  Impubes:  beardless— v/ithout  beard. 


/KNE1S.     LIB.  IX. 


^me  Partlbus  huc 


59' 


Fit  sonus  :  ingenti  concussa  est  pondere  tcllus. 

Collapses  artus  atque  arma  cruenta  cerebro 

Sternit  humi  moriens  :  atque  illi  partibus  aequis  754.  Atque  caput  pe- 

Huc  caput  atque  illuc  humero  ex  utroque  pependit.    755  Pendlt   »Ui  sdssum  in 

Diffugiunt  versi  trepida  formidine  Troes. 

Et,  si  continue  victorem  ea  cura  subisset, 

Rumpere  claustra  manu,  sociosque  immittere  portis, 

Ultimus  ille  dies  bello  gentique  fuisset. 

Sed  furor  ardentem  caedisque  insana  cupido  760 

Egit  in  adversos. 

Principio  Phalarim,  et,  succiso  poplite,  Gygen  763.  Hinc  ingerit  has- 

Excipit :  hinc  raptas  fugientibus  ingerit  hastas  tas  raptas  ab  occisis  in 

In  tergum  :  Juno  vires  animumque  ministrat.  tergum 

Addit  Halyn  comitem,  et  confix&  Phegea  parma  :      765 
Ignaros  deinde  in  muris,  Martemque  cientes, 
Alcandrumque  Haliumque  Noemonaque  Prytanimque. 
Lyncea  tendentem  contra,  sociosque  vocantem, 
Vibranti  gladio  connixus  ab  aggere  dexter 
Occupat :  huic  uno  dejectum  cominus  ictu 
Cum  galea  longe  jacuit  caput.     Inde  ferarum 
Vastatorem  Amycum,  quo  non  felicior  alter 
Ungere  tela  manu,  ferrumque  armare  veneno  : 
Et  Clytium  Jiloliden,  et  amicum  Cretea  Musis  ; 
Cretea  Musarum  comitem  :  cui  carmina  semper 
Et  citharse  cordi,  numerosque  intendere  nervis  ; 
Semper  equos,  atque  arma  virum,  pugnasque  canebat.  citharse  fuerant  semper 

Tandem  ductores,  audita  caede  suorum,  C°7f!n  R 

Conveniunt  Teucri,  Mnestheus  acerque  Serestus  ;  ^  Et  ^nestlJeus^n- 
Palantesque  vident  socios,  hostemque  receptum.  780  quit:  quo  deinde  diri- 
Et  Mnestheus,  Quo  deinde  fugam  ?  quo  tenditis  ?  inquit,  gitis  fugam  ? 


765. 
morte, 
parma  confixa 

766.  Deinde  occidit 
Alcandrumque,  &c.  ig- 
naros  ejus  ingressus  in 
muris 

769.  Connixus  dexter 
ab  aggere,  Turnus  occu- 
pat  Lyncea 

771.  Inde  occidit  Amy- 
cum 

774.  Et  occidit  Cly- 
tium 

775.  Cui  carmina,  et 


NOTES. 


754.  Illi :  in  the  sense  of  illius.  His  head 
liung,  &c.  Sternit :  he  brings  to  the  ground. 
Rueeus  says,  trahit. 

757.  Subisset  victore.m :  had  the  thought 
come  into  the  mind  of  the  victor  to  burst, 
&c.  Claustra  :  the  bars  of  the  gate — the 
gate  itself. 

761.  Egit  in  adversos  :  drove  him  furious 
upon  his  foes.  He.  could  not  resist  the 
temptation  of  pursuing  his  revenge  on  his 
enemies,  when  they  were  full  in  his  view. 

763.  Excipit :  in  the  sense  of  interjicit. 
He  receives  or  surprises  them  with  death. 
Ingerit:  in  the  sense  o£intorquet,veljacit. 

766.  Ignaros:  ignorant  of  his  being  with- 
in their  walls.  Not  thinking  of  danger,  and 
not  imagining  that  Turnus  and  death  were 
so  near  them.  Cientes :  rousing  the  martial 
courage  of  his  friends— encouraging  the 
fight. 

~768.  Tendentem  contra:  meeting  him — 
coming  opposite  to  him. 

769.  Dexter :  on  the  right  hand  :  or,  dex- 
terous, skilful. 

770.  Occupat:  receives — takes.     Jnttrci- 
pit,  says  Rua?us. 


771.  Caput  huic.      The  same  as,  hujus 
caput :  the  dat.  in  the  sense  of  the  gen. 

772.  Felicior :  more  skilful — expert. 

773.  Ungere:  to  anoint.    Manu:   art — 
skill,  by  melon.     The  practice  of  poisoning 
arrows,  and  other  missive  weapons,  obtained 
among   some   nations  of  antiquity.     It  is 
said  to  be  done  at  the  present  day  by  some 
tribes  of  Indians,  and  some  of  the  barba- 
rous nations  of  Africa.    Ferrum  :  the  point 
or  barb. 

774.  JEoliden.   He  was  skilful  at  playing 
on  wind  instruments.  He  is  therefore  called 
metaphorically  the  son  of  .£Jolus.      There 
is  a  propriety,  therefore,  in  joining  him  with 
Creteus,  who  was  a  distinguished  musician, 
and  consequently  a  friend  and  companion 
of  the  muses.     Cretea,  Lyncea,  Phegea,  are 
Greek  accusatives. 

776.  Intendere.  numeros:  to  apply  notes 
to  the  strings  of  the  lyre — to  apply  verse  to 
?nusic.  Rueeus  says,  edere  sonos  chordis. 
Cordi :  for  a  delight.  Citharce,  may  here 
mean  musical  instruments  in  general. 

781.  QMO  deinde  fugam?  where  next  will 
ye  direct  your  flight?  Servius  says  this 


492  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Quos  alios  muros,  quae  jam  ultra  moenia  habetis  ? 
783.  Unus  homo,  et  Unus  homo,  vestris,  6  cives,  undique  septus 
e  septus  vestris  agge-  Aggeribus,  tantas  strages  impune  per  urbem 

Ediderit  1  juvenum  prirnos  tot  miserit  Oreo  ?  785 

Non  infelicis  patriae,  veterumque  Deorum, 

787.  Non  miseretque  Et  magni  /dieae,  segnes,  miseretque  pudetque  ? 
Fnfef-Sr  **'  °  SegneS'     Talibus  accensi  nrmantur,  et  agmine  denso 
in789!TurnuspaulatiraConsist.unt-     Turnus  paulatim  excedere  pugna, 
incipit  Et  fluvium  petere,  ac  partem  quae  cingitur  amni.      790 

7yi.  Teucri  incipiunt  Acrius  h6c  Teucri  clamore  incumbere  magno, 
acrius  hoc  j<jt  glomerare  manum.     Ceu  saevum  turba  leonem 

Cum  telis  premit  infensis :  at  territus  ille 
Asper,  acerba  tuens,  retro  redit :  et  neque  terga 

795.  Nee  ille  est  potis  Ira  dare  aut  virtus  patitur ;  nee  tendere  contra         795 
tenders  contra  per  tela  iiie>  quidem  hoc  cupiens,  potis  est  per  tela  virosque. 

CU" Haud  aliter  retrd  dubius  Vesti8ia  Turnus 
Improperata  refert ;  et  mens  exaestuat  ira. 
Quin  etiam,  bis  turn  medios  invaserat  hostes ; 
Bis  confusa  fuga  per  muros  agmina  vertit.  800 

Sed  manus  e  castris  propere  coit  omnis  in  unum  : 
Nee  contra  vires  audet  Saturnia  Juno 

e  803.  Sufficere  vires  et  Sufficere  :  aeriam  ccelo  nam  Jupiter  Irim 
contra  Teucros.  Demisit,  germanae  haud  mollia  jussa  ferentem  ;  * 

Ni  Turnus  cedat  Teucrorum  moenibus  altis.  805 

806.  Ergo  juvenis  Ergo  nec  clypeo  juvenis  subsistere  tantum, 
valet  subsistere  tantum  Nec  dextra  valet :  injectis  sic  undique  telis 
impetum,  nec  clypeo,  Obruitur.  Strepit  assiduo  cava  tempora  circum 

Tinnitu  galea,  et  saxis  solida  aBra  fatiscunt : 

810.  Jubaj  sunt  dis-DiscU88ffique  Ju.bse  capiti ;  nec  sufficit  umbo  810 

cuss®  Ictibus  :  ingeminant  hastis  et  Troes,  et  ipse 

Fulmineus  Mnestheus.     Turn  toto  corpore  sudor 

NOTES. 

is  a  bitter  sarcasm.  It  implies  that  they  had  794.  Acerba:  an  adj.  neu.  plu.  taken  as 

already  fled  into  their  camp,  and  shut  them-  an  adverb.     This  is  common  among  the 

selves   up  through  fear,  within    their  in-  poets.      Tucns,  a  part,  of  tutor:  looking 

trenchments.      Tenditis:   in   the  sense   of  fiercely. 

ibitis.  795.  Tendere  contra  :  to  go  forward. 

784.  Aggeribus :  in  the  sense  of  muris.  798.  Improperata :  slow — deliberate.   Of 

785.  Ediderit :  in  the  sense  of  ejfr'ecerit.  in,  negativum,  and  properatus. 

787.  Segnes :  cowards.     Iluaeus  says,  O,          800.  Confusa :  confused — disordered.  Ru- 
inertes.     It  is  better  to  consider  segnes,  as      CBUS  and  some  others  read  conversa. 

the  voc.  than  the  ace.  agreeing  with  vos  un-  801.  In  unum  :  against  him  alone.  CoiJ: 

derstood,  and  governed  by  the  verbs  miseret  unites.     Of  con,  and  eo. 

and  pudet.    It  is  more  animated,  and  more  805.  JVi  Turnus.'   A  threat  is  intimated 

in  the  spirit  of  address.  or  implied  in  the  words,  haud  jnollia  man- 

788.  Firmanlur :  in  the  sense  of  animan-  data ;   which  would   be   put  in  execution, 
lur.  By  these  words  of  Mnestheus  the  Tro-  unless  Turnus  retired  from  the  Trojan  walls, 
jans   were   encouraged,   and   rallied ;   and  809.  Tinnitu :   ringing.     Strepit :  in  thn 
again  returned  to  the  attack.  sense  of  sonat. 

790.  Partem :  the  part  of  the  walls  which  810.  Jubce  :  the   plumes   or  feathers   in 
v/as  bounded  t>y  the  liver.  his  helmet.     These  were  struck  from  his 

791.  Hoc  acrius,  &c.      This   retreat   of  head.     Umbo.     The  boss  or  extreme  part 
Turnus  gave  courage  to  the  Trojans,  who  of  the  shield,  by  synec.  the  whole  shield, 
began  to  press  upon  him  more  closely,  and  This  is  not  able  to  withstand  the  blows  of 
to  form  a  band  about  him  with  a  view  to  the  missive  weapons. 

surround  him,  and  take  him  prisoner.  812.  Fulmintus:  in  the  sense  of  ar dens. 

792.  Turba :  a  company  of  hunters.  The  Trojans,  with  Mnestheus  at  their  head, 


.    LIB.  IX, 


498 


Liquitur,  et  piceum,  nee  respirare  potestas, 
Flumen  agit :  fessos  quatit  aeger  anhelitus  artus. 
Turn  demum  prseceps  saltu  sese  omnibus  armis 
In  fluvium  dedit.     Ille  suo  cum  gurgite  flavo 
Accepit  venientem,  ac  mollibus  extulit  undis  ; 
Et  laetum  sociis  -abluta  casde  remisit. 


813.  Nee  est  potestaa 
itti  respirare 

816.  lllefluvius  acce- 
pit  turn  venientem  cum 
suo  flavo  gurgite,  ac  ex- 
tulit turn  moiUbus  undis ; 
et  remisit  turn  Isetum  so- 
ciis,  csede  abluta. 


NOTES. 


attack  Turnus  with  such  fury  that  he  is 
unable  to  maintain  his  ground.  His  solid 
armor  of  brass  is  bruised  and  shattered  by 
the  heavy  stones  hurled  at  him ;  his  plumes 
fall  from  his  head  ;  his  trusty  shield  begins 
to  give  way ;  and  the  enemy  to  repeat  their 
strokes  with  redoubled  fury,  with  darts  and 
spears.  In  this  situation,  worn  out  with 
fatigue,  and  panting  for  breath,  he  flings 
himself  into  the  Tiber,  and  returns  in  safety 
to  his  camp. 

814.  Agit  piceum  flumen :  pours  a  black 
pitchy  stream.  Turnus  sweat  so  copiously 
that  it  fell  from  him  in  a  stream.  Mingled 
with  dust,  which  would  adhere  to  his 


body,  it  became  tough  and  clammy  lik« 
pitch,  and  nearly  of  a  similar  color.  JEger 
anhelitus.  This  is  such  a  difficulty  of  breath- 
ing as  they  have,  who  are  sickly,  and  asth- 
matic. 

816.  Ille  suo  gurgite.  This  is  extreme- 
ly beautiful.  The  poet  represents  the  river 
god,  expanding  his  gulfy  bosom  to  receive 
Turnus,  and  bearing  him  off  in  safety  upon 
his  waves. 

818.  Cade  abluta :  the  blood  being  washed 
off.  Not  the  blood  from  any  wounds  he  had 
received ;  but  from  those  wounds  which  ho 
had  inflicted. 


QUESTIONS. 


How  is  this  book  distinguished  from  all 
the  rest  ? 

What  does  Turnus  in  the  mean  time  ? 

Does  he  attempt  to  burn  the  Trojan 
ships? 

What  becomes  of  them  ? 

At  whose  particular  request  was  this 
granted  to  them  ? 

What  does  Dr.  Trapp  observe  of  this  pas- 


Does  he  consider  it  a  blemish  to  the  book  ? 

By  whom  is  Turnus  roused  to  arras  ? 

To  what  does  the  poet  compare  the 
marching  of  his  troops? 

Where  does  the  Ganges  empty  ? 

What  is  its  length  ? 

What  course  does  it  run  ? 

In  what  light  is  it  considered  by  those 
who  live  near  it ? 

Where  does  the  Nile  rise? 

Where  does  it  empty  ? 

And  by  how  many  mouths? 

What  effect  has  it  upon  the  fertility  of 

Egypt? 

What  occasions  its  inundations  ? 

Is  this  a  fine  comparison  ? 

Having  failed  to  burn  the  fleet,  what 
course  docs  Turnus  determine  to  pursue? 

Was  there  any  prodigy  in  the  heavens  at 
this  time  ? 

What  was  that  prodigy? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  the  Trojans  ? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  the  Rutulians  ? 

Did  Turnus  make  an  address  to  his  men 
upon  the  occasion  ? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  them  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  that  speech  ? 


At  the  conclusion,  what  does  he  recom- 
mend to  his  men  ? 

When  does  he  resolve  to  attack  the  camp 
of  the  Trojans  ? 

What  orders  does  he  give  to  be  observed 
during  the  night? 

What  is  the  condition  of  the  Trojans  ? 

What  do  they  in  the  mean  time  ? 

Is  there  any  proposition  made  to  recall 
JEneas  ? 

By  whom  was  it  made  ? 

Who  were  Nisus  and  Euryalus  ? 

Had  any  mention  been  made  of  their 
friendship  before  ? 

In  what  book  ? 

And  upon  what  occasion  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  this  episode  ? 

How  many  lines  does  it  occupy  ? 

In  what  state  does  the  poet  represent  the 
Rutulian  camp  during  the  night  ? 

Which  of  the  two  friends  is  the  elder  ? 

Do  they  pass  peaceably  through  the  ene- 
my's camp  ? 

What  then  did  they  do  ? 

How  long  did  they  continue  the  slaugh- 
ter? 

Did  they  both  make  their  escape  from 
the  camp? 

What  prevented  Euryalue  from  accompa- 
nying Nisus  ? 

By  whom  was  he  taken  prisoner? 

Who  commanded  this  troop  of  horse  ? 

Where  was  Nisus  during  these  transac- 
tions ? 

When  he  perceived  his  friend  to  be  miss- 
ing, what  course  did  he  pursue  ? 


•JM 


P.  VIRGIL1I  MARONIS 


Having  found  him  in  the  hands  of  the 
enemy,  what  did  he  do  ? 

Whom  did  he  kill? 

What  effect  had  this  upon  the  mind  of 
Volscens? 

By  whom  was  Euryalus  slain  ? 

When  he  found  he  was  about  to  be  killed, 
did  Nisus  discover  himself? 

Did  he  make  any  appeal  to  the  enemy 
upon  this  occasion  ? 

What  was  his  object  in  doing  this  ? 

Unable  to  save  his  life,  what  resolution 
did  he  take  ? 

Whom  did  he  kill? 

Was  he  slain  himself  also  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  this  episode  ? 

Is  it  objectionable  in  any  respect  ? 

What  are  the  principal  grounds  of  objec- 
tion? 

At  the  return  of  day,  what  does  Turnus  do  ? 

In  what  way  did  the  Trojans  learn  of  the 
death  of  Nisus  and  Euryalus? 

What  effect  had  the  news  upon  the  mo- 
ther of  Euryalus? 

How  was  she  employed  at  that  time  ? 

What  effect  had  the  sight  of  his  head  upon 
her? 

In  what  light  may  her  lamentation  be 
considered? 

What  is  the  character  of  this  sequel  ? 

Who  among  the  ancients  is  said  to  have 
greatly  admired  it? 

By  what  troops  was  the  assault  com- 
menced ? 

What  do  you  mean  by  the  testudo,  or  tar- 
get defence  ? 

On  what  occasion  was  that  used  ? 


What  was  the  character  of  this  assault ; 

Were  the  enemy  repulsed  in  this  attack  ? 

What  feats  of  valor  did  Turnus  perform? 

What  effect  had  the  burning  of  the  tower 
upon  the  Trojans  ? 

By  whom  was  it  set  on  fire  ? 

After  this,  was  the  assault  renewed  ? 

Was  any  part  of  the  Trojans,  at  this 
time,  without  the  ramparts  ? 

Were  they  able  to  defend  themselves  ? 

What  did  the  sentinels  at  the  gates  do  in 
this  crisis  ? 

Why  did  they  open  the  gates? 

Who  were  stationed  as  guard  at  the  gates? 

What  was  their  stature  and  strength? 

Did  Turnus  enter  along  with  the  fugi- 
tives ? 

Was  he  perceived  at  the  time  ? 

Was  the  gate  closed  immediately  on  his 
entrance? 

What  feats  of  valor  does  he  here  perform  '•: 

Whom  does  he  fir^t  kill? 

Are  the  Trojans  able  to  stand  before  him? 

What  remark  does  the  poet  make  after 
the  admission  of  Turnus,  and  the  closing  of 
the  gate  ? 

How  does  the  poet  account  for  this  want 
of  thought  in  the  hero  ? 

By  whom  are  the  Trojans  finally  rallied, 
and  brought  again  to  the  attack  ? 

What  becomes  of  Turnus  ? 

How  does  he  escape  from  them  ? 

Did  he  receive  any  injury  from  the  host 
of  weapons  sent  at  him? 

By  whom  was  Turnus  assisted  hi  his 
mighty  achievements  ? 

Did  he  return  in  safety  to  his  troops ? 


LIBER    DECIMUS. 


JUPITER  calls  a  council  of  the  gods,  and  forbids  them  to  assist  either  side.  On  this  occa- 
sion, Venus  makes  a  very  pathetic  speech  in  favor  of  the  Trojans,  and  entreats  Jupiter 
to  interfere  in  their  favor,  and  not-to  suffer  them  to  be  entirely  destroyed.  Juno  replies 
in  a  strain  haughty  and  imperious,  and  attributes  their  misfortunes  to  their  own  folly 
and  misconduct,  and  particularly  to  the  conduct  of  Paris  in  the  case  of  Helen ;  and 
insinuates  that  JEneas  was  playing  the  same  game  at  the  court  of  Latinus.  Jupiter 
concludes  their  deliberations  by  a  speech,  in  which  he  declares  he  will  assist  neither 
party,  that  success  or  disaster  should  attend  their  own  actions. 

As  soon  as^Eneas  had  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  Tusc:ans,he  hastens  his  return,  accom- 
panied by  his  allies.  On  his  way  he  is  met  by  a  choir  of  nymphs :  one  of  whom  informs 
him  of  the  transformation  of  his  ships,  of  the  attack  of  Turnus  upon  his  camp,  of  the 
great  slaughter  he  had  made,  and  the  distress  to  which  his  friends  were  reduced.  When 
he  arrives  in  sight  of  his  camp,  the  Trojans  shout  for  joy  ;  and  Turnus  resolves  to 
prevent  their  landing.  Leaving  a  sutficienl  number  to  besiege  the  camp,  he  inarches 
with  the  rest  of  his  forces  to  the  shore.  ^Eneas  divided  his  troops  into  three  divisions, 
and,  in  that  order,  effected  a  landing.  Here  a  general  engagement  commences,  and 
^Eneas  performs  prodigies  of  valor.  The  Arcadians  were  routed  by  the  Latins.  Vv  hen 
Pallas  perceives  them  give  way,  he  hastens  along  the  ranks,  animates  his  men,  and 
brings  them  again  to  the  charge.  Here  he  performs  feats  of  valor.  Lausus,  who 
commanded  one  wing  of  the  Latins,  opposed  him  with  equal  skill  and  valor.  Arca- 
dian. Tuscan,  and  Trojan,  fell  before  him. 


^ENEIS.     LIB.  X. 

la  the  mean  time,  Turnus,  informed  of  the  havoc  made  by  Pallas,  determines  to  attack 
him  in  person.  Ho  proceeds  against  the  youthful  warrior,  who,  undaunted,  meets  him 
with  strength  and  arms  unequal. 

After  the  dc  ath  of  Pallas,  a  great  slaughter  of  the  Trojans  ensues.  jEneas,  in  an  other 
part  of  the  line,  informed  of  the  death  of  Pallas  and  the  slaughter  of  his  troops,  imme- 
diately sets  out  in  search  of  Turnus.  In  his  way  he  kills  a  great  number,  and  puts  to 
flight  whole  ranks.  Venus  assists  the  Trojans,  and  Juno  intercedes  with  her  husband 
to  favor  the  Latins  ;  but  to  no  purpose.  However,  he  permits  her  to  bear  away  Turnus 
from  the  fight,  and  save  him  from  the  vengeance  of  ^Eneas.  The  goddess  instantly 
repairing  to  the  field  of  battle,  assumed  the  shape  and  attire  of  ^neas ;  and,  by  a 
device  of  hers,  conducted  Tuinus  from  the  fight.  As  soon  as  he  was  out  of  danger, 
the  phantom  vanished.  Discovering  the  deception,  the  hero  becomes  frantic  with  rage 
and  disappointment. 

Mezentius  succeeds  Turnus  in  command,  and  makes  head  against  the  Trojans.  Thfc 
fight  is  renewed  with  great  fury,  and  he  performs  feats  of  valor.  Victory,  for  a  time, 
seems  equally  poised.  ./Eneas  beholds  him  thundering  along  the  ranks,  prostrating  all 
who  stand  before  him  ;  and  resolves  to  meet  him.  Mezentius  throws  a  spear,  which, 
glancing  from  the  shield  of  /Eneas,  kills  Antores,  who  had  been  the  companion  of  Her- 
cules. The  spear  of  ./Eneas  wounds  him  in  turn,  but  not  mortally.  In  this  situation, 
Lausus  succors  his  father,  and,  flinging  himself  between  the  combatants,  affords  him  an 
opportunity  to  retire,  and,  in  the  pious  duty,  loses  his  own  life.  He  retires  to  the  river, 
and  washes  his  wound.  All  his  anxiety  is  for  his  son,  his  affectionate,  his  dutiful  Lausus. 
Messenger  after  messenger  he  sends  to  recall  him  from  the  fight.  But  when  he  learns 
his  death,  he  resolves  to  return  to  fall  by  the  hand  of  JEneas,  or  to  bear  off  his  spoils. 
For  this  purpose,  he  mounts  his  faithful  courser,  arms  himself,  and  rushes  into  the 
field,  seeking  the  victor.  The  book  concludes  with  the  death  of  Mezentius. 

PANDITUR  interea  domus  omnipotentis  Olympi : 
Conciliumque  vocat  Divum  pater  atque  hominum  rex 
Sideream  in  sedem ;  terras  unde  arduus  omnes, 
Castraque  Dardanidiim  aspectat,  populosque  Latinos. 

Considunt  tectis  bipatentibus.      Incipit  ipse  :  5     5.    Superi  considunt 

Ccelicolse  magni,  quianam  sententia  vobis  tectis_ bipatentibus.  Ju- 

Versa  retro  ?  tantumque  animis  certatis  iniquis  ?  ^* ' 

Abnueram  bello  Italiam  concurrere  Teucris  :  9.  Qu®  est  hcec  dis- 

Quue  contra  vetitum  discordia?  quis  metus,  aut  hos,       cordia  contra  wewnveti- 
c  '  ,  ^tum?  Quismetus  suasit 

Aut  hos  arma  sequi,  ferrumque  lacessere  suasit  ?        10  aut  hos  Italos^  aut  hos 

Adveniet  justum  pugnae,  ne  accersite,  tempus,  Teucros  sequi 

NOTES. 

1.  Olympi.  Olympus  is  a  very  high  moun-  mentioned  by  the  poet  before.  On  the  con- 
tain in  the  confines  of  Thessaly  and  Mace-  trary ,  Jove  had  declared  that  jEneas  should 
donia,  whose  summit  is  above  the  clouds,  carry  on  a  great  war  in  Italy,  bellum  in- 
Hence  the  poets  made  it  the  residence  of  gens  geret  Italia.  ./En.  i.  263.  It  is  proba- 
Jove.  Here  they  assigned  him  a  sumptu-  ble  that  the  poet  would  have  corrected  this 
ous  palace.  The  epithet  omnipolens  is  added  passage,  if  he  had  lived  to  revise  this  part  of 
by  way  of  eminence ;  that  being  the  pro-  his  works. 

per  epithet  of  Jove,  who  had  th  re  his  re-  10    Lacessere :  in  the  sense  of  commovere^ 

sidence.     The  poet  here  imitates  Homer,  says  Ruaeus.     Suasit :   in  the  sense  of  im- 

Iliad,  lib.  vdi.  pulit.     Arma  :  by  melon,  for  helium. 

4.  Aspectat:  in  the  sense  of  despicit.   Ar-  11.  Adveniet  justum :  the  proper  time  for 
duus :  in  the  sense  of  sublimis.  war  will  arrive,  £c.     Jove  declares  in  coun- 

5.  Bipatentibus :  opening  both  ways,  to  cil  that  the  Italians  had  engaged  in  the 
the  right  and  left.  war  against  the  Trojans,  contrary  to  bis 

6.  Cce/tcote  :  in  the  sense  of  Superi.    Qiu-  wish  and  inclination ;  that  it  was  his  desire 
anam :  in  the  sense  of  cur.     The  meaning  Italy   should  open  its  bosom,  and  receive 
is  :  why  have  yc  changed  your  purpose  of  them  in  friendship  and  amity.     But  do  not, 
assisting  neither  party  ?     Why  do  ye  con-  ye  gods,  infer  hence  that  1  wish  they  should 
tend  with  so  much  animosity  ?  and  disre-  always  escape  the  calamities  of  war.     The 
gard  my  prohibition  that  the  Italians  should  time  will  come  in  its  proper  season,  nor  do 
not  oppose  the  Trojans  ?  ye  hasten  it,  when  warlike  Carthage  shall 

8.  Abnueram :  1  had  forbidden  the  Italian  bring  a  great  destruction  upon  the  Roman 
nations,  &c.  This  prohibition  had  not  been  towers.  Then  you  may  indulge  your  ani- 


196 


P.  VIRGILII  MAROSIS 


Cum  fera  Carthago  Romanis  arcibus  olim 
Exitium  magnum,  atque  Alpes  imrnittet  apertas. 
Turn  certare  odiis,  turn  res  rapuisse  licebit. 
Nunc  sinite,  et  placitum  laeti  componite  foedus.          15 
16  Jupiter  dixit  haec      Jupiter  haec  paucis  :  at  non  Venus  aurea  contra 
paucis  verbit.  pauca  refeft . 

O  pater,  6  hominum  Divumque  aeterna  potestas ! 
19.  Quid  aliud  numen  (Namque  aliud  quid  sit,  quod  jam  implorare  queamus?) 

sit>  <luod  Cernis  ut  insultent  Rutuli  ?  Turnusque  feratur  20 

Per  medios  insignis  equis,  tumidusque  secundo 
Marte  ruat  ?  non  clausa  tegunt  jam  mcenia  Teucros ; 
Quin  intra  portas,  atque  ipsis  prselia  miscent 
Afijgeribus  murorum,  et  inundant  sanguine  fossae. 
25.    ^Cneas   ignarue  jEneas  ignarus  abest.     Nunquamne  levari  25 

harum  rerum  abest.        Obsidione  sines  ?  muris  iterum  imminet  hostis 
Nascentis  Trojae,  nee  non  exercitus  alter : 
Atque  iterum  in  Teucros  ^Etolis  surgit  ab  Arpis 


NOTES. 


mosities,  then  you  may  foment  discord  ;  but 
now  cultivate  harmony,  and  practise  good 
will  toward  each  other.  Carthage  was  the 
most  powerful  rival  of  Rome.  It  was  a 
very  flourishing  and  commercial  state.  The 
interests  of  the  two  nations  soon  began  to 
interfere,  and  a  war  broke  out  between 
them.  A  naval  battle  was  fought  off  Sicily, 
in  which  the  Carthaginians  were  victorious ; 
but  the  Romans  had  the  advantage  by  land. 
A  peace  was  concluded  very  much  to  the 
disadvantage  of  the  former.  The  Cartha- 
ginians gave  up  all  the  islands  between 
Africa  and  Italy,  and  agreed  to  pay  2,200 
talents  annually,  for  twenty  years,  to  the 
Romans.  This  took  place  in  the  year  of 
Rome  513.  Twenty-four  years  after  this,  a 
second  war  broke  out  between  the  two  rival 
powers.  Hannibal  was  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Carthaginians.  He  led  his  army 
into  Spain,  which  he  subjugated  as  far  as 
the  Iberus.  He  thence  passed  over  the  Alps 
into  Italy,  where  he  defeated  the  Romans  in 
several  engagements,  with  great  slaughter, 
and  filled  Rome  itself  with  fear  and  conster- 
nation ;  and  if  he  had  marched  directly  to 
Rome,  it  would,  in  all  probability,  have  fallen 
before  his  victorious  arms.  In  this  juncture 
of  affairs,  Fabius  Maximus  was  made  dic- 
tator; who,  by  his  prudent  measures,  and, 
above  all,  by  his  declining  a  general  engage- 
ment, and  protracting  the  war,  in  some 
measure,  recovered  the  Roman  affairs.  In 
the  mean  time,  Scipio  was  sent  into  Africa 
to  attack  Carthage.  Hannibal  was  recalled 
to  defend  his  covmtr}r.  The  Romans,  how- 
ever, were  victorious,  and  Carthage  became 
tributary.  The  intrepid  Hannibal  saved  his 
life  by  fleeing  his  country.  This  war  lasted 
seventeen  years.  In  the  third  Punic  war, 
as  it  was  called,  Carthage  was  utterly  ras- 
ed, under  the  younger  Scipio,  in  the  year  of 
Rome  608. 


12.  Fera:  warlike — fierce. 

13.  Apertas  Alpes.   Scaliger  thinks  per  is 
to  be  supplied ;  meaning  that  the  Carthagi- 
nians marched  through  or  over  the  Alps. 
This  to  be  sure  is  the  true  meaning :  but 
the  construction  will  not  bear  it.   We  must 
not  throw  away  the  atque.   Both  Dr.  Trapp 
and  RUJKUS  understand   the  people  of  the 
Alps,  whom  Hannibal  took  with  him.  I  can 
hardly  think  this  to  be  the  meaning.     The 
expression  is  highly  figurative  and  poetical. 
It  represents  Hannibal  and  his  army  pour- 
ing through  the  passages  of  the  Alps,  as  if 
the  mountains  themselves  were  moved  or 
sent  against  Rome. 

14.  Turn  licebit,  £c.    The  gods  are  here 
represented  as  divided  and  split  into  factions 
and  parties.  To  calm  their  dissentions,  Jovo 
tells  them  a  time  will  come  when  they  may 
indulge   their  passions,  and   plunder  and 
commit  acts  of  violence.    Dr.  Trapp  thinks 
the  words  licebit,  &c.  refer  to  the  Trojans 
and  Latins,  on  account  of  whom  the  gods 
were  split  into  factions.     It  is  common  for 
writers,  especially  the  poets,  to  ascribe  the 
evil  actions  of  men  to  the  gods,  under  whose 
influence  they  were  supposed  to  act.     Res : 
the  Roman  state.  Ruseus  says,  Trojanas  res. 

15.  Sinite :  be  quiet — permit  it  to  be  so. 
Componite :  hi  the  sense  offacite,  vel  conci- 
liate.  Placitum :  in  the  sense  of  destinatum, 
Quod  placet  mihi,  says  Ruaeus. 

22.  Tegunt:  protect— defend. 

23.  Miscent :  in  the  sense  of  committunf. 

24.  Ipsis  aggeribus :  on  the  very  ramparts 
of  the  walls. 

27.  Nee  non :  in  the  sense  of  quoque,  vel 
etiam.     Imminet:   presses  upon — besieges 
Ruseus  says,  instat. 

28.  JEtolis  Arpis.    Arpi  was  a  city  of 
Apulia.    It  is  called  jEtolian  from  jEtolia, 
the  country  of  Diomede,  who  led  a  colony 
into  that  part  of  Italy,  and  founded  Arpi. 


JENEIS.     LIB.  X. 


30 


30.  Et  ego  tua  proge- 
nies 

31.  Si  Troes  peiitre 
Italiam  sine 


Tydides.     Equidem,  credo,  mea  vulnera  restant : 

Et  tua  progenies  mortalia  demoror  arma. 

Si  sine  pace  tua,  atque  invito  numine,  Troes 

Italiam  petiere,  luant  peccata  ;  neque  illos 

Juveris  auxilio.     Sin  tot  responsa  secuti,  33  Sinfecerunt  ^  se- 

tqluae  fcuperi  Manesque  dabant ;  cur  nunc  tua  quisquam  cuti  tot  responsa  oracu- 

Flectere  jussa  pqtest  ?  aut  cur  nova  condere  fata  ?     35  lorum,  quae 

Quid  repetam  exustas  Erycino  in  litore  classes  ? 

Quid  tempestatum  regem,  ventosque  furentes 

jEoli§.  excitos  ?  aut  actam  nubibus  Irim  ? 

Nunc  etiam  Manes  (haec  intentata  manebat 

Sors  rerum)  movet :  et  superis  immissa  repente 

Alecto,  medias  Itaium  bacchata  per  urbes. 

Nil  super  imperio  moveor  :  speravimus  ista, 

Dum  fortuna  fuit :  vincant,  quos  vincere  mavis. 

Si  nulla  est  regio,  Teucris  quam  det  tua  conjux 

Dura  :  per  eversae,  genitor,  fumantia  TrojaB 

Excidia  obtestor ;  liceat  dimittere  ab  armis 

Incolumem  Ascanium  ;  liceat  superesse  nepotem. 

-5Cneas  sane  ignotis  jactetur  in  undis  ; 

Et,  quamcunque  viam  dederit  fortuna,  sequatur  : 

Hunc  tegere,  et  dirae  valeam  subducere  pugnse. 

Est  Amathus,  est  celsa  mihi  Paphos,  atque  Cythera,  2 

Idaliasque  domus  :  positis  inglorius  armis  ril£ 

Exigat  hie  aevum.     Magna  ditione  jubeto  armis  positis. 


35.  Aut  cur  quisquam 
potest  condere 


39.  Nunc  etiam  Juno 
40  movet 

40.  Alecto    immissa 
in  superis  regionibus  lu- 
cis 

43.  Dum  fortuna  fuit 
propitia :  illi  vincant 
45      45.  o  genitor,   obtes- 
tor te  per  fumantia  ex- 
cidia 


50 


NOTES. 


He  was  the  son  of  Tydens.  Turnus  sent  to 
him  with  a  view  to  engage  him  in  the  war, 
but  without  success,  as  will  appear  in  the 
following  book.  Venus,  to  aggravate  her 
case,  would  insinuate  that  a  Grecian  army 
was  approaching  the  Trojan  camp  under 
the  conduct  of  great  Diomede.  This  is  the 
Jiostis,  and  the  alter  exercitus,  just  mentioned. 

29.  Mea  vulnera  restant :  my  wounds  re- 
main. RUJBUS  thinks  this  is  a  reference  to 
the  wound  she  received  from  Diomede,  when 
she  rescued  ^Eneas  from  the  encounter  with 
that  hero.  Iliad,  v.  335.  And  she  fears  the 
same  thing  may  happen  again.  This  eluci- 
dates the  words  demoror  mortalia  arma.  But 
Venus  may  speak  in  the  name  of  the  Tro- 
jans, considering  their  wounds  and  suffer- 
ings as  her  own.  Demoror:  in  the  sense 
of  expecto. 

31.  Pace:  permission  or  leave.  Pace: 
in  the  sense  of  venia.  Numine :  in  the 
sense  of  voluntate. 

34.  Manesque.  This  perhaps  refers  to  the 
predictions  and  intimations,  which  ^Eneas 
had   received  from  the   ghosts  of  Hector, 
Ancliisesand  Creusa.  Manes,  sometimes  are 
taken  for  the  infernal  gods.     It  is  here  op- 
posed to  Superi,  the  gods  above. 

35.  Flectcre :  to  avert  or  turn  aside.  Fata : 
purposes — decrees.      Condere  :   to  make — 
ordain — appoint.     Ruoeus  says,  statucre. 

f>6.  In    Kryri.nn   lUnr*.  :    on   tho    Sicilian 


shore.  See  ^En.  v.  660.  Where  the  Tro- 
jan matrons,  at  the  instigation  of  Iris,  set 
fire  to  their  ships.  Repetam :  in  the  sense 
of  commemorem. 

37.  Regem :  ^Eolus  king  of  the  winds.  See 
jEn.  i. 

39.  Manes  movet.  Here  Manes  plainly 
means  the  infernal  powers,  whom  Juno 
roused  up  against  the  Trojans,  when  she 
called  up  Alecto  from  her  dire  abode.  This 
was  the  first  time  Juno  had  recourse  to  the 
powers  below,  to  assist  her  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Trojans.  This  will  help  us  to 
understand  the  words :  hcec  sors  rerum  mane- 
bat  intentata.  Sors  :  in  the  sense  of  pars. 

41.  Bacchata:  est  is  understood. 

42.  Moveor  fill :  I  am  not  solicitous  about 
empire — I  am  not  moved,  &c, 

46.  Liceat :  may  it  be  permitted  me  to  re- 
in ove  (or  take)  Ascanius,  &c.  , 

50.  Valeam :  I  would  wish  to  be  able — 
I  could  desire  to  be  permitted.    Tegere :  to 
protect — rescue. 

51.  Amathus:  gen.  amathuntis;  a  city  of 
the  island  of  Cyprus.    Hodie*  Limisso.   Pa- 
phos^or  Paphus;  another  city  of  the  same 
island.     Hodie,  Paffo.     Cythera  :  neu.  phi. 
an  island  between  the  Peloponnesus  and 
Crete.     Idalium  or  Idalia :  a  city  of  Cyprus, 
All  these  places  were  sacred  to  Venus. 

52.  Domus  :  in  the  PPTIPR  of 


498 


P.  VTHGILII  MARONIS 


54.  Nihil  orlum  inde  Carthago  premat  Ausoniam  :  nihil  urbibus  mde 
obstabit  Obstabit  Tvriis.     Quid  pestem  evadere  belli 

ov5a5de7e     J™         "*"  Juvit,  et  Argolicos  medium  fugisse  per  ignes  ? 

57.  Totque  pericula  Totque  maris,  vastaeque  exhausta  pericula  terra ; 
mans,  vasteeque  terrse  Dum  Latium  Teucri,  recidivaque  Pergama  quserunt  ? 
fuisse  exhausta,  dura      Non  satius  cinercs  patriae  insedisse  supremos, 

Atque  solum,  quo  Troja  fuit  ?  Xanthum  et  Simoenta  60 
61.  MiserisTeucris     Redde,  oro,  miseris  ;  iterumque  revolvere  casus 
Da,  pater,  Iliacos  Teucris.     Turn  regia  Juno 
Acta  furore  gravi :  Quid  me  alta  silentia  cogis 
Rumpere,  et  obductum  verbis  vulgare  dolorem  ? 
^Enean  hominum  quisquam  Divumque  subegit  65 

Bella  sequi,  aut  hostem  regi  se  inferre  Latino  ? 
Italian  petiit  fatis  auctoribus,  esto, 
Cassandrae  impulgus  furiis.     Num  linquere  castra 
Hortati  sumus,  aut  vitarn  committere  ventis  ? 
10.  Nuin|>w«uam»M«Num  puero  summam  belli,  num  credere  muros  ?        70 

num^S^ 

puero  ?  JVuro  persuasi-  QU1S  Deus  m  fraudem,  quae  dura  potentia  nostra 

rmu  ei  agitare  Egit  ?  ubi  hie  Juno,  demissave  nubibus  Iris  ? 


NOTES. 


54.  Inde :  hence — from  Ascanius.  He  will 
not  be  in  the  way,  or  oppose  the  Tyrian  city. 

55.  Pestem :  destruction — ruin. 

57.  Exhausta :  undergone — finished — ex- 
hausted to  the  very  dregs.     The  verb  essc, 
volfuisse,  is  understood. 

58.  Reeidiva.     Davidson  thinks  rccidiva, 
here,  means  tottering  again,  or  threatening 
a  fall.     But  it  also  signifies  set  up  again 
after  it  is  fallen,  or  rebuilt.  Dr.  Trapp  takes 
it  here  in  this  sense.  Commentators  are  not 
agreed  upon  the  true  import  of  the  word. 
The  whole  speech  of 'Venus  is  extremely 
artful,  and  well  calculated  to  produce  the 
desired  effect.     It  is  distinguished  for  its 
sweetness,  tenderness,  and  pathos. 

59.  JVbn  salius:  would  it  not  have  been 
better  for  them  to  have  settled  upon,  &c. 
The  verb  esset,  velfuisset,  is  understood. 

62.  Da,  pater :  grant,  O,  father,  that  they 
struggle  again  with  the  Trojan  disasters; 
yather  than  continue  in  this  state  of  sus- 
pense.    These  words,  or  words  of  the  like 
import,  appear  to  be  requisite  to  complete 
the  sense,  and  preserve  the  connexion. 

63.  ,Acta :   in  the  sense  of  impulsa  vel 
agitata. 

64.  Obductum :  in  the  sense  of  occultum. 
67.  Italiam  petiit,  &c.     This  speech   of 

Juno  is  very  different  from  that  of  Venus  : 
the  one  is  tender,  persuasive  and  pathetic ; 
the  other  haughty,  imperious  and  sarcastic. 
In  the  beginning,  she  acknowledges  that 
./Eneas  undertook  his  voyage  at  the  direc- 
tion of  the  gods  ;  but  she  will  have  it,  that 
it  was  particularly  at  the  instance  of  Cassan- 
dra, the  daughter  of  Priam,  a  prophetess 
whom  nobody  believed.  Auctoribus :  ad- 
visers— persuaders,  or  the  first  movers. 


68.  Furiis  :  tliis  Ruseus  interprets  by  »a- 
ticiniis. 

70.  Summam  :    the   management — chief 
command. 

71.  Fidem,  aui  gentes,  agitare,  &c.     This 
is  a  difficult  passage,  arising  partly  from  the 
conciseness  of  the  expression,  and  partly 
from  the  falsehood  of  the  assertion.     Com- 
mentators are  generally  agreed  \h&\.Jidem 
is  to  be  taken  for  alliance  or  friendship,  in 
the  sense  offadus.   To  connect  agitare  with 
it  in  that  sense,  we  must  take  the  verb  in 
the  sense  of  implorare,  which  it  will  hardly 
bear.     But  if  we  take  Jidem  to  mean  the 
loyalty  and  allegiance,  which  the  Tuscans 
bore  to  Mezentius  their  king ;  and  there  is 
no  reason,  why  it  may  not ;  then  agitare,  in 
its  common  acceptation,  to  disturb,  shake 
or  unsettle,  may  be  connected  with  it,  as 
well  as  with  quietas  gentes.    It  was  not  true, 
however,  that  the  nations  to  which  jiEneas 
applied  for  assistance  were  at  peace.     For 
both  the  Tuscans  and  Arcadians  were  at 
war  with  the  Latins.     Heyne  takes  agitare 

Jidem,  in  the  sense  of  soiicilare  societatem  el 
fcedus.     Quietas :  at  peace. 

72.  QWCE  dura  nostra :  what  rigid  power 
of  ours.     This  refers  to  the  epithet  duray 
which  Venus  uses  in  relation  to  her,  verse 
44.    Commentators  generally  take  fraudem 
to  mean  detriment — damage.     Ruaeus  in- 
terprets it  by  damnum,  and  it  may  so  mean 
here ;  for  Juno,  all  along,  reflects  upon  the 
false  steps  and  bad  management  of  JEneas. 
But  it  may  also  mean  fraud,  alluding  to  the 
attempt  to  draw  the  Tuscans  from  their 
allegiance  to  their  king.   Heync  takes  frau- 
dem in  the  sense  of  malutn.     Servius,  in  the 
sense  of  periculum.      Davidson  renders  it 


.ffiNEIS.     LIB.  X. 


Indigrmm  esi,  Italos  Trojam  circundare  flammis 
Nascentem,  et  patria  Turnum  consistere  terra  ; 
Cui  Pilumnus  avus,  cui  diva  Venilia  mater. 
Quid,  f&ce  Trojanos  atra  vim  ferre  Latinis  ? 
Arva  aliena  jugo  premere,  atque  avertere  prsedas  ? 
Quid,  soceros  legere,  et  gremiis  abducere  pactas  ? 
Pacem  orare  manu,  prsefigere  puppibus  arma  ? 
Tu  potes  vEneam  manibus  subducere  Graium, 
Proque  viro  nebulam  et  ventos  obtendere  inanes  ; 
Et  potes  in  totidem  classem  convertere  Nymphas  : 
Nos  aliquid  Rutulos  contra  juvisse,  nefandum  est. 
.-Eneas  ignarus  abest :  ignarus  et  absit. 
Est  Paphos,  Idaliumque  tibi ;  sunt  alta  Cythera  : 
Quid  gravidam  bellis  urbem,  et  corda  aspera  tentas 
Nos-ne  tibi  fluxas  Phrygiae  res  vertere  fundo 
Conamur  ?  nos  ?  an  miseros  qui  Troas  Achivis 
Objecit  ?  quae  causa  fuit  consurgere  in  arma 
Europamque  Asiarnque,  et  fcedera  solvere  furto  ? 


75 


anos 

79.  Quid  est  illud,  le- 
gOgere  soceros,   et  abdu- 
cere   pactas   sponsas   £ 
gremiis  sponsorum? 


84.  Nos  juvisse  Rutu- 
85  Jos  aliquid  contra  Tro- 

janos. 

7          85.    /Eneas    ignarus 
periculi  urbis 

89.  JVw/n,  nos,  inquam, 
Qfl  an  ille  Paris  qui 


NOTES. 


by  the  words  t;  guileful  measures,"  alluding 
to  what  is  said  in  the  preceding  line. 

74.  Indignum  est :  it  is  a  heinous  crime, 
to  be  sure^that  the  Italians,  &c. 

76.  Pilumnus :  a  king  of  the  Rutuli,  and 
reputed  son  of  Jove.     He  was  one  of  the 
ancestors  of  Turnus,  and  was  deified.  Veni- 
lia :  ahe  was  the  sister  of  Amata,  and  mo- 
ther of  Turnus.      She  also  was  made  a 
goddess. 

77.  Q?mJ,  Trojanos:  what  is  it  for  the 
Trojans  to  offer  violence,  &c.     Servius  ex- 
plains atra  face,  by  saevo  bello.     Dr.  Trapp 
thinks  this  is  an  allusion  to  the  story  of 
Paris,  whose  mother  dreamed  she  should 
bring  forth  a  torch  or  fire-brand ;  he  being 
the  cause  of  the  war,  which  proved  the  ruin 
of  Troy.    Fax,  signifies  the  first  motives  or 
incentives  to  any  thing.    Fax  belli,  is  there- 
fore the  commencement  of  war.     Incendia 
belli,  is  a  war  when  it  hath  come  to  its 
height,  and  lays  every  thing  waste  before  it, 
like  a  devouring  flame.     Atra  face:  with 
black  or  hostile  torches.     Ruaeus  says,  nt- 
gris  t&dis, 

78.  Premere  jugo :  to  subjugate.    Area  : 
in  the  sense  of  terras  vel  regiones. 

79.  Legere.  Servius  renders  it,  byfurari. 
Hence  they  are  called  Sacrilegi,  qui  sacra 
legunt;  i.  e.  furantur.     Pactas:    betrothed 
spouses ;  sponsas  being  understood,  or  per- 
haps it  is  implied  in  pactas.  Ltgere  soceros  : 
to  steal  fathers-in-law ;  that  is,  to  marry 
their  daughters  without  their  consent,  and 
against  their  wills.    Heyne  says,  cligcre — 
sumere. 

80.  Orare  pacem  :  to  implore  peace  with 
the  hand,  and  to  fix  arms  on  the   sterns 
of  their   ships.      This  refers   to  the   olive 
boughs,  which  they  held  in  their  hands  as  a 
sign  of  peace  when  they  visited  the  court 


of  Latinus.  This  is  an  invidious  reflection 
of  Juno,  and  entirely  groundless.  If  it  refer 
to  the  Latins,  there  was  no  crime  in  suing 
for  peace,  and  being  at  the  same  time  pre- 
pared for  war.  It  was  the  most  likely  way 
to  obtain  it.  If  it  relate  to  the  Arcadians': 
they  had  no  design  of  war  upon  them. 
Their  arms  were  designed  only  to  guard 
them  against  the  insults  of  enemies  on  their 
passage  to  the  court  of  Evander. 

84.  Nefandum  est :  it  is  a  horrid  crime  for 
us,  &c.  The  following  line  contains  a  most 
severe  sarcasm.  As  if  Juno  had  said :  if 
jEneas,  the  general  of  an  army,  choose  to 
be  absent  in  so  critical  a  juncture,  .and  is 
not  careful  to  inform  himself  of  their  state, 
let  him,  for  aught  I  care,  remain  ignorant, 
and  never  return. 

87.  Urbem.     The  city  Lawentum^  to  the 
government  of  which  JEneas  would  arrive, 
by  marrying  Lavinia.    Gravidam  :  potentem^ 
says  Ruseus.  Aspera :  in  the  sense  of  belli- 
cosa. 

88.  Tibi.     This  is  either  redundant,  or 
used  in  the  sense  of  tux,  agreeing  with 
Phrygian.    Juno  here  speaks  in  the  present 
time,  though  reference  is  had  to  the  Trojan 
war.     This  change  of  tense  is  often  very 
elegant.    It  gives  life  and  animation  to  the 
subject.    FLuxas  res.    Rueeus  says,  fragile, 
regnum,  the  frail  power  of  thy  Troy. 

89.  Qwi.     This  refers  to  Paris,  who  was 
the  cause  of  the  Trojan  war.    JYos :  was  it 
I,  or  was  it  not  rather  that  Paris,  who  ex- 
posed the  unhappy,  &c. 

91.  Furto:  here  adultery, treachery.  Fur- 
turn  also  signifies  any  private,  or  secret  act 
of  wickedness.  An  allusion  is  here  made 
to  the  rape  of  Helen,  which  was  an  a( 
the  basest  kind;  a  most  perfidious  crime. 
After  this  the  Greeks,  we  may  suppose,  would 


/ 


50t) 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


95 


Me  duce,  Dardanius  Spartam  expugnavit  adulter  '.' 
Aut  ego  tela  dedi,  fovi-ve  cupidine  bella  ? 

94.  Tuis  Trojanis        Tune  decuit  metuisse  tuis  ;  nunc  sera  querelis 
Haud  justis  assurgis,  et  irrita  jurgia  jactas. 
Talibus  orabat  Juno  :  cunctique  fremebant 
Coslicolse  assensu  vario  :  ceu  tiamina  prima 
Cum  deprensa  fremunt  sylvis,  et  caeca  volutarit 
Murmura,  ventures  nautis  prodentia  ventos. 

Turn  pater  omnipotens,  rerum  cui  summa  potestas, 
Infit.     Eo  dicente,  Deum  domus  aha  silescit,  101 

Et  tremefacta  solo  tellus,  silet  arduus  aether  : 

103.  PosuGre  fialum ;  Turn  Zephyri  posuere  ;  premit  placida  aequora  pontus. 
Pontus  Accipite  ergo  animis  atque  haec  mea  figite  dicta. 

Quandoquidem  Ausonios  c.onjungi  foRdere  Teucris    105 
Haud  licitum  est,  nee  vestra  capit  discordia  finem : 

107.  Secat  sibi  /ac/w,Quae  cuique  est  fortuna  hodie,  quam  quisque  secat  spem. 
sive  fuat  Tros,  Rutulus-  Tros  Rutulusve  Ijgl,  nullo  discrimine  habebo  : 
iatis  Italum  castra  obsidione  tenentur, 
errore  malo  Trojae,  monitisque  sinistris. 
Nee  Rutulos  solvo.     Sua  cuique  exorsa  laborem 
Fortunamque  ferent.     Rex  Jupiter  omnibus  idem. 
113.  Hie  annuit  per  Fata  viam  invenient.     Stygii  per  flumina  fratris. 
Per  pice  torrentes  atraque  voragine  ripas 


Tr 

*  °" 


janorum  tenentur 


flumina 


110 


NOTES. 


have  no  further  intercourse,  or  treaties,  with 
the  Trojans:  which  is  the  idea  conveyed 
in  solverefozdera.  Heyne  takos/wrfo,  in  the 
sense  of  raptu. 

92.  Expugnavit  Spartam.  History  informs 
us  that  Paris  did  not  carry  off  Helen  in  an 
amicable  manner,  but  by  violence  and  force. 
In  her  heart,  however,  she  might  not  have 
been  averse  to  it.     This  the  Trojan  prince 
effected  in  the  absence  of  the  Grecian  king, 
who  had  entertained  him  in  a  very  hospi- 
table manner.  Juno  here  calls  him  an  adul- 
terer, and  represents  him  as  an  insidious 
enemy.     Expugnavit :  he  assaulted,  &c. 

93.  Fovi  bella:   fomented — caused  wars 
through  lust.  Cupidine :  unlawful  desire,  or 
love. 

94.  Nunc  :  this  refers  to  the  time  of  the 
rape  of  Helen.      Here  Juno  is  extremely 
severe. 

95.  Haud  justis :  in  the  sense  of  injustis. 
Jurgia  :  reproaches — complaints. 

97.  Vario  assensu :  with  various  assent ; 
some   approved   of  the   speech  of  Venus, 
others  of  the  speech  of  Juno. 

98.  Deprensa :   caught — pent  up  in  the 
woods.   Cceca  murmura :  murmurs  scarcely 
to  be  heard.    Prodentia :  intimating  to,  &c. 

101.  Injit :  in  the  sense  of  incipit. 

102.  Solo.     Whatever  supports  any  thing 
may  be  called  solum.    Solum  terra  would  be 
the  foundation  of  the  earth.     Ruaeus  says, 
afundamentis. 

103.  Premit :  levels— renders  smooth.  Ru- 
ams  says,  sternit. 


107.  Quam  spqhi,  Sec.  Servius  and  some 
others  take  secat :  in  the  sense  of  tenet  vel 
fiabet.  But  Turnebus,  in  the  sense  of  sumit ; 
and  Ruaeus,  in  the  sense  of  assumit :  takes, 
or  assumes  to  himself;  as  when  one  di- 
vides a  thing  into  parts  or  portions.  Heyne 
differs  from  most  commentators  in  the  sense 
of  the  verb  secat.  He  takes  it  in  the  sense 
of  incidere,  vel  perdere :  to  cut  off,  or  destroy 
by  their  actions. 

109.  Fatis  Italum,  &c.     This  is  generally 
understood  of  the  fates  unkind  or  hostile  to 
the    Italians.      Ruseus   interprets  fatis,   by 
damno :  loss  or  damage.     Davidson  thinks 
malis  is  to  be  supplied. 

110.  Malo    errore:    whether    by  a    fatal 
error  of  Troy,  and  inauspicious  presages — 
whether  the  Trojans  shall  be  successful  in 
repelling  the  assaults  of  the  Italians :  this  is 
expressed  in  the  preceding  line,  seufatis:  or 
whether  the  Italians  should  prove  victorious 
over  the  Trojans;  these  having  been  de- 
ceived by  false  predictions,  and  led  into  a 
fatal  error,  in  coming  hither  to  find  a  per- 
manent settlement. 

111.  Sua  exorsa:  their  own   enterprises 
or  actions  shall  bring  to  each  party  disaster 
or  success.     The  issue  of  the  war  shall  de- 
pend upon  the  parties  engaged — 1  will  assist 
neither.     Laborem  :  Ruseus  says,  damnum. 

1 12.  Idem  :  in  the  sense  of  cequus.     The 
verb  erit  is  understood. 

113.  Stygii  fratrit.  Plato.   See  Geor.  iii. 
551. 


JRNE1S.     LIB.  X. 


Armuit,  et  totum  nutu  tremefecit  Olympum. 

Hie  finis  fandi.     Solio  turn  Jupiter  aureo 

Surgit ;  ccfilicolae  medium  quern  ad  limina  ducunt. 

Interea  Rutuli  portis  circum  omnibus  instant 
Sternere  caede  viros,  et  moenia  cingere  flammis. 
At  legio  jEneadum  vallis  obsessa  tenetur  ; 
Nee  spes  ulla  fugae.     Miseri  stant  turribus  altis 
Nequicquam,  et  rara  muros  cinxere  corona. 
Asius  Imbrasides,  Hicetaoniusque  Thymcetes, 
Assaracique  duo,  et  senior  cum  Castore  Tymbris, 
Prima  acies  :  hos  germani  Sarpedonis  ambo, 
Et  Clarus,  et  Haemon,  Lyci&  comitantur  ab  alta. 
Fert  ingens  toto  connixus  corpore  saxum, 
Haud  partem  exiguam  mentis,  Lymessius  Acmon, 
Nee  Clytio  genitore  minor,  nee  fratre  Mnestheo. 
Hi  jaculis,  illi  certant  defendere  saxis ; 
Molirique  ignem,  nervoque  aptare  sagittas. 
Ipse  inter  medios,  Veneris  justissima  cura, 
Dardanius  caput  ecce  puer  delectus  honestum, 
Qualis  gemma,  micat,  fulvum  quae  dividit  aurum, 
Aut  collo  decus,  aut  capiti :  vel  quale  per  artem 
Inclusum  buxo,  aut  Oricia  terebintho 
Lucet  ebur.     Fusos  cervix  cui  lactea  crines 
Accipit,  et  molli  subnectit  circulus  auro. 
Te  quoque  magnanima3  viderunt,  Ismare,  gentes 
Vulnera  dirigere,  et  calamos  armare  veneno, 
Maeonid  generose  domo  :  ubi  pinguia  culta 
Exercentque  viri,  Pactolusque  irrigat  auro. 
Affuit  et  Mnestheus,  quern  pulsi  pristina  Turni 
Aggere  murorum  sublimem  gloria  tollit ; 
Et  Capys  :  hinc  nomen  Campanae  ducitur  urbi. 


115 


120 


125 


sunt 


130  gM6, 


128.   Lyrnessius  Ac- 
mon, nee  minor  Clytio 
;enitore,      nee      fratre 
inestheo,  fert 
130.   Hi  certant   de- 
fendere urbem  jaculis  ; 
illi  certant  defendere  earn 
saxis 

135  !  32.  Ecce  Dardanius 
puer  ipse,  justissima 
cura  Veneris,  delectus 
quoad  honestum  caput, 
inter  medios,  micat,qua  - 
lis  gemma 

<luale  ebur 


14ft 
tu 


lucet  per  artem 

141.    Pinguia    culta. 


143.    Quern  pristina 
gloria  Tumi  pulsi  ag- 
145  gere 


NOTES. 


115.  Jlnnuit :  he  ratified  or  confirmed  it. 

117.  Codicolae.  medium,  &c.  This  alludes 
to  the  Roman  custom  of  conducting  the 
consul  from  the  senate  house  to  his  own 
dwelling,  or  apartment. 

120.  Legio  •flEneadum:  simply  the  Tro- 
jans. The  Trojans  were  called  JEnzadtz, 
from  jEneas  their  leader. 

122.  CinxSre  muros :  they  defend  the  walls 
with  thin  ranks.  Rueeus  says,  exiguo  nu- 
me.ro. 

128.  Lyrnessius :  an  adj.  from  Lyrnessum 
a  city  of  Phrygia,  near  the  Sinus  Adramyt- 
tenus. 

130.  Hi — illi.     Davidson  renders  these: 
some — others.     Valpy  refers  the  hi  to  the 
Rutulians  who  were   assaulting  the  ram- 
parts ;  and  the  illi  to  the  Trojans  who  were 
defending  them.     But  when  these  pronouns 
refer  to  separate  members  of  the  sentence, 
Hie  refers  to  the  one  first  mentioned  or  more 
remote  ;  and  hie  to,  the  latter,  or  last  men- 
tioned. 

131.  Jfoliriqite  ignem :  to  throw  flame?. 


136.  Terebintho :  the  terebinthus,  or  tur- 
pentine tree.  Its  wood  bears  a  resemblance 
to  ebony.  Oricia :  an  adj.  from  Oricum,  a 
town  of  Macedonia  in  the  confines  of  Epi- 
rus,  where  those  trees  abounded. 

140.  Armart:  in  the  sense  of  ungere. 
Calamos  :  darts,  or  missive  weapons  in  ge- 
neral. Generose:  voc.  agreeing  with  Ismare : 
nobly  descended  from  a  Lydian  family. 

142.  Pactolus  irrigat:  Pactolus  waters 
them  with  its  gold — golden  stream.  This 
was  a  small  river,  on  whose  banks  stood  the 
famous  city  Sardes,  the  capital  of  Lydia. 
Here  Croesus  held  his  court.  It  empties  into 
the  Hermus,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of 
Asia  Minor,  and  with  it  flows  into  the  sea 
near  the  city  of  Ephesus.  They  were  both 
celebrated  for  their  golden  sands.  The  poet 
here  supposes  the  water  of  the  Pactolus  to 
be  of  a  golden  hue. 

145.  CampancE  urbi.  Capua,  the  capital  of 
Campania.  Here  Hannibal  took  up  his 
winter  quarters.  But  the  luxury  and  dissi- 
pation of  the  place,  proved  the  ruin  of  his 
affairs  in  Italv. 


P.  VIRGIL1I  MAROiW 

llli  inter  sese  duri  certamina  belli 
Contulerant  :  media  .(Eneas  freta  nocte  secabat. 
148.  Naraque  ut  pri-  Namque  ut  ab  Evandro  castris  ingressus  Etruscis 

adit>  et  Te&  memorat  nomenque  genusque  ; 
150.  Edocequidve    Quidve  petat,  quidve  ipse  ferat  ;  Mezentius  arma     150 
Quse  sibi  conciliet,  violentaque  pectora  Turni 
Edocet  ;  humanis  quae  sit  fiducia  rebus 
Admonet,  immiscetque  preces.   Haud  fit  mora  :  Tarchon 
Jungit  opes,  fcedusque  ferit.     Turn  libera  fatis, 
Classem  conscendit  jussis  gens  Ly.dia  Divum,   -        155 
Externo  commissa  duci.     Mneia  puppis 

157.  Tenet  prima  loca,  Prima  tenet,  rostro  Phrygios  subjuncta  leones  : 
subjuncta  quoad  Phry-  Imminet  Ida  super,  profugis  gratissima  Teucris. 
gios  leones  rostro.  jjjc  magnus  secjet  JSueas,  secumque  volutat 

Eventus  belli  varios  :  Pallasque  sinistro  160 

Affixus  lateri,  jam  quasrit  si'dera,  opacae 

162.  Jam  quant  iter  Noctis  iter  ;  jam  quse  passus  terraque  marique. 
opacae  noctis  ;  jam  qu»      pandjte  nunc  Helicona,  Deae,  cantusque  movete  : 
duraJEneas  passus  est  oris 


JEnean,  armetque  rates,  pelagoque  vehatur.  165 

M  assitus  a>rata  princeps  secat  asquora  Tigri  : 

167.    Sub    quo   trat  Sub  quo  mille  manus  juvenum  ;  qui  mcenia  Clusi, 
manus  raille  Quique  urbem  liquere  Cosas  :  queis  tela,  sagittse, 

Corytique  leves  humeris,  et  letifer  arcus. 

170.    Torvus   Abas  Una  torvus  Abas  :  huic  totum  insignibus  armis         170 
f.rat  unacumitfo:  huic  Agmen,  et  aurato  fulgebat  Apolline  puppis. 
totum  agmen  fulgebat    gexcentos  illi  dederat  Populonia  mater 

Expertos  belli  juvenes  :  ast  Ilva  trecentos, 

NOTES. 

147.  Frela  :  the  waters  of  the  Tiber.  Con-  157.  Subjuncta.  The  ship  of  ^Eneas  had 

tulerant:  they  had  joined—  engaged  in.  Inter  Phrygian  lions  yoked  together,  and  placed 

sese  :  the  two  armies.  under  its  prow  or  beak  for  its  ensign.  The 

149  Regem:  in  the  sense  of  ducem  vel  lion  was  sacred  to  Cybele,  who  presided 

imperatorem  :  the  commander,  or  chief  offi-  over  Phrygia,  and  particularly  over  mount 

cer.  This  was  Tarchon.  Ida,  of  whose  pines  ./Eneas  had  built  his 

150.  Feral  :  in  the  sense  of  efferal.  fleet. 

151.  Pectora:  the  mind  or  temper.   Con-         158.  Ida:  the  name  of  one  of  the  galleys, 
ciliet  :  procures  —  gains  over  to  his  interest,  commanded  by  ./Eneas  in  person.  Super  im- 
This  alludes  to  a  supposed   alliance  with  minet  :  rises  —  towers  above  the  rest. 
Turnus  and  the  Rutulians.  161.  Qucerit  :  inquires  concerning,  &c. 

154.  Opes  :    troops  —  means   of  carrying          165.  Pelago  :  in  the  sense  ofjfiuvio. 

on  the  war  —  power.    Ferit  :  in  the  sense  of  167.  ClusL    Clusium  was  a  city  of  Tus- 

sancit.  cany,     f/orfie,  Chiusi. 

155.  Lydia  gens  :  after  the  expulsion  of  168.  Cosas  :  the  ace.  plu.  of  CVwce  or  Cosa, 
Mezentius,  the  Tuscans  were  forbidden  by  a  maritime  town  of  Tuscany,  near  the  pro- 
the  fates  to  make  themselves  a  king,  unless  montory  Argentarium.    Cosas  is  put  in  ap- 
he  were  a  foreigner  ;  or  to  march  against  position  with  urbem.    QMCW  :  whose  weap- 
him,  unless  under  the  command  of  a  fo-  ons  were  arrows,  &c.  Qwew  :  in  the  sense  of 
reign  general.      They  are  free   from   this  quorum. 

restraint,  now   that   -/Eneas    had   arrived.  169.  Coryti.  Corytus  is  a  word  originally 

and    are    at    liberty  to    enter   ui.der    his  Greek,  of  the  same  import  with  pharetra-,  a 

banner.     The   Tuscans  were   originally  a  quiver. 

colony  from  Lydia.    Hence  they  are  called  172.  Populonia  :  an  adj.  from  Populoni  - 

Lydia  gens.    It  is  most  likely,  they  had  a  um,  a  city  on  the  promontory  of  that  name. 

fleet  already  prepared   for  an   expedition.  It  is  called  mafer,  in  the  sense  that  Italia  is 

For  in  the  short  time  jEneas  was  with  them,  called  par  ens.      Populonia  mater  :  simply, 

they  could  not  have  built  or  even  equipped  the  city  Populonium. 

one.  173.  Ilva  :  an  island  to  the  south  of  Popu- 


J3NEIS.     LIB.  X, 


Insula  mexhaustis  Chalybum  generosa  metallis. 

Tertius,  ille  hominum  Divumque  interpres  Asylas,    175 

Cui  pecudum  fibrce,  cceli  cui  sidera  parent, 

Et  linguae  volucrum,  et  praesagi  fulminis  ignes  : 

Mille  rapit  densos  acie,  atque  horrentibus  hastis. 

Hos  parere  jubent  Alpheae  ab  origine  Pisae, 

Urbs  Etrusca  solo.     Sequitur  pulcherrimus  Astur,    180 

Astur  equo  fidens  et  versicoloribus  armis. 

Ter  centum  adjiciunt,  mens  omnibus  una  sequendi, 

Qui  Caerete  domo,  qui  sunt  Minionis  in  arvis  ; 

Et  Pyrgi  veteres,  imempestaeque  Graviscae. 

Non  ego  te,  Ligurum  ductor  fortissime  bello,       185 
Transierim,  Cinyra ;  et  paucis  comitate,  Cupavo, 
Cujus  olorinae  surgunt  de  vertice  pennae. 
Crimen  amor  vestrum,  formaeque  insigne  paternae. 


175.  Tertius  erat  ille 
Asylas  interpres 


178.  Ille  rapit   mille 
viros  densQS  acie 


183.  Qui  sunt  ex  do- 
mo  Ceerete,  qui  sunt  in 
arvis  Minionis 

186.  Et  te,  O  Cupavo, 
comitate  paucis  militi- 
bus 


NOTES. 


Ionium.  Hodie,  Elba.  It  abounded  in  iron 
mines  (metallis)  according  to  Strabo.  Virgil 
here  calls  them  inexhaustible.  This  island 
sent  three  hundred  men.  Generosa :  abound- 
ing in.  Ruseus  interprets  it  by  inclyla.  Ex- 
pertos :  expert — skilful. 

177.  Ignes :  the  flashes  of  the  ominous 
lightning. 

178.  Densos:   in  the   sense  of  confertos. 
Milites  is  understood. 

179.  Pisa,  urbs  Etrusca  solo  :  Pis®,  a  city, 
Tuscan    in   its    situation,   Alphean  in    its 
origin,  orders  these  troops  to  obey  Asylas. 
This  city  stood  on  the  western  bank  of  the 
river  Arnus,  in  Tuscany.     It  was  supposed 
to  have  been  founded  by  a  colony  from  the 
Peloponnesus.      Hence  called  Alphea,  from 
,/llpheus,  a  river  of  that  country,  on  whose 
banks  stood  the  famous  city  Olympia  Pisa. 
Solo :  in  the  sense  of  situ. 

183.  Ceerete  domo:   from  the   city  Coere. 
It  was  subject  to  Mezentius.     Hodie,  Cerve- 
teri.     Minionis.     Minio  was  the  name  of  a 
river.     Hodie,  Mugnone. 

184.  Pyrgi.     These   people  inhabited   a 
maritime  town,  not  far  from  Caere,  or  Caere- 
tanae.     It   has  long  since  been  destroyed. 
Graviscce  :  the  name  of  a  town  on  the  sea- 
coast,  unwholesome  on  account  of  the  fens 
or  marshes  in  the  neighborhood.     It  took 
its  name  from  gravitas  aeris.     All  these  dif- 
ferent cities,  with  one  mind,  enter  the  war. 

185.  Ligurum :  the  gen.  of  Ligures,  the 
inhabitants  of  Liguria,  an  extensive  coun- 
try of  Italy ;  a  part  of  which  is  now  the 
territory  of  Genoa. 

186.  Cinyra — Cupavo.     This  passage  is 
obscure  and  difficult.      It  has  divided   the 
opinions  of  commentators.      Phaeton,  the 
son  of  Phoebus  and  Clymene,  desired  of  his 
father  the  government  of  his  chariot  for 
one  day ;  which  with  difficulty  was  granted 
him.     The  youth  being  unable  to  guide  the 
fiery  steeds,  they  turned  from  their  diurnal 
track,  and  came,  so  near  the  earth  that  it 


began  to  burn.  He  was  thrown  headlong 
into  the  Po.  His  sisters  sought  him  every 
where.  At  length,  finding  his  tomb*  on  the 
banks  of  that  river,  they  pined  away  with 
grief  at  the  fate  of  their  brother,  and  were 
transformed  either  into  alder  or  poplar 
trees.  See  Ovid.  Met.  2.  Cinyra,  king  of 
the  Ligures,  was  a  near  relation  of  Phaeton, 
and,  grieving  immoderately  at  his  misfor- 
tune, was  changed  into  a  Cycnus,  or  swan. 
Dr.  Trapp  takes  Cinyra  and  Cupavo  to  have 
been  brothers,  the  sons  of  him  who  was 
transformed  into  a  swan.  In  this  case,  the 
application  of  restrum  is  easy  and  proper. 
But  to  apply  it  to  Cupetvo  alone,  as  most 
commentators  do,  is  not  so  proper.  He 
supposes  their  crime  to  have  been  the  ho- 
noring- of  their  father  too  much,  by  bearing 
his  metamorphosed  figure  (the  swan)  en- 
graven upon  their  shields,  and  his  feathers 
on  their  helmets.  Their  love  amounted  to 
a  crime,  becu.use  it  was  for  one  whom  the 
gods  had  punished  for  an  offence  committed 
against  them,  in  his  immoderate  grief  for 
Phaeton.  Ruaeus  thinks  vestrum  crimen,  to 
be  the  crime  of  the  family  in  general,  who, 
by  their  immoderate  grief  for  Phaeton,  of- 
fended the  gods,  and  were  many  of  them 
changed  into  other  forms.  It  may  be  object- 
ed to  the  interpretation  of  Dr.  Trapp,  that 
Jilius  is  afterward  used  in  the  singular  num- 
ber. But  he  observes,  though  they  were 
brothers,  the  oldest  might  be  mentioned  by 
way  of  distinction  and  eminence.  David- 
son reads,  Cycnus.  See  Eel.  vi.  62.  and  jEn, 
v.  105.  Heyne  conjectures  there  is  here  an 
interpolation.  He  differs  from  commenta- 
tors in  general  in  the  interpretation  of  verse 
186.  He  connects  Cinyra  with  Cupavo  in 
the  same  member  of  the  sentence.  Won 
transicrem  te,  Cupavo,  comitate  a  Cinyra,  et 
paucis  allis,  is  his  ordo  of  construction. 

188.  Amor  crimen  :  Ruaeus  says,  amor  est 
crimen  vestr<E  familice,  et  insigne  petitum  ex 
fransformatione  pairi?. 


504 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


Namque  ferunt,  luctu  Cycnum  Phaetontis  amati, 

190.  Dum  canit  inter  Populeas  inter  frondes  umbramque  sororum  190 

populeas  frondes  Dum  canit,  et  mcestum  musa  solatur  amorem  ; 

Canentem  molli  plum£  duxisse  senectam, 
Linquentem  terras,  et  siflera  voce  sequentem. 
Filius,  aequales  comitatus  classe  catervas, 

195.  Hie    Centaurus  Ingentem  remis  Centaurum  promovet  :  ille  195 

ihstat  Instat  aquae,  saxumque  undis  immane  minatur 

Arduus,  et  longa  sulcat  maria  alta  carina. 

Ille  etiam  patriis  agmen  ciet  Ocnus  ab  oris, 
Fatidicae  Mantus  et  Tusci  filius  amnis, 
Qui  muros,  matrisque  dedit  tibi,  Mantua,  nornen  ;    200 
Mantua,  dives  avis,  sed  non  genus  omnibus  unum. 
.  Sed  non  esi  unum  Qens  illi  triplex  ;  populi  sub  gente  quaterni ; 

J5Ersr caput  populis;  Tusco  de  irgmne  vircs- 

sunt  quaterni  populi  sub  Hmc  quoque  qumgentos  in  se  Mezentius  armat, 
gente  :  Mantua  ipsa  esi  Quos,  patre  Benaco,  velatus  arundme  glauca,  205 

caput  populis :  ejus  vires  Mincius  infesta  ducelat  in  a?quora  pinu. 
SM2056  Quos   Mincius      Jt  Sravis  Auletes>  centenaque  arbore  fluctum 
oriens  ex  patre  Benaco,  Verberat  assurgens  :  spumant  vada  marmore  verso. 
velatus.  Hunc  vehit  immanis  Triton,  et  ccerula  concha 


NOTES. 


190.  Umbram  sororum :  the  shade  of  his 
sisters — the  shade  of  the  trees,  into  which 
his  sisters  were  transformed. 

191.  Musa :  with  music,  or  song. 

192.  Canentem:  growing  white,  or  being 
cloathed,  with  the  downy  plumes  of  the 
swan,  passed  out  his  old  age,  &c. 

195.  Centaurum.  The  name  of  the  ship 
was  the  Centaur,  so  called  from  having  a 
Centaur  painted,  or  carved  upon  the  stem, 
holding  a  huge  stone  in  his  hand,  with 
which  he  seemed  to  threaten  the  waves. 
The  Centauri  were  fabled  to  be  monsters, 
half  man  and  half  horse.  See  Geor.  ii.  456. 
Promovet :  in  the  sense  of  impettit. 

198.  Ocnus.  He  was  not  the  founder 
of  Mantua ;  but  rather  the  fortifier  and  en- 
larger.  The  same  as  Bianor.  See  Eel.  ix. 
60.  He  gave  it  the  name  of  Mantua,  from 
Manlo,  the  name  of  his  mother.  Manto  : 
gen.  Mantus,  the  name  of  a  nymph.  Hence 
the  epithet  fatidica  :  prophetic.  Ciet :  in 
the  sense  of  movet  vel  ducit. 

201.  Sed  non  genus,  &c.  It  appears  that 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Mantuan  territory 
were  not  of  one  common  origin.  We  are 
told  they  were  partly  from  Tuscia  or  Etru- 
ria,  partly  from  Veneiia,  and  partly  from 
Gallia.  This  explains  gens  illi  triplex :  im- 
plying that  the  population  consisted  of 
people  from  those  three  nations.  The  whole 
territory  was  divided  into  four  cities,  dis- 
tricts or  communities :  populi  sub  gente  qua- 
terni. Each  of  which  had  its  Lucomon,  or 
petty  king.  Of  these  four,  Mantua  was  the 
principal  or  chief  city ,  ipsa  caput  populis. 
This  territory  was  a  part  of  Etruria.  which 


was  divided  into  twelve  lucommonies,  or 
regalities.  Gens  :  in  the  sense  of  natio. 
Genus  :  lineage — descent. 

203.  Vires  de  Tusco,  &c.     By  this  we  arc 
to  understand  that  the  Tuscan  part  of  the 
Mantuan  population  was  the  greatest. 

204.  Armat  in  se  :  Mezentius  arms,  &c. 
He  furnishes  a  just  cause  for  their  rising  in 
arms  against  him. 

205.  Patre  Benaco.     The  Benacus  is  a 
lake  in  the   territory  of  Verona.      Hodie, 
Lago  di  Garda.     The  river  Mincius  rises 
out  of  it.     Hence  the  epithet  patre  is  added 
to  Benacus. 

206.  Mincius  :  here  the  god  of  the  river 
Mincius.    He  is  represented  as  moving  down 
his  stream  in  hostile  ships  to  join  in  the  war 
against  Mezentius.    Hence  the  epithet  pater, 
which  is  common  to  all  the  deities.     It  is 
here  given  to  the  lake  Benacus,  out  of  which 
the  river   Mincius  rises.     Velatus  :  in   the 
sense  of  coronatus,  says  Rueeus.     Pinu  in- 
festa.    Ruseus  says,  naribus  inimicis  Mezen- 

tio.     Pinus,  by  meton.  for  navis  vel  naves. 

207.  Centena  arbore:  with  an  hundred  oars. 
The  oar  is  here  called  arbor,  to  denote  its 
size  and  magnitude.  Marmore  verso:  tho 
surface  being  upturned.  Vada,  here,  is  plain- 
ly put  for  the  water  of  the  Tiber  ;  for,  on 
this  river,  the  fleet  of  ^neas  was  equipped. 
It :  in  the  sense  of  ducit.  Auletes  was  the 
commander  of  these  troops. 

209.  Triton.  He  was  the  trumpeter  of 
Neptune,  and  used  a  shell  instead  of  a  trum- 
pet. His  upper  part  was  represented  as  a 
man,  his  lower  pa.rt  as  a  fish.  Here  the  name 


JENEIS.     LIB.  X 


505 


210  2 10.  Cui  Tritoni  nanti 
hispida  frons  praefert 
hominem  tenus 


215 


219.  Ecce  chorus  sua- 
220  rum    comitum  occurrit 
illi,     nempe    Nymphap, 
quas 


Exterrens  freta  :  eiii  laterum  tenus  hispida  nanti 
Frons  hominem  praefert,  in  pristin  desinit  alvus ; 
Spuraea  semifero  sub  pectore  murmurat  unda. 
Tot  lecti  proceres  ter  denis  navibus  ibant 
Subsidio  Trojae,  et  campos  salis  aere  secabant. 

Jamque  dies  ccelo  concesserat,  almaque  carru 
Noctivago  Phoebe  medium  pulsabat  Olympum. 
^Eneas  (neque  enim  membris  dat  cura  quietem) 
Jpse  sedens  clavumque  regit,  velisque  ministrat. 
Atque  illi  medio  in  spatio,  chorus  ecce  suarum 
Occurrit  comitum,  Nymphoe,  quas  alma  Cybele 
Numen  habere  maris,  Nymphasque  e  navibus  esse 
.Tusserat :  innabant  pariter,  fluctusque  secabant, 
Quot  prius  aeratae  steterant  ad  litora  prora3. 
Agnoscunt  longe  regem,  lustrantque  choreis. 

Quarum,  quae  fandi  doctissima,  Cymodocea,  225     225.  Quarum  Cymo- 

Pone  sequens,  dextra  puppim  tenet :  ipsaque  dorso         docea,  quse  est  doctissi- 
Eminet,  ac  laeva  tacitis  subremigat  undis.  ma  fandi 

Turn  sic  ignarum  alloquitur  :  Vigilasne,  Deum  gens,         228.  Turn  alloquitur 
jEnea  ?  vigila,  et  velis  immitte  rudentes.  eum  ignaru'»  harum  re- 

Nos  sumus  Idaeae  sacro  de  vertice  pinus,  230  rum  s 

Nunc  pelagi  Nymphae,  classis  tua.     Perfidus  ut  nos          231.  Olim  tua  classis 
Praecipites  ferro  Rutulus  flammaque  premebat : 
Rupimus  invitee  tua  vincula,  teque  per  aequor 
Quaerimus.     Hanc  genitrix  faciem  miserata  refecit, 

Et  dedit  esse  Deas,  aevumque  agitare  sub  undis.      235     235-  Dedit  nos  esse 
At  puer  Ascanius  muro  fossisque  tenetur 
Tela  inter  media,  atque  horrentes  Marte  Latinos. 
Jam  loca  jussa  tenet  forti  permixtus  Etrusco 
Areas  eques.     Medias  illis  opponere  turmas, 
Ne  castris  jungant,  certa  est  sententia  Turno.         240 


Deas  maris 


NOTES. 


of  a  ship  ;  or  the  figure  prefixed  to  the  stern, 
like  the  Centaur  above  mentioned. 

210.  Tenus  laterum :  down  to  the  waist. 

214.  JEre, :  with  their  brazen  prows.    JEs 
signifies  any  thing  made  of  brass. 

215.  Concesserat :  had  given  way — yield- 
ed to  the  night.     Nocti  is  understood. 

216.  Pulsabat :  arrived  at — touched.  Ru- 
seus  says,  attingebat.     Olympum  :  for  ccelum. 
Phcebe :  the  moon. 

221.  Habere  numen  maris  :  to  have  divi- 
nity of  the  sea — to  become  nymphs  of  the 
sea. 

224.  Lustrant:  in  the  sense  of  circum- 
cunt. 

227.  Eminet  dorso :  she  rises  above  the 
surface  of  the  water  with  her  bank.     Subre- 
migat :  she  swims — rows  herself  along,  &c. 

228.  Gens:  in  the  sense  of  soboles. 

229.  Irnmitte  rudentes  velis  :  give  the  sheets 
to   the  sails — spread  the  sails   to  the  full 
length  of  the  halsers  or  sheets. 

230.  Vertice  :  in  the  sense  of  monte. 
232.  Pracipites:  in  the  sense  of  pcricli- 

tantes. 


234.  Refecit :  in  the  sense  of  mulavit : 
changed  us  into  this  form.  Genitrix  :  Cy- 
bele, the  mother  of  the  gods. 

237.  Horrenles:  RUBBUS  says,/groc«.  Mar~ 
te  :  in  the  sense  of  bello. 

238.  Permixtus :  in  the  sense  ofjunetus. 
Etrusco :  the  singular  for  the  plu. :  the  va- 
liant Tuscans. 

239.  Areas  eques :   the  Arcadian   horse. 
These  were  the  cavalry  furnished  by  Evan- 
der.     It  is  most  probable  that  ^Eneas  gave 
direction  to  the  Arcadians  and  Tuscans,  his 
allies,  to  repair  to  some  particular  place  by 
land,  while  he  went  with  the  fleet  by  water; 
although  no  such  place  is  mentioned  by  the 
poet.     Turnus  being  informed  of  what  was 
going  on  in  Tuscany,  and  that  ^Eneas  was 
coming  on  with  reinforcements,  like  a  skill- 
ful general,  resolves  to  intercept  them,  to 
attack  them  on  the  way,  and  prevent  them 
from  forming  a  junction  with  the  Trojans 
ki  the  camp,  whom  he  was  then  blockading. 

2 10.  Jungant :  join  themselves  to  the 
camp — to  the  troops  in  the  «amp.  The 
pron.  itexf  is  understood. 


506  p.  viRGiLii  MARONIS 

Surge,  age,  et  Aurora  socios  veniente  vocari 
Primus  in  arma  jube ;  et  clypeum  cape,  quern  dedit  ipse 
Invictum  Ignipotens,  atque  oras  ambiit  auro. 
^  Crastina  lux,  mea  si  non  irrita  dicta  putaris, 

Ingentes  Rutulae  spectabit  caedis  acervos.  245 

Dixerat :  et  dextra  discedens  impulit  altam, 

247.Hlanavw  Haud  ignara  modi,  puppim.     Fugit  ilia  per  undas, 

Ocyor  et  jaculo  et  ventos  aequante  sagitta. 
Inde  alias  celerant  cursus.     Stupet  inscius  ipsc 
Tros  Anchisiades  ;  animos  tamen  omine  tollit.          250 
Turn  breviter,  supera  aspectans  convexa,  precatur : 
252.IdseaCty6e/e,alma  Alma  parens  Idaea  Deum,  cui  Dindyma  cordi, 
parens     Deorum,    cui  Turrigerceque  urbes,  bijugique  ad  fraena  leones  ; 
^trajSuetone.Tu  mihi  nunc  pugme  princeps  ;  tt ,  ritfi  propinques 
dociles  ad  freena ;  Augunum,  Phrygibusque  adsis  pede,  Diva,  secundo. 

256.  JEneas  effatuseri  Tantum  effatus  :  et  interea  revoluta  ruebat  256 

/(occtantum.  Mutura  jam  luce  dies,  noctemque  fugarat. 

Principio  sociis  edicit,  signa  sequantur, 
Atque  animos  aptent  armis,  pugnreque  parent  se. 
Jamque  in  conspectu  Teucros  habet  et  sua  castra,   260 
Stans  celsa  in  puppi.     Clypeum  turn  deinde  sinistra 
Extulit  ardentem.     Clamorem  ad  sidera  tollunt 
Dardanidae  e  muris.     Spes  addita  suscitat  iras. 
Tela  manu  jaciunt.     Quales  sub  nubibus  atris 
Strymoniae  dant  signa  grues,  atque  asthera  tranant  265 
Cum  sonitu,  fugiuntque  Notos  clamore  secundo. 
2&7.  At  ca  cxperunt  At  Rutulo  regi  ducibusque  ea  mira  videri 
videri  raira  Ausoniis  ;  donee  versas  ad  litora  puppes 

Respiciunt,  totumque  allabi  classibus  aequor. 

270.  Apex gatece  ardet  Ardet  apex  capiti,  cristisque  a  vertice  flamma          270 
Funditur,  et  vastos  umbo  vomit  aureus  ignes. 
Non  secus  ac  liquida  si  quando  nocte  comets 

NOTES. 

242.  Dedit :  in  the  sense  of  reddidit.  suum  habere.     La  Cerda  says,/actas  augu- 

243.  Oras:  the  borders  or  edges  of  the      rium  propitium.      Valpy  :   "by  your   own 
shield.  presence  give  effect  to  the  augury." 

249.  Alia  celerant :   the   other    nymphs  255.  Phrygibus  adsis :    aid   the  Trojans 
accelerate  the  motion  of  the  other  ships,  as  with  thy  propitious  presence,  pede  secundo. 
Cymodocea  had  done  that  of  ./Eneas.  259.  Jlptent :  fit — prepare.     Ruceus  says, 

250.  Tollit  animos.     Dr.  Trapp    under-  excitent. 

stands  this  of  ./Eneas  taking  courage  him-  265.  Grues  dant^  &c.     This  comparison 

self.    Davidson,  of  liis  encouraging  his  men.  is  taken  from  Homer.     The  cranes  are  call- 

"  He  raises  the  spirits  of  his  troops."  ed  Strymonian,  from  Strymon,  a  river  of 

251.  Supera  convexa :  the  high  canopy  of  Macedonia,  in  the  confines  of  Thrace,  where 
heaven.  cranes  abounded.     Signa  :  signs  or  signals 

252.  Dindyma  :  neu.  plu.  Dindymus,  in  of  the  approaching  storm  by  their  voices, 
the  sing. :  a  mountain  in  Phrygia,  so  called  269.  Totum  <zquor :  the  whole  surface  of 
from  its  having  two  lops.     Cordi :  for  a  de-  the  water  to  be  covered,  &c.     Ruieus  says, 
light.  appelli. 

254.  Propinques  augurium  :  render   the  270.  Apex  ardet  capiti.     This  description 

omen  propitious  in  due  form.     Huge  us  says,  of  the  armor  of  JEneas,  is  taken  from  Ho- 

secundes-  omen  bent — prcesens  sis  hoc  augurio.  mer's  description  of  that  of  Achilles. 

Here  the  verb  propinquo,  though  properly  271.  Vomit '  in  the  sense  ofemittit.  Um- 

"intransitive,  becomes  transitive,  and  has  th«  bo :  the  middle  point  of  the  shield,  by  synec. 

ace.  after  it.     Of  propinques  augurium  n/e,  taken  for  the  whole  shield. 

Heyne  #ays,  far.  'osfcntum  hoc  ritf>  evenium  272.  Cnmetir.     Comets  are  planets  irro- 


.  X. 


507 


278.  Ultro  tollit  ani- 


Sanguinei  lugubre  rubent ;  aut  Sirius  ardor ; 
Ille,  sitim  morbosque  ferens  mortalibus  yegris, 
Nascitur,  et  laivo  contristat  lumine  ccelum.  275 

Haud  tamen  audaci  Turno  fiducia  cessit 
Litora  praeripere,  et  venientes  pellere  terra. 
Ultro  animos  tollit  dictis,  atque  increpat  ultro  : 
Quod  votis  optastis,  adest,  perfringere  dextra : 
In  manibus  Mars  ipse,  viri.     Nunc  conjugis  esto     280 
Quisque  suse  tectique  memor  ;  nunc  magna  referto 
Facta,  patrum  laudes.     Ultro  occurramus  ad  undam, 
Dum  trepidi,  egressisque  labant  vestigia  prima. 
Audentes  fortuna  juvat. 

Haec  ait :  et  secum  versat,  quos  ducere  contra, 
Vel  quibus  obsessos  possit  concredere  muros.  cere  contra 

Interea  ^Eneas  socios  de  puppibus  altis  quibus 

Pontibus  exponit.     Multi  servare  recursus 
Languentis  pelagi,  et  brevibus  se  credere  saltu ; 

Per  remos  alii.     Speculatus  litora  Tarchon,  290     290.  Alii  txponunl  se 

Qua  vada  non  spirant,  nee  fracta  remurmurat  unda,       per  remos. 
Sed  mare  inoffensum  crescenti  allabitur  aestu, 
Advertit  subito  proras,  sociosque  precatur  : 
Nunc,  6  lecta  manus,  validis  incumbite  remis  : 
Tollite,  ferte  rates  :  inimicam  findite  rostris  295 


fringcre 
quo(j 


283.  Dum  sunt  trepidi, 
primaque    vestigia  la- 


NOTES. 


gular  in  their  motions,  moving  in  very  ec- 
centric orbits.  Sometimes  they  approach 
very  near  the  sun ;  when  they  have  a  pro- 
jection, or  tail,  which  has  a  fiery  or  luminous 
appearance.  This  is  always  directly  oppo- 
site the  sun  as  seen  from  the  comet,  and  is, 
most  probably,  its  dense  atmosphere,  illumi- 
nated by  the  sun,  and  propelled  by  the  force 
of  the  rays  of  light  issuing  from  the  sun. 
They  were  formerly  considered  ominous, 
portending  disaster  to  men.  The  word  is 
derived  from  the  Greek.  Liquida :  a  clear 
night. 

273.  Rubent  lugubre :  blaze  frightfully — 
balefully :  that  is,  portending  disaster  to  the 
world.  Sanguinei:  fiery — red.  Sirius  ar- 
dor :  the  star  Sirius.  It  is  sometimes  called 
the  dog-star,  from  the  circumstance  of  its 
being  in  the  sign  Cams,  or  the  Dog.  Sirius 
is  here  used  as  an  adjective.  It  is  a  star  of 
the  first  magnitude. 

275.  Lwoo :  inauspicious. 

277.  Praripere :  in  the  sense  of  anteca- 
pere.     It  was  the  plan  of  Turnus  to  take 
possession  of  the  shore,  and,  if  possible,  to 
prevent  the  landing  of  the  troops.     By  do- 
ing this,  he  would  nave  an  advantage  over 
them. 

278.  Increpat.    This  Ruaeus  interprets  by 
adhortatur.     Vitro  animos.     This  line  is  not 
found   in  several   ancient  MSS.      Heyne 
marks  it  as  an  interpolation.     Ullro,  here, 
implies  that  Turnus,  immediately  on  seeing 
the  enemy  advance  to  the  shore,  addressed 
his  men,  and  animated  them  to  the  contest. 


The  address  is  short,  but  it  bespeaks  the  sol- 
dier and  the  commander. 

279.  Perfringere  dextra.      Servius  says 
this  is  a  military  phrase,  and  imports  facere 
fortiter.    Adest :  it  is  arrived — the  time  is? 
come.     Tempus  is  understood. 

280.  Mars  ipse :  the  battle  is  in  your  pow- 
er, O  men. 

281.  Nunc  referto:  now  let  each  one  imi- 
tate— call  to  his  memory.      Ruseus  says, 
memoret. 

282.  Laudes :  the  glory  of  his  ancestors. 
Davidson  reads,  laudesque.     Others  omit  the 
que. 

284.  Audentes:  the  bold — courageous. 

285.  Versat :  in  the  sense  of  volvtt. 

288.  Multi  servare:  many  began  to  ob- 
serve the  retreat  of  the   ebbing  sea,  &c. 
The  landing  or  debarkation  of  the  troops 
was  effected  in  three  divisions.     The  one 
under  ^Eneas  landed  on  bridges  thrown  from 
the  ships  upon  the  shore.     Another  sought 
flats  and  shallows,  which  might  be  overflown 
when  the  tide  was  full,  and  bare  at  the  ebb- 
They  leap  out  upon  these,  and,  by  the  help 
of  oars,  get  to  the  shore.     The  division  un- 
der Tarchon  sought  an   open  and  smooth 
shore,  where  the  waves  flowed  on  without 
meeting  with  an  impediment  or  obstacle ; 
and  where  landing  would  be  less  dangerous. 
The  verb  cceperunt  is  understood. 

289.  Languentis:  ebbing— falling. 

291.  Spirant.     This   is   the   reading   of 
Heyne.      The   common  reading  is  speraf 
Qua  vada :  where  the  bottom  or  shallows 


508  P.  V1RGILII  MARONIS 

Hanc  terram,  sulcumque  sibi  premat  ipsa  carina. 
Frangere  nee  tali  puppim  statione  recuso,^,  J^/.^^ 
Arrepta  tellure  semel.     Quae  talia  postquam 
299.    Socii  caperunt  Effatus  Tarchon,  socii  consurgere  tonsis, 
consurgere  tonsis  Spumantesque  rates  arvis  inferre  Latinis, 

Donee  rostra  tenent  siccum  ;  et  sedere  carinse 
302.  Sed  tua  puppis  Omnes  innocuae  ;  sed  non  puppis  tua,  Tarchon. 
non  trat  innocua  Namque  inflicta  vadis  dorso  dum  pendet  iniquo, 

Anceps  sustentata  diu,  fluctusque  fatigat, 
Solvitur,  atque  viros  mediis  exponit  in  undis  : 
Fragmina  remorum  quos  et  fluitantia  transtra 
Impediunt,  retrahitque  pedes  simul  unda  relabens. 
309.  Totam  aciem  suo-  m  Nec  Turnum  segnis  retinet  mora  ;  •  sed  rapit  acer 
rum,  et  sistit  eos  in  litore  Totam  aciem  in  Teucros,  et  contra  in  htore  sist.it. 
contra  JEneam.  Signa  canunt.     Primus  tunnas  invasit  agrestes 

317.  Nec  longe  hinc  ^Eneas,  omen  pugnae  :  stravitque  Latinos, 

^Jf"1  feto      „      v  Occiso  Therone  ;  virOm  qui  maximus  ultro 

319.   Arma   rierculis  _.  .         „    .         ,  *.. 

juvere  illos  nihil  ;   sua  ^Jneam  petit.     Huic,  gladio  perque  serea  suta, 
valid®  manus,  genitor-  Per  tunicam  squalentem  auro,  latus  haurit  apertum. 
que  Melampus,  comes  Jnde  Lycam  ferit,  exsectum  jam  matre  perempta,    315 
AleidiB  usque  dum  terra         ib  b  casus  evadere  ferri 


Et  tibi   phoebe,  sacrum  ;  casus  evadere  ferri 
<***  licuit  parvo.     Nee  longe  Cissea  durum, 
323.  Sistit  illud  in  ore  Immanemque  Gyam,  sternentes  agmina  claya, 
ejus  clamantis.  Tu  quo-  Dejecit  leto.     Nihil  illos  Herculis  arma, 
que,   O  infelix  Cydon,  ^i\  valid^  juvere  manus,  genitorque  Melampus,      320 
frnTlLdi'CTAleito.  comes  usque,  graves  dum  terra  labores 
ventem    quoad    malas  "raebuit.     kcce  rharo,  voces  dum  jactat  inertes, 
prima  lanugine,   mise-  Intorquens  jaculum,  clamantis  sistit  in  ore. 
rande  juvenis,   jaceres      Tu  quoque,   flaventem  prima  lanugine  malas 
stratus  Dardama  dex-  D       sequeris  Clytium'  infelix,  nova  gaudia,  Cydon, 
tra,    securus     amorum  „  ;*  ',  ' 

jurenum,  -qui    semper  Dardama  stratus  dextra,  securus  amorum 
erant  chari  tibi  ;  ni       Qui  juvenum  tibi  semper  erant,  miserande,  jaceres  ; 

NOTES. 

were  not  rough.    Spirant:  in  the  sense  of  311.  Omen:  in  the  sense  of  initium  vel 

autuant.  fauslum  auspicium. 

292.  Inoffensum:  smooth-unobstructed.  313    Sufa  .         L            of  the  verb  suo, 

Necfracta:  not  broken—  dashed  against  any  taken  as  a  sub    the  geams  or  fMs  of  the 

^nTCtnn'  shield—  the  shield  itself.    JErta  suta:  the 

296.  Prernat  :  in  the  sense  of  apcriat.  brazen  shield>     Some  c     ies  have  5cw/a. 
299    Tonsis:  properly,  the  blade;  by  sy-          314>  HaurU.  in  the  sense  of  transfigit. 

nee  the  whole  oar.     Rams**?*  RUBUB.  Huic  .  in  the  sense  of  %ia. 

301.  Siccum  :  locum  is  understood.  315    Exsectum  :  cut  out,  or  extracted  from 

02.  Innocua  :  safe.    Ruaeus  says,  Otene.  his  mother,  when  dead. 
303    Imquo  dorso:  an  uneven  or  broken         316i  Ferri      Femm  here  is  the  instru. 

ment  with  which  his  mother  was  opened. 

I.   Sustentata  dm  anceps  :   continuing  c         .  the  da          of  that  instrument  upon 

a  long  time  in  that  dangerous  situation.  the  bod     of  th7infant.     Parvo  .  to  him  a 

Fatigatqueflucius.     Servius  explains  this  by  hud     *     th     j  f    t 
fluctus  fatigat  navem;  taking  fiuctus  for  the 

nom.     But  it  is  easier,  and  more  poetical  32°-  m     Heyne  reads  nec'     Tbe  com' 

to  say  :  "  the  ship  tires  the  waves."    They  mon  reading  is  nil. 

beat  and  dash  against  it  so  long,  that  they  324.  Flaventem:  yellow  as  to  his  cheek. 

may  be  said  poetically  and  elegantly  to  be  with  the  first  down.     His  beard  had  just 

tired  or  wearied  out.     Valpy  says,  "  buffets  begun  to  grow. 

the  waves."  325.  Nova  gaudia  :  in  the  sense  of  novwn 

310.  Canunt  signa  :  they  sound  the  signal  amicum.  Heyne  says,  ddicias.  Isquiamatur. 

for  the  fight.     Canunt:  in  the  sense  of  so-  326.  Securus  amorum:  regardless  of  the 

nant.  love  of  the  youths,  fee.  because  dead. 


^ENEIS.    LIB.  X.  509 

Ni  tratrum  stipata  cohors  foret  obvia,  Phorci 
Progenies  ;  septem  numero,  septenaque  tela 
Conjiciunt :  partim  gale&  clypeoque  resultant  330 

Irrita  ;  deilexit  partim  stringeritia  corpus  331-  Alma  Venus  de- 

Alma  Venus.     Fidum  JEneas  affatur  Achaten  :  ^  Jg**    tant™ 

Suggere  tela  mihi ;  non  ullum  dextera  frustra  JEata™ 

Torserit  in  Rutulos  ;  steterum  quae  in  corpore  Graium 
Iliacis  campis.     Turn  magnam  corripit  hastam,        335 
Et  jacit.    Ilia  volans  clypei  transverberat  aera 
MaBonis,  et  thoraca  simul  cum  pectore  rumpit. 
Huic  frater  subit  Alcanor,  fratremque  ruentem 

Sustentat  dextra  :  trajecto  missa  lacerto  339.  Protinus  altera 

Protinus  hasta  fugit,  servatque  cruenta  tenorem  ;      340  hasta     missa,    lacerto 
Dexteraque  ex  humero  nervis  moribunda  pependit.         Akanoris  trajecto,  fugit 
Turn  Numitor,  jaculo  fratris  de  corpore  rapto, 
^Eneam  petiit :  sed  non  et  figere  contra 
Est  licitum,  magnique  femur  perstrinxit  Achatas. 

Hie  Curibus,  fidens  primaevo  corpore,  Clausus    345 
Advenit,  et  rigida,  Dryopen  ferit  eminus  hast& 
Sub  mentum  graviter  pressa,  pariterque  loquenti 
Vocem  animamque  rapit,  trajecto  gutture  :  at  ille 
Fronte  ferit  terram,  et  crassum  vomit  ore  cruorem. 

Tres  quoque  Threicios,  Boreae  de  gente  suprema ;  350     350.  Per  varies  casus 
Et  tres,  quos  Idas  pater,  et  patria  Ismara  mittit,  sternit    tres   Threioios 

Per  varies  sternit  casus.     Occurrit  Halsesus,  1uoclue>  de  Boprema 

Auruncasque  manus  :  subit  et  Neptunia  proles, 

NOTES. 

330.  Partim  :  a  noun  partitive  :  some  of  makes  the  sense  easier,  and  does  no  violence 
them.     Resultant :  in  the  sense  ofresiliunt.  to  the  words. 

331.  Deflexit:  turns  aside,  so  that  they          After  .(Eneas  had  killed  Maeon,  observing 
just  touched  his  body.  his  brother  in  the  act  of  supporting  him, 

333.  Suggere  :  give  to  me  the  darts,  &c.  and  bearing  him  off,  immediately,  so  that 

339.  Hasta  protinus  missa.    It  is  generally  there  seemed  to  be  no  interval  between  the 

thought  by   commentators  that,   the  same  two  darts,  hurled  one  at  him  which  passed 

spear  which    killed  Maeon,    also  wounded  through  his  shoulder  ;  and,  bloody  from  the 

Alcanor  in  the  arm.     But  it  is  difficult  to  wound  it  had  inflicted,   continued   on   its 

conceive  that  a  javelin,  after  it  had  passed  course  for  some  distance.     This  is  the  opi- 

through  a  shield  of  brass  and  a  breast  plate,  nion  of  Heyne.     He  says,  hasta  alia  missa 

should  retain   so   much   force  as   to   pass  ab  JEnea. 

through   the  body  of  a   man,   and  in   its  343.  Contra :  in  the  sense  of  vicissim. 

course  wound  another  person  in  the  arm ;  345    Curibus :  from  Cures.     This  was  a 

and,  after  this,  that  it  should  continue  its  city  of  the  Sabines.     Of  this  city  was  Clau- 

way  some  distance.     Some  conjecture  they  sus,  who  commanded   the  Sabine   troops, 

were  different  weapons  :  and  for  this  there  See  JEn.  vii.  707. 

is  considerable  ground  of  probability.  Those  347.  P  retsa  graviter :  driven  with  violence 

who  think  there  was  only  one  spear,  rely  under  his  chin.     Pressa  agrees  with  hasta. 

much   upon  the  word  protinus,  which  they  Pariter :  in  the  sense  of  simul. 

say,  means,  strait-way — right  forward  ;  but  350.  Boreas,.    Boreas,  properly,  the  north 

it  also  means,  forth  with — immediately.    Be-  wind,  fabled  to  have  been  the  son  of  the 

side,  Alcanor  did  not  seize  his  brother  till  he  river  Strymon  in  Macedonia,  or  rather  of 

•was  in  the  act  of  falling,  and  the  dart,  con-  the  god  of  the  river  Strymon.     Suprema  : 

sequently,  done  its  execution,  and  passed  in  the  sense  of  alta  vel  sublimi.     Some  take 

from  the  body  on  its  way.     Granting  that  it  in  the  sense  of  extreme  remote :  mean- 

strait-way  is  the  proper  meaning  of  protinus  ing,  they  were  a  remote  or  distant  nation  of 

in  this  place,  may  it  not  refer  to  the  quick-  the  earth. 

ness  of  ^Eneas  in  repeating  his  throws,  as  351.  Ismara:  a  city  of  Thra«e,  not  far 

well  as  to  the  motion  of  the  dart  ?     After  from  mount  Ismarus,  according  to  Servius. 

all,  the  supposition  of  their  being  two  darts,  352.  Casus :  in  the  sense  of 


510  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

354.  Nuue  hi,  nunclnsignis  Messapus  equis.     Expellere  tendunt 
illitenduntexpellerea/uNunc  ^  nunc  M.      Certatur  limine  in  ipso  355 

Ausoniae.     Magno  discordes  aethere  venti 
Praelia  ceu  tollunt,  animis  et  viribus  sequis  : 

358.  Ipsi  venti  non  in-  Non  ipsi  inter  se,  non  nubila,  non  mare,  cedunt : 
ter  se,  non  nubila,  non  ^nceps  pUgna  djU}  stant  obnixa  omnia  contra. 
ire'ce  Haud  aliter  Trojanae  acies,  aciesque  Latins 

Concurrunt :  haeret  "pede  pes,  densusque  viro  vir. 

At  parte  ex  alia,  qua  saxa  rotantia  late 
Impulerat  torrens,  arbustaque  diruta  ripis, 
364.  Ut  primum  Pal-  Arcadas,  insuetos  acies  inferre  pedestres, 
!asviditArcada«,in«ue-ut  vidit  Pallas  Latio  dare  terga  sequaci : 
Aspera  queis  natura  loci  dimittere  quando 
Suasit  equos ;  unum  quod  rebus  restat  egenis  ; 

368  Ilk  accendit  vir-  Nunc  prece,  nunc  dictis  virtutem  aecendit  amaris  ; 
tutem     suorum,    nunc  Quo  fugitis  socii  ?  per  vos,  et  fortia  facta, 
prece,  nunc  amaris  die-  Per  ducis  Evandri  nomen,  devictaque  bella, 
tis ;  quod  unum  S^emque  meam,  patriae  quae  nunc  subit  aemula  laudis, 

369.  Oro,  per  vos,  etpidite  ne      dil)USt     perro  rumpenda  per  hostes 
iortia  iacta  _        .         r  .      ,   .        ...       .   A       r.        ,    *, 

Lst  via,  qua  globus  ille  virum  densissimus  urget : 

374.  Hac  parte  alta  Hac  vos,  et  Pallanta  ducem  patria  alta  reposcit. 
patria  reposcit.  Numina  nulla  premunt ;  mortal!  urgemur  ab  hoste   875 

gem^a^rrt°Ihah^Mortales;  totidera  nobie  animate  manusque. 
mnt  nobis  totidem  ani-  Ecce,  mans  magno  claudit  nos  objice  pontus  : 
raroque  manusque,  quot  Deest  jam  terra  fugae  :  pelagus,  Trojamne  petemus  7 
sunt  illis.  Haec  ait :  et  medius  densos  prorumpit  injhostes. 

Obvius  huic  primum,  fatis  adductus'iniquis, 
Fit  Lagus  :  hunc,  magno  vellit  dum  pondere  saxum, 

NOTES. 

354.  Messapus.     See  ^ln.  vii.  691.     He  only  thing  that  remained  to  be  done,  to  rally 

is  there  called  domitor  equum,  because  the  his  men,  and  bring  them  up  to  the  charge, 

horse  was  sacred  to  Neptune,  his  reputed  He  puts  them  in  mind  that  their  only  hope 

father.     Hence  he  is  called,  Jfeptunia  proles,  of  safety  is  in  victory.     He  mentions  their 

358.  Cedunt.     The  common  reading  is  valiant  achievements,  their  battles  won,  the 
(.edit  in  the  sing.    Heyne  reads  cedunt,  which  name  of  their  venerable  monarch,  &c.    Up- 
is  preferable.  on  this  occasion,  Pallas  manifested  the  in- 

359.  Obnixa.     Some  copies  have  obnixi.  trepid  commander.    . 

But  Pierius  informs  us  that  he  found  obnixa         355.  £a/io  .  tne  country,  put  by  meton~ 

in  all  the  ancient  manuscripts  which  he  exa-  for  the  inhabitants.     Sequaci :  valiant— or 

mined.     Jit  makes  the  sense  easier,  and  is  pur8Uing  them  in  flight. 

probably  the   correct  reading.     All  things  ,. 

stand  struggling  against  one  another-  ten-         366'    D™ttere  :   to  dismount-to  leave 

tiventis,  nubes  nubibus,  mare  mari.    Heyne  «»»r  howes.     Q«w :  to  whom,  to  wit,  the 

reads,  obnixa.    Valpy  has  obnixi.  Arcadians. 

363.  Arbusta :  in  the  sense  of  arbores.  367-  Suasit :  in  the  sense  of  coegit. 

364.  Inferre  pedestres  acies:  to  sustain  a         370.  Ducis:  in  the  sense  of  regis.    Devic- 
iight  on  foot :  simply,  to  fight  on  foot.  ta  bella  :  your  victorious  wars.    Ruaeus  says. 

A  part  of  the  field  of  battle  was  rough  relatas  victorias. 

and  uneven  ground,  occasioned  by  the  floods  371.  Subit:  in  the  sense  of  surgit.    Pa- 

of  the  Tiber,  or  some  torrent  from  the  hills,  trix  laudis:  my  father's  glory. 

Here  the  Arcadians  chanced  to  fall,  and  374.  Reposcit :  in  the  sense  of  vocal. 

being  cavalry,   they   could   not  use   their  377.  Maris :  in  the  sense  of  aqiue. 

horses,  and  were  obliged  to  dismount,  and  378.  Petemus.   The  meaning  is  :  we  must 

oppose  the  Latins  on  foot.     But  being  un-  either  cast  ourselves  into  the  sea,  and  there 

accustomed  to  this  mode  of  fight,  they  were  perish,  or  clit  our  way  through  the  enemy 

soon  thrown  into  confusion,  and  were  fleeing  to  the  Trojan  camp.     Nothing  else  remains 

before  the  enemy.     In  this  critical  state  of  for  us.     We  have  no  place  for  flight, 

affairs,  Pallas  hastened  along  the  ranks,  the  382.  Discriminacoslis  :  division— separa- 


j£i\EIS.     LIB.  X. 


511 


382.  Figit  huncintorto 
telo,  qua  spin*  dedit  dis- 


atantmi 


385.  Nam  Pallas  ex- 
cipit  eitm  ante  ruentem, 
incantum,  dum 

390  390.  Vos  etiam  gemini 
fratres,  Laride,  Thym- 
berque,  cecidistis  in  Ru- 
tulis  arvis, 


Intorto  figit  telo,  discrimina  costis 

Per  medium  qua,  spma  dedit :  hastamque  receptat 

Ossibus  haerentem.     Quem  non  super  occupat  Hisbon, 

Ille  quidem  hoc  sperans  :  nam  Pallas  ante  ruentem,  334.    Quem 

Bum  furit,  incautum,  crudeli  morte  sodalis,  386  super  Lagum 

Excipit,  atque  ensem  tumido  in  pulmone  recondit. 

Hinc  Sthehelum  petit,  et  Rhceti  de  gente  vetusta 

Anchemolum,  thalamos  ausum  incestare  novercae. 

Vos  etiam  gemini,  Rutulis  cecidistis  in  arvis, 

Daucia,  Laride  Thymberque,  simillima  proles, 

Indiscreta  suis,  gratusque  parentibus  error  : 

At  nuric  dura  dedit  vobis  discrimina  Pallas. 

Nam  tibi,  Thymbre,  caput  Evandrius  abstulit  ensis  : 

Te  decisa  suum,  Laride,  dextera  quaerit ;  395 

Semianimesque  micant  digiti,  ferrumque  retractant. 

Arcadas  accensos  monitu,  et  praeclara  tuentes 
Facta  viri,  mixtus  dolor  et  pudor  armat  in  hostes. 
Turn  Pallas  bijugis  fugientem  Rhcetea  praeter 
Trajicit.     Hoc  spatium,  tantumque  morae  fuitllo. 
Ilo  namque  procul  vaiidam  direxerat  hastam : 
Quam  medius  Rhoeteus  intercipit,  optime  Teuthra, 
Te  fugiens,  fratremque  Tyren  :  curruque  volutus 
Caedit  semianimis  Rutulorum  calcibus  arva. 
Ac  velut  optato,  ventis  aestate  coortis, 
Dispersa  immittit  sylvis  incendia  pastor : 
Correptis  subito  mediis,  extenditur  una 
Horrida  per  latos  acies  Vulcania  campos  : 
Ille  sedens  victor  flammas  despectat  ovantes. 
Non  aliter  socium  virtus  coit  omnis  in  unum, 
Teque  juvat,  Palla.     Sed  bellis  acer  Halaesus 
Tendit  in  adversos,  seque  in  sua  colligit  arma. 


399.  Fugientem  pra- 
ter  eum  bijugis 

400.  Hoc  fuit  spatium 
vitce   tantumque    more© 
ad  mortem  Ilo 


405 


407.  Mediis  sylvis  su- 
bito 


410 


4 12.  In  fostes  adversos 


NOTES. 


tion — parting  to  the  ribs.  Ruams  says,  di- 
r  or  Hum  costarum. 

383.  Receptat :  in  the  sense  of  relrahit. 

384.  Occupat :  in  the  sense  of  intercipit 
389.  Anchemolum.      He  was  the  son  of 

Rhoetus,  king  of  the  Marrubii,  a  people  of 
Italy.  He  had  an  amour  with  his  step-mo- 
ther Casperia.  To  escape  the  vengeance  of 
his  father,  lie  fled  to  Turn  us. 

391.  Daucia  proles  simi'.lima  :  these  sons 
of  Daucus,  Laridus  and  Thymber,  resem- 
bled each  other  so  exactly — were  so  much 
alike,  that  they  could  not  be  distinguished 
from  each  other  even  by  their  parents. 
Gratus  error  :  a  pleasing  error,  or  delusion. 

393.  Dura  discrimina  :  cruel — fatal  dis- 
tinction.     He  singled  those   two    brothers 
from  among  the  rest  of  the  enemy,  as  the 
particular  objects  of  his  vengean 

394.  Evandrius  ensis :  the  sword  of  Pal- 
las, the  son  of  Kvander.     lie  cut  off  the 
head   of  Thymbcr,  and  the  right  hand  of 
Laridus.     This  explains  the  following  line  : 
dextera  decisa  :  thy  right  hand  cut  off,  seeks 
thee  its 


396.  Micant :  in  the  sense  of  movent. 

400.  Hocspa'ium<&.c.  The  circumstance 
of  Rhoeteus'  intercepting  the  dart  aimed  at 
Ilus,  which  would  have  killed  him,  gave  him 
a  short  space  or  time  of  life,  and  was  so 
much  respite  from  death. 

404.  Ccedit:  in  thesense  of^w&ctf,vel/en/. 

405.  Optato  :  to  his  wish. 

406.  Dispersa:  scattered  abroad. 

.  408.  Horrida  Vulcania  acies :  the  horrid 
squadrons  of  fire,  &c.  Thh  conveys  a  lively 
idea  of  a  devouring  fire  raging  without  con- 
trol, and  increasing  its  forces  in  its  pro- 
gress, like  an  army  pouring  troops  after 
troops.  Servius  censures  the  poet  in  apply- 
ing acies,  troops,  or  marshalled  squadrons,  to 
fire.  The  expression,  to  be  sure,  is  bold,  but 
not  incongruous.  .The  word  in  poetry  is 
applied  to  fire,  spreading  and  raging,  and 
destroying  every  thing  in  its  way,  like  a 
desolating  army.  J^uicania  :  an  adj.  from 
I'ulcanus,  the  god  of  fire ;  by  melon,  fire 
itself. 

409.  Ovantes:  exulting — victorious. 

411.  Acer:  valiant— intrepid  in  war. 
llv>.  CM  I  i  ait  se:  he  stoops,  and  contra rt«« 


512  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Hie  mactat  Ladona,  Pheretaque,  Demodocumque  ; 
Strymonio  dextram  fulgenti  diripit  ense, 
Elatam  in  jugulum  :  saxo  ferit  ora  Thoantis, 
Ossaque  dispergit  cerebro  permixta  cruento. 
Fata  canens  sylvis  genitor  celarat  Halaesum  : 
Ut  senior  leto  canentia  lumina  solvit, 
Injecere  manum  Parcae,  telisque  sacrarunt 
Evandri :  quern  sic  Pallas  petit,  ante  precatus  :        420 
Da  nunc,  Tybri  pater,  ferro,  quod  missile  libro, 
Fortunam  atque  viam  duri  per  pectus  Halaesi : 
HSRC  arraa  exuviasque  viri  tua  quercus  habebit. 
Audiit  ilia  Deus  :  dum  texit  Imaona  Halsesus, 

426.  At  La«su«,  in-  Arcadio  infelix  telo  dat  pectus  inermum.  425 

gens  par*  belli,  nonsinit      ^t  non,  csede  viri  tanta  perterrita,  Lausus, 
agmma  peri  t    pars  ingens  belli)  sinh  agmina.     Primus  Abantem 

Oppositum  interimit,  pugnae  nodumque  moramque. 
Sternitur  Arcadiae  proles,  sternuntur  Etrusci : 

430.  Et  vos,  O  Teu-  Et  vos,  6  Graiis  imperdita  corpora,  Teucri.  430 

cri,guorwtn  corpora  eranf  Agmina  concurrunt,  ducibusque  et  viribus  aequis  : 
imperdita  Grans,  cadi-  Extremi  addensent  acies  ;  nee  turba  moveri 
"434  Hinc  LauBus  tn- ^e^a  manusclue  sinit.      Hinc  Pallas  instat  et  urget ; 
slat  et  urget  contra         Hinc  contra  Lausus  :  nee  multum  discrepat  setas ; 

435.  Ambo  erant  egre-  Egregii  forma  ;  sed  queis  fortuna  negarat  435 

gii  forma.  In  patriam  reditus.     Ipsos  concurrere  passus 

Haud  tamen  inter  se  magni  regnator  Olympi : 
Mox  illos  sua  fata  manent  majore  sub  hoste. 
Interea  soror  alma  monet  succurrere  Lauso 

NOTES. 

himself  behind  the  covert  of  his  armor,  par-         428.  Nodum  moramque :  the  strength,  and 

ticularly  his  shield.  support  of  the  fight.    The  words  imply  that 

413.  Mactat :  in  the  sense  of  inlerficit.  he,  (Abas,)  made  a  firm  stand  against  the 

414.  Strymonio  :  the  dat.  in  the  sense  of  enemy — that  he  was  the  life  and  soul  of  the 
the  gen.   He  cut  off  the  right  hand  of  Stry-  fight,  and  a  principal  obstacle  to  victory, 
monius,  raised   against  his  throat — raised  RUJEUS  interprets  nodwm,  by  difficultatcm. 
for  the  purpose  of  cutting  the  head  from         430.  Imperdita :  not  slain — destroyed.  Re- 
Jlalaesus.    Diripit:  in  the  sense  of  abscindit.  ference  is  here  made  to  the  Trojan  war, 

416.  Dispergit :  in  the  sense  of  diffindit.  which  proved  fatal  to  so  many  Trojans. 

417.  Canens :  in  the  sense  of  prcedicens,  432.  Extremi.  &c.   The  meaning  appears 
agreeing  with  genitor.    Fata :  in  the  sense  to  be  this :  that  the  rear  ranks  pressed  upon 
of  mortem  ejus.  the  front,  who  were  already  engaged,  that 

418.  Ut  solvit:  as  soon  as  the  old  man  they  also  might  come  into  action.     By  this 
closed  (loosed)  his  eyes  in  death,  the  fates,  means,  the  men  became  so  close  that  they 
&c.     Ruaeus  interprets  canentia  by  senilia.  could  not  move  their  hands,  or  wield  their 
Heyne  considers  the  words  lumina  canentia,  weapons.     Turba :  the  crowd. 

as  referring  to  the  gray  hairs,  eye  brows,  433.  Pallas — Lausus.     One  would  natu- 

and  beard  of  the  old  man — to  his  appear-  rally  suppose,  that  the   poet  would   have 

ance  in  general,  without  a  particular  refer-  made  these  two  young  princes,  so  equally 

ence  to  the  color  of  his  eyes.  matched  in  every  respect,  try  the  fortune  of 

421.  Libro :  in  the  sense  of  mitto.  the  fight.     But  he  well  knew  that  it  would 

422.  Duri :  hardy — valiant.  be  more  to  their  glory,  to  fall  by  the  hand 

425.  Inermum :   naked — unprotected  by  of  a  superior  foe,  than  to  kill  each  other, 
his  armor.     Dat :  in  the  sense  of  offert.    '  He  makes  a  fine  use  of  their  deaths  after- 

426.  Tanta  cade  viri.     Most  commenta-  ward.  The  former  was  slain  by  Turnus,  the 
tors  take  this  for  cade  tanti  viri,  by  hypal-  latter  by  ./Eneas. 

lage :  at  the  slaughter  or  death  of  so  great  438.  Fata  :  in  the  sense  of  mors. 

a  man  ;  to  wit,  Halaesus.     But  it  is  easier,  439.  Soror  alma :  the  nymph  Juturna,  the 

and  more  natural  to  understand  it  of  the  sister  of  Turnus.     She  was  made  a  nymph 

great  slaughter,  and  havoc  made  by  Pallas,  by  Jove,  who  had  an  amour  with  her.  as  n 


iNElH,     LIB.  X.    ' 


441.  Inquit :  est  fern- 
pus 

443.  Cuperem  ut  ejus 
parens 


Turnum,  qui  voiucri  curru  medium  secat  agmen.     440 
Ut  vidit  socios  :  Tempus  desistere  pugnse  ; 
Solus  ego  in  Pallanta  feror  ;  soli  mihi  Pallas 
Debetur  :  cuperem.  ipse  parens  spectator  adesset. 
Haec  ait :  et  socii  cesserunt  aequore  jusso. 
At  Rutulum  abscessu,  juvenis  turn  jussa  superba 
Miratus,  stupet  in  Turno  ;  corpusque  per  ingens 
Lumina  volvit,  obitque  truci  procul  omnia  visu  ; 
Talibus  et  dictis  it  contra  dicta  tyranni : 
Aut  spoliis  ego  jam  raptis  laudabor  opimis, 
Aut  leto  insigni  :  sorti  pater  aequus  utrique  est : 
Tolle  minas.     Fatus  medium  procedit  in  aequor. 
Frigidus  Arcadibus  coit  in  praecordia  sanguis. 
Desiluit  Turnus  bijugis,  pedes  apparat  ire 
Cominus.     Utque  leo,  specula  cum  vidit  ab  alta 
Stare  procul  campis  meditantem  praelia  taurum, 
Advolat ;  baud  alia  est  Turni  venientis  imago. 

Hunc  ubi  contiguum  missaB  fore  credidit  hastae, 
Ire  prior  Pallas,    si  qua  fors  adjuvet  ausum, 
Viribus  imparibus  ;  magnumque  ita  ad  aethera  fatur :      tans  si   u^ 
Per  patris  hospitium,  et  mensas,  quas  advena  adisti,  460.  O  Alcide,  precor 

Te  precor,  Alcide,  cceptis  ingentibus  adsis  :  461  te,  per 

Cernat  semineci  sibi  me  rapere  arma  cruenta,  462-    Turnus  cemat 

Victoremque  ferant  morientia  lumina  Turni.    <^t*^HK 
Audiit  Alcides  juvenem,  magnumque  sub  imo 
Corde  premit  gemitum.  lachrymasque  effudit  inanes. 
Turn  genitor  natum  dictis  affatur  amicis :  46G 

Stat  sua  cuique  dies  ;  breve  et  irreparabile  tempus 
Omnibus  est  vitas  :  sed  famam  extendere  factis, 
Hoc  virtutis  opus.     Trojae  sub  mcenibus  altis 
Tot  nati  cecidere  Deum  :  quin  occidit  una  470 

Sarpedon,  mea  progenies.     Etiam  sua  Turnum 
Fata  vocant,  metasque  dati  pervenit  ad  aevi. 


445 


450 


454.  Utque  leo  advo- 
455  lat,  cum  ab  alta  specula 
vidit  taurum  stare 


NOTES. 


compensation  for  her  violated  chastity.  See 
JEn.  xii.  138.,  et  sequens. 

440.  Secat :  in  the  sense  of  dividit. 

444.  Cesserunt  cequore  jusso :  retired  from 
the  commanded  plain — from  that  part  of 
the  field  of  battle,  where  Pallas  was,  to  make 
room  for  Turnus  to  advance  against  him. 

447.  Obit :  surveys.    Omnia  may  refer  to 
his  armor  more  particularly,  than  to  his  per- 
son.  That  had  been  mentioned  just  before. 
Truci  visu  :  with  a  stern  or  steady  look. 

448.  It :  in  the  sense  of  dicit,  vel  responded 

449.  Spoliis  opimis.  For  the  spoha  opima, 
see  JEn.  vi.  855 — 859. 

450.  Pater  a>quus.     Dryden  takes  pater 
here  for  Jupiter,  who,  it  is  true,  may  be  con- 
sidered the  father  of  all,  just  and  impartial. 
But  it  is  better  to  take  it  for  Evander,  the 
father  of  Pallas.     It  was  the  same  thing  to 
him  whether  his  son  were  slain,  or  returned 
victorious.     He  was  equally  prepared   for 
either  event-    Evuus :  in  the  sense  of  pa- 
rafos. 


452.  Coit :  congeals.  It  retired  from  the 
extremities  to  the  heart;  there  thickened, 
and  ceased  to  circulate.  Such  was  the  fear 
of  the  Arcadians  for  the  issue  of  the  combat. 
Apparat :  in  the  sense  of  parat. 

457.  Contiguum :  within  reach  of  his  mis- 
sive spear. 

460.  Hospitium     Hercules,  on  his  return 
from  Spain,  was  entertained  by  Evander, 
and  after  the  death  of  Cacus  was  magnifi- 
cently worshipped.      See  ^En.  viii.  184.  €t 
sequens. 

461.  ddsis:  may  you  favor — aid. 

462.  Rapere :  in  the  sense  of  auferre. 

463.  Ferant :  may  the  dying  eyes  of  Tur- 
nus endure  to  behold  me  victorious. 

466.  JVo/um :  Hercules.  He  was  the  son  of 
Jupiter  by  Alcmena,  the  wife  of  Amphitryon, 
Hence,  sometimes  called  Amphitryoniades. 

467.  Stat :  is  fixed. 

472.  Ad  metas  dati  <xi'i :  to  the  end  of  hi;: 
appointed  life. 


514  P.  VIRGILH  MARONIiS 

Sic  ait,  atque  oculos  Rutulorum  rejicit 

At  Pallas  magnis  emittit  viribus  hastam, 
Vaginaque  cava  fulgentem  deripit  ensem.  475 

476.  Ilia  hasta  volansJUa  volans,  humeris  surgunt  qua  tegmina  summa, 
fit,  qua  summa        incidit,  atque  viam  clypei  molita  per  oras, 

Tandem  etiam  magno  strinxit  de  corpore  Turni. 
Hie  Turnus  ferro  praefixum  robur  acuto 
In  Pallanta  diu  librans  jacit,  atque  ita  fatur :  480 

Aspice,  num  mage  sit  nostrum  penetrabile  telum. 
482.    Ac  cuspis  leli      Dixerat :  at  clypeum,  tot  ferri  terga,  tot  aeris, 
cl^eum^^ranti^ctu1  ^"m  Pe^s  toties  obeat  circumdata  tauri, 
fotPterga  ferri*  tot  Sis'  Vibranti  cuspis  medium  transverberat  ictu, 
cum  pellis  tauri  circum-  Loricffique  moras,  et  pectus  perforat  ingens.  485 

data  toties  obeat  eran,  Hie  rapit  calidum  frustra  de  vulnere  telum : 
perforatque  moras         jjna  eademque  via  sanmiisque  animusque  sequuntur. 

486.  llle  Pallas  frus-  ^ 
jr£  Corruit  in  vulnus  ;  sonitum  super  anna  dedere  ; 

488.  Arma  dedfire  so-  Et  terram  hostilem  moriens  petit  ore  cruento. 
nitum  super  eum.  Quern  Turnus  super  assistens  :  490 

Arcades,  haec,  inquit,  memores  mea  dicta  re  forte 

492.  Remitto  Jilium  Evandro  :  qualem  meruit,  Pallanta  remitto. 

4% Et  *  fatus  talia  ^u'S(j|u's  honos  tumuli,  quicquid  solamen  humandi  est, 
pressit  eum  exanimem    Largior.     Haud  illi  stabunt  jEneia  parvo 

497.  Nefasque  impres- Hospitia.     Et  laevo  pressit  pede,  talia  fatus,  495 

sum  in  eo,  nempe,  ma-  Exanimem,  rapiens  immania  poridera  baltei, 

fSUVenUmCffiSa/MCn/ImPressum(luenefas;  «na  sub  riocte  jugali 
°50L  O  mens  hominum  C»sa  nianus  juvenum  fcede,  thalamique  cruenti ; 
nescia  Quae  bonus  Eurytion  multo  caelaverat  auro  : 

503.  Cum  optaverit  Quo  nunc  Turnus  ovat  spolio,  gaudetque  potitus.     500 
fe  emptum  use  magno      Nescia  mens  hominum  fati,  sortisque  future, 

P^e  °  ra  Et  servare  modum,  rebus  sublata  secundis  ! 

504.  Diemque,   quo  Turno  tempus  erit,  magno  cum  optaverit  emptum 
wtafecit  eum.  Intactum  Pallanta ;  et  cum  spolia  ista  diemque 

NOTES. 

473.  Rejicit  oculos :  he  turned  his  eyes  circumdata :  simply,  for  circumdalur.  Or,  ciV- 

from,  &c.  that  he  might  not  behold  a  death,  cumdata  may  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  com- 

which  he  would  have  prevented,  but  was  plicata :  folded  up — doubled, 

not  able.     Rueeus  interprets  the  words  by  485.  Moras :  any  thing  that  prevents— a 

retulit  oculos  ad  campos.    Hey ne  says,  jacit  stop  or  hindrance.     It  is  here  used  for  the 

retro— avertit.  folds  and  texture  of  the  coat  of  mail. 

477.  Molita  viam :  opening,  or  making  a  490.  Assistens :  in  the  sense  of  stans. 
way  for  itself,  £c.     A  part,  agreeing  with  493.  Humandi :   a  gerund  in  di,  in  the 
hasta,  understood.  sense  of  humationis  vel  sepulchri. 

478.  Strinxil :  it  glanced  from,  &c.     It  494.  Largior :  I  freely  bestow,  or  grant 
hit  his  body,  but  did  not  wound  him.  it.     Ruseus  says,  concede. 

479.  Robur :  a  dart,  or  javelin.  Mage,  for  497.  Sub  una  jugali  node,  £c.    The  story 
magh.  Of  tne  daughters  of  Danaus,  who  murdered 

481.  Penetrabile  :    penetrating.     Adjec-     their  husbands  in  the  night  of  their  marri- 
tives  of  this  form  are  generally  passive  in     age,  is  here  meant.     See  nonu  prop,  under 
their  signification.     There  are  some  few  in-     Danaides. 

stances  of  their  being  used  in  an  active  499.  Eurytion.     The  name  of  some  arti- 

sense.     This  is  one  of  them.  ficer.     The  belt  of  Pallas  was  covered  or 

482.  Terga :  in  the  sense  of  lamina :  so  overlaid  with  gold ;    in  which  this  horrid 
many  plates  of  iron,  so  many,  &c.     The  crime  was  carved   or  engraven.     Bonus : 
spear  of  Turnus  passed  through  (transver-  skilful.     Nefas :  any  great  or  horrid  crime : 
leraf)  the  middle  of  his  shield,  which  was  also,  a  wicked  or  odious  person, 
composed  of  so  many  plates,  &c.  502.  Modum  :  moderation-bounds. 

RSi  Lifm:in  the  sense  of  quantvis.  Obeat        503.  Erit:  in  the  sense  of  venitf 


IS.     LIB.  X, 


Odent.     At  socn  multo  gemitu  lachrymisquo  505 

Impositum  scuto  referunt  Pallanta  frequentes. 
O,  dolor,  atque  decus  magnum,  rediture,  parent! ! 
Haec  te  prima  dies  bello  dedit,  hecc  eadem  aufert  : 
Cum  tarnen  ingentes  Rutulorum  linquis  acervos. 

Nee  jam  fama  mali  tanti,  sed  certior  auctor         510 
Advolat  jEneae,  tenui  discrimine  leti 
Esse  suos  ;  tempus  versis  succurrere  Teucris. 
Proxima  quseque  metit  gladio,  latumque  per  agmen 
Ardens  limitem  agit  ferro,  te,  Turne,  superbum 
Caede  nova,  quserens.     Pallas,  Evander,  in  ipsis 
Omnia  simt  oculis ;  mensa3,  quas  advena  primas 
Tune  adiit,  dextraeque  datee.     Sulmorie  creates 
Quatuor  hie  juvenes,  totidem,  quos  educat  Ufens, 
Viventes  rapit :  inferias  quos  immolet  umbris, 
Captivoque  rogi  perfundat  sanguine  flammas. 

fnde  Mago  procul  infensam  contenderat  hastam 
Ille  astu  subit,  ac  tremebunda  supervolat  hasta  : 
Et  genua  amplectens  effatur  talia  supplex  : 
Per  patrios  Manes,  et  spes  surgentis  liili, 
Te  precor,  hanc  animara  serves  natoque  patrique. 
Est  domus  alta :  jacent  penitus  defossa  talenta 
Ca3lati  argenti :  sunt  auri  pondera  facti 
Infectique  mihi :  non  hie  victoria  Teucrum 
Vertitur  :  haud  anima  una  dabit  discrimina  tanta. 
Dixerat :  TEneas  contra  cui  talia  reddit :  530 

Argenti  atque  auri,  memoras  quae,  multa  talenta, 
Natis  parce  tuis  :  belli  commercia  Turnus 
Sustulit  ista  prior,  jam  turn  Pallante  perempto. 


507. 0  Patta,  rediturc 
dolor,  atque  magnnm 
decus  parent! ! 


515 

516.  Imprimis  menre, 
quas  primas  Hit  tune 
advena  adiit, 

518.  Hie  rapit  qua- 
tuor  juvenes,  creates 
520  Sulmone;  totidem,  quos 
:  Ufcns  educat,  omnes  vi- 
ventes  :  quos  immolet 
tanquam  inferias  umbris 
Pallantis 

525     5»>5.  Ut  serves  hanc 
an  imam 


532.  Parce  tuid  natis 
multa  talenta  argenti 


NOTES. 


506.  Referunt :  his  friends  gathering  in 
crowds,  (frequentes)  carry  his  body  from  the 
field  of  battle. 

507.  O  do/or,  £c.     This  is  an  exclamation 
either  of  the  poet,  or  of  his  companions, 
bearing  away  the  dead  body,  with  a  view 
to  the  grief  of  Evander  when  he  should 
hear  of  the  death  of  his  son.     But  his  grief 
would  be  in  some  measure  lightened  by  the 
consideration  of  his  distinguished  actions. 

510.  Auctor:   in  the   sense  of  nuntius. 
Certior :  in  the  sense  of  certus.    Fama :  a 
report  or  rumor. 

511.  Tenui  discrimine  :  in   a  small  dis- 
tance— in  great  hazard  of.    Modico  inlersti- 
tio  mortis,  says  Servius.     Parian  distare  ab 
cxitio,  says  Ruoeus. 

512.  Suos  :  socios  is  understood.   Tempus:' 
csse  is  understood. 

514.  Agit :  in  the  sense  offacil :  he  cuts 
down — forces  with  his  sword,  &c. 

519.  Umbris:  the  plu.  for  umbra  in  the 
sing,  as  in  JEn.  v.  81,  which  see.  Inferias  : 
offerings  to  the  dead.  These  were  poured 
upon,  or*  into  the  grave.  They  were  milk, 
honey,  wine,  &c.  Upon  these,  it  was  sup- 
posed, the  umbra  feasted. 

^20,  Perfwqiaf :  mi«rht  wet,  or  sprinkle, 


521.  Contender  at:  in  the  sense  of  mittebaf. 

522.  Subit :  he  stoops.     Astu :  with  dex- 
terity. 

524.  Per  patrios  manes,  &c.  This  address 
of  Magus  is  imitated  from  Homer,  Diad  vi. 
where  Adrastus  supplicates  Agamemnon. 
But  the  Roman  poet  has  imich  improved 
upon  the  Greek.  Mr.  Popn  observes,  that 
nothing  could  be  a  more  artful  piece  of  ad- 
dress than  the  first  lines  of  this  supplication, 
when  we  consider  the  character  of  jEneaff, 
to  whom  it  was  made :  per  patrios  Manes^  &c. 

526.  Defossa  penitus :  buried  deep  in  the 
earth. 

527.  Pondera :   masses :  plu.  of  pondus. 
Auri  facti.     By  this  we  are  to  understand, 
gold  wrought  into  vases,  statues,  &c.   Auri 
infecti :  of  bullion — gold  unwrought.     Cte- 
lati :  of  embossed  silver — silver  carved  or 
wrought  into  vases. 

529.  Tanta  discrimina:  so  great  differ- 
ence. The  victory  of  tbe  Trojans  does  not 
turn  upon  this  point  (hie.')  My  life  can 
make  no  great  difference ;  beside,  you  shall 
be  abundantly  rewarded  for  your  clemency 
in  doing  it. 

532.  Ista  commercia :  those  terms  or  con* 
ditions, 


516  P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 

534.  Manes    patris  Hoc  patris  Anchisse  Manes,  hoc  scntit  lulus. 
Anchisffi  sentiunt  gjc  fatugj  galeam  Iseva  tenet ;  atque,  reflexa  535 

536.   Abdidit    ensem  Cervice,  orantis  capulo  tenus  abdidit  ensem. 
tenus  capulo  in  corpus     Nee  procul  JSmomdes,  Phoebi  Triviaeque  sacerdos, 
ejus  orantis.    Nee  erat^f^^  cui  sacr}l  redimibat  tempora  vitta, 

lomdes  procul,         Totug  Col,uceil8  veste  atque  msignibus  armis.  539 

Quern  congressus  agit  campo,  lapsumque  superstans 
Immolat,  ingentique  umbr£  tegit :  arma  Serestus 
Lecta  refert  humeris,  tibi,  rex  Gradive,  trophaeum. 
Instaurant  acies,  Vulcani  stirpe  creatus 

541.  Ingentique  um-  Caeculus,  et  veniens  Marsorum  montibus  Umbro. 
bra  mortis.  Dardanides  contra  furit.     Anxuris  ense  sinistram,   545 

545.  Umbro  dejecerat  Et  totum  d        j  fem)  dejecerat  Orbem. 

TSZ  '"^'Dixerat  ille  aliquid  magnum,  vimque  affore  verbo 

Crediderat,  cceloque  animum  fortasse  ferebat, 
Canitiemque  sibi,  et  longos  promiserat  annos. 

Tarquitus  exsultans  contra  fulgentibus  armis,       550 
Sylvicolae  Fauno  Dryope  quern  Nympha  crearat, 
552.  JEneat  ardenti.  Obvius  ardenti  sese  obtulit  :  ille  reducta 
Ille,  hasta  reducta,  im-  Loricam  clypeique  ingens  onus  impedit  hasta  : 
pedit  ejus  loncam          Turn  caput  orantis  nequicquam,  et  multa  parantis 

Dicere,  deturbat  terrae  :  truncumque  tepentem         555 
556.  Super  eum  fatur  Provolvens,  super  haec  inimico  pectore  fatur  : 
haec  Istic  nunc,  metuende,  jace.     Non-  te  optima  mater 

7^*M/t>metu*Condet  humi,  patriove  onerabit  membra  sepulchro  : 
Alitibus  linquure  feris,  aut  gurgite  mersum 
Unda  feret,  piscesque  impasti  vulnera  lambent.        560 

Protinus  Antaeum  et  Lycam,  prima  agmina  Turni, 
Persequitur  fortemque  Numam,  fulvumque  Camertem, 
Magnanimo  Volscente  satum  ;  ditissimus  agri 

NOTES. 

538.  Infula.    This  was  a  sort  of  diadem     to  the  JEneid.     Totum  orbem  clypei :  simply, 
worn  by  priests  and  illustrious  persons.  The     the  whole  shield. 


vitta  was  a  kind  of  label  or  fillet,  that  hung  547<  Vim  .  force— efficacy,  ^liquid  mag- 
down  from  the  infula,  on  each  side.  Cui  :  num,  He  had  repeated  some  spell  or  in- 
in  the  sense  of  cujus.  cantation,  which  he  hoped  would  prove  effi- 

540.  Congrtssus:  engaging,  or  meeting:  cacious  against  the   darts  of  JEneas,  and 
a  part,  agreeing  with  ^neas.  therefore  he  made  head  against  him.     Da- 

541.  Ingenti  umbra :  with  the  shades  of  vidson  says,  "  some  mighty  spell  he   had 
death— an  everlasting  shade.     Ruaeussays,  pronounced."      RUJBUS   observes:    magicis 
magnia  Unebris.     Davidson  says,  "  with  the  q^usdam  consecrationibus  et  carminibus  ad- 
deep  shades  of  death."     Heyne  thinks  it  re-  vers;is  vuinera  se  munieral.     Germanus,  and 
fers  to  the  shield  and  body  of  ^Cneas ;  which  gome  others  think  ma^Cum  should  be  read 
is  a  very  singular  interpretation.     Super-  in  the  place  Of  magnum. 

ttansingenti  umbra  ffl  says  he.     Tegit :  ^     Sdmcolv:   the  dat.  agreeing  with 

m  the  sense  of  oppnmrt.  an  inhabitant  of  thc6woods.     Of 

totfat^^efoZra^--  '  **  "f  ^     ^ "  »  ^  m  « 

Gradivus,  »  name  of  Mars.  pepererat. 

543.  Acies :  in  the  sense  of  pugnam.  553-  Hasta  reducta  :  his  spear  being  drawr 

545.  Dardanides  :  jEneas.  back,  that  he  might  throw  it  from  him  with 

546.  Dejecerat :  Umbro  had  cut  off  the  greater  force.     Impedit :  he  encumbers,  or 
left  arm  of  Anxur  just  as  ^neas  came  up.  renders  useless  to  him,  his  corslet,  &c.  I 
He  had  thrown  down  his  left  arm,  and  with  cause  his  sPear  remained  fast  in  them. 

it  his  shield  fell  to  the  ground.     This,  and  561.  Prima  agmina :  the  chief  or  princi- 

some  other  embarrassed  sentences,  occur,  pal  leaders.     They  were  so  valiant,  they 

particularly  in  this  book,  which  plainly  show  were  a  host  themselves.     Heyne  says,  qui 

that  Virgil  had  not  put  the  finishing  hand  pvgnant  ante  ordines  vel  qui  in  prima  acie. 


.    LIB.  X, 


51; 


t'uit  Ausomdum  ;  et  tacitis  regnavit  Amyclis. 

qualis,  centum  cui  brachia  dicunt,  565 

Centeriasque  manus,  quinquaginta  oribus  ignem 
Pectoribusque  arsisse  ;  Jovis  cum  fulmina  contra 
Tot  paribus  streperet  clypeis,  tot  stringeret  enses. 
Sic  toto  ^neas  desaevit  in  aequore  victor, 
Ut  semel  intepuit  mucro.     Quin  ecce  Nyphaei          570 
Quadrijuges  in  equos,  adversaque  pectora  tendit : 
Atque  illi  longe  gradientem  et  dira  frementem 
Ut  videre,  metu  versi,  retroque  ruentes, 
EfFunduntque  ducem,  rapiuntque  ad  litora  currus. 

Interea  bijugis  infert  se  Lucagus  albis  575 

In  medios,  iraterque  Liger :  sed  frater  habenis 
Flectit  equos  ;  strictum  rotat  acer  Lucagus  ensem. 
Haud  tulit  ^Erieas  tanto  fervore  furentes  ; 
Irruit,  adversaque  ingens  apparuit  hasta. 
Cui  Liger :  580 

Non  Diomedis  equos,  non  currum  cernis  Achillis, 
Aut  Phrygian  campos :  nunc  belli  finis  et  aevi 
His  dabitur  terris.     Vesano  talia  late 
Dicta  volant  Ligeri :  sed  non  et  Troius  heros 
Dicta  parat  contra  ;  jaculum  nam  torquet  in  hostem. 
Lucagus  ut  pronus  pendens  in  verbera  telo  58t» 

Admonuit  bijugos,  projecto  dum  pede  Ia3vo 
Aptat  se  pugnae,  subit  oras  hasta  per  imas 
Fulgentis  clypei,  turn  laevum  perforat  inguen. 


565.  Talis  qualis  erat 
^Egseon,  cui  homines  di- 
cunt Juisse  centum 


570.  Mucro  gladii  in- 
tepuit sanguine 

572.  Uli  equi,  ut  pri- 
mum  videre  cum  long£ 


578.  Eos  furentes  tanto 


NOTES. 


564.  Ausonidum :  gen.  plu.  for  Ausoni- 
rfarwm,  by  syn.     The  Ausones  were  among 
the  early  inhabitants  of  Italy.    Tacitis  Amy- 
clis.    Amyclce  was  a  city  of  Latium,  near 
Terracina,  which  is  said  to  have  perished 
through  silence.     The  city  having  been  fre- 
quently  thrown   into    confusion   by    false 
alarms,  at  length  a  law  was  made  that  none 
of  its  inhabitants  should  mention  the  ap- 
proach  of  an  enemy.     So  that,  when  an 
enemy  actually  advanced  against  the  city, 
it  was  suddenly  destroyed  for  want  of  time- 
ly intelligence.      Servius  assigns   another 
reason  for  the    singular  epithet  of  tacita. 
He  observes,  they  held  the  doctrines  of  Py- 
thagoras, which  forbade  them  to  offer  any 
violence  to  serpents,  and  enjoined,  at  the 
same  time,  a  silence  of  five  years.     At  a 
time,  a  host  of  serpents  issued  from  a  lake 
near  the  city  ;  the  inhabitants  refusing  to 
attack  them,  fell  a  prey  to  them. 

565.  JEgteon:  the  son  of  Coelus  and  Ter- 
ra.    The  same  as  Briareus. 

568.  Tot  paribus  clypeis.  It  is  generally 
thought  these  words  imply,  that  the  num- 
ber of  his  shields  was  equal  to  his  arms  or 
hands.  But  it  is  diificult  to  conceive  how 
that  could  be.  The  warrior  carried  a  shield 
only  on  his  left  arm ;  and  with  his  right  hand 
he  wielded  the  sword,  the  javelin,  &c.  His 
shields  and  swords  (enses,~)  doubtless,  equal- 
led together  the  number  of  his  hands,  But 


paribus  may  mean  that  they  were  all  of 
equal  size  and  shape.  Streperet :  in  the  sense 
of  sanabat. 

570.  Ut  semel :  when  once  his  sword,  &c. 
Mucro :  properly,  the  point  of  the  sword,  by 
synec.  the  whole  sword. 

571.  Adversa  pectora.    By  these  words,  we 
are  to  understand  the  breasts  of  the  steeds, 
rather  than  the  breast  of  the  charioteer  JVi- 
phceus.    It  gives  us  a   higher  idea  of  the 
courage   of  ,/Eneas,   who   dared   to  stand 
against,  and  oppose   the  course   of  these 
horses. 

572.  Dira :  an  adj.  of  the  neu.  plu.  used 
as  an  adv.  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks. 

574.  Effundunt :  they  throw  out  the  dri- 
ver. 

575.  Bijugis :  bijugi  is,  properly,  a  pair  of 
horses  harnessed :  by  meton.  the  carriage 
in  which  they  are  harnessed.     Of  bis  and 

jugum.  Lucagus  was  drawn  in  a  chariot 
by  a  pair  of  white  horses. 

578.  Fervore  :  heat — violence. 

582.  JEvi :  of  your  life. 

583.  Hit  terris :  on  this  spot— in  this  place. 
584  Vesano  Ligeri :  from  insolent  Liger. 

Liger  is  declined  like  nouns  of  the  third  de- 
clension, some  of  which  make  the  abl.  in 
•i,  as  well  as  in  e.  Et :  also. 

587.  Admonuit :  goaded  on  his  horses  with 
a  dart — the  point  of  his  javelin,  or  dart. 


518  P.  VIKGILII  MARONIS 

Excussus  curru  moribundus  volvitur  arvis;  590 

Quern  pius  ./Eneas  dictis  afiutur  amaris  : 
Lucage,  nulla  tuos  currus  fuga  segnis  equorum 

593.  Vertere  eos         Prodidit,  aut  vanae  vertere  ex  hostibus  umbrae  : 

594.  Tu  ipse  saliens  jpse  rotig  saiiens  juga  deseris.     Haec  ita  fatus, 

Arripuit  bijugos.     Prater  tendebat  inermes  595 

Infelix  palmas,  curru  delapsus  eodem  : 
Per  te,  per  qui  te  talem  genuere  parentes, 

597.  Oro  per  te,  per  yir  Trojane,  sine  hanc  animam,  et  miserere  precantis. 
paroote^qui  *•  Pluribus  oranti  .Eneas  :  Haud  talia  dudum 

flifS^lrib^S  Dicta  dabas  :  morere,  et  fratrem  ne  desere  frater.  600 

600.  Tu  frater  ne  de-  Turn,  latebras  animae,  pectus  mucrone  recludit. 
sere  Talia  per  campos  edebat  funera  ductor 

Dardanius,  torrentis  aquae  vel  turbinis  atri 
More  furens.     Tandem  erumpunt,  et  castra  relinquunt 
Ascanius  puer,  et  nequicquam  obsessa  juventus.       605 

Junonem  interea  compellat  Jupiter  ultro  : 
O  germana,  mihi  atque  eadem  gratissima  conjux  ! 
Ut  rebare,  Venus,  nee  te  sententia  fallit, 
609.  Non  wM'Mw  viris  Troj  anas  sustentat  opes!  non  vivida  bello 
dextra  Dextra  viris,  animusque  ferox,  patiensque  pericli  !  610 

Cui  Juno  submissa  :  Quid,  6  pulcherrime  conjux, 
Sollicitas  aegram,  et  tua  tristia  dicta  timentem  ? 

613.    Si   foret  mihi  Si  mihi,  quae  quondam  fuerat,  quamque  esse  decebat, 
4adem  vis  in  amore,  quse  yjs  m  amore  foret  i   non  hoc  mihi  namque  negares 

Omnipotens  ;  quin  et  pugnae  subducere  Turnum,      615 
Et  Dauno  possem  incolumem  servare  parenti. 
Nunc  pereat,  Teucrisque  pio  det  sanguine  pcenas. 

NOTES. 

690.  Excussus  :  thrown  —  tost  from  his         608.  Venus,  ut  rebare,  &c.    This  is  said 

chariot.  ironically,  as  appears  both  from  the  turn  of 

591.  Pius  JEntas.    Dr.  Trapp   observes  the  sentence,  and  the  answer  of  Juno,  which 

the  epithet  pius  seems  a  little  incongruous,  shows  that  she  considered  it  in  that  light. 

while  he  is  insulting  a  fallen  enemy.  ~  Some  How  Venus  supports  the  Trojan  strength  I 
soldier-like  epithet  would  seem  much  more         gQ9.  Qpes  :  jn   the  sense  of  vires.     She 

proper  for  our  hero  on  ihis  occasion.     But  gives  strength,  or  power  to  the  Trojans,  to 

he  is  avenging  the  death  of  his  friend  Pallas,  perform  such  mighty  deeds.    Vivida  :  in  the 

who  had  just  been  slain  ;  and  among  the  sense  of  ardens. 
heathen,  that  was  looked  upon  as  an  act  of         6n    Su^missa  .  humble—  submissive. 


Lucage:    Mr.  Davidson  observes,  612.  JEgram:  afflicted-full  of  grief.  The 

this  is  a  very  poor  sentiment,  an  ill-timed  Pron-  wc'  1S  understood. 

affectation  of  wit,  unworthy  both  of  the  613.  Si  foret  mihi  vis  :  O,  that  there  were 

poet  and  the  hero.     Virgil  appears  to  have  the  same  force  in  my  love—  < 

been  led  into  it,  from  an  over  fondness  for  the  same  influence  over  thy  affections,  &c. 

Homer.    Nulla  segnis:  no  slow  flight  of  but  I  have   lost   it;   for  otherwise,  thou 

your  horses,  &e.  wouldst  not  deny  me  this. 

594.  Juga  :  properly  the  yoke  :   here,  the  616.  Possem:  I  would  be  able  —  I  could 

chariot.     Sometimes,   also,  the  horses,  by  desire  to  have  power,  &c. 

meton.  617.  Pereat  :   now  he  must  perish,  and 

598.  Sine  :  spare,  or  save  this  life.     In  make  retribution,  £c. 

the  sense  of  parce.     RUEBUS  says,  omille.  This  is  said  by  Juno  with  a  degree  of  in- 

601.  Latebras  animcs  :  the  seat   of  life,  dignation,  that  the  favorite  of  Venus  should 

Ruseus  says,  quo  latet  anima.     Latebras  is  thus  prevail,  and  that  the  daughter  should 

put  in  apposition  with  pectus.  have  more  influence  with  Jove  than  the 

607.  Conjux.    Juno  was  both  the  sister,  wife.     Davidson  renders  the  words  det  p<£- 

and  wife  of  Jove.  Conjux  is  both  a  husband,  nas  :  "let  him  glut  the  vengeance  of  the 

and  wife.  Trojans  with  his  pious  blood."    Hi*  Wood 


NEIS.     LIB.  X, 


o!9 


620 


625     625.  Vacat 
dulsisse  tibi 


Ille  tamen  noslra  deducit  origine  nomen  ; 
Pilumnusque  illi  quartus  pater ;  et  tua  larg& 
Saepe  manu,  multisque  oneravit  limina  donis, 
Cui  rex  aetherei  breviter  sic  fatur  Olympi : 
Si  mora  praesentis  leti,  tempusque  caduco 
Oratur  juveni,  meque  hoc  ita  ponere  sentis ; 
Tolle  fuga  Turnum,  atque  instantibus  eripe  fatis. 
Hactenus  indulsisse  vacat.     Sin  altior  istis 
Sub  precibus  venia  ulla  latet,  totumque  moveri 
Mutarive  putas  bellum,  spes  pascis  inanes. 
Cui  Juno  illachrymans  :  Quid  si,  quod  voce  gravaris, 
Mente  dares  ;  atque  hoec  Turno  rata  vita  maneret  ? 
Nunc  manet  insontem  gravis  exitus  !  aut  ego  veri    630 
Vana  feror  :  quod  ut  6  potius  formidine  falsa  631.  Quod,  6  sit  ito, 

Ludar ;  et  in  melius  tua,  qui  potes,  orsa  reflectas  !        ut  potius 
-     Haec  ubi  dicta  dedit,  coslo  se  protinus  alto 
Misit,  agens  hyemem  nimbo  succincta  per  auras, 
Iliacamque  aciem,  et  Laurentia  castra  petivit. 
Turn  Dea  nube  cava  tenuem  sine  viribus  umbram, 
In  faciem  ^Eneae,  visu  mirabile  monstrum ! 
Dardaniis  ornat  telis  :  clypeumque  jubasque 
Divini  assimulat  capitis  ;  dat  inania  verba : 
Dat  sine  mente  sonum,  gressusque  effingit  euntis. 
Morte  obita,  quales  fama  est  volitare  figuras, 
Aut  quae  sopitos  deludunt  somnia  sensus. 
At  primas  Iceta  ante  acies  exsultat  imago, 
Irritatque  virum  telis,  et  voce  lacessit. 
Iristat  cui  Turnus,  stridentemque  eminus  hastam 
Conjicit :  ilia  dato  vertit  vestigia  tergo. 
Turn  vero  ^Enean  aversum  ut  cedere  Turnus 
Credidit,  atque  animo  spem  turbidus  hausit  inanem  : 


635 


636.  Turn  Dea  ornat 
Dardaniis  telis  tenuem 
umbram  sine  viribus  e 
cava  nube, 


640 


645 


646.  Ilia  imago  vertit 


NOTES. 


is  called  pious,  because  Turnus  was  de- 
scended from  the  gods. 

619.  Quarlus  pater.      Turnus  was  the 
fourth  in  a  direct  line  from  Pilumnus,  who 
is,  therefore,  called  his  fourth  father.     He 
was  his  great-grandfather's  father. 

620.  Limina   tua  :  in  the  sense  of  tua 
templa. 

622.  Mora:  a  delay — respite  from.    Ca- 
duco :  about  to  fall — doomed  to  fall  by  the 
hand  of  ^Eneas.     Mox  casuro,  says  Heyne. 

623.  Ponere :  to  settle,  fix  or  determine. 
Constituere,  says  Heyne.     Oratur :  is  asked 
by  tliee. 

625.  Vacat:  in  the  sense  of  licet.    Hacte- 
nus •  so  far. 

626.  Venia:  in  the  sense  of  gratia. 

628.  Gravaris :  you  are  loth,  or  unwilling 
to  grant  by  words. 

629.  Quid  si  dares.   Juno  here  seems  to 
express  some  fear,  that  her  husband  was 
not  sincere  in  granting  her  even  this  favor. 
Mente:  from  your  heart — sincerely. 

630.  Exitus :  in  the  sense  of  mors.  Vana 
here  has  the  sense  of  ignara,    Or  else  the 


word  augur,  vel  aruspex,  is  understood.  Ru> 
CBUS  says,  dicor  ignara  veritatis. 

632.  In  milius :  taken  adverbially,  for  the 
better.  Orsa  :  in  the  sense  of  incepta.  Qui 
potes :  who  hast  power.  Jupiter  could  con- 
trol the  fates,  by  deferring,  or  impeding  their 
purposes,  or  decrees. 

634.  Nimbo :  in  the  sense  of  nube. 

636.  Turn  Dea,  &c.  This  is  taken  from 
Homer,  Iliad  v.,  where  Apollo  raises  a  phan- 
tom in  the  shape  of  ^Eneas.  But  Virgil  has 
greatly  improved  upon  the  original. 

638.  Ornat:  in  the  sense  of  instruit. 

640.  Effingit:  represents.     Ruteus  says, 
cxprimit. 

641.  Morte  obitd :  after  death— death  being 
past. 

642.  Sopitos  sensus :  the  slumbering  senses 
— or  senses  buried  in  sleep.     QW<E  :  in  the 
sense  of  qualia. 

646.  Tergo  dalo :  the  back  being  turned 
toward  Turnus,  it  fled  from  him. 

647.  Cedere  :  in  the  sense  offugerc. 
648.'  Turbidus  :  in  the  sense  of  tumens— 

clatus  arrogantia. 


P.  VIRGILI!  MARONIS 

649.    Inquit,   .Enea,  Quo  fugis,  ^Enea  ?  thalamos  ne  desere  pactos  : 
quo  fugis  ?  fjac  dabitur  dextra  tellus  quaesita  per  undas.  650 

per^Las  daUuf  ^Talia  vociferans  sequitur,  strictumque  coruscat 
hac  mea  dextra.  Mucronem  :  nee  ferre  videt  sua  gaudia  ventos. 

Forte  ratis,  celsi  conjuncta  crepidine  saxi, 
Expositis  stabat  scalis,  et  ponte  parato, 

655.   Qua  nave   rex  Qua  rex  Clusinis  advectus  Osinius  oris.  655 

Osinius  advectus/tteraf  Huc  sese  trepida  ./Eneae  fugientis  imago 

Conjicit  in  latebras  :  nee  Turnus  segnior  instat, 
Exsuperatque  moras,  et  pontes  transilit'altos. 
Vix  proram  attigerat :  rumpit  Saturnia  funem, 

660.  Rapitque  navem  Avulsamque  rapit  revoluta  per  aequora  navem.          660 
avulsam  a  litore  per  re-  Ilium  autem  jEneas  absentem  in  praelia  poscit : 
volute.  Ob  via  multa  virum  demittit  corpora  morti. 

Turn  levis  baud  ultra  latebras  jam  qucerit  imago, 
Sed  sublime  volans  nubi  se  immiscuit  atrce : 
Cum  Turnum  medio  interea  fert  aequore  turbo.         665 
Respicit  ignarus  rerum,  ingratusque  salutis, 
Et  duplices  cum  voce  manus  ad  sidera  tendit : 
Omnipotens  genitor,  tanton'  me  crimine  dignum 
Duxisti  ?  et  tales  voluisti  expendere  pcenas  ?  669 

Quo  feror  ?  unde  abii  ?  quae  me  fuga,  quemve  reducet  ? 
Laurentes-ne  iterum  muros  aut  castra  videbo  ? 

672.  Quid  ilia  manus  Quid  manus  ilia  virum,  qui  me  meaque  arma  secuti  ?   ' 
•virum  dicet,  qui  secuti  Quosque,  nefas  !  omnes  infanda  in  morte  reliqui  ? 

Et  nunc  palantes  video,  gemitumque  cadentum         674 

NOTES. 

649.  Pactos  tfialamos :  the  promised  match.  666.  Ingratus :  unthankful  for  his  safety. 

652.  Nee  videt :  nor  does  he  perceive  that  He  considers  it  no  favor  to  be  rescued  from 
the  winds  bear  off  his  joys.     This  is  a  pro-  the  field  of  battle,  where,  if  he  fell,  he  should 
verbial  expression,  denoting  disappointment,  fall  hi  the  defence  of  his  honor,  and  the 
Mucronem:  In  the  sense  of  ensem.  glory  of  his 'country. 

653.  Conjuncta:  the  ship  was  connected  668.  Duxisti.      Ruseus  says,  existimdti. 
with,  or  moored  to    the    top   of  a  high  Crimine:    crime — disgrace — base  actions, 
rock.     Crepidine,  the  abl.  for  crepidini,  the  Didst  thou  consider  me  deserving  of  such  an 
dat.  imputation,  such  disgrace  upon  my  charac- 

654.  Expositis:  extended — reaching  to  the  ter,  as  that  arising  from  deserting  my  corn- 
shore.     These  ladders  and  bridge  had  been  panions  in  battle  ?  Throughout  this  address, 
made,  for  the  purpose  of  landing   troops  Turnus  manifests  the  soldier  and  the  hero, 
from  the  vessel  or  ship.  Tantori* :  for  tanto-ne. 

655.  Osinius.   It  is  probable  he  was  com-  669.  Expendere :  to  suffer— undergo, 
mander  of  these  troops,  or  at  least  some  670.  Quemve :  or  what  sort  of  a  person— 
distinguished  man  among  his  citizens ;  for  how  disgraced  ?  Qwatem,says  Ruseus.  Abii: 
rex  does  not  always  imply  a  king :  some-  in  the  sense  of  discessi. 

times  a  nobleman.      Massicus  appears  to  671.  Castra.  Turnus  here  means  his  own 

have  been  the  king  of  Clusium.  camp ;  perhaps  the  field  of  battle.    By  mu- 

657.  Latebras.   This  word  properly  signi-  ros,  he  may  mean  the  capital  of  his  king- 
fies  any  hiding  place — or  place  of  conceal-  dom ;  or  his  country  in  general. 

ment.     Here  it  plainly  means  the  hold  of  672.  Manus  virum:  that  band  of  men- - 

the  ship,  into  which  the  shadow  or  image  of  those  troops  of  mine.     Ruaeus  says,  mulli- 

jEneas  concealed  itself.  tudo  hominum.    Dicet  is  understood. 

658.  Moras:  obstacles — hindrances.  673.  Nefas.      This  is  here  taken  as  an 
660.  Revoluta  csquora :  the  rolling  billows,  interjection.     O,  disgrace! — O,  foul  ingra- 

Servius  thinks  revoluta  is  to  be  connected  titude!     Infanda:  in  the  sense  of  crude! i. 

with  navem  by  hypallage.     But  this  is  un-  Quosque  :   this  is    the    common    reading, 

necessary  here ;  for  revoluta  is  a  very  proper  Heyne  has  quos-ne :  which  he  takes  in  the 

epithet  for  the  sea ;  whose  surface  is  con-  sense  of  eos-nc. 

tinually  in  motion.    Valpy  says.  "  through  674.   Palantes :   fleeing — wandering,  as 

the  ebbing  tide  "  being  without  a  leader,    Cadentum  :  in  the 


JENEI&.    LIB.  X. 


m 


ratem  m 


Aecipio.     Quid  agam  ?  aut  quae  jam  satis  ima  dehiscat      676.  Vos,  O  venti 
Terra  mihi  ?  Vos,  6  potius  misereseite,  venti,  Potius  miBerescite  mei, 

In  rapes,  in  saxa,  (volens  vos  Turnus  adoro,) 
Ferte  ratem,  ssevisque  vadis  immittite  syrtis  ;  678 

Quo  neque  me  Rutuli,  neque  conscia  fama  sequatur. 
Hoec  memorans,  animo  nunc  hue,  nunc  fluctuat  illuc, 
An  sese  mucrone  ob  tantum  dedecus  amens 
Induat,  et  crudum  per  costas  exigat  ensem  ; 
Fluctibus  an  jaciat  mediis,  et  litora  nando 
Curva  petat  ;  Teucrumque  iterum  se  reddat  in  arma. 
Ter  conatus  utramque  viam  :  ter  maxima  Juno         685 
Continuit  ;  juvenemque  animi  miserata  repressit. 
Labitur  alta  secans,  fluctuque  sestuque  secundo  : 
Et  patris  antiquam  Dauni  defertur  ad  urbem. 
At  Jovis  interea  monitis  Mezentius  ardens 
Succedit  pugna?,  Teucrosque  invadit  ovantes. 
Concurrunt  Tyrrhenes  acies,  atque  omnibus  uni, 
Uni  odiisque  viro  telisque  frequentibus  instant. 
Ille,  velut  rupes,  vastum  quae  prodit  in  aequor, 
Obvia  ventorum  furiis,  exp&staque  ponto, 
Vim  cunctam  atque  minas  perfert  coelique  marisque, 
Ipsa  immota  manens.     Prolem  Dolichaonis  Hebrum 
Sternit  humi  ;  cum  quo  Latagum,  Palmumque  fugacem 
Sed  Latagum  saxo  atque  ingenti  fragmine  mentis 
Occupat  os  faciemque  adversam  :  poplite  Palmum 
Succiso  volvi  segnem  sinit  ;  armaque  Lauso 
Donat  habere  humeris,  et  vertice  figere  cristas. 
Nee  non  Evantem  Phrygium,  Paridisque  Mimanta 
jEqualem  comitemque  :  una  quem  nocte  Theano 


679.  Conscia  mecefugcR 


685.  Ter  conatus  est 

686.  Miserata  dolortm 
animi . 


690 

691.    Atque    instant 

viro  uni,  illi  uni,  omni- 

busque  odiis 

nnA      693.  Ille  manetimmo- 
694  tus,  velut 


cum  quo 


700 


697.  Una 
sternit 

699.  Sed  occupat  La- 
tagum quoad  os,  fa- 
ciemque 

701.  Vertice  capitis, 
Nee  non  sternit 


NOTES. 


sense  of  morientum.  Aecipio :  in  the  sense 
of  audio. 

675.  Dehiscat :  can  open  sufficiently  deep 
for  me — in  proportion  to  my  crime.  Agam. 
This  is  the  common  reading.  Heyne  has  ago. 

677.  Adoro :  in  the  sense  of  supplico. 

682.  Induat :  in  the  sense  of  transfodiat. 
Crudum :  in  the  sense  of  crudelem,  vel  nudum. 
Ruseus  interprets  it  by  durum.  Heyne  ob- 
serves, that  the  Roman  copy  has  microni  in 
the  dat.,  which  he  thinks  preferable  to  the 
common  reading,  inasmuch,  as  it  makes 
the  sense  of  induat  easier.  In  this  case  it 
would  have  the  sense  of  irruat :  he  rushed 
or  fell  upon  the  point  of  his  sword.  Induo, 
compounded  of  in  and  duo  vel  do.  Valpy 
takes  it  in  the  sense  of  transfodiat :  whether 
he  should  stab  himself,  &c. 

685  Utramque  viam:  each  expedient — way. 

686.  Miserata  animi :  pitying  the  anguish 
of  his  mind,  restrained  and  prevented  the 
youth  from  executing  his  purpose.    Animi : 
this  is  the  reading  of  Heyne.     Dolorem,  or 
a  word  of  the  like  import,  is  understood  as 
in  the  ordo.     RUJBUS  and  Davidson  have 
animo. 

687.  Secundo  fluctu :  the  waves  and  cur- 
vent  being  favourable.    The  motion  of  the 


waves  carried  the  vessel  forward  :  which  is 
saying,  in  other  words,  that  the  wind  was  in 
his  favor.  Labitur :  in  the  sense  of  prove- 
hilur.  Alta  :  for  maria. 

691.  Tyrrhenes  acies.  The  Tuscan  troops 
accompanied  tineas,  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  vengeance  upon  Mezentius,  on  ac- 
count of  the  cruelties  he  had  done,  during 
his  reign.  And  now  they  see  him  entering 
the  fight,  they  rush  upon  him  from  all  parts, 
and  press  him  with  their  great  efforts.  But 
they  are  foiled  in  every  attack.  He  stands 
their  assaults  like  an  immoveable  rock. 
The  comparison  is  very  significant. 

693.  Prodit :  projects,  or  extends  into  the 
sea.     Rueeus  says,  proeurrit. 

694.  Obvia :   in  the   sense   of   opposila. 
Ponto :  to  the  sea — the  rage  of  the  sea. 

696.  Prolem :  in  the  sense  ofjilium. 

699.  Occupat  Latagum :  he  strikes  Lata- 
gus  upon  the  mouth  and  face,  as  he  stood 
opposite  him. 

700.  Volvi  segnem :  to  wallow,  or  roll  on 
the  ground — disabled  and  wounded.  Rueeus 
takes  segnem,  in  the  sense  ofjacentem.  Sinit : 
he  leaves  him,  &c. 

701.  Habere :  in  the  sense  offerre. 

704.  Una  quern  node,  &c.    The  meaning 


P.  VIRGIL1I    MARONfS 

In  lucem  genitori  Amyco  dedit ;  et  face  prsegnans 

705.    Paris  occubat  Cisseis  regina  Parin  :  Paris  urbe  paterna  70;} 

Pat6hab  Ufbe:  Laurens°ccubat;  ignarum  Laurens  habet  ora  Mimanta. 
°r^JQl   GAC   velut   ille      ^c  ve^ut  *^e  canum  niorsu  de  montibus  altis 
aper,actusdealtismon-Actus  aper,  multos  Vesulus  quern  pinifer  annos 
tibus    morsu     canum,  Defendit,  multosque  palus  Laurentia,  sylva  709 

Pastus  Pastus  arundinea  ;  postquam  inter  retia  ventum  est, 

^»±±USSubstitit'  i«fremuitque  ferox,  et  inhorruit  armos  : 

712.   Nee   est  virtus  Nee  cuiquam  irasci  propiusve  accedere  virtus, 
cuique  Sed  jaculis  tutisque  procul  clamoribus  instant ; 

Ille  autem  impavidus  partes  cunctatur  in  omnes, 

Dentibus  infrendens,  et  tergo  decutit  hastas.  715 

716.  Haud  aliter,  non  Haud  aliter,  justae  quibus  est  Mezentius  irae, 
cuibus™118  UlU  eorM7n'Non  ulli  est  animus  stricto  concurrere  fcrro; 

Missilibus  longe,  et  vasto  clamore  lacessunt. 

Venerat  antiquis  Corythi  de  finibus  Acron,  719 

Graius  homo  ;  infectos  linquens  profugus  hymenaeos. 

Hunc  ubi  miscentem  longe  media  agmina  vidit, 

Purpureum  pennis,  et  pactae  conjugis  ostro  : 
723.  Ceuimpastusleolmpastus  stabula  alta  leo  ceu  saepe  peragrans  ; 
saepe  peragrans  alta  sta- Suadet  enim  vesana  fames;  si  forte  fugacem 
bula  Conspexit  capream,  aut  surgentem  in  cornua  cervum  ; 

Gaudet  hians  immane,  comasque  arrexit,  et  ha?ret 

Visceribus  super  incumbens  :  lavit  improba  teter 

Ora  cruor : 

Sic  ruit  in  densos  alacer  Mezentiws  hostes. 

Sternitur  infelix  Acron,  et  calcibus  atram  730 

Tundit  humum  expirans,  infractaque  tela  cruentat. 

NOTES. 

is,  that  in  the  very  same  night  Tlieano  bore  711.  Inhorruit  annos:  he  bristles  up  his 

Mimas,  and  Hecuba  Paris.  Hence  they  are  shoulders. 

said   to  be  of  equal   age,  aqualem.      Dr.  712.  Irasci :  to  engage  him — to  wreak  his 

Bentley  observes,  that  creat  is  quite  reduu-  vengeance  on  him. 

dant :  for  the  sentence  is  perfect  without  it.  714.  Cunctatur.    Ruceus  says,  opponit  sc, 

Beside,  there  is  something  incongruous  in  716.  JustceircE:  for  a  just  resentment. 

making  creat,  and  dedil,  in  different  tenses;  720.  Profugus.  Ruseussays, advena.  Da- 

and  also  the  omission  of  the  nom.  to  the  vidson  renders  it,"  deserted  to  jEneasl"  Hy- 

verb  occubat  perplexes  the  sense.    He,  there-  mencecs  infectos :  in   the   sense  of  nuptiaa 

i'ore,  conjectures  the  rea  ding,  as  Virgil  loft  it,  imperfeclas. 

must  be  : una  quern  nocte  Tkeano  721.  Miscentem  :  putting  into  confusion — 

In  lucem  genitori  Amyco  dedit ;  et  face  breaking  through  the  middle  ranks.   Ruaeus 

prcegnans  says,  turbantem. 

.      Cisseis  regina  Parin.    Paris  urbe  paternd  722.  Purpureum:  red  with  plumes,  and 

occubat.  the  purple  of  his  betrothed  spouse ;  which 

Dedit :  in  the  sense  ofpeperit,vel prolulit.  was  given  him  by  her. 

705.  Paris.  Heyne  omits  creat,  which  is  724.  Suadet :  in  the   sense  of  urget,  vel 
the  common  reading,  and  substitutes  Paris,  impellit.     Vesana :  excessive — immoderate. 

706.  Ignarum :  in  the  sense  of  ignotum.  Fugacem  :  timorous. 

707.  Morsu:  in  the  sense  of  latratu.  Ille  725.  Surgentem  in  cornua.  This  expresses 
ap&r :  a  boar.    Servius  says  the  pron.  ille  is  the  stately  motion  of  a  large  stag,  whose 
used  by  an  idiom  of  the  language,  to  enno-  branching  horns,  as  he  moves  along,  seem  to 
ble  or  enlarge  the  subject.  lift  him  up  from  the  ground. 

710.  Pastus.     Servius   thinks  this  is  for  726.  Comas:  in  the  sense  ofjubam. 

pastum,  agreeing  with  quern,  by  antiptosis.  727.  Incumbens.     Some  copies  have  ac- 

Dr.  Beutley  thinks  the  poet  wrote  pa&cit  or  cumbens.     For  lavit,  the  Roman  copy  hath 

pavit ;  whose  nominative  would  be  Lauren-  lavat.  Improba :  hungry — ravenous.    Visct- 

tia palus.  Sylvdpastus:  having  fed  upon  reeds,  ribus  :  the  flanks — aiming  his  deadly  grasp 

The  verb  defendit  is  understood  after  palus  at  the  flanks  of  the  victim. 

Laurentia.  Centum  est :  in  the  sense  ofvenit.  731.  Infracta :  in  the  sense  offracta. 


JSNEIS.     LIB.  \.  523 

^  Atque  idem  fugientem  haud  est  dignatus  Oroden  732.  Atque  idem  Me- 

Sternere,  nee  jacta  caecum  dare  cuspide  vuliws  :  zentius  haud  dignatus 

Obvius  adversoque  occurrit,  seque  viro  vir 
Contulit ;  haud  furto  melior,  sed  fortibus  armis.        735 
Turn  super  abjectum  posito  pede,  nixus  et  hasta :  736.  Super  eum  ab- 

Pars  belli  haud  temnenda,  viri,  jacet  aJtus  Orodes.          jectum 
(Jonclamant  socii,  Irctum  Paeana  secuti.  ,  737A  Aib  °  viri'  h*c 

Hie  autem  expirans  :  Non  me,  quicunque  es,  inulto,        ffl?  °r°des  Jacet' pars 
Victor,  nee  longum  laetabere  :  te  quoque  fata  740     739.  Ait :  quicunque 

Prospectant  paria,  atque  eadem  mox  arva  tenebis.          es> non  rives  victor,  nee 
Ad  quern  subridens  mixta  Mezentius  ira  :  laetabere longum tempus, 

Nunc  morere  !    Ast  de  me  Divum  pater  atque  hominum  m 


rex 


Viderit  !     Hoc  dicens,  eduxit  corpore  telum. 

Olli  dura  quies  oculos  et  ferreus  urget  745 

Somnus  ;  in  aeternam  clauduntur  lumina  noctem. 

Coedicus  Alcathoum  obtruncat,  Sacrator  Hydaspen  : 
Partheniumque  Rapo,  et  jpraedurum  viribus  Ursen  : 

Messapus  Cloniumque,  Lycaoniumque  Ericeten  :  749.  Messapus  oltrun- 

Illum,  infraenis  equi  lapsu  tellure  jacentem  ;  *  750  cat 

Hunc,  peditem  pedes.     Et  Lyeius  processerat  Agis,         75°* 

& 


Quern  tamen  haud  expers  Valerus  virtutis  avitas  nempe, 

Dejicit  :  Athronium  Salius  ;  Saliumque  Nealces,  Ericeten  peditem,  ipse 

Insignis  jaculo,  et  longe  fallente  sagitta.  pedes.    Et  Lyeius  Agis 

Jam  gravis  aequabat  luctus  et  mutua  Mayors         755  Processerat   in  Messa- 
Funera  :  C33debant  pariter,  pariterque  ruebant 

Victores  yictique  :  neque  his  fuga  nota,  neque  ill  is.  757.  Nota  est  his 

Di  Jovis  in  tectis  iram  miserantur  inanem 
Amborum,  et  tantos  mortalibus  esse  labores. 
Hinc  Venus,  hinc  contra  spectat  Saturnia  Juno.       760 
Pallida  Tisiphone  media  inter  millia  sasvit. 

NOTES. 

•PI'  Haud  di£na(us  esl-'  he  disdained  to  748.  Pradurum:  very  powerful 

^i'f  c"  750.  Ilium.     Ille  frequently  signifies  the 

UJ.  Cuspide  :  the  point,  taken  by  synec.  former,  or  first  mentioned,  and  hie  the  latter, 

4f  ^°3e  Spear*  or  last   menti<>ned.     In   the  present   case, 

w    u        JtC  tum  ''  m    ie  Sense  of  Prostratum-  i-llum  means  Clonius,  who  had  fallen  from 

We  have  here  the  image  of  a  hero.     Me-  his  restive  horse  ;  while  hunc  means  Ericetes, 

zrntms  disdained  to  take  any  advantage  of  who  fought  on  foot.     Messapus,  though  the 

us  enemy,  although  the  laws  of  war  would  commander  of  the  horse,  was  now  on  foot, 

have  justified  him  in  so  doing;  but  he  met  pedes.     In/ranis  :  in  the  sense  of  indomiti. 

e  to  face,  (adversoj  and  gave  him  an  752.  Expers  :  degenerate  from—  destitute 

opportunity  to  try  the  strength  of  his  arm,  of.     Of  ex  and  pars.     The  poet  here  com- 

liimself  not  his  superior  in  stratagem,  but  pliments  the  Valerian  family,  then  very  in- 

TOC  ,    e      Valor'  fluential  at  Rome,  to  which  the  famous  Fub- 

:  m  the   sense  of  rcpelenlcs,  licola  belonged.      Avita:  in  the  sense  of 

vel  canentes.  Pceana  :  in  the  sense  of  cantum.  majorum. 

739.  Autem  We,  &c.     Here  Virgil  makes  753.  Dejicit  :  prostrates—  lulls.  This  verb 
Urodes  toretell  the  death  of  his  victor.     In  is  to  be  supplied  with  Sal,                     ces. 
this  J  p  follows  Homer,  who  makes  Hector  754.  Lontf  falluUe  :  sinking  liirn  from  a 
ioretell  the  death  of  Achilles,  who  was  after-  distance—  it  was  shot  from  a  distam-e,  and 
ward  slam  by  Paris.  approached  unperccived.    Fcrientedtu. 

740.  fata:  m  the  sense  of  mors.  quo  incantum,  says  Heync. 

<41.  Prospectant:  in  tlje  sense  of  manent.  758.   Tectis  :  in  the  palace  of  Jove.    This 

74j.  Olli  :  for  Hit  by  antithesis  :  the  dat.  was  situated  on  Mount  Olympus.     Inc 

in  the  sense  of  the  jren.,  to  be  connected  useless—  tending  to  no  purpose.     /  a 

with  oculos. 


526  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Et  tunicam,  molli  mater  quam  neverat  auro  ; 
Implevitque  sinum  sanguis :  turn  vita  per  auras 
Concessit  moesta  ad  Manes,  corpusque  reliquit.         820 
821.  Et  ora  ejus  mo-      At  vero  ut  vultum  vidit  morientis  et  ora, 
Ora  modis  Anehisiades  pallentia  miris, 
Ingemuit  miseraus  graviter,  dextramque  tetendit ; 
Et  mentem  patrise  subiit  pietatis  imago  :  824 

825.  O  puer  miseran- Quid  tibi  nuuc,  miserande  puer,  pro  laudibus  istis, 

de,  quid  honoris  nunc  Quid  pius  ^Eneas  tanta  dabit  indole  dignum  ? 

labitur  tibi  pro  istis        Arm^  quibus  la}tatus>  habe  tua  .  teque  parentum 

Manibus,  et  cineri,  si  qua  est  ea  cura,  remitto. 
829.Tamen,  Oinfelix  H6c  tamen,  infelix,  miseram  solabere  mortem  : 
juvenis,  tu  solabero        JEneae  magni  dextra  cadis.     Increpat  ultro  830 

Cunctantes  socios,  et  terra  sublevat  ipsum, 
Sanguine  turpantem  comptos  de  more  capillos. 

Interea  genitor  Tiberini  ad  fiuminis  undam 
Vulnera  siccabat  lymphis,  corpusque  levabat, 
Arbons  acclinis  trunco.  Procul  aerea  ramis  835 

Dependet  galea,  et  prato  gravia  arma  quiescunt. 
Stant  lecti  circum  juvenes  :  ipse  afiger,  arihelans 
Colla  fovet,  fusus  propexam  in  pectore  barbam. 
Multa  super  Lauso  rogitat :  multosque  remittit, 

840.    Qui   revocent  Quj  revocent,  mcestique  ferant  mandata  parentis.     840 
cum  apr&lio  ^  Lausum  socii  exanimum  super  arma  ferebant 

Flentes,  ingentem,  atque  ingenti  vulnere  victum. 
Agnovit  longe  gemitum  prsesaga  malumens  : 
Canitiem  immundo  deformat  pulvere,  et Vmbas 

NOTES. 

818.  Molli  auro:  with  fine  threads  of  gold.          822.  Anehisiades :    JEneas.     A  patrony- 
Gold  is  a  very  ductile  metal,  and  capable  of     mic  noun  :  the  son  of  Anchises. 

being  drawn  >nto  very  line  threads,  or  wire.          625.  Laudibus  :  in  ihe  sense  ofvirlulibua. 

819.  Turn  viiamozsta,  £c.     Dr.  Trapp  ob-      Ruseus  says,  mentis. 

serves,  that  every  incident  in  the  death  of  826.  Indole :    disposition — excellence    of 

Lausus  is  well  chosen,  especially  the  con-  character. 

trast  between  so  pious  a  son,  and  so  wicked  828.  Remitto :    in   the    sense    of   rcddo. 

a  father  ;  between  the  rash  valour  of  the  Cttra  :  care — solicitude  of  thine. 

youth,  and  the  generous  care  and  friendly  831.  Ipsum:  Lausus. 

admonition  of  his  heroic  enemy.      Pailas  832.  Genitor  .  the  father  of  Lausus. 

had  fallen  by  the  hand  of  Turnus.     Lausus  -834.  Siccabat:  staunched  his  wounds  with 

and  Pallas  were  of  equal  valour;  but  there  water — washed  them  with  water,  which  be- 

is  a  wide  difference  between  the  conduct  ing  cold,  stopped  the  flowing  of  the  blood. 

and  bravery  of  their  conquerors.     Turnus  Ruaeus  says,  tergebat :  rinsed — cleansed.  Dr. 

eagerly  seeks  the  combat,  and  challenges  Trapp  takes  siccabat  in  the   same    sense. 

the  youthful  warrior.     He  even  wishes  his  Lympkis :  in  the  sense  of  a-; 

father  were  present,  to  behold  the  death  of  835.  Procul :    apart  by    themselves — at 

his  son.     ./Eneas  is  far  from  seeking  Lausus,  some  distance  from  him.    This  word  usually 

and  singling  him  out  as  the  object  of  his  implies  distance,  but  that  distance  may  be 

vengeance.      And  even  when  he  exposed  very  small.     Acclinis:  leaning  against,  or 

himself  for  the  sake  of  his  father,  he  begged  upon.     It  agrees  with  Mezentius. 

him  to  retire  from  the  combat,  assuring  him  837.  JEtger  :    faint    with  loss   of  blood. 

that  his  tenderness  for  his  father   would  Fovet :  eases — supports.     Ruseus  says,  sus- 

bring  on   him  sure  destruction.     Nor  does  tentat.     He  leaned  his  head  forward  upon 

he  attack  him  until  he  is  compclied  to  do  it  his  breast,  spreading  his  long  beard  over  it. 

in  his  own  defence.     And  after  he  is  slain,  Fusus:  in  the  sense  of  fun-dens:  or.  it  may 

the  victor  fetches  a  deep  groan,  looks  upon  be  taken  as  a  Grecisrn.     Ruaeus  says,  dc- 

him  with  an  eye  of  pity,  and  the  image  of  ponens. 

his  filial  piety  touches  his  generous  heart.  841.  Super  arma  :  upon  his  shield. 

820.  Mcuta :  sad— mournful,    Concessit :  844.  Deformat :  he  throws  dust  upon  his 
in  the  sense  of  abiif.  head.    Canitiem ;  his  hoary  hairs. 


JENEIS.     LIB.  X. 


52? 


845     845.  Inhsret  corpor. 


Ad  coeium  tend  it  palmas,  et  corpore  inhseret : 
Tanta-ne  me  tenuit  vivendi,  nate,  voluptas, 

Ut  pro  me  hostili  paterer  succedere  dextrae,  847.    Ut  paterer  te 

Quern  genui  ?  tua-ne  ha?c  genitor  per  vulnera  servor,  quem'genui,  succedere 
Morte  tua  vivens  ?  Heu  !  nunc  rnisero  mihi  demum  hostili  dextrae  pro  me  ? 
Exilium  infelix  !  nunc  alte  vulnus  adactum  !  850  Eg%™  g^"itor 

Idem  ego,  nate,  tuum  maculavi  crimine  nomen,  exiliJm  estate 

Pulsus  ob  invidiam  solio  scept  risque  paternis.  misero 

Debueram  patriae  poenas,  odiisque  meorum  :  853.  Meorum  subdi 

Omnes  per  mortes  animam  sontem  ipse  dedissem  !  854  forum 
Nunc  vivo !  neque  adhuc  homines  lucemque  reliuquo  ! 
Sed  linquam.     Simul  haec  dicens,  attollit  in  segrum    ' 
Se  femur  :  et,  quanquam  vis  alto  vulnere  tardat,  Sr«    o 

Haud  dejectus  equum  duci  jubet.     Hoc  decus  illi, 
Hoc  solamen  erat :  be  His  hdc  victor  abibat 
Omnibus.     Alloquitur  mcerenlem,  et  talibus  infit : 
RhoBbe,  diu ;  res  si  qua  diu  mortalibus  ulla  est ; 
Viximus.     Aut  hodie  victor  spolia  ilia  cruenta, 
Et  caput  JEneae  referes,  Lausique  dolorum 
LJltor  eris  mecum :   aut,  aperit  si  nulla  viam  vis, 
3ccumbes  pariter  :  neque  enim,  fortissime,  credo    865 
Jussa  aliena  pati,  et  dominos  dignabere  Teucros. 
Bixit :  et  exceptus  tergo  consueta  locavit 
Membra  ;  manusque  ambas  jaculis  oneravit  acutis ; 
tfpre  caput  fulgens,  cristaque  hirsutus  equina. 
Sic  cursum  in  medios  rapidus  dedit.      ^stuat  mgens 
Imo  in  corde  pudor,  mixtoque  insania  luctu,  871 


...r 

doloris  ex  alto  vulnere 
tardat  turn 

860    860.  Moerentem  equum, 
et  infit  talibus  verbis : 


864.  Aperit  mihi  viam 


865.  Pariter  mecum : 
enim  neque  credo,  O 
fortissime  equorum,  ut 
tu  dignabere  pati 

867.  Consueta  huic 
equo 


NOTES. 


846.  Fbluptas:  in  the  sense  of  cupido. 

847.  Succedere :  to  substitute  himself  for  me 
to  the  arm  of  the  enemy — to  come  up  to,  &c. 

848.  Quern  qenui :  whom  I  begat.     This 
speech  of  Me  -v8r  the  dead  body  of 
his  son  is  extic  ..  :(J.     He  now  sees 
the  errors  of  his  former  conduct,  and  the 
misery  to  which  he  had  reduced  himself 
now  stares  him  in  the  face. 

850.  Infelix :  in  the  sense  of  durum,  vel 
intolerable.     While  his  son  was  living,  he 
could  hear  up  under  the  burden  of  exile  from 
his  country  and  throne ;  but  now  he  is  no 
more,  it  is  become  insupportable  to  him, 
reduced  to  a  state  of  wretchedness  and  de- 
spair.    The  wound  (the  sense  of  his  wick- 
edness and  v-rimes)  is  now  opened  deep  and 
afresh.     Adactum:  is  driven  deep  ...  u  ;. 
heart.     Est :  is  understood. 

851.  Idem  ego :  I,  the  same  father  who 
begat  you,  and  suffered  you  to  lose  your 
life  for  him,  have  tarnished  your  good  name 
by  my  crimes. 

852.  Invidiam.    This  may  signify  his  own 
invidious  measures,  and  cruel  and  tyrannical 
government ;  or  the  odium  and  resentment 
of  his  subjects  against  him,  which  drove  him 
from  his  throne,  and  brought  upon  him  a 
train  of  evils.     The  former  is  the  most  in 
accordance  with  the  context,  since  he  is  now 
awakened  to  a  sense  of  his  crimes,  and  con- 


demns  himself  for  them.  Servius,  however 
prefers  the  i.i  tter  sense ;  Davidson  the  former! 
Ruseus  says,  propter  mtam  cupiditatem. 

®3.  Pcenas:  satisfaction— atonement.— 
Dedissem:  to  the  resentment  of  my  people, 
lould  have  given  up  my  guilty  life. 
856.  JEgrum  :  in  the  sense  of  saucium 
8i>7.  FM:  the  violence  of  the  pain  from 
the  wound  he  had  received. 

858.  Hoc  :  this ;  to  wit,  his  horse. 

859.  Hoc :  here,  is  in  the  abl.  with  this 
horse.     Lquo  is  understood. 

860.  Mfzrcntem:  sorrowino- — grieving 

Mastum,  says  Ituceus.     Davidson  renders  it 
"  sympathizing." 

861.  Rti&be,    diu   viximus :    such    apos- 
trophes, both  to  the  animal  and  vegetable 

-      &1   ^om   being  unnatural,   are 
amonu  the  grt-..  est  bo  -,nd 

always  show  high  emotion  of  souh  ^d 
the  poet  made  the  horse  reply  to  his  mas- 
ter, he  could  not  so  easily  be  justified.  This 
is  in  imitation  of  Homer. 

863.  Refcres  :  you  shall  bear  away. 

867.  Exceptus :  being  received  by  the  ani- 
mal upon  his  back,  he  placed. 

868.  Oinavit :    in  the  sense  ofarmavil. 

869.  Cm/a  equina :  a  crest  of  horse  hair 

made  of  horse  hair. 

871.  Imo.   In  many  of  the  ancient  copies 
which  Pierius  consulted,  he  found  uno  enrJ*  ' 


528 


P.  V1RG1LII  MARON1S 


Et  furiis  agitatus  amor,  et  conscia  virtus : 
Atque  hie  ^Eneam  magna  ter  voco  vocavit. 
./Eneas  agnovit  eum,  Ia3tusque  precatur : 

875.  Faciat,  ut  in  in-  Sic  pater  ille  Deum  faciat,  sic  altus  Apollo,  875 

cipias  Incipias  conferre  marium. 

877.  Mntas    effatus  Tantum  effatus,  et  iniesta  subit  obvius  hasta. 
est  tantum  Hie  autem  :  Quid  me  erepto,  saBvissime,  nato 

878.  Autem  ille  Me-  Terres  1  h?ec  via  sola  fuit,  qu&  perdere  posses. 

Nee  mortem  horremus,  nee  Divum  parcimus  ulli :    880 
Desine.     Jam  venio  moriturus  ;  et  haec  tibi  porto 
Dona  prius.     Dixit :  telumque  intorsit  in  hostem  : 
Inde  aliud  super  atque  aliud  figitque,  volatque 
884.Urabo^Enfiffisus-Ingenti  gyro  :  sed  sustinet  aureus  umbo. 
tinet  ilia.  Ter  circum  adstantem  laevos  equitavit  in  orbes,        885 

adstTnte'nT11111  ^**a*'&&*  manu  jaciens  :  ter  secum  Troius  heros 
a887animmanem8ylvamlmmanem  aerato  circumfert  tegmine  sylvam. 
jaculorum  injixam  surato  Inde  ubi  tot  traxisse  moras,  tot  spicula  taedet 

888.  Tsedet  JEntam  Vellere  ;  et  urgetur  pugn&  congressus  iniqua  :         889 
traxisse  tot  moras,   et  jyf  ulta  movens  animo,  jam  tandem  erumpit,  et  inter 
veller,  cly-  Bellatoris  equi  cava  tempora  conjicit  hastam. 

Tollit  se  arrectum  quadrupes,  et  calcibus  auras 
Verberat,  effusumque  equitem  super  ipse  secutus 


peo 


NOTES. 


in  one  and  the  same  breast.  Heyne  reads 
uno.  The  common  reading  is  imo.  Jnsania : 
rage — tury. 

872.  Et  furiis.  This  verse  is  wanting  in 
the  ancient  Roman  manuscript.  Heyne 
marks  it  as  an  interpolation. 

876.  Conferre  manum :    to  engage  with 
me,  hand  to  hand.     This  address  of  ./Eneas 
to  the  Gods  is  a  fine  contrast  to  the  impiety 
of  Mezentius,  who  acknowledges  no  other 
Deity  than  his  own  arm :  verse  773,  supra. 
The  prayer  is  short,  but  the  approach  of  a 
furious  enemy  would  not  permit  him  to  say 
more. 

877.  Sub  it :  in  the  sense  of  occurrit. 

878.  Quid  me  terres,  &c.     Mezentius  see- 
ing JEneas  coming  up  against  him  with  his 
hostile  spear,  instead   of  discovering  any 
signs  of  fear,  appears  hardened  against  the 
terrors  of  death,  since  his  son,  for  whose 
sake  he  lived,  was  now  taken  from  him, 
nato  erepto. 

880.  Parcimus  ulli :  Ruams  says,  rcvc- 
rtmur  ullum  numcn :  I  do  not  regard 
any  of  the  Gods.  Some  take  parco  in  its 
usual  acceptation,  and  understand  by  it 
that  Mezentius  would  not  have  spared  the 
Gods  themselves,  had  they  appeared  in  the 
field  against  him :  he  looked  on  them  as 
his  enemies,  and  would  have  discharged  his 
wrath  against  them.  Heyne  takes  parci- 
mus in  the  sense  of  euro — vereor  vel  metuo. 

883.  Super.  This  word  here  is  used  in 
the  sense  of  insuper,  vel  prwterea.  Figit : 
in  the  sense  ofjacit,  vel  torquet. 

885.  Equitavit  -in  leevos  orbes :  he  rode 


about  to  the  left,  that  he  might  reach  the 
right  side  of  jEneas,  which  was  not  pro- 
tected by  his  shield ;  and  in  this  way.  he 
turned  quite  about,  forming  an  orb,  or  circle. 
But  .flSneas  wheeled  at  the  same  time,  and 
kept  the  same  relative  situation  to  his  anta- 
gonist, as  appears  from  the  next  verse :  ter 
Troius :  thrice  the  Trojan  hero,  &c. 

887.  Tegmine :    in   the   sense  of  clype.o. 
Immanent  sylvam  :  this  means  the  spears,  or 
darts,   which   Mezentius    had    thrown    at 
^Eneas,   and   which  stuck    in    his   brazen 
shield.     These  he  carried  arotmd  with  him 
as   he   turned,    following    his    antagonist. 
Ruaeus  says,  magnum  numerum  jaculorum. 

888.  Perdere:  in  the  sense  of  occidere. 
The  pron.  me  is  understood. 

889.  Congressus :  being  engaged  in  une- 
qual fight.     Mezentius  being  on  horseback, 
and  ^Eneas  on  foot,  they  were  not  on  equal 
terms. 

890.  flfovcns :  in  the  sense  of  rtvolvenx. 

892.  Calcibus.     Calces  here  doubtless  is 
to  be  taken  for  the  fore  feet.     The  horse 
reared,  or  lifted  himself  upon  his  hind  feet, 
and  in  that  position  buffetted  the  air.     Pes- 
terioribus  pedibus,  says  Heyne. 

893.  Ipseseculus:    by  the    rearing    and 
kicking  of  his  horse,  Mezentius  was  thrown 
(effusum)  to  the  ground.     The  horse  him- 
self  soon  following,  falls  upon  his  rider, 
(equitem^)  and  lays  upon  his  shoulder,  as  he 
was  thus  prostrate.     By  these  means,  he 
was  unable  to  rise  to  meet  his  foe,  or  defend 
himself  in  any  manner.    Foi  secutus  RUSBUS 
says,  cadcns. 


&NEIS.     LIB.  X. 


5-29 


Implicat,  ejectoque  incumbit  cernuus  armo. 
Clamore  incendunt  coelum  Troesque  Latinique. 
Advolat  ./Eneas,  vaginaque  eripit  ensem  : 
Et  super  haec  :  Ubi  nunc  Mezentius  acer,  et  ilia 
Effera  vis  animi  ?     Contra  Tyrrhenus,  ut  auras 
Suspiciens  hausit  ccelum,  mentemque  recepit : 
Hostis  amare,  quid  increpitas,  mortemque  minaris 
Nullum  in  ctede  nefas,  nee  sic  ad  prselia  veni ; 
Nee  tecum  meus  haec  pepigit  mihi  foedera  Lausus. 
Unum  hoc,  per,  si  qua  est  victis  venia  hostibus,  oro  ; 
Corpus  humo  patiare  tegi.  Scio  acerba  meorum 
Circumstare  odia :  hunc,  oro,  defende  furorem, 
Et  me  consortem  nati  concede  sepulchro. 
Hoec  loquitur,  juguloque  baud  inscius -accipit  ensem, 
Undantique  animam  diffundit  in  arma  cruore. 


894.  Tmplicat  Mesw 
895  tium  equitem 


897.  Et  stans  super 
turn  dixit  heec  :  Ubi  est 


901.  901- 

in  mea   cede;   nee   sic 

veni  ad  praelia,  «/  par- 
ceres  mihi 

903.  Per  veniam,  si 
905  qua  venia  est  victis  hos- 
tibus, ut  tu  patiare 
meum  corpus 

906.  Concede  me  esst 
consortem 


NOTES. 


894.  Implicat :  incumbers — presses  him 
down.  Cernuus:  Rueeus  says,  pronus  in 
caput,  referring  to  the  horse. 

898.  Vis :    violence — impetuosity.      Ut : 
when — as  soon  as.     Ruseus  says,  postquam. 

899.  Suspiciens    auras    hausit  :      These 
words  are  capable  of  a  two-fold  version : 
as  soon  as  looking  up,  he  saw  the  light ; 
taking  coelum  in   the   sense  of  lucem,  and 
supplying    the    word  oculis.     This   Heyne 
prefers.     Or,  as  soon    as   looking   up,  he 
drew  in  his   breath;  taking  cceium  in  the 
sense  of  spiriturn.      This  is   the  sense   of 
Ruaeus  and   Davidson.     Auras :   the  prep, 
flrf,  is  understood. 

902.  Pepigit  IICEC  :  agreed  upon  these 
terms  with  you  for  me.  Venia :  a  favour. 

904.  Meorum:  of  my  former  subjects. 

905.  Defende  hunc :  avert,  or  forbid  the 
indulgence    of   their    furious   resentment. 
Ruaeus  says,  confine. 

906.  Concede:  grant — permit.   Mezentius 
desired  to  be  buried  in  the  same  grave  with 
his  son.     This  he  begged  as  a  favour,  not 


that  he  could  claim  it  as  a  right.  As  they 
had  not  been  separated  in  life,  he  wished 
not  to  be  in  death.  It  may  here  be  re- 
marked, that  how  wicked  soever  a  person 
may  have  been  in  life,  at  the  hour  of  his 
death,  he  earnestly  desires  the  reward  of 
virtue,  and  that  in  the  future  life,  he  may  be 
a  partaker  with  the  righteous. 

908.  Diffundit :  pours  out  his  life.  Un- 
danti  cruore :  the  blood  flowing,  or  gushing 
upon  his  armour. 

It  may  be  remarked  here,  that  the  poet 
differs  widely  from  the  current  of  historians. 
They  say,  that  in  a  war  which  broke  out 
between  the  Latins  and  Tuscans,  over 
whom  Mezentius  was  king,  that  JEneas  was 
slain  by  him  in  a  battle,  fought  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Numicus,  whose  waters  carried 
his  dead  body  into  the  sea.  where  it  was 
never  afterwards  found.  Hence  it  was  be- 
lieved, that  he  was  taken  to  Heaven  and 
made  a  demi-god.  This  took  place  about 
three  years  after  the  building  of  the  city 
Lavinium.  See  ^n.  iv.  615. 


QUESTIONS. 


How  does  this  book  open  ? 

Where  was  this  council  held  ? 

What  is  the  conclusion  of  their  delibera- 
tions ? 

Were  there  any  speeches  made  upon  the 
occasion  ? 

What  is  the  subject  of  the  speech  of  Ve- 
nus? 

What  is  the  character  of  it? 

What  is  the  nature  of  Juno's  reply  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  it  ? 

What  is  the  decision  of  Jove  ? 

Whom  does  the  poet  here  imitate  ? 

What  book  of  the  Iliad  ? 

Where  is  mount  Olympus  ? 

Why  was  it  taken  by  the  poets  for  hea- 
ven ? 


Why  is  it  here  called  omnipotens  ? 

Where  was  ^Eneas  during  the  transac- 
tions of  the  preceding  book  ? 

Having  effected  his  object,  does  he  make 
any  further  delay  ? 

What  part  of  his  allies  did  he  send  by 
land  ? 

By  whom  is  he  met  on  his  way  down  the 
Tiber  ? 

Who  was  the  chief  speaker  among  those 
nymphs  ? 

Did  she  give  him  any  particular  informa- 
tion ? 

What  was  that  information  ? 

How  was  Turnus  engaged  in  the  mean 
time  ? 


528 


P.  VIKGlLli  MARON1S 


Et  furiis  agitatus  amor,  et  conscia  virtus : 
Atque  hie  ^Eneam  magna  ter  voco  vocavit. 
-/Eneas  agnovit  eum,  laetusque  precatur : 

875.  Facial,  ut  tu  in-  Sic  pater  ille  Deum  faciat,  sic  altus  Apollo,  875 

ciPiaa  Incipias  conferre  manum. 

877.  JEneas    effatus  Tantum  effatus,  et  infesta  subit  obvius  hasta. 
at  tantum  Ille  autem  :  Quid  me  erepto,  sasvissime,  nato 

878.  Autem  ille  Me-  Terres  ?  hsec  via  sola  fuit,  qu£  perdere  posses. 

Nee  mortem  horremus,  nee  Divum  parcirnus  ulii :    880 
Desine.     Jam  venio  moriturus  ;  et  haec  tibi  porto 
Dona  prius.     Dixit :  telumque  intorsit  in  hostuni : 
Inde  aliud  super  atque  aliud  figitque,  volatque 
884.Umbo./22n«Esus-Ingenti  gyro  :  sed  sustinet  aureus  umbo. 
iinetiUa.  Ter  circum  adstantem  Ia3vos  equitavit  in  orbes,        885 

anTela  manu  jaciens  :  ter  secum  Troius  heros 
manem  »rato  circumfert  tegmine  sylvam. 
jVirotoram  iri/!ram  aerato  Inde  ubi  tot  traxisse  moras,  tot  spicula  taedet 

888.   Taedet  wEncam  Vellere  ;  et  urgetur  pugna  congressus  iniqua  :         889 
traxisse  tot  moras,   et  jyj uita  movens  animo,  jam  tandem  erumpit,  et  inter 
veUere  tot  spicula  c  cly-  Bellatori8  equi  cavft  ^^  conjldt  JJJ^ 

Toilit  se  arrectum  quadrupes,  et  calcibus  auras 
Verberat,  effusumque  equitem  super  ipse  secutus 


NOTES. 


in  one  and  the  same  breast.  Heyne  reads 
uno.  The  common  reading  is  imo.  Insania : 
rage — iury. 

872.  Et  furiis.  This  verse  is  wanting  in 
the  ancient  Roman  manuscript.  Heyne 
marks  it  as  an  interpolation. 

876.  Conferre  manum :    to  engage  with 
me,  hand  to  hand.     This  address  of  ./Eneas 
to  the  Gods  is  a  fine  contrast  to  the  impiety 
of  Mezentius,  who  acknowledges  no  other 
Deity  than  his  own  arm :  verse  773,  supra. 
The  prayer  is  short,  but  the  approach  of  a 
furious  enemy  would  not  permit  him  to  say 
more. 

877.  Subit :  in  the  sense  of  occurrit. 

878.  Quid  me  terres,  &c.     Mezentius  see- 
ing ./Eneas  coming  up  against  him  with  his 
hostile  spear,  instead   of  discovering  any 
signs  of  fear,  appears  hardened  against  the 
terrors  of  death,  since  his  son,  for  whose 
sake  he  lived,  was  now  taken  from  him, 
nato  erepto. 

880.  Parcimus  ulli :  Ruseus  says,  rctc- 
remur  ullum  numen:  I  do  not  regard 
any  of  the  Gods.  Some  take  parco  in  its 
usual  acceptation,  and  understand  by  it 
that  Mezentius  would  not  have  spared  the 
Gods  themselves,  had  they  appeared  hi  the 
field  against  him :  he  looked  on  them  as 
his  enemies,  and  would  have  discharged  his 
wrath  against  them.  Heyne  takes  parci- 
mus  in  the  sense  of  euro — vereor  vel  metuo. 

883.  Super.  This  word  here  is  used  in 
the  sense  of  insuper,  vel  praterea.  Figit  : 
in  the  sense  ofjacit,  vel  torquet. 

885.  Equitavit  -in  lavos  orbes:  he  rode 


about  to  the  left,  that  he  might  reach  the 
right  side  of  jEnoas,  which  was  not  pro- 
tected by  his  shield ;  and  in  this  way^  he 
turned  quite  about,  forming  an  orb,  or  circle. 
But  ./Eneas  wheeled  at  the  same  time,  and 
kept  the  same  relative  situation  to  his  anta- 
gonist, as  appears  from  the  next  verse :  ter 
Trains :  thrice  the  Trojan  hero,  &c. 

887.  Tegmine:    in   the   sense   of  clypeo. 
Immanem  sylvam  :  this  means  the  spears,  or 
darts,   which   Mezentius    had    thrown    at 
./Eneas,   and   which  stuck    in    his   brazen 
shield.     These  he  carried  around  with  him 
as   he   turned,    following    his    antagonist. 
Ruseus  says,  magnum  numerum  jaculorum. 

888.  Perdere:  in  the  sense  of  occidere. 
The  pron.  me  is  understood. 

889.  Congressus :  being  engaged  in  une- 
qual fight.     Mezentius  being  on  horseback, 
and  ./Eneas  on  foot,  they  were  not  on  equal 
terms. 

890.  Jttovcns :  in  the  sense  of  rtvolvens. 

892.  Calcibus.     Calces  here  doubtless  is 
to  be  taken  for  the  fore  feet.     The  horse 
reared,  or  lifted  himself  upon  his  hind  feet, 
and  in  that  position  buffetted  the  air.     Pos- 
terioribus  pedibus,  says  Heyne. 

893.  Ipse  secutus :    by  the    rearing    and 
kicking  of  his  horse,  Mezentius  was  thrown 
(effusuni)  to  the  ground.     The  horse  him- 
self  soon  following,  falls  upon  his  rider, 
(equitem^)  and  lays  upon  his  shoulder,  as  he 
was  thus  prostrate.     By  these  means,  he 
was  unable  to  rise  to  meet  his  foe,  or  defend 
himself  in  any  manner.    For  secutus 

says,  cadcns. ' 


j£NEIS.    LIB.  X. 


529 


894.  Tmplicat  Jtfesen- 
895  tium  equitem 


.897.  Et  stans  super 
cum  dixit  heec  :  Ubi  est 


Implicat,  ejectoque  incumbit  cernuus  armo. 

Clamore  incendunt  ccelum  Troesque  Latinique. 

Advolat  ./Eneas,  vaginaque  eripit  ensem  : 

Et  super  haec  :  Ubi  nunc  Mezentius  acer,  et  ilia 

Effera  vis  animi  ?     Contra  Tyrrhenus,  ut  auras 

Suspiciens  hausit  coelum,  mentemque  recepit : 

Hostis  amare,  quid  increpitas,  mortemque  minaris  ? 

Nullumin  ca3de  nefas,  nee  sic  ad  pneliaveni;          901  .   901- 

Nee  tecum  meus  haec  pepigit  mihi  foedera  Lausus.          ^ 

Unum  hoc,  per,  si  qua  est  victis  venia  hostibus,  oro  ;       ceres  mihi 

Corpus  humo  patiare  tegi.  Scio  acerba  meorum  903.   Per  veniam,  si 

Circumstare  odia:  hunc,  oro,  defende  furorem,        905  qua  venia  est  victis  hos- 

Et  me  consortemnati  concede  sepulchro. 

TJ        i        •,        •        i  i        i  •        .  .   .  meum  corpus 

Hoec  loquitur,  juguloque  haud  mscms  'accipit  ensem,  906>  Concede  me  esst 

TJndantique  animam  diffundit  in  arma  cruore.  consortem 


NOTES. 


894.  Implicat :  incumbers — presses  him 
down.  Cernuus:  Rueeus  says,  pronus  in 
caput,  referring  to  the  horse. 

898.  Vis :    violence — impetuosity.      Ut : 
when — as  soon  as.     Ruseus  says,  postquam. 

899.  Suspiciens    auras    hausit :     These 
words  are  capable  of  a  two-fold  version : 
as  soon  as  looking  up,  he  saw  the  light ; 
taking  cce.lum  in   the   sense  of  Zwcewi,  and 
supplying    the    word  oculis.     This   Heyne 
prefers.      Or,  as  soon    as   looking   up,  he 
drew  in  his   breath;  taking  cceium  in  the 
sense  of  spiritum.      This  is   the  sense   of 
Ruffius  and   Davidson.     Auras :   the  prep, 
rtd,  is  understood. 

902.  Pepigit  fuze :  agreed  upon  these 
terms  with  you  for  me.  Venia. :  a  favour. 

904.  Meorum:  of  my  former  subjects. 

905.  Defende  hunc :  avert,  or  forbid  the 
indulgence    of   their    furious   resentment. 
Ruseus  says,  routine. 

906.  Concede:  grant — permit.   Mezentius 
desired  to  be  buried  in  the  same  grave  with 
his  son.     This  he  begged  as  a  favour,  not 


that  he  could  claim  it  as  a  right.  As  they 
had  not  been  separated  in  life,  he  wished 
not  to  be  in  death.  It  may  here  be  re- 
marked, that  how  wicked  soever  a  person 
may  have  been  in  life,  at  the  hour  of  his 
death,  he  earnestly  desires  the  reward  of 
virtue,  and  that  in  the  future  life,  he  may  b« 
a  partaker  with  the  righteous. 

908.  Diffundit:  pours  out  his  life.  Un- 
danti  cruore :  the  blood  flowing,  or  gushing 
upon  his  armour. 

It  may  be  remarked  here,  that  the  poet 
differs  widely  from  the  current  of  historians. 
They  say,  that  in  a  war  which  broke  out 
between  the  Latins  and  Tuscans,  over 
whom  Mezentius  was  king,  that  jEneas  was 
slain  by  him  in  a  battle,  fought  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Numicus,  whose  waters  carried 
his  dead  body  into  the  sea.  where  it  was 
never  afterwards  found.  Hence  it  was  be- 
lieved, that  he  was  taken  to  Heaven  and 
made  a  demi-god.  This  took  place  about 
three  years  after  the  building  of  the  city 
Lamnium.  See  jEn.  iv.  615. 


QUESTIONS. 


How  does  this  book  open  ? 

Where  was  this  council  held  ? 

What  is  the  conclusion  of  their  delibera- 
tions ? 

Were  there  any  speeches  made  upon  the 
occasion  ? 

What  is  the  subject  of  the  speech  of  Ve- 
nus? 

What  is  the  character  of  it? 

What  is  the  nature  of  Juno's  reply  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  it  ? 

What  is  the  decision  of  Jove  ? 

Whom  does  the  poet  here  imitate  ? 

What  book  of  the  Iliad  ? 

Where  is  mount  Olympus  ? 

Why  was  it  taken  by  the  poets  for  hea- 
ven ? 


Why  is  it  here  called  omnipotent  ? 

Where  was  JEneas  during  the  transac- 
tions of  the  preceding  book? 

Having  effected  his  object,  does  he  make 
any  further  delay  ? 

What  part  of  his  allies  did  he  send  by 
land  ? 

By  whom  is  he  met  on  his  way  down  the 
Tiber? 

Who  was  the  chief  speaker  among  those 
nymphs  ? 

Did  she  give  him  any  particular  informa- 
tion ? 

What  was  that  information  T 

How  was  Turnus  engaged  in  the  mean 
time  ? 


530 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS, 


On  the  arrival  of  tineas,  what  course  did 
Turnus  adopt? 

Would  this  give  him  any  advantage  over 
the  enemy  ? 

How  did  ^Eneas  effect  a  landing  ? 

Into  how  many  divisions  were  his  troops 
arranged  ? 

Was  any  loss  sustained  in  landing  ? 

Who  commanded  that  division  of  the 
fleet? 

Did  Turnus  effectually  prevent  the  land- 
ing of  jEneas  ? 

What  took  place  after  the  landing  ? 

What  feats  of  valour  did  ^Eneas  perform  ? 

Who  was  the  first  killed  by  him  ? 

What  took  place  in  the  wing  commanded 
by  Pallas? 

Why  were  the  Arcadians  beaten  by  the 
Latins  ? 

What  was  the  nature  of  the  ground,  where 
they  were  engaged  ? 

Upon  this  occasion,  what  did  Pallas  do  ? 

What  effect  had  his  address  upon  his 
troops? 

What  feats  of  valour  did  he  then  per- 
form ? 

Whom  did  he  kill  ? 

Who  commanded  the  troops  opposed  to 
Pallas? 

Who  was  Lausus  ? 

What  feats  of  valour  did  he  perform? 

What  were  the  ages  of  these  young  com- 
manders? 

Why  did  not  the  poet  make  them  engage 
each  other  ? 

By  whom  were  they  slain  ? 

In  what  pious  duty  did  Lausus  meet  his 
death? 

After  the  death  of  Pallas,  what  took  place  ? 

Who  was  the  principal  agent  in  effecting 
this  defeat  of  the  Trojans  ? 

At  this  crisis,  what  did  ^Eneas  do  to  re- 
store the  fight  ? 

Why  does  he  go  in  search  of  Turnus  ? 

By  whom  are  the  Trojans  enabled  to 
perform  such  feats  of  valor? 

What  did  Juno  do  in  the  mean  time? 

What  effect  had  her  speech  upon  Jove  ? 

Does  she  give  any  assistance  to  the  La- 
tins? 

What  then  is  she  permitted  to  do  for 
Turnus  ? 

How  does  she  effect  that  object  ? 

Where  does  she  conduct  him  ? 

When  he  discovered  the  deception,  what 
effect  had  it  upon  him  ? 

What  did  he  do? 

What  was  the  character  of  that  address  ? 

Is  he  in  any  way  thankful  for  the  favor  of 
Juno  ? 

If  he  must  die,  where  did  he  desire  to 
do  it  ? 

Who  prevented  him  from  killing  himself 
in  this  state  of  distraction  ? 

Whither  was  he  finally  carried  by  the 
\Yinds  ? 


Who  succeeded  Turnus  in  the  cemmand  ? 

What  feats  of  valor  did  he  perform  ? 

Who  assault  him  with  fury  ? 

Why  do  the  Tuscans  attack  him  in  this 
manner  ? 

What  effect  had  their  assault  upon  him? 

Whom  of  them  did  he  kill? 

Dare  any  of  them  engage  him  hand  to 
hand  ? 

Does  he  finally  put  them  all  to  flight? 

At  this  time,  how  stands  the  scale  of 
victory  ? 

.flSneas  observed  Mezentius  thundering 
through  the  thickest  of  the  enemy,  putting 
whole  squadrons  to  flight  ;  and  what  did 
he  resolve  to  do  ? 

Is  Mezentius  ready  to  meet  him  ? 

Who  commences  the  assault  ? 

Did  his  spear  hit.  ./Eneas  ? 

Whom  did  it  kill  ? 

Who  was  this  Antores  ?  Was  he  a  valiant 
champion  ? 

Had  the  spear  of  ./Eneas  any  effect  upon 
Mezentius  ? 

Was  the  wound  mortal  ? 

Who  succors  him  in  this  critical  moment  f 

How  does  Lausus  meet  the  foe  ? 

What  effect  had  the  sight  of  him  upon 


Does  he  make  an  address  to  Irim? 

Is  it  a  source  of  regret  to  him,  to  kill  so 
noble  a  youth  ? 

What  becomes  of  his  father  in  the  mean 
time  ? 

Does  he  express  any  concern  about  his 
son? 

What  does  he  do  ? 

After  being  informed  of  his  death,  what 
resolution  does  he  take  ? 

Having  arrived  on  the  field  of  battle,  does 
he  challenge  the  foe  ? 

Is  ./Eneas  ready  to  meet  him  ? 

Who  commenced  the  fight  ?  . 

What  effect  had  his  darts  upon  his  anta- 
gonist ? 

Where  did  iEneas  direct  his  dart  ? 

Did  he  kill  the  faithful  courser  ? 

What  effect  had  the  pain  of  the  wound 
upon  him  ? 

Did  he  throw  his  rider?  And  what  did 
he  do  afterwards  ? 

Did  .<Eneas  kill  Mezentius  in  this  situa- 
tion ? 

Was  this  a  fair  trial  of  strength  and  dex- 
terity ? 

Did  Mezentius  beg  any  favor  of  the  victor? 

What  was  that  favor? 

Does  the  poet  here  agree  with  historians, 
in  this  particular  ? 

Do  they  inform  us  that  Mezentius  wa  s 
slain  by  JSneas  ? 

Who  then  was  the  victor  in  the  combat  r 

Where  was  the  battle  fought  r 

How  long  after  his  settlement  in  Italy. 
and  the  building  of  Lavinium  ? 

What  became  of  the  body  of  J^ 


LIBER    UNDECIMUS. 


THE  death  of  Mezentius  turned  the  scale  of  victory  in  favor  of  the  Trojans,  and  their 
allies. 

This  book  opens  with  preparations  for  burying  the  dead,  and  performing  the  funeral  riteS 
to  Pallas.  A  thousand  men  accompany  his  corpse  to  the  city  of  Evander,  in  slow  and 
solemn  procession. 

In  the  mean  time,  ambassadors  arrive  from  Latinus,  praying  for  a  truce,  for  the  purpose 
of  burying  their  dead.  jEneas  grants  their  request. 

While  these  things  are  going  on  in  the  field,  fear  and  alarm  pervade  the  city  of  Latinus. 
Here  Turnus  had  arrived.  Drances,  an  aged  and  influential  counsellor,  accuses  him 
of  being  the  cause  of  the  war,  and  the  author  of  their  calamities ;  and  urges  him  to 
decide  the  dispute  by  single  combat.  Turnus  however  has  many  friends,  who  recount 
his  noble  deeds  of  valor.  At  this  juncture,  the  ambassadors,  who  had  been  sent  to  the 
court  of  Diomede  (Lib.  8.)  returned.  Latinus  calls  a  council  of  all  his  senators  and 
nobles  to  receive  the  reply,  and  to  consult  upon  the  present  state  of  affairs.  VenuluB, 
the  chief  Of  the  embassy,  gives  a  full  account  of  the  mission ;  of  his  reception  by  Dio- 
mede ;  of  the  opinion  of  that  monarch  concerning  the  war,  and  the  reason  of  his  de- 
clining any  interference  in  it.  Latinus  gives  his  opinion  in  favor  of  peace,  and  proposes 
to  send  ambassadors  with  rich  presents  to  vEneas,  bearing  proposals  of  peace  and  amity. 
Drances  follows  in  a  speech  of  much  virulence  and  invective  against  Turnus,  accusing 
him  of  flight  and  cowardice,  and  proposed,  if  he  were  the  mighty  champion  he  claimed 
to  be,  that  he  should  decide  the  dispute  by  single  combat,  with  /Eneas,  and  prevent 
further  effusion  of  blood. 

Turnus  replies  in  a  manly  strain :  he  repels  the  charge  of  cowardice  by  adverting  to  his 
noble  achievements,  to  the  thousands  whom  he  had  slain,  and  to  the  dismay  which  he 
had  occasioned  to  the  whole  Trojan  camp.  He  endeavors  to  allay  their  fears,  and  to 
inspire  them  with  the  hope  of  success.  He  recounts  the  valor  of  his  troops ;  he  men- 
tions the  cause  in  which  they  were  engaged — the  cause  of  their  country :  nor  does  he 
omit  to  mention  the  number,  and  fidelity  of  his  allies.  He  concludes  by  observing,  that 
he  would  not  decline  to  meet  the  conqueror,  if  the  common  good  required  it ;  nor  had 
he  been  so  much  abandoned  by  victory,  as  to  refuse  an  enterprise  of  so  glorious  prospect, 
even  though  his  enemy  should  prove  himself  a  great  Achilles.  The  whole  of  Turnus' 
speech  bespeaks  the  soldier  and  the  hero. 

A  messenger  now  arrives  informing  of  the  approach  of  the  Trojans.  The  council  dis- 
solves. All  prepare  to  defend  the  city.  Turnus  gives  commands  to  several  of  his  officers, 
;irms  himself,  and  appears  at  the  head  of  his  troops.  Here  he  has  an  interview  with 
Camilla.  He  confers  on  her  the  chief  command  of  the  horse,  assisted  by  Messapu?, 
with  direction  to  engage  the  Tuscan  cavalry  in  close  fight,  while  he,  with  a  chosen  body 
of  troops,  would  lie  in  ambush  in  a  woody  vale,  through  which,  according  to  his  infor- 
mation, ./Eneas  would,  with  the  main  body  of  his  army,  advance  upon  the  city. 

The  Tuscan  horse  in  the  mean  time  approach  the  city,  and  the  embattled  squadrons  aro 
arranged  in  order  of  battle  in  front  of  each  other.  The  Trojans  commence  the  attack 
and  repulse  the  Latins,  who  rally,  and  in  turn  drive  the  Trojans.  At  length  a  most 
desperate  conflict  takes  place.  Camilla  displayed  distinguished  skill  and  valor.  She 
rode  among  the  thickest  combatants,  and  whole  squadrons  fled  before  her.  Tarchou 
rallies  his  flying  Tuscans,  and  renews  the  fight.  Camilla  is  at  last  slain  by  Aruns ;  who 
also  loses  his  life.  The  Trojans  gain  a  victory.  The  expiring  queen  sends  a  messenger 
to  inform  Turnus  of  the  event  of  the  contest.  He  instantly  leaves  his  retreat,  and 
marches  into  the  plain.  No  sooner  had  he  done  this,  than  ./Eneas,  with  his  army,  entered 
the  defile,  passed  it,  and  reached  the  plain. 

The  battle  would  have  been  renewed  between  the  rival  princes,  but  night  approached. 
Both  armies  encamp  in  sight  of  each  other,  and  wait  the  coming  day. 


532 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


OCEAJNUM  interest  surgens  Aurora  rejiquif. 

2.  JEneas,  victor  sol-  ./Eneas,  quanquam  et  sociis  dare  tempus  humandis 
vebat  vota  Deura  primo  pr8ecipitant  curae,  turbataque  funere  mens  est. 
Eoo.  nuanquam  -«T         K    A  -1-1 

Vota  Deum  primo  victor  solvebat  Eoo. 

Ingentem  quercum  decisis  undique  ramis  5 

Constituit  tuniulo,  fulgentiaque  induit  arma, 

7.  Quod  erat  trophaeum  Mezenti  duels  exuvias  ;  tibi,  magne,  trophaeum, 
tibi,  O  magne  Bellipotens  :  aptat  rorantes  sanguine  cristas, 

Telaque  trunca  viri,  et  bis  sex  thoraca  petitum 
Pertossumque  locis  :  clypeumque  ex(aere  sinistrae       10 
Subligat,  atque  ensem  collo  suspendit  eburnum. 
Turn  socios,  namque  omnis  eum  stipata  tegebat 
Turba  ducum,  sic  incipiens  hortatur  ovantes  :      , 
14.  O  viri,  maxima  Maxima  res  etiecta,  viri  :  timor  omnis  abcsto. 
res  w'  Quod  superest  :  liasc  sunt  spolia,  et  de  rege  superbo 

16.  Mezentius  CKSUS  PrimitiaB  :  manibusque  meis  Mezentius  hie  est.  16 

Nunc  iter  ad  regem  nobis  murosque  Latinos. 
Arma  parate,  animis  et  spe  praesumite  bellum  : 
19.  Ne  qua  mora  im-  Ne  qua  mora  igrmros,  ubi  primum  vellere  signa 
pediat  vos  ignaros,  sen-  Annuerint  Superi,  pubemque  educere  castris,  20 

JmPediat'  sesncs^lc  metu  sen'""ia  tardet-  ' 

Interea  socios  inhumataque  corpora  terras 
Maridemus  :  qui  solus  honos  Acheronte  sub  imo  est, 
Ite,  ait  :  egregias  animas,  quui  sanguine  nobis 
Hanc  patriam  peperere  suo,  decorate  supremis          '-•"> 
Muneribus  :  mcestamque  Evandri  primus  ad  urbem 
Mittatur  Pallas,  quern  non  virtutis  egentem 
Abstulit  atra  dies,  et  funere  mersit  acerbo. 

Sic  ait  illachrymans,  recipitqne  ad  limina  gressum  : 


NOTES. 


J.  Funere  :  at  the  death  of  Pallas. 

4.  Primo  Eoo.  Eous  here  is  taken  as  a 
substantive:  with  the  first  dawning  light. 
The  first  business  of  the  pious  ./Eneas  is  to 
return  thanks  to  the  gods  for  his  victory, 
although  he  wished  to  perform  the  last  offi- 
ces  to  his  friends  and  companions  in  arms, 
and  especially  to  Pallas 


ed,  and  hung  around  with  his  arms.  Hir 
cst  :  here  is  Mezentius  slain  by  my  hand. 

16-  Primitia:  the  first  fruits  ;  putinap- 
position  with  hac  spolia.  These  jEneashere 
dedicated  to  Mars,  the  warrior  god,  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  first  fruits  of  the  earth 
were  offered  to  the  gods. 

18.  Prcesumite  :  anticipate.     Bellum  :  in 


rf-. 


sen 

spoils  (exumai)  of  Mezentius,  whom  it  was 
intended  to  represent.  It  had  T5  waving 
plumes,  his  breast-plate,  perforated  m  seve- 
ral  places,  his  brazen  shield  bound  to  his 
left  arm,  and  lus  ivory  handled  sword  sus! 
pended  from  his  neck. 
D 

».  Horantes:  besmeared  with  blood— 
dripping  with  blood. 

J.  fetttum  :  struck,  or  hit. 

15.  Hcec  sunt  spolia  :  By  the  rex  su- 
perbus  here,  some  understand  Turnus  :  from 
him  he  had  won  the  spoils  in  general,  to  which 
he  first  points;  then  to  the  trophy  repre- 
aenting  Mezentius,  which  he  had  just  erect- 


resolution — purpose. 

The  same  as  audia 
senlentia. 

23.  Qwz  honos  solus :  It  was  the  re- 
ceived opinion,  that  those  wiio  were  unbu- 
ried  could  not  pass  over  the  river  Styx  into 
the  peaceful  abodes  of  the  happy,  till  after 
the  revolution  of  a  hundred  years;  which 
time  the  shade,  or  umbra,  roamed  at  lar^o 
along  its  banks,  in  anxious  expectation  of 
the  appointed  period.  See  ^En.  vi.  325,  cl. 
scqutns.  Achtronte.  Acheron  here  is  utt'd 
for  the  regions  below,  in  general. 
25.  Peperere:  gotten — obtained — procured. 
29.  Rccipitque  gressvm :  This  alludes 


aENEIS.    LIB.  XL 


533 


35.      Solute     quoad 
moestum  crinem 


Corpus  ubi  exanimi  positum  Pallantis  Accetes  HO 

Servabat  senior,  qui  Parrhasio  Evandro 

Armiger  ante  fuit ;  sed  non  felicibus  seque  32.  Sed  turn  ibat  co- 

Turn  comes  auspiciis  charo  datus  ibat  alumno.  mes  datus  charoalumno 

Circum  omnis  famulumque  manus,  Trojanaque  turba,     ^Omniscme  manus 
ht  mcestum  Iliades  crinem  de  more  solutae.  35  &c.  stant  circum 

Ut  vero  JSneas  foribus  sese  intulit  altis  ; 
Ingentem  gemituin  tunsis  ad  sidera  tollunt 
Pectoribus,  moastoque  immugit  regia  luctu. 
Ipse  caput  nivei  fultum  Pallantis  et  ora 
Ut  vidit.  levique  patens  in  pectore  vulnus  40 

Cuspidis  Ausonia),  lachrymis  ita  fatur  obortis  : 
Te-ne,  iriquit,  miserande  puer,  cum  heta  veniret, 
Invidit  fortuna  rnihi  ?  ne  regna  videres 
Nostra,  neque  ad  sedes  victor  veherere  paternas  ? 
Non  hasc  Evandro  de  te  promissa  parent!  45 

Discedens  dederam  ;  cum  me  complexus  euntem 
Mitteret  in  magnum  imperium ;  metuensque  moneret 

Acres  esse  viros,  cum  dura  praslia  gente.  48.  Moneret  me  Lati- 

Et  mine  ille  quidem  spe  muitum  captus  inani,  nos  esse  acres  viros>  r' 

Fors  et  vota  facit,  curnulatque  altana  donis.  50  pra 

-  Nos  juvenem  exanimum,  et  nil  jam  ccelestibus  ullis 
Debentem,  vano  mresti  cornitamur  honore. 
Infelix,  nati  funus  crudele  videbis  ! 

Hi  nostri  reditus,  expectatique  triumphi !  54.  Hi  suntnosttipro- 

Haec  mea  magna  fides!  At  non,  Evandre,  pudendis  55 missi reditus 
Vulneribus  pulsum  aspicies  :  nee  sospite  dirum 

NOTES. 

to  the  custom  of  laying  owt  the  dead  in  the 
vestibule,  or  entrance  before  the  door,  after 
it  was  washed,  anointed,  and  crowned  with 
garlands.  In  such  a  place  was  the  dead 
body  of  Pallas  laid  out,  and  watched  by  his 
aged  friend  Aerates. 

31.  Parrhasio.  Evander  is  called  Par- 
rhasian,  from  Parrhasia,  a  country,  and  also 
a  city,  of  Arcadia,  where  he  was  born. 

33.  Comes:  guardian,  or  tutor.  Datus: 
appointed. 

35.  Iliades  mirstirm :  The  poet  here  re- 
presents the  Trojan  matrons  standing 
around  the  corpse  of  Pallas,  in  mourning 
attire.  He  had  before  toid  us,  /En.  ix.  216, 
that  /Eneas  left  them  all  in  Si-.niy,  except 
the  mother  of  Euryalus.  Servms  under- 
Kliiuda  female  slaves  in  this  place.  But  they 
are  never  called  Iliades.  The  poet  would 
have,  probably,  altered  the  passage,  had 
he  lived  to  put  the  last  hand  to  the  A'neid. 

39.  JVivei  Pallantis:  The  epithet,  ni- 
veus  here  may  refer  to  the"  fairness  of  his 
face  and  countenance  while  living ;  or  more 
probably  to  his  countenance  now  white,  and 
pale,  and  cold  in  death.  Fultum:  support- 
ed— bolstered  up. 

41.  Cuspidis.  Cuspis  is  here  taken  for 
the  whole  spear,  by  synec.  It  is  the  spear 


with  which  Turnus  killed  the  noble  youth : 
here  called  Ausonian,  or  Italian. 

42.  Invidit-nefortifia :  did  fortune,  when 
she  came  propitious,  (to/a,)  envy  thee  to 
me,  O  lamented  youth  ? 

44.  Veherere  :  in  the  sense  of  reducereris. 

47.  In  magnum  imperium  :  against  a  pow- 
erful empire.  Or  it  may  mean,  in  prospect 
of  a  mighty  empire.  The  former  best  agrees 
with  what  follows.  Ruceus  says,  in  magnum 
imperium  Etruscorum :  which  is  the  sense 
of  Valpy.  Heyne  refers  it  to  Latium,  to 
the  government  of  which  /Eneas  was  about 
to  succeed.  It  was  by  the  aid  of  Evander 
that  he  overcame  the  Rululi  and  Latini. 

50.  Fors  :  in  the  sense  01  />,/».«<. 

51.  Nil   debentem   ullis.     Commentators 
understand    by   this,    his    being   no 

a  subject  of  the  gods  above,  but  in  tho 
power  of  the  gods  belmv.  But  it  may 
moan,  that  he  was  now  discharged  from 
every  vow  which  he  had  made  to  the  celes- 
tial gods — that  be  would  never  return  to 
perform  any  he  had  made  himself,  or  which 
his  father  was  making  for  him.  I'uno: 
unavailing.  Inulili,  says  Iluseus.  All  their 
pomp  (iLonore)  and  parade  were  of  no  avail 
to  him.  "  The  living  are  subject  to  the  gods 
above,  the  dead  to  those  below  :"  Valpy. 
50.  PI'! .•••;/,-/,  :  iu  iii" 


534  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Optabis  nato  funus  pater.     Hei  mihi  !  quantum 
53.   Tu,  O  Auswiia,  Praesidium,  Ausonia,  et  quantum  tu  perdis,  Idle  ! 
petdis,znPallanie  Hgec  ubi  deflevitj  tolli  miserabilc  corpus 

Imperat  ;  et  toto  lectos  ex  agmine  rnittit  fiO 

Mille  viros,  qui  supremum  comitentur  honorem, 
62.  Qua  sunt  exigua  Intersintque  patris  lachrymis  :  solatia  luctus 
solatia  Exigua  ingentis,  misero  sed.debita.patri. 

64.  Alii  haud  segnes  Haud  segnes  alii  crates  et  molle  feretrum 
texunt  crates  Arbuteis  texunt  virgis,  et  vimine  querno,  *>"> 

Exstructosque  toros  obtentu  frondis  inumbrant. 
Hicjuvenem  agresti  sublimem  in  stramine  ponunt: 
68.    Talem,    qualem  Qualem  virgineo  demessum  pollice  florem 
florem  seu  mollis  viol®,  geu  mo|lig  vio|ffi)  geu  ]anguentis  hyacinthi  ; 

thi!  der^n8          °"  Cui  ne(lue  fulgor  adhuc»  necdum  sua  forma  recessit  ;  70 
Non  jam  mater  alit  tellus,  viresque  ministrat. 

Turn  geminas  vestes,  anroque  ostroque  rigentes, 
Extulit  JSneas  :  quas  illi  laeta  laborum 
Ipsa  suis  quondam  manibus  Sidonia  Dido 
Fecerat,  et  tenui  telas  discreverat  auro.  75 

6  e  i,  supremum  moestus  honorem 


77 

guasi   amictu    obnubit  Induit,  arsurasque  comas  obnubit  amictu. 
comas  Multaque  prseterea  Laurentis  praemia  pugna3 

81.    Manus   eorum,  Aggerat,  et  longo  praedam  jubet  ordine  duci. 

EafumbL'ST  Addit  C1UOS  «*  "•'»'  1uibus  "PoHaventf  hostem.  80 

f-s  Vmxerat  et  post  terpi  manus,  quos  mitteret  umbns 

82.  Flammum  rogi     Inferias,  caeso  sparsuros  sanguine  flammam  ; 

NOTES. 

Though  it  would  be  a  source  of  grief  to  see  67.  Stramine  agresti.    By  this  we  are  to 

his  son  a  corpse  ;  it  would  nevertheless  be  understand  the  bed   mentioned  in  the  pro- 

some  mitigation  of  that  sorrow,  to  find  that  ceding  line.     It  is  called  agrcsti,  rural,  or 

he  fell  not  by  dishonorable  wounds  —  that  he  rustic,  because  it  was  made  of  the  green 

fell  facing  his  enemy,  arid  not  in  flight.     It  boughs  of  trees,  leaves,  &c.     Stramen,  from 

was  considered  disgraceful  to  be  slain,  or  sterno.  properly  signifies  any  thing  placed, 

to  receive  a  wound  in  the  back.     Pudendis  :  or  strewed  under  as  a  bed  ;    such  as  straw, 

in  the  sense  of  indecoris.  leaves,  &c. 

57.  Nee  pater    optabis:     These     words  68.  Qualem  florem:     This   is   a    beau- 
are  susceptible  of  a  double  meaning  :  the  tiful  simile.     He  looks  fair,  and  still  bloom- 
father  will  not  imprecate  a  cruel  death  to  ing  like  a  flower,  just  plucked  by  the  vir- 
himself,  in  consequence  of  the  disgrace  of  gm's  hand. 

his  son  :  or,  he  will  not  imprecate  a  cruel         69.  Languentis.      This  very  beautifully 

death  upon  his  son,  whose  Jife  had  been  represents   the  hyacinth,   just    after   it  is 

disgracefully  preserved.     This  last  is  the  plucked,  beginning  to  fade,  and  droop  its 

sense  given  to  the  passage  by  Davidson,  head. 

Ruseus  says,  nee  optabis  tibi  mortem  acerbam,         70.  Forma  :  beauty  —  comeliness. 
Jilio  turpiter  salvo,  taking  it  in  the  former         74.  Quas  Sidonia  Dido  ipsa  :    which  Si- 

*sense.     This  is  also  the  opinion  of  Heyne.  donian  Dido  herself,  pleased  with  the  la- 

58.  Presidium  :  protection.  bor,  had  made,  &c. 

59.  Ubi   dcjlevit  :    when    he   said    these         75.  Discreverat.  Ruseus  says,  distinxeral. 
things  weeping  —  having  spoken  these  things  Tenui  auro  :  with  a  slender  thread  of  gold. 
with  tears.  77.  Obnubit  :  he  binds  up,  or  veils. 

62.  Intersint;    may  be  present  at,    or  78.  Pugnce:  of  the  battle,  fought  upon  the 

bear  a  part  with.  plains  of  Laurent  urn. 

64.  Segnes:  in  the  sense  of  tardi.  81.  Vinxerat  mcmus  :  he  \»ound  the  bands 

65.  Arbuteis  :  of  the  arbute  tree.  of  those,  &c.     This  barbarous  custom  the 

66.  Toros  :  here  is  the  bed  raised,  or  made  poet  takes  from  Homer.     It  might  suit  the 
high  upon  the  fevetrum,  or  bier.     Obtentu  temper  of  Achilles,  but  does  not  agree  with 
frondis.     Ruaeus  says,  umbraculo  foliorum.  that  of  ^Eneas. 

They  shaded  the  bed  by  spreading  (nbten-         82.  Cccso  :  in  the  sense  of/two.   Inferias  : 
/?/)  leafy  branches  over  it.  sacrifices  for  the  dead.     Umbris  :   to  the 


.ENEIS.    LIB.  XI. 


535 


Indutosque  jubet  truncos  hostilibus  armis 

Ipsos  ferre  duces,  inimicaque  nomina  figi. 

Ducitur  infelix  aevo  con  feet  us  Acoetes, 

Pectora  mine  foodans  pugais,  nunc  unguibus  ora  : 

Sternitur  et  toto  projectus  corpore  terras. 

Ducunt  et  Rutulo  perfusos  sanguine  currus. 

Post  bellator  equus,  positis  insignibus, 

It  lachrymans,  guttisque  humectat  grandibus  ora. 

Hastam  alii  galeamque  ferunt ;  nam  caetera  Turnus 

Victor  habet.      Turn  mcesta    phalanx,    Teucrique   se- 

Tyrrhenique  duces,  et  versis  Arcades  armis.   [quuntur, 

Postquam  ornnis  longe  comitum  processerat  ordo, 

Substitit  ^Eneas,  gemituque  haec  addidit  alto :  95 

Nos  alias  bine  ad  lachrymas  eadem  horrida  belli 

Fata  vocant.     Salve  aeternum  mihi,  maxime  Palla, 

jfSternumque  vale.     Nee  plura  effatus,  ad  altos 

Tendebat  muros,  gressumque  in  castra  ferebat. 

Jamque  oratores  aderarit  ex  urbe  Latirta^ 
Velati  ramis  oleae,  veniamque  rogantes, 
Corpora,  per  campos  ferro  quae  fusa  jacebant, 
Redderet,  ac  tumulo  sineret  succedere  terrae  : 
Nullum  cum  victis  certamen,  et  aethere  cassis ; 
Parceret  hospitibus  quondam,  socerisque  vocatis. 


84.  Figi  his  truncis 
gg  arborum. 


90 


100 

103.  Ut  ille  redderet 
illis  corpora,  quse 

104.  Esse  illi  nullum 
certamen  cum  victis,  et 
iis  cassis  8Bthere,w<  par- 

105  ceret  its 


NOTES. 


shade  of  Pallas.  Eight  prisoners  were  sent 
as  victims  to  be  offered  at  the  funeral  pile  of 
Pallas.  The  poet  mentions  this  circum- 
stance, without  any  expression  of  disap- 
probation. It  is  true,  Achilles,  in  the  Iliad, 
does  the  same  thing  at  the  tomb  of  his  friend 
Patroclus  ;  but  he  is  represented  as  a  person 
of  a  very  different  character  from  JEneas, 
the  hero  of  the  ^Eneid.  And  moreover,  the 
loss  which  he  had  sustained  was  more  se- 
vere, and  his  grief  more  poignant.  But 
above  all,  he  lived  in  a  state  of  society  very 
different  from  that  in  which  Virgil  lived. 
These  things  serve  in  some  measure  to  miti- 
gate the  enormity  of  the  deed.  And  yet 
there  is  one  passage  of  Homer,  which  Eu- 
stathius  understands  as  conveying  a  strong 
censure  of  the  barbarous  act. 

The  practice  of  sacrificing  prisoners  at 
the  funerals  of  their  generals,  in  process  of 
time,  appeared  to  the  Romans  barbarous 
y  Sffld  cruel.  They  therefore  changed  it,  says 
Servius,  for  the  milder  shows  of  the  gladia- 
tors !  See  ^En.  x.  518.  et  seq. 

83.  Truncos :    trunks   of   trees.      These 
were  considered  the  less  trophy,  and  were 
carried  in  the  hand.     They  were  dressed  in 
the  spoils  of  the  enemy. 

84.  Inimica  nomina:  the  names  of  the 
enemies  to  be  inscribed  upon  them. 

87.  Sternitur  terra :  he  grovels,  or  rolls 
on  the  ground. 

89.  JEthon:  the  name  of  the  horse  of 
Pallas.  Insignibus  positis;  his  trappings 


being  laid  aside,  he  is  now  dressed  in 
mourning.  Post:  behind. 

90.  It  lachrymans  :  he  moves  on  weeping. 
Virgil  here  is  indebted  to  Homer  for  this 
thought,  Iliad.  17.  Where  the  horses  of 
Achilles  are  represented  as  weeping  at  the 
death  of  their  master,  and  obstinately  re- 
fusing to  obey  their  driver.  Both  Aristotle 
and  Pliny  say,  th'at  horses  often  lament  their 
masters  slain  in  battle,  and  even  shed  tears 
over  them. 

94.  Processerat.  This  is  the  common 
reading.  Davidson  reads  prcecesserat,  upon 
the  authority  of  Pierius,  who  assures  us  ho 
found  that  reading  in  the  Roman,  and  other 
manuscripts,  which  he  consulted.  Heyne 
reads  processerat.  Ordo:  the  procession. 

96.  Jld  alias  lachrymas :  to  other  scenes 
of  sorrow — to  the  burial  of  the  other  dead . 

97.  Salve  mihi.     This  is  after  the  manner 
of  the  Greeks,  who  used  their  personal  pro- 
noun in   the  same  manner.      Salvt — vale  : 
these   were    the   novissima  verba,    or  last 
words,  with  which  they  departed  from  the 
funeral.     Farewell  for  ever,  farewell  for  ever, 
most  illustrious  Pallas.     Fata :  state — con- 
dition. 

101.  Veniam:  the  favor,  that  he  would 
restore  to  them,  &c. 

102.  Fusa  :  in  the  sense  of  ccesa  vel  strata. 

103.  Succedere  tumulo  :    to  be  buried,  or 
interred  in  the  earth. 

104.  Castis  :  deprived  of:  a  part,  from  ca- 
rco.     JEthere.:  in  the  sense  of  luce. 

10").  Quondam:  his  former  host — friend. 


536 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


106.  Quos  precantes  Quos  bonus  ^Eneas,  baud  aspernanda  precant.es, 
ea  quvsunt  haud  Prosequitur  venia,  et  verbis  haec  insuper  addit : 

Quaenam  vos  tanto  fortuna  indigna,  Latini, 

109.  F<w,  qui  fugiatis  Implicuit  bello,  qui  nos  fugiatis  amicos  ? 
nos  Pacem  me  exanimis,  et  Martis  sorte  peremptis 

ct  vivis  5re?a*  ^  Oratis  ?  equidem  et  vivis  concedere  vellem. 

112. Nee veni/twc, nisi  ^ec  venij  nisl  fata  locum  sedemque  dedissent ; 

Nee  bellum  cum  gente  gero.     Rex  nostra  reliquit 
Hospilia,  etTurni  potius  se  credidit  armis. 
jEquius  huic  Turnum  fuerat  se  opponere  morti. 

116.   Si  Hit  apparat  Si  bellum  finire  manu,  si  pellere  Teucros 

Apparat,  his  decuit  mecum  concurrere  telis  : 
Vixet,  cui  vitam  Deus  aut  sua  dextra  dedisset. 
Nunc  ite,  et  miseris  supponite  civibus  ignem. 
Dixerat  ^Eneas.     Olli  obstupuere  silentes  ; 
Conversique  oculos  inter  se  atque  ora  tenebant. 
Turn  senior,  semperque  odiis  et  crimine  Drances 
Infensus  juveni  Turno,  sic  ore  vicissim 
Orsa  refert :  O  fama  ingens,  ingentior  armis, 
Vir  Trojane,  quibus  coelo  te  laudibus  aequem  ? 
Justitiae-ne  priiis  mirer,  belli-ne  laborum  ? 
Nos  vero  hsec  patriam  grati  referemusad  urbem: 
Et  te,  si  qua  viam  dederit  fortuna,  Latino 
Jungemus  regi :  quaerat  sibi  federa  Turnus. 

130.Quinjuvabitn<w'Quin  et  fatales  murorum  attollere  moles, 

Saxaque  subvectare  humeris  Trojana  juvabit. 
Dixerat  haec  :  unoque  omnes  eadem  ore  fremebant. 
Bis  senos  pepigere  dies  ;  et,  pace  sequestra, 


.  Hsec  lua  verba 


129.  Alia  foedera 


lie 


115 


120 


125 


130 


NOTES. 


Soceris:  parents-in-law,  Lntinus  and  Ania- 
ta.  By  marrying  Lavinia,  he  would  be- 
come related  to  the  whole  Latin  nation. 

107.  Prosequitur  venia  :  he  follows,  or 
accompanies  them  with  the  desired  favor. 
He  granted  their  request  as  soon  as  asked. 
It  was  reasonable  in  its  nature,  and  conso- 
nant with  the  laws  of  war. 

109.  Implicuit:    hath   entangled — invol- 
ved. 

110.  Pacem,  me.     This  is  the  reading  of 
Heyne,  and  Valpy  after  him.     Some  an- 
cient copies  have  the  same.     The  common 
reading  is  pacem-ne.     Peremptis :  for  those 
slain  by  the  lot  of  war.     Mar  is :  for  belli. 

112.   Veni:  in  the  sense  of  venissem. 

115.  JEquius  fuerat:  it  had  been  more 
just  that  Turnus,  &c.  It  may  here  be  re- 
inaiked,  that  Latinus  did  not  take  part 
with  Turnus  of  his  own  free  will  and  ac- 
cord; but  was  forced  into  it  by  the  impor- 
tunities of  his  wife  Amata.  He  was  con- 
vinced that  he  acted  against  the  will  and 
purposes  of  the  gods,  in  so  doing. 

117.  Jlpparat :   in  the  sense   of  statuit. 
Manu  :  by  force,  or  valor. 

118.  Vixet:    by    syncope,    for  vixisset: 
1he  one  of  us  would  have  lived-  to  whom, 


&c.  It  appears  here  that  the  first  proposal 
of  ending  the  war  by  single  combat  was 
made  by  ^neas. 

122.  Odiis  et :  in  hatred  and  crimination 
inimical,  &c.  Drances  embraced  every  op- 
portunity to  vent  his  envy  and  hatred  against 
Turnus,  and  to  throw  upon  him  all  the 
blame  of  the  war.  It  is  supposed,  that  un- 
der the  character  of  Drances,  the  poet  porr 
trays  Cicero,  who  was  no  friend  of  Virgil. 
See  infra,  336.  et  seq. 

124.  Orsa:  in  the  sense  ofrerba. 

126.  Juslilia-ne :  this  is  the  common 
reading.  Catrou  however  Tea.ds,justitid- 
ne  prius  mirer,  belh-ne  labor^  which  PiC- 
rius  says,  is  the  reading  of  the  Roman,  and 
of  some  other  manuscripts  of  antiquity. 
Servius  justifies  the  common  reading,  by 
making  it  a  Grecism.  Prius:  chiefly,  or 
most.  Shall  I  most  admire  thy  justice,  or 
thy  achievements  in  war?  Ruseus  says: 
Admirabor  te  objustitiam,  an  ob  opera  bellica. 
Heyne  reads,  as  in  the  text. 

130.  Moles  murorum :  your  walls — or  the 
towers  and  fortifications  built  upon  them. 
Fatales  :  destined  by  the  fates. 

133.  Sequestra  :  intervening — intermedi- 
ate. They  had  agreed  upon  a  truce,  or 
cessation  of  hostilities  for  twelve  days,  for 


JENEIS.     LIB.  XL 


637 


140 


145 


Per  sylvas  Teucri,  mixtique  impune  Latini, 
Erravere  jugis.     Ferro  sonat  alta  bipenni 
Fraxinus  :  evertunt  actas  ad  sidera  pinus  : 
Robora  nee  cuneis,  et  olentem  scindere  cedrum; 
Nee  plaustris  cessant  vectare  gementibus  ornos. 

Et  jamfama  volans,  tanti  pramuntia  luctus, 
Evandrum  Evandrique  domes  et  mcenia  complet ; 
Qua?  modo  victorem  Latio  Pallanta  ferebat. 
Arcades  ad  portas  ruere,  et  de  more  vetusto 
Funereas  rapuere  faces ;  lucet  via  longo 
Ordine  flammarum,  et  late  discriminat  agros. 
Contra  turba  Phrygum  veniens  plangentia  jungunt 
Agmina.     Qua3  postquam  matres  succedere  tectis 
Viderunt,  moeslam  incendunt  clamoribus  urbem. 
At  non  Evandrum  potis  est  vis  ulla  tenere  ; 
Sed  venit  in  medios.     Feretro  Pallanta  reposto 
Procumbit  super,atque  haeret  lachrymansque  gemensque: 
Et  via  vix  tandem  voci  laxata  dolore  est :  151 

Non  haec,  6  Paila,  dederas  promissa  parent!, 
Cautius  ut  SSBVO  velles  te  credere  Marti ! 
Haud  ignarus  eram,  quantum  nova  gloria  in  armis, 
Et  praedulce  decus  primo  certamine  posset.  155 

PrimitiaB  juvenis  miserae  !  bellique  propinqui 
Dura  rudimenta !  et  nulli  exaudita  Deorum 
Vota,  precesque  mea3  !  tuque,  6  sanctissima  conjux, 
Felix  morte  tua,  neque  in  hunc  servata  dolorem  ! 
Contra  ego  vivendo  vici  mea  fata,  superstes  160 

Restarem  ut  genitor.     Troiim  socia  arma  secutum 
Obruerent  Rutuli  telis  !  an-i mam  ipse  dedissem ; 
Atque  haBc  pompa  domum  me,  non  Pallanta,  referret ! 
Nee  vos  arguerim,  Teucri,  nee  foedera,  nee  quas 


135     135.  Et  in  jugis 

137.  Ncc  cessant  scin- 
dere 


141.  Eadcmfama,  quee 
modo  ferebat  Latio  Pai- 
lanta  esse  victorem. 


146.    Quse    agmina 
postquam  matres 


151.  Pra  dolore 


156.  O  miser®  primi- 
tiae  juvenis 


161.  Ut  ego  genitojr 
restarem  superstes  Jilia. 
Rutuli  obruerent  roc 


NOTES. 


the  purpose  of  burying  the  dead,  and  other 
rites  of  sepulture.  This  was  intermediate 
between  the  war,  before  and  after ;  during 
which  time  no  act  of  hostility  could  be  done 
by  either  party.  Hence  the  propriety  of  the 
word  impune  in  the  following  line,  in  safety, 
or  without  fear  of  injury. 

135.  Ferro  bipenni :   an    axe  with    two 
edges,  one  that  cuts  both  ways. 

136.  Actas :  raised — grown  up  to. 

139.  PrcEnuntia :  a  forerunner,   or   har- 
binger, in  apposition  with/ama. 

140.  Complet.   This  is  the  common  read- 
ing.   But  Picrius  observes  that  most  of  the 
ancient  manuscripts  have  replet. 

143.  Longo  ordinc  :  in  a  long  train,  or 
succession.     Ruseus  says,  longa  serie. 

144.  Discriminat.    This  word  Ruseus  in- 
terprets by  dividit.      Davidson   renders  it 
"  illuminates." 

145.  Contra :  in  an  opposite  direction — 
meeting  the  mourners  from  the  city. 

147.  Incendunt :  in  the  sense  ofconcitant. 
Ruseus  says,  commorenf. 

148.  Potis  est:  the  same  aspotcst. 


149.  Repusto :  for  reposito.  The  bier  being 
placed  on  the  ground. 

151.  Tandem  vix  dolore  via.  At  the  first 
sight  of  the  corpse,  he  was  overwhelmed 
with  grief,  which  entirely  prevented  his 
speech.  At  length,  however,  recovering 
from  it,  he  gives  utterance  to  the  effusions 
of  his  heart,  but  with  difficulty.  A  true 
pathos  pervades  this  whole  speech  of  Evan- 
der.  The  various  turns  of  passion,  and  the 
alternate  addresses  to  the  living  and  the 
dead,  are  the  very  language  of  sorrow. 

155.  Decus :  in  the  sense  of  honor.  Posset: 
in  the  sense  of  valeret. 

156.  Primitia,:  beginnings — essays.  Pro- 
pinqui :  neighboring — confederated,  or  al- 
lied.    Evander  assisted  /Eneas  as  an  ally : 
their  arms  were  associated  in  the  war.  Ru- 
ceus  says,  vicini. 

157.  Rudimenta  :  in  the  sense  of  experi- 
menta. 

160.  Ego  tici  mea  fata  :  I  have  overcome 
my  time  by  living — I  have  outlived  my  time. 
Or,  fata  may  mean  the  purposes  and  de- 
crees of  the  gods ;  that  regular  and  ordinary 


538  P.  VIRGIL1I  MARONIS 

Junximus  hospitio,  dextras  :  sors  ista  senectae  105 

Debita  erat  nostrae  !  Quod  si  immatura  manebat 
Mors  natum  ;  cassis  Volscorum  millibus  ante, 
Ducentem  in  Latium  Teucros,  cecidisse  juvabit. 
Quin  ego  non  alio  digner  te  funere,  Palla,  169 

Quam  pius  JSneas,  et  quam  magni  Phyrges,  et  quam 
171.  Dignati  sunt  te.  Tyrrhenique  duces,  Tyrrherium~exerc]tiis  omnis. 
3"  Magnatrophasa  ferunt,  quos  dat  tua  dextera  leto. 
Tu  quoque  nunc  stares  immanis  truncus  in  armis, 
174.  Si  esset  mifii  par  Esset  par  aBtas,  et.idem  si  robur  ab  annis, 
setas,  et  idem  robur  ab  Turne.    Sed  intelix  Teucros  quid  demoror  armis  ?    175 
Turne  ^^^  '     *"'       Vadite>  et  naec  rnemores  regi  mandata  referte  : 
TTG!  Veslro  regi :  O  Quod  vitam  moror  invisam,  Pallante  perempto, 
JEnea,  tua  dextra  est  Dextera  causa  tua  est ;  Turnum  natoque  patrique 
causa,  quod  Quam  debere  vides  meritis.     Vacat  hie  tibi  solus 

m  Fortuna3que  locus.     Non  vitae  gaudia  qua3ro,  180 

181.  Nee* es/ fas:  sed  ^ec  ^as  :  se(^  nato  Manes  perferre  sub  imos. 
cupio  perferrehuncnun-      Aurora  interea  miseris  mortalibus  almam 
Hum  mortis  Turni          Extulerat  lucem,  referens  opera  atque  labores. 
Jam  pater  ./Eneas,  jam  curvo  in  litorc  Tarchon 
Constituere  pyras  :  hue  corpora  quisque  suorum      185 
More  tulere  patrum  :  subjectisque  ignibus  atris 
Conditur  in  tenebras  altum  caligine  ccelum. 
Ter  circum  accensos,  cincti  iulgentibus  armis. 
189.    llogos  suorum  Decurrere  rogos  :  ter  mcestum  luneris  ignem 

Lustravere  in  equis,  ululatusque  ore  dedere.  190 

Spargitur  et  tellus  lachrymis,  sparguntur  et  arma. 
It  coelo  clamorque  virum,  clangorque  tubarum. 

195.  Pars  coiyiciunl  "inc.  a.Ui  sPolia  ocf sis  direpta^Latinis 
mortuis   nota    munera,  Conjicnmt  igni,  galeas,  cnsesque  decoros, 
newjoe,  clypeos  FraBnaque,  ierventesque  rotas  :  pars,  munera  nota,  195 

NOTES. 

course  of  things,  which  takes  place  in  the  trophy  to  grace  his  triumph.     Sec  6.  supra- 
world:  which  is,  that  the  son  should  outlive          175.  Armis ;  in  the  sense  of  ab  bello. 
the  father.  This  is  the  sense  given  by  Heyne.          179.  Quam :  which  (right  hand)  you  see, 

Valpy  says,  "  I  have  survived  my  own  fate  owes  Turnus  to  the  son  and  father  deserv- 

— I  have  exceeded  the  natural  bounds  of  ing  it.    Meritis :  a  part.  plu.  agreeing  with 

life."  the  nouns  nato  and  patri.    Heyne  connects 

165.  Sors :  calamity.  meritis  with  vacat.     Ruaeus  and  Davidson, 

168.  Juvabit :  it  will  console  me  that  he  with  nato  patrique. 

fell  leading,  or  preparing  the  way  for,  the  180.  Hie  locus  vacat:  this  method  alone 

Trojans,  &c.  remains  to  thee,  and  thy  fortune.     Modus 

169.  Digner  non:  I  cannot  honor  thee,  solandi  me  restat  tibi^  says  Ruseus.     For  rrt- 
£c.     Rueeus  says,  non  honorabo.  cat,  Heyne  says  relictus  est.  • 

170.  Pkrygis :  the  Trojans.    They  are  so  187.  Caligine:  in  the  sense  of fumo.  Jnte- 
called  from  Phrygia,  a  country  of  the  lesser  nebras.  ,Ruseus  says,  in  similitudincm  noctis. 
Asia.     It  was  divided  into  the  greater  and  189.  Cincti:  clad  in  shining  armor  they 
the  less.     The  less  Phrygia  was  also  called  marched,  fee.      Lustravere  in  equis  :  they 
Troas,  the  ancient  kingdom  of  the  Trojans,  rode  around.     The  former  has  reference  to 

174.  Par  atas,  &c.     This  may  refer  to  that  part  of  the  ceremony  performed  by  the  , 

Pallas  or  Evander ;  neither  of  whom  was  infantry,  or  foot  ;  the  latter,  to   that  per- 

able  by  inequality  of  age  and  strength  to  formed"  by  the  horse,  or  cavalry.     Funeriv 

meet  Turnus.     Davidson   refers  it  to  the  in  the  sense  of  pyrvc. 

father :  who,  had  his  age  permitted,  would          192.  //  co>.lo  :  in  the  sense  of  tollitur  ad 

have  gone  to  the  war  in  person.     And  in  ccdum. 

this  case,  had  he  met  Turnus,  lie  would          193.  Hinc  :  in  the  next  place— after  this. 
have  been  victorious,  and  brought  back  his         195.  Ferventcs :  in  the  sense  of  rapidas, 


-ENEI8.     LIB.  X.I. 


Ipsorum  clypeos,  et  non  felicia  tela. 
Multa  bourn  circa  mactantur  corpora  morti  : 
Setigerosque  sues,  raptasque  ex  omnibus  agris 
In  flammam  jugulant  pecudes.     Turn  litore  toto 
Ardentes  spectant  socios,  semiustaque  servant 
Busta  :  neque  avelli  possunt,  nox  humida  donee 
Invertit  coelum  stellis  fulgentibus  aptum. 

Nee  minus  et  miseri  diversa  in  parte  Latini 
Jnnumeras  struxere  pyras  ;  et  corpora  partim 
Multa  virum  terra3  infodiunt ;  avectaque  partim 
Finitimos  tollunt  in  agros,  urbique  remittunt : 
Caetera,  confusaeque  ingentem  caedis  acervum, 
Nee  numero,  nee  honore  cremant.    Tune  undique  vasti 
Certatim  crebris  collucent  ignibus  agri. 
Tertia  lux  gelidam  ccelo  dimoverat  umbram : 
Mcerentes  altum  cinerem  et  cont'usa  ruebant 
Ossa  focis,  tepidoque  onerabant  aggere  terras. 

Jam  veroin  tectis,  prsedivitis  urbe  Latini, 
Praecipuus  fragor,  et  longe  pars  maxima  luctus. 
Hie  matres,  miseraeque  nurus,  hie  chara  sororum  215 
Pectora  mcerentum,  puerique  parentibus  orbi, 
Dirum  execrantur  bellum,  Turnique  hymenaeos  : 
Ipsum  armis,  ipsumque  jubent  decernere  ferro  ; 
Qui  regnum  Italiae,  et  primes  sibi  poscat  honores. 
Ingravat  haec  sa3vus  Drances  ;  solumque  vocari 
Testatur,  solum  posci  in  certamina,  Turnum. 
Multa  simul  contra  variis  sententia  dictis 
Pro  Turno  ;  et  magnum  reginae  nomen  obumbrat 
Multa  virum  mentis  sustentatfamatrophxis. 


200 


205 


210     210.  Urabrani  nocli* 
coelo :  illi  moerentes 


214.  Erat  praecipuus 


218.     Jubent   ipsum 
decernere  armis 


220 


222.  Contra  est  multa 
sententia 


NOTES. 


vel  celeres.  JVote  munera  :  offerings  of  the 
arms  which  had  been  theirs,  and  conse- 
quently known  to  them. 

196.  JVbn  felicia :   unsuccessful  darts — 
those  that   failed   to   do   execution,  when 
thrown  against  the  enemy. 

197.  Morti  :  to  the  divinity  Mors. 

199.  Jugulant :  they  kill  over  the  flame, 
&c.  This  they  did,  probably,  that  the  blood 
of  the  victim  might  fall  upon  the  pile. 

201.  Busta.  fi  us  turn  properly  is  the  fune- 
ral pile  after  it  is  consumed.  Semiusta  :  of 
semi  and  ustus. 

204.  Parlim  infodiunt.  The  meaning  is  ; 
that  they  buried  a  part  of  the  slain,  and  a 
part  they  sent  to  tha^ity  of  Latinus.  Par- 
tim may  be  considered  here,  a  sub.  in  appo- 
sition with  mnlla  corpora.  J  Irian  :  of  their 
heroes.  Acecta  :  a  part,  of  the  verb  avtimr  : 
carried  away. 

208.  Numero.  Numerus  here  may  be 
taken  in  its  usual  acceptation ;  but  it  may 
also  mean  decency,  or  regard.  They  burned 
all  the  rest,  a  confused  heap  of  slam,  with- 
out any  particular  marks  of  regard,  or  ho- 
nor, by  way  of  distinction. 

211.  Rutbnnt.     The   meaning  is:  that 


they  collected  together  the  ashes  and  the 
bones  mingled  on  the  places  (focis)  where 
the  funeral  piles  had  been  erected.  After 
this  they  covered  them  with  a  mound  of 
earth.  Altum  implies  that  the  ashes  lay 
thick,  or  deep  upon  the  ground.  Ruceus 
says,  evertebant.  Heyne  s&ys,legebant.  Rao. 
is  here  taken  as  an  active  verb. 

213.  In  tectis  urbe :  in  the  houses  through- 
out the  city.    Davidson  says,  "  in  the  courts 
of  Latinus,  and  in  the  city." 

214.  Fragor:   in  the   sense  of  plangor. 
PrcEcipuus:  in  the  sense   of  magnus,  vel 
maximus. 

-2 1 5.  Nurus.  JVwru*  here  may  mean  any 
young  married  woman.  Ckara  pectora 
miBrentum:  dear  hearts  of  sisters  mourn- 
ing— dear,  or  affectionate  sisters  mourning 
the  loss  of  their  brothers  and  friends. 

218.  Decernere :  to  decide,  or  settle  the 
dispute  by  the  sword. 

220.  Sawus  :  in  the  sense  of  acerbus,  says 
Ruoeus. 

•2-21.   Teslatur  :  in  the  sense  of  dicit, 

'222.  Multa:  various — manifold. 

).  Obumbrat:  in  the  sense  of protegtt 
vel  tutatur. 

2J-1.  Mullafama.    Mnlta  here  is  plainly 


540 


P.  VIRGILH  MARONLS 


actum 

228.    Dona 
nil,  nee 


valuisse 


Hos  inter  motus,  medio  flagrante  tumultii,  225 

Ecce  super  moBsti  magna  Diomedis  ab  urbe 
227.  Muni  nihil  eweLegati  responsa  ferunt :  nihil  omnibus  actum 

Tantorum  impensis  operum  ;  nil  dona,  neque  aurum, 
Nee  magnas  valuisse  preces  ;  alia  arma  Latinis 
JLJUf^W*     Quaerenda,  aut  pacem  Trojano  ab  rege  petendam 
Deficit  ingenti  luctu  rex  ipse  Latinus. 
Fatalem  JEnean  manifesto  numine  ferri 

233  Recentesque  tu- Admonet  iraDeum,  tumuli<]'.ie  ante  ora  recentes. 
muli  ante  ora  admonent  Ergo  concilium  magnum,  pi  imosque  suorum 
Imperio  accitos,  aha  intra  limina  cogit. 
Olli  convenere,  fluuntque  ad  regia  plenis 
Tecta  viis.     Sedet  in  mediis,  rt  maximus  aevo, 
Et  primus  sceptris,  hand  latafronte,  Latinus. 
Atque  hie  legatos  ^tola  ex  urbe  remissos, 
Quae  referant,  tari  jubet ;   et  responsa  reposcit 
241.  Silentia  facta  runt  Ordine  cuncta  suo.     Turn  facta  silentia  linguis, 

Xni'  Paren8  diCt°  I'a"Et  Venulus  dicto  Parens  ita  turier  infit : 

Vidimus,  6  cives,  Diomedem  Argivaque  castra  ; 

Atque  iter  emensi  casus  superavirnus  omnes  : 
246.  Dictam  cogno-  Contigimusque  manum,  qua  concidit  Ilia  tellus. 
mine  Ille  urbem  Argyripam,  patrire  cognomine  gentis, 


230 


235 


240 


245 


NOTES. 


in  the  sense  of  magna.  His  great  fame 
arose  from  his  distinguished  valor,  and  tro- 
phies nobly  won.  Meritis  :  noble — distin- 
guished. HUBBUB  says,  partis. 

225.  Flagrante:  raging — fierce. 

226.  Super  :  in  the  sense  of  prceterea  vel 
•insuper :  beside — in  addition  to  these  things. 
Servius  says,  ad  cumulationem  malornm. 

230.  Petendam.  Some  copies  have  peten- 
dum. 

232.  Fatalem :  destined,  and  appointed  by 
the  gods  to  marry  Lavinia,  and  to  rule  the 
Latin  state.  Manifesto :  by  the  evident 
power  and  assistance  of  the  gods.  Admo- 
net :  declares.  Ruceus  says,  oslendit.  What- 
ever hesitance  and  doubt  rested  on  the  mind 
of  Latinus,  concerning  his  son-in-law,  it 
was  now  removed.  He  plainly  saw  in  the 
late  transactions,  the  immediate  interposi- 
tion of  the  gods  in  favor  of  ^Eneas. 

235.  Imperio :  in  the  sense  of  jussu.  Pri- 
mos :    the   chief  men — the   nobles   of   the 
people.     Cogit :  in  the  sense  of  congregat, 
vel  convocat. 

236.  Fluunt:  in  the  sense  of  ruunt  vel 
currunt.     Plenis :  in  the  sense  of  stipatis. 

238.  Sceptris :  in  power — authority.  Reg- 
no,  says  Ruseus.    Haud  Iceta  :  sad — sorrow- 
ful. 

239.  Ex  JEtola  urbe  :  the  city  Arpi,  built 
by  Diomede.     Remissos:  returned. 

242.  Farier:  for/«ri,  by  paragoge.  Infit : 
in  the  sense  of  incipit. 

243.  Diomedem.     Diomede  was  the  son 
of  Tydeus  and  Deiphyle,  and  king  of  ^Eto- 


lia.  He  was  one  of  the  most  valiant  captains 
at  the  siege  of  Troy.  With  Ulysses,  he  stole 
the  Palladium  from  the  temple  of  Minerva, 
at  Troy,  and  attacked  the  camp  of  Rhesus, 
king  of  Thrace,  whom  they  killed,  and 
carried  off  his  horses  to  the  Grecian  camp, 
before  they  had  tasted  the  grass  of  Troy 
or  drank  the  water  of  the  Xanthus.  On 
every  occasion,  he  distinguished  himself.  lie 
had  a  rencounter  with  Hector,  and  with 
$,neas;  the  latter  was  wounded  by  him, 
and  would  have  been  slain,  if  it  had  not 
been  for  the  timely  aid  of  Venus.  During 
his  absence  from  his  home,  his  wife  ./Egiale 
had  an  amour  with  Cometes,  one  of  her  ser- 
vants. Disgusted  with  her  infidelity  to  him, 
he  determined  to  leave  his  country,  and 
came  into  that  part  of  Italy  called  Magna 
Grtzcia.  Here  he  built  a  city,  and  called  it 
.,-lrxyrippa.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Da- 
naiis,  king  of  the  country.  He  died  with 
extreme  old  age,  or  as  some  say,  by  the 
hands  of  his  father-in-law.  His  death  was 
greatly  lamented  by  his  companions ;  who, 
according  to  fable,  weie  changed  into  birds 
resembling  swans.  They  took  their  flight 
to  some  islands  on  the  coast  of  Apulia,  where 
they  became  remarkable  for  their  lameness 
toward  the  Greeks,  and  for  the  horror  with 
which  they  shuned  all  other  nations.  They 
are  called  the  birds  of  Diomede.  He  was 
worshipped  as  a  god. 

244.  Emensi :  having  measured  out  our 
journey — having  finished  our  journey,  &c. 

245.  Ilia  tdlus :  in  the  sense  of  Trojanwn 
resmtm. 


JENEIS.     LIB.  XI. 


o-l  I 


Victor  Gargani  condebat  lapygis  arvis. 
Postquam  introgressi,  et  coram  data  copia  fandi, 
Munera  praeferrimus,  nomen  patriamque  docemus 
Qui  bellum  intulerint,  quae  causa  attraxerit  Arpos 
Auditis  ille  haec  placidosic  reddidit  ore  : 
O  fortunatse  gentes,  Saturnia  regna, 
Antiqui  Ausonii ;  quae  vos  fortutia  quietos 
Sollicitat,  suadetque  ignotalacessere  bella  ? 
Quicunque  lliacos  ferro  violavimus  agros, 
(Mit.to  ea,  quae  muris  bellando  exhausta  sub  altis, 
Quos  Simo'is  premat  ille  viros)  infanda  per  orbem 
Supplicia,  et  scelerum  poenas  expendimus  omnes, 
Vel  Priamo  miseranda  manus.     Scit  tnste  MinervaB 
Sidus,  et  Euboicae  cautes,  ultorque  Caphereus.          260 
Militia  ex  ilia  diversum  ad  litus  adacti  : 
Atrides  Protei  Menelaus  ad  usque  columnas 
Exulat :  ./Etria^os  vidit  Cyclopas  Ulysses. 
Regna  Neoptolemi  referam,  versosque  Penates 
Idomenei  I  Libvco-ne  habitantes  litore  Locros  ?       265 


'250  250.  Bellum  nobis : 
qujfi  causa  attraxerit 
nos  ad  urbem  Arpos.  His 
auditis,  ille 


255      255.  Quicunque  nos- 
trum 

256.    Ea   mala,   qute 
exhausta  sunt  nobis 


261.  Ex  ilia  militia 
nos  adacti  sumus 

264.  Versa  regna 


NOTES. 


247.  Gargani :  gen.  ofGarganus,  a  moun- 
tain in  Apulia.    Hodie,  Monte  di  St.  Angela. 
A  part  o    Apulia  was  called  lapygia,  from 
Japyx,  the  son  of  Dsedalus,  who  settled  in 
those  parts,     lapygis:  an  adj.  for  lapygii, 
agreeing  with  Gargani — Apulian. 

248.  Copia:  leave — liberty. 

253.  Forluna :  Ruasus  says,  sori. 

254.  Ignota  bella :  wars  to  which  you  are 
unaccustomed.    Suadet :  in  the  sense  of  im- 
pp.llit.     Lacessere  :  in  the  sense  of  movere. 

255.  Quicunque  violavimus :  whoever  of 
us  violated,  &c.  The  expression  implies  that 
jt  was  sacrilege  to  injure  them. 

256.  Exhausta:  sustained — endured   in 
fighting.    Mitto :  in  the  sense  of  omit  to  vel 
prcetereo. 

257.  Premat:  overwhelmed — bore  away. 
Homer  informs  us  that  the  river  Simbis, 
was  so  choaked  with  the  dead  bodies  of 
those  slain    in    one   engagement,   that   its 
waters  were  interrupted  in  their  course.  To 
this,  Diomede   here   alludes.     The  present 
tense  is  here  used  plainly  for  the  past. 

258.  Expendimus:  have  endured  unspeak- 
able hardships,  and  suffered  every  punish- 
ment of  our  crimes.     Rnams  says,  luimus. 
The   war  of  Troy  proved    ruinous  to    the 
Greeks  as  well   as  Trojans.     Most  of  the 
Grecian  heroes  suffered  extreme  hardships 
on  their  return.     Some  perished  on  the  voy- 
age ;  and,  others  found  their  kingdoms  in  a 
state  of  revolt,  and   their  domestic   peace 
destroyed. 

259.  Manus  :  a  company  to  be  pitied,  even 
by  Priam  himself.     The   calamities  which 
befell  them,  though  conquerors,  were  gre.»  ter 
than   those   which  befell   the   vanquished. 
Even   Priam   might   pity   them.       Tristc: 
storm  v — balefn  I . 


200.  Trifle  sidus :  the  storm,  in  which 
Ajax  the  son  of  Oileus  was  drowned,  and 
the  raging  constellation  Arcturus,  by  whose 
influence  that  storm  was  raised,  are  here  as- 
cribed to  Minerva,  whom  that  hero  had  of- 
fended by  violating  Cassandra  in  her  temple. 
Caphereus :  a  rock  on  the  island  Eubcea, 
where  Ajax  was  shipwrecked.  Hence  the 
epithet  ullor :  the  avenger. 

262.  Protei.     The  visit  of  Menelaus  to 
Proteus,  king  of  Egypt,  is  related  at  large 
in  the  Odyss.  lib.  4.     This  account  of  the 
disasters  of  the   Grecian  chiefs   after  the 
downfall  of  Troy  forms  an  agreeable  epis- 
ode.     It  is  very  natural  for  the   poet  to 
make  the  aged  hero  dwell  upon  the  misfor- 
tunes of  his  companions  in  arms.    And  it  is 
pleasing  to  see  him,  who  was  so  active  and 
fierce  in  the  Iliad,  and  the  first  in  every  en- 
terprise, laying  aside  his  armour,  and  ex- 
horting the  ambassadors  to  peace.     Homer 
informs  us,  that  Menelaus  wandered  eight 
years  in  the  seas  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Egypt,  and   went  as  far  as  the  island  of 
Pharos,  the  boundary  of  the  realms  of  Pro- 
teus.     Sir    Isaac   .Newton   observes,    that 
Proteus  was  not  the  king  of  Egypt,  but  a 
governor  or  viceroy  of  the  king,  and  gov- 
erned a  part  of  lower  Egypt.      See  Geor. 
iv.  omi.     Columnas :  in  the  sense  of  Itrmi- 
nos  vel  limites  regni  Protei. 

263.  Exulal :  in  the  sense  of  errat. 

264.  Referam :  shall  I  mention  the  sub- 
verted realms,  .fee.    Penates  :  the  country  of 
Idomuneus  overthrown.      Ruceus  says  do- 
mus,  for  Penates.     He  was  king  of  Crete. 
See  ;£M.  iii.  122. 

..  Locros  :  the  Locrians,  on  their  re- 
turn, it  is  said,  were  forced  to  the  coast  of 


542 


P.  VIRGILII  MARON1S 


273.  Jfae/tque  aves 


Ipse  Mycenseus  magnorum  ductor  Achivum 
Conjugis  infandcE  prirna  intra  limina  dextra. 
268.  Adulter  »/3Eg3/tf;msOppetiit  :  devictam  Asiam  subsedit  adulter. 
269.  Referam-ne  Deos  Invidisse  Deos,  patriis  ut  redditus  oris  261) 

Ut  ^Conjugium  optatum,  et  pulchram  Calydona  viderem  ? 
Nunc  etiam  horribili  visu  portenta  sequuntur  : 
Et  socii  amissi  petierunt  a3thera  pennis, 
Fluminibusque  vagantur  aves,  heu  dira  meorum 
Supplicia  !  et  scopulos  laclirymosis  vocibus  implent. 
Haec  adeo  ex  illo  mi  hi  jam  speranda  fuerunt 
Tempore,  cum  ferro  coelestia  corpora  demens 
Appetii,  et  Veneris  violavi  vulnere  dextram. 
Ne  vero,  ne  me  ad  tales  impellite  pugnas. 

279.  Nee  at  mihi  ul-  Nec  mihi  cum  Teucris  ullum  post  eruta  bellum 
280    Pergama  eruta  Pergania  5   ncc  veterum  memini,  Iretorve  malorum.  280 
sunt:  Nec  memini,  Ise-  Munera,  quae  patriis  ad  me  portatis  ab  oris, 
tor-ve    causa  veterum  Vertite  ad  JEiiGam.     Stetimus  tela  aspera  contra, 
rfr°Janorium-    Contulimusque  manus  :  experto  credile,  quantus 

In  clypeum  assurgat,  quo  turbine  torqueat  hastam. 
Si  duo  praeterea  tales  Idaea  tulisset  285 

Terra  viros  ;  ultro  Inachias  venisset  ad  urbes 
Dardanus,  ct  versis  lugeret  Gnecia  fatis. 


luin 


283.  Credite  mihi  ex- 
perto 


NOTES. 


Africa,  where  they  settled  in  the  district 
called  Pentapolis. 

266.  Mycenccus  ductor :  Agamemnon,  who 
was  king  of  Mycence,  and  commander  in 
chief  of  the  Greeks  in  the  Trojan  war.  On 
his  return  home,  he  was  slain  by  ^Egysthus, 
with  whom  his  wife  Clyternnestra  had  an 
intrigue  during  his  absence.  She  is  there- 
fore called  nefandcB  conjugis.  Intra  prima 
limina  implies,  that  he  was  slain  as  soon  as 
he  entered  his  palace.  Servius  takes  it  in 
the  sense  of  primo  litore,  implying,  timt  he 
was  murdered  as  soon  as  he  a»ived  on  the 
shore. 

268.  Subsedit  devictam :  he  lay  in  wait  for 
conquered  Asia.     By  killing  Agamemnon, 
JEgysthus  hoped  to  succeed  him  in  his  gov- 
ernment, and  take  possession  of  his  con- 
quests in  Asia.     Heyne  takes  Asiam  devic- 
tam,  in  the  sense  of  viciorem  Trojcc,   the 
conqueror  of  Troy,  lluceus  says,  post  Asiam 
devictam  adulter  insidiafus  tst  ci.    Davidson 
renders  the  passage  :  "  the  adulterous  assas- 
sin possessed  himself  of  conquered   Asia." 
Valpy  takes  Asiam  devictam,  with  Heyne. 
Oppetiit :  perished — was  slain. 

269.  Invidisse  Deos.  Diomede,  on  account 
of  the  conduct  of  his  wife,  left  his  native 
country,   and   went    into  exile   in  Apulia. 
Venus  is  said  to  have  sent  upon  him  this 
domestic  affliction,  as  a  punishment  for  his 
wounding  her  in  battle.     To  this  circum- 
stance the  words  invidisse  Deos  refer.     Ca- 
hidona  :  ace.  sing,  the  name  of  his  country. 
Invidisse :  UUEBUS  says,   obsfitisse.     David- 
son says, "  forbade/' " 


274.  Implent  scopulos.  On  the  coast  of 
Apulia  are  several  islands  frequented  by 
.sea  birds,  into  which  it  is  said  the  compa- 
nions of  Diomede  were  changed. 

276.  Demens.  Diomede  here  imputes 
all  his  misfortunes  to  the  resentment  of 
Venus.  This  gives  importance  to  the  god- 
dess, the  mother  and  protectress  of  ./Eneas. 
But  he  does  not  mention  his  having  given 
Mars  a  wound  also.  From  the  time  that 
he  presumptuously  assailed  the  Cwlestials. 
these  evils  were  to  have  been  expected. 
Demens  :  presumptuous — infatuated. 

278.  JVe  verb  :  do  not,  do  not  urge  me. 
The  repetition  of  the  ne  is  emphatic. 

283.  Contulimus   manus :    we    engaged 
hand  to  hand.     Virgil  here  compliments  his 
hero,  out  of  the  mouth  of  Diomede.     But 
the  account  which  Homer  gives  of  the  ren- 
counter is  very  different.    He  was  wounded, 
and  would  have  been  slain,  if  he  had  not 
been  rescued  by  Venus. 

284.  Assurgat.     In  the  act  of  throwing 
the  javelin,  or  dart,  the  shield  was  elevated 
on  the  left  arm,  to  give  full  room  for  the 
action  of  the  right  arm.     Turbine :  in  the 
sense  of  impetu. 

285.  Praterea :   beside  him.     Its  proper 
place  is  after  tales  viros.     If  the  Trojan  land 
had  produced,  &c.    Idcza:  an  adj.  from  Ida, 
a  mountain  of  Phrygia  Minor,  near  the  city 
of  Troy. 

286.  Inachias  :  Grecian :  so  called  from 
Inachus,  one  of  the  early  kings  of  Greece. 
Vitro :  of  their  own  accord— in  offensive  war. 

287.  Dardanus.     J3v  this  we  are  to  nn- 


JENEIS,     LIB.  XL 


543 


Quidquid  apud  durae  cessatum  est  moenia  Troja?, 
Hectoris  JEne&que  manu  victoria  Graium 
Haesit,  et  in  decimum  vestigia  retulit  annum. 
Ambo  animis,  ambo  insignes  praestantibus  armis  : 
Hie  pietate  prior.     Coeant  in  foedera  dextrro, 
Qua  datur  :  ast,  armis  concurrant  arma,  cavete. 
Et  responsa  simul  qua?  sint,  rex  optime,  regis 
Audisti,  et  quae  sit  magno  sententia  bello. 

Vix  ea  legati ;  variusque  per  ora  cucurrit 
Ausonidum  turbata  fremor:  ceu,  saxa  morantur 
Cum  rapidos  amnes,  clauso  fit  gurgke  murmur, 
Vicinaeque  fremunt  ripae  crepitantibus  undis. 

Ut  primum  placati  animi,  et  trepida  ora  quierunt, 


288.-Qui3quid  tempo- 
ris 

290 

291.  Ambo  erant  in- 
signes 

292.  Hie  Mneas  erat 
prior 

295      295.  Quae  sit  senten- 
tia Diornedis  de 

296.  Vix  legati  dix- 
erunt  ea 


300.  Placati  fuerunl 


301 


305 


Praefatus  Divos  solio  rex  infit  ab  alto 
Ante  equidem  summa  de  re  statuisse,  Latini, 
Et  vellem,  et  fuerat  melius  ;  non  tempore  tali 
Cogere  concilium,  cum  muros  obsidet  hostis. 
Bellum  importunum,  cives,  cum  gente  Deorum, 
Invictisque  viris,  gerimus  :  quos  nulla  fatigant 
Praelia,  nee  victi  possunt  absistere  ferro. 
Spem,  si  quam  accitis  jEtolum  habuistis  in  armis, 

I")  •  ....  ,  »  WV»        .*.    WJ.K.tb\s        OJJGlll^ 

ronite  :  spes  sibi  quisque  ;  sed,  haec  quam  angusta,  vide-  habuistis  quam  spem 
Caetera  qua  rerum  jaceant  perculsa  ruina,  [tis.     309.  Quisque  sit  sibi 

Ante  oculos  interque  manus  sunt  omnia  vestras.       311  S1M  sp*s :  sed  V**™  an~ 
Nee  quemquam  incuso  :  potuit  qua?  plurima  virtus 
l^sse,  luit :  toto  certatum  est  corpore  regni. 


303.  Et  non  cogere 


308.  Ponite  spem,  si 


NOTES. 


derstand  the  Trojans,  who  were  the  de- 
scendants of  Dardanus,  one  of"  the  founders 
of  Troy.  Versis :  in  the  sense  of  mutatis. 
The  state  of  things  would  have  been 
changed,  and  Troy  would  have  been  victo- 
rious over  the  Grecian  states. 

288.  Cessatum  est :  was  delayed,  or  spent 
before,  &c. 

289.  Victoria  hasit :    the  victory  of  the 
Greeks  was  suspended  by  the  valor,  £c. 
This  is  very  complimentary  to  the  valor  of 
those  two  heroes,  Hector    and   jEneas. — 
Retulit  vestigia :    retreated  into  the  tenth 
year — was  put  off— deferred  till  the  tenth 
year.     Haesit.     Heyne  says,  retardata   est. 
Ruaeus  says,  substitit. 

292.  Dextrv  coeant.  The  aged  hero  ad- 
vises the  Latins  to  unite  in  league,  or 
treaty,  with  jEneas,  on  any  terms  that  might 
be  offered ;  but  by  all  means,  avoid  to  en- 
gage in  arms  against  such  a  mighty  cham- 
pion.^ Hie  prior  pietate.  This  comparison 
of  jEneas  with  Hector,  is  no  exaggeration 
of  the  poet  in  favor  of  his  hero.  Homer 
had  done  it  before  him.  This  goodness  and 
clemency  of  ^Eneas,  which  followed  from 
his  piety,  are  reasons  for  the  Latins  to  hope 
for  peace. 

-.'!).}.  Q/m  datur :  in  any  way  that  may 
be  given — on  any  practicable  terms. 

294.  Regis :  this  is  the  reading  of  Heyne 
and  Pierius.  It  is  governed  by  rcsponsa. 


the  answer  of  king  Diomede.    The  common 
reading  is  regum,  which  is  not  so  easy. 

297.  Fremor :  in  the  sense  of  murmur. 

298.  Gurgite  clauso  :  in  a  pent  up  flood, 
or  stream.     Crepitantibus :  roaring — dash- 
ing against  the  rocks. 

300.  Trepida  ora  :  tumultuous  mouths — 
discordant  tongues. 

301.  PrcEfatw  Divos :  having  addressed 
the  gods,  the  king,  &c.     It  was  the  custom 
of  orators  to  usher  in  their  speeches,  when- 
ever the  subject  was  solemn,  and  of  public 
concern,  with  an  address  to  the  gods. 

302.  Summa  re:    for   the   safety  of  the 
state — for  the  common  good. 

305.  Genie  Dennnn :  with  a  nation  of 
gods — witli  a  nation  deriving  their  origin 
from  the  gods.  Importunum :  dangerous — 
difficult. 

308.  Accitis  :    sought    after — invited. — 
JEtobfati :   from  Diomede,    who   was    their 
king.     He  declined  to  have  any  thing  to  do 
with  the  war. 

309.  Ponite  spem :  lay  aside  the  hope — 
cease  to  hope.     The  remainder  of  this  line 
is,  by  some,  supposed  an  interpolation. 

310.  Qua  ruina  :  in  what  ruin  the  rest  of 
our  affairs   lie  overthrown — prostrate,   all 
things  arc,  &c. 

I   F'irtus:    valor.      Plurima:    in    the 
sense  of  maxima. 


544 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIti 


Nunc  adeo,  quae  sit  dubise  sententia  menti, 

315.  Docebo  vos  pau-  Expediam  ;  et  paucis,  animos  adhibete,  docebo. 
cla  verbis  j£st  antiquus  ager  Tusco  mihi  proximus  amni, 

317.  Occasum   tolls,  Longus  in  occasum,  fines  super  usque  Sicanos. 
usque  Aurunci  Kutulique  serunt,  et  vomere  duros 

319.  Asperriraa  loca  Exercent  colles,  atque  horum  asperrima  pascunt 
horura  agrorum  Hsec  omnis  regio,  et  celsi  plaga  pinea  niontis 

Cedat  amicitiai  Teucrorum  ;  et  foBderis  sequas 

322.  Trojanos  socios   Dicamus  leges  ;  sociosque  in  regna  vocemus. 

323.  Considant  Ufa,  Considant,  si  tantus  amor,  et  moenia  condant. 
si  tit  illis  gjn  alios  fines,  aliamque  capesscre  gentem 

Est  animus,  poscuntque  solo  decedere  nostro  ; 
Bis  denas  Italo  texamus  robore  naves, 

327.    Si   illi    valent  Seu  plures,  complere  valent :  jacet  omnis  ad  undam 
complcre  eas  Materies  :  ipsi  numerumque  modumque  carinis 

Praecipiant ;  nos  sera,  m.inus,  navalia  demus. 
330.  Prseterra  placet  Praeterea,  qui  dicta  f'erant  et  foedera  firment, 
mihi    centum  Latinos  Centum  oratores  prima  de  gente  Latinos 
oratorts  do  jre  placet,  pacisque  manu  praetendere  ramos  : 

Munera  portantes  eborisque,  aurique  talenta, 
334.  Insignia  nostri  Et  sellam,  regni  trabeamque  insignia  nostri. 
re£m  Consulite  in  medium,  et  rebus  succurrite  fessis. 


315 


320 


330 


335 


Turn  Drances  idem  infensus ;  quern  gloria  Turni 


NOTES. 


313.  Tola  corpore  :  with  the  whole  power, 
or  force  of  the  kingdom. 

315.  Adhibele  animos  :  give  attention. 

316.  Tusco  amni :  the  river  Tiber.     This 
river  formed  the  eastern  boundary  of  Tus- 
cany ;  hence  called  Tuscan.     Est  mihi  an- 
tiquus :     This  proposal  of  Latinus  to  grant 
a  tract  of  land  to  the  Trojans,  is  no  fiction 
of  the  poet.     It  is  mentioned  by  historians, 
and  other  writers.     It  is  said,  that  ^Eneas 
accepted  the  proposal.     It  is  generally  con- 
sidered to  be  that  tract  of  country  lying  be- 
tween the  city  Laurentum  and  the  Tiber, 
including  the  Trojan  camp,  or  Nova  Troja. 
The  extent  of  the  tract  is  quite  uncertain. 
Cato,  whom  Servius  follows,  supposes  it  to 
contain  about  700  acres.     Others  suppose 
that  it  contained  40  stadia  in  every  direc- 
tion from  the  city  Lavinium,  forming  a  cir- 
cle of  about  ten  miles  in  diameter.     Others 
again  enlarge  it  to  400  stadia  in  circumfe- 
rence.    It  is  called  antiquus,  because  it  be- 
longed to  the  ancient  dominion  of  the  Latin 
kings. 

317.  Longus:  extended — stretching  even 
beyond.      Sicanos :    an   ancient   people  of 
Italy.      See  Lib.  vii.  795.      This  tract  of 
country  the  Aurunci  formerly,  and  then  the 
Rutuli,  cultivated.    The  most  rugged  parts 
of  it,  they  reserved  for  pasturage.     Serunt  : 
in  the  sense  of  cohmt. 

320,  Plaga  :  in  the  sense  of  tractus. 

321.  Ccdat :  in  the  sense  of  dclur. 

'.\2C2.  Leges:  conditions,  or  terms.    Dica- 
'••1  us  appoint — name. 


324.  Gentem:  region — country. 

325.  Poxcunt.      This  is   the  reading  of 
Heyne,  andof  Valpy  after  him.  Rueeus  reads 
possunt. 

326.  Texamus  :  in  the  sense  of  struamus. 

327.  Seu:  in  the  sense  ofvel.    Complere: 
to  fill,  or  man  them.     Undam :   by  the  wa- 
ter of  the  Tiber. 

329.  PrcEcipiant :  in  the  sense  of  prce- 
scribant.  Modum:  the  form,  or  shape. 
Navalia.  Navale  is  a  dock  where  vessels 
lie;  or  a  ship-yard,  where  they  are  built. 
Also,  the  materials  of  which  they  are  built, 
and  with  which  they  are  equipped.  This 
last  is  probably  the  meaning  here.  JEfa : 
the  aioney  necessary  to  defray  the  expenses 
of  build  ing.  Manus  :  the  workmen. 

331.  Prima  genie:  of  the  first  rank. 

333.  Portantes  munera  :  bearing  present?. 
This  alludes  to  the  Roman  custom  of  send- 
ing such  presents  to  kings. 

334.  Sellam :  the  chair  of  state.  Trabeam  : 
the   trabea  was  a   narrow  robe,  worn  by 
the  kings,  and  the  consuls. 

335.  Consulite:  advise,  or  consult  for  the 
common  good.      Fessis  rebus :    distressed 
state,  or  condition. 

336.  Infensus:     spiteful— bearing    spito. 
The  glory  of  Turnus— his  noble  birth— his 
fame  in  war,  had  excited  his  envy ;  and  he 
embraced  the  present  opportunity  to  give 
vent  to  his  feelings.      Idem :   reference  is 
here  made  to  verse  122,  supra  ft  •°*'v      Thr 
^a  me  Drances,  &c. 


jENEIS.     LIB.  XL 


545 


340 


345 


Obliqua  invidia  stimulisque  agitabat  amaris  ; 
Largus  opum,  et  lingua  melior,  sed  frigida  bello 
Dextera,  consiliis  habitus  non  futilis  auctor, 
Seditione  potens  ;  genus  huic  materna  superbum 
Nobilitas  dabat,  incertum  de  patre  ferebat ; 
Surgit,  et  his  onerat  dictis,  atque  aggerat  iras : 
Rem  nulli  obscuram,  nostrae  nee  vocis  egentera, 
Consulis,  6  bone  rex.     Cuncti  se  scire  fatentur. 
Quid  fortuna  ferat  populi ;  sed  dicere  mussant. 
Det  libertatem  fandi,  flatusque  remittat, 
Cujus  ob  auspicium  infaustum,  moresque  sinistros, 
(Dicam  equidem,  licet  arma  mihi  mortemque  minetur) 
Lumina  tot  cecidisse  ducum,  totamque  videmus 
Consedisse  urbem  luctu  :  dum  Troi'a  tentat 
Castra  fugae  fidens,  et  coelum  territat  armis. 
Unum  etiam  donis  istis,  quoe  plurima  mitti 
Dardanidis  dicique  jubes,  unum,  optime  regum, 
Adjicias :  nee  te  ullius  violentia  vincat, 
Quin  natam  egregio  genero  dignisque  hymenaeis 
Des  pater,  et  pacem  hanc  aeterno  fcedere  jungas. 
Quod  si  tantus  habet  mentes  et  pectora  terror ; 
Ipsum  obtestemur,  veriiamque  oremus  ab  ipso  ; 
Cedat,  jus  proprium  regi  patriaeque  remittat. 
Quid  miseros  toties  in  aperta  pericula  cives 
Projicis  ?  6  Latio  caput  horum  et  causa  malorum  ! 
Nulla  salus  bello  :  pacem  te  poscimus  omnes, 


338.  Sed  cujus  dexte- 
ra  erat 


341.  Enim  ferebat  in- 
certum genus  de  patre 

342.  Onerat  Turnum 


346.  Turnus  det 


350 


355 


352.  O  optime  regum, 
adjicias  unum  alterum, 
etiam  unum,  nempe,jili- 
am  istis  donis,  quce 


357.  Tautus    terror 
Tumi  habet  nostras 


300 


361.  O  Turne,  caput, 
et  causa  horum 

362.  Est  nobis  nulla 


NOTES. 


337.  Obliqua.     Dr.  Trapp  observes,  that 
envy  is  uneasy  at  another's  happiness,  and 
so  cannot  look  directly  upon  it.     Ruse  us 
takes  it  in  the  sense  of  occulta.   The  envious 
person  sees  every  thing  with  distorted,  or 
crooked  eyes.    Oculos  habens  distortos.   Agi- 
tabat :   goaded — spurred   on.     Amaris   sti- 
mulis :  with  sharp,  or  pungent  stings. 

338.  Largus :  in  the  sense  of  abundans. 
Melior  lingua.  Ruaeus  says,  abundantior  elo- 
quentia.  Drances,  with  all  his  qualifications, 
his  eloquence,  his  wisdom  in  council,  and 
his  noble  birth,  wis  a  coward.     Some  have 
imagined,  that  un  ier  the  character  of  Tur- 
nus,  Mark  Anthony  is  represented  ;  and  that 
Cicero  is  shadowed  by  Drances.     It  would 
seem,  that  Virgil  was  no  great  friend  to  Ci- 
cero, for  he  makes  no  mention  of  him  in 
any  part  of  his  works. 

340.  Potens  seditione:  powerful  in  fac- 
tions— a  powerful  party  man. 

341.  Maierna  nobilitas :  on  his  mother's 
side,  he  was  nobly  descended — from  her  he 
had   an  illustrious  descent,  or  extraction. 
Ferebat :  in  the  sense  of  habebat. 

342.  His  dictis :  with  these  invectives — 
reproaches.      Iras :    the    common    hatred 
against  Turnus. 

344.  Consults :  in  the  sense  ofsuades  vol 
hertaris. 


345.  Quid  fortuna :  what  the  state  of  the 
nation  requires.     Populi:  in  the  sense  of 
gent  is.    Mussant :  in  the  sense  of  wrcntur. 
Heyne  says,  non  audent. 

346.  Flatus :  vaunting— pride— arrogance. 

347.  Autpicium  :    conduct — influence. — 
Drances  here  attributes  the  disasters  of  the 
state  to  the  unfortunate   influence  which 
Turnus  had  in  the  councils  of  Latinus,  and 
to  his  perverse  and  determined  conduct  in 
relation  to  the  war. 

349.  Tot  lumina  ducum :  so  many  illus- 
trious chiefs. 

351.  Territat:  in  the  sense  of  minatur. 

352.  Unum  etiam.      In  addition  to   the 
many  presents  which  the  king  had  propose"  1 
to  send  to  ^Eneas,  Drances  advises  him  to 
add  another,  namely,  his  daughter  Lavinin, 
as  the  surest  means  of  conciliating  the  con- 
queror, and  obtaining  for  his  people  a  last- 
ing peace. 

356.  Jungas:  in  the  sense  of  confirmed. 

S58.  Veniam.  This  favor  was,  that  Tur- 
nus should  yield,  or  give  up  to  the  king,  his 
own  peculiar  authority  and  right  in  the  dis- 
posal of  his  daughter ;  and  that  he  should 
resign  his  claim  to  her,  for  the  good  of  his 
country. 

359.  Remittat  •  in  tho  sense  of  rehnguaf. 


546  P.  VIRGILII  MAKONIS 


363.  Simul  poscimusfum^  simul  pacis  sol  urn  inviolabile  pignus. 

Primus  ego,  invisum  quern  tu  tibi  fingis,  et  esse 

Nil  moror,  en  supplex  venio  !  miserere  tuorum  ;      365 

Pone  animos  ;  et  pulsus  abi.     Sat  funera  fusi 

Vidimus,  ingentes  et  desolavimus  agros. 

Aut,  .si  fama  mo  vet,  si  tantum  pectore  robur 

Concipis,  et  si  adeo  dotalis  regia  cordi  est  ; 

Aude,  atque  adversum  fidens  fer  pectus  in  hostem.    370 

Scilicet,  ut  Turno  contingat  regia  conjux, 

Nos,  animae  viles,  inhumata  intletaqup  turba, 

Sternamur  campis.     Et  jam  tu,  si  qua  tibi  vis, 

374.  Siquavis«/tibi,Si  patrii  quid  Martis  habes,  ilium  aspice  contra, 

Qui  vocat.  375 

Talibus  exarsit  dictis  violentia  Turni  : 
Dat  gemitum,  rumpitque  has  imo  pectore  voces  : 
Larga  quidem,  Drance,  tibi  semper  copia  fandi 
Tune,  cum  bella  manus  poscunt  :  patribusque  vocatis, 

380.  Tu  primus  ades  Primus  ades  :  sed  non  replenda  est  curia  verbis,      380 
Quse  tutd  tibi  magna  volant  ;  dum  distinct  hostem 
Agger  murorum,  nee  inundant  sanguine  fossae, 

383.  Quod  est  solitum  Proinde  tona  eloquio,  solitum  tibi  ;  meque  timoris 
Argue  tu,  Drance,  quando  tot  stragis  acervos 
Teucrorum  tua  dextra  dedit,  passimque  trophaeis      385 
Insignis  agros.     Possit  quid  vivida  virtus, 

387.  Licet  ut  tu  ex-  Experiare  licet  :  nee  longe  scilicet  hostes 

Quaerendi  nobis  :  circumstant  undique  muros. 

Imus  in  adversos  ?  quid  cessas  ?  an  tibi  Mavors 

\  entosa  in  lingua,  pedibusque  fugacibus  istis  390 

Semper  erit  ? 

NOTES. 

363.  Pignus.    This  pledge  consisted  in  pute,  the  poet  shows  himself  a  perfect  mas- 
his  resignation  of  Lavinia  in  favor  of  ./Eneas,  ter  of  artful  and  elegant  abuse.     In  these 

364.  Invisum  :  inimical  —  a  foe.     Nil  mo-  speeches  of  Drances  and  Turnus,  there  are 
ifor  :   I  do  not  hesitate  to  be.     JVbn  euro  some  fine  specimens  of  eloquence,  not  ex- 
ewe,  says  Ruseus.  celled  even  by  the  great  masters  of  the  art. 

366.  Fusi:   we,  beaten,  or  routed,  have  Aspice  ilium  :  look  him  in  the  face  —  meet 

seen,  &c.     This  alludes  to  their  recent  de-  him  face  to  face. 

feat.     Animos  :  in  the  sense  of  iras.  376.  Violentia  :  in  the  sense  of  ira.  Valpy 

369.  Adeb  cordi  :  for  such  a  delight  to  says,  violentia  Turni,  is  to  be  taken  for  Tur- 
thee.     Dotalis  :  given  in  dowry.    Any  pro-  nus  himself. 

perty,or  inheritance,  belonging  to  a  woman  378.  Larga  copia  fandi  :  great  fluency  of 

at  the  time  of  her  marriage,  may  be  called  speech  —  a  copious  profusion  of  words.  Ma~ 

dotalis.      Lavinia   was   the   only   child   of  nus,  here,   means  action,  in  opposition  to 

Latinus,  and  the  heiress  of  his  kingdom,  mere  words. 

Should  Turnus  marry  her,  he  would  possess  381.  Magna:  in   great   abundance  —  in 

the  palace  and  throne,  in  right  of  his  wife,  torrents. 

370.  Jlude  :  have  courage  —  play  the  hero.  382.  Agger  :  ramparts,  or  bulwarks. 
Advtrsum  :  in  front  —  right  against.  It  agrees  383.  Tona  :  thunder  on. 

with  pectus.  384.  Quundo  tua.  :  since  thy  right  hand 

371.  Ut  regia  conjux  :  that  a  royal  spouse  hath  made  so  many  heaps,  &c.  This  is  keen 
may  fall  to  Turnus,  we  vulgar  souls,  &e.  irony.  Stragis.  Strages  is  properly  slaughter  : 
This  is  extremely  severe,  and  sarcastic.  also  the  bodies  of  the  slain.     Ruseus  says, 

374.  Mart-is:  in  the  sense  of  fortitudinis.  cadaverum  Trojanorum. 

Drances   concludes,   by  observing   that,  if  '386.  Insignis  :  you  adorn,  or  decorate  the 

Turnus  was  that  hero  represented,  and  if  fields,  Sic. 

he  possessed  any  of  his  country's  valor,  he  389.  Adversos:  in  the  sense  of  hostes.  Ma- 

would  meet  JEneas,  hand  to  hand,  who  had  vors  :  a  name  of  Mars  :  here  used  for  cour- 

given  already  the  challenge.     In  this  dis-  age,  or  valor.     Tibi  :  in  the  sense  of  tmts  : 


LIB.  XC. 


547 


392. 
mo 


Pulsus  ego  1  aut  quisquam  merito,  fcedissime,  pulsum 
Arguet,  Iliaco  turnidurn  qui  crescere  Tybrira 
Sanguine,  et  Evandri  totam  cum  stirpe  videbit 
Procubuisse  domum,  atque  exutos  Arcadas  armis  ?     395 
Haud  ita  me  expert!  Bitias.et  Pandarus  ingens, 
Et  quos  mille  die  victor  sub  Tartara  misi, 
Inclusus  muris,  hostilique  aggere  septus. 
Nulla  salus  bello  !  capiti  cane  talia,  demens, 
Dardanio,  rebusque  tuis.     Proinde  omnia  magno     400 
Ne  cessa  turbare  metu,  atque  extollere  vires 
Gentis  bis  victae  ;  contra  premere  arma  Latini. 
Nunc  et  Myrmidonum  proceres  Phrygia  arma  tremis- 

cunt ! 

Nunc  et  Tydides,  et  Larissaeus  Achilles  ! 
Amnis  et  Hadriacas  retro  fugit  Aufidus  undas  !        405 
Vel  cum  se  pavidum  contra  n\pa  jurgia  fingit 
Artificis  scelus,  et  formidine  crimen  acerbat.  40^-  s^a  formidine 

Nunquam  animam  talem  dextra  hac,  absiste  moveri, 
Amittes :  habitet  tecum,  et  sit  pectore  in  isto. 
Nunc  ad  te,  et  tua,  magne  pater,  consulta  revertor.    410 
Si  nullam  nostris  ultra  spem  ponis  in  armis ; 
Si  tarn  deserti  sumus,  et,  semel  agmine  verso, 
Funditus  occidimus,  neque  habet  fortuna  regressum  : 


396.  Haud  ita  experti 
sunt ;  et  mille  alii^  quos 
in  uno  die  ego  victor 


402.  Contra  nc.  cesstt 


405.  Aranis  Aufidus, 
versus  retro 


NOTES. 


will  thy  valor  always  consist  in,  &c.    For 
Manors,  Rueeus  says,/or/i/wdo. 

393.  Arguet  pulsum :  Turnus  here  vin- 
dicates himself  from  the  charge  of  being 
vanquished,  made  by  Drances:  Who  will 
accuse  me  of  being  beaten,  that  shall  see 
the  swollen  Tyber,  &c.  Arguet :  in  the  sense 
of  dicet.     Ruasus  says,  accusabit.     Esse  vel 
fuisse  is  understood  with  pulsum. 

394.  Totam  domum :  and  the  whole  family 
of  Evander,  with  his  race,  to  be  prostrated. 
Pallas  was  the  only  son  of  Evander,  and  as 
far  as  we  know,  his  only  child.  In  his  death, 
then,  the  family  and  race  became  extinct. 

'396.  Bitias  et  Pindanu.  These  were  two 
brothers  of  gigantic  stature,  whom  Turnus 
slew,  at  the  time  of  his  entering  the  Trojan 
camp.  See  ./En.  ix.  672,  et  sequens. 

399.  Dardanio  capiti :  to  the  Trojan  chief: 
simply,  to  the  Trojan.  Caput :  the  head, 
by  synec.  is  frequently  put  for  the  whole 
body,  or  person.  Cane  :  proclaim — declare. 
Drances  appears  to  have  been  at  the  head 
of  the  Latin  party,  which  favored  the  Tro- 
jan interest  in  opposition  to  Turnus.  By 
(uis  re&us,  we  are  to  understand  this  party 
at  Latium,  or  the  Trojans  themselves,  his 
friends. 

402.  Gentis  bis  victcz:  of  the  nation  twice 
conquered.  Turnus  considers  that  he  had 
already  subdued  the  Trojans  ;  and  the 
Greeks  had  done  the  same  thing  before,  on 
the  plains  of  Troy.  And  indued,  it  appears, 
he  had  greatly  the  advantage  over  them, 
during  the  absence  of  ./Eneas. 


403.  Proceres :  the  Grecian  chiefs.  Aga- 
memnon and  Menelaus  may  be  more  par- 
ticularly alluded  to.  Myrmidonum.  These 
were  the  troops  of  Achilles.  By  synec.  put 
for  the  Greeks  in  general. 

405.  Aufidus.  A  river  rising  in  the  Apen- 
nines, and    in  the   territories  of  the   Hir- 
pini,  and  passing  through  Apulia,  Daunia, 
and  Peucetia,  falls  into  the   Adriatic  sea. 
This  river  fled  back,  as  if  affrighted  at  the 
sight  of  the  Trojan  fleet,  and  ceased  to  flow 
in  its  usual  course.     Such  is  the  language 
of  the  miscreant  Drances,  in  extolling  the 
Trojans,  and  spreading  the  terror  of  their 
name,  even  when,  &c.  These,  or  some  other 
of  the  same  import,  are  requisite  to  connect 
the  subject,  and  make  sense.  Fugit :  flowed 
back — fled  back  from.    Hadriacas:  an  adj. 
from  Hadria. 

406.  Jurgia  mea  :  my  menaces,  or  threats. 
Fingit :  in  the  sense  of  simulat. 

407.  Scelus  artijicis :  that  base  villain. 
Such  was  the  depravity  of  his  character, 
that  he  was  baseness  and  wickedness  itself. 
This  form  of  expression  is  common  with  the 
poet.     It  is  usually  rendered  by  the  corres- 
pondent adjective,  with  which  the  following 
word  is  made  to  agree.     Ruaeus  says,  ille 
scelestus  accusator.     Valpy  says,  artifex  tee- 
leris.  Crimen  :  in  the  sense  of  accusationtm. 

409.  Isto  pectore :  in  that  bosom  of  thine. 
This  is  said  by  way  of  contempt. 

413.  Funditus:  we  are  utterly  ruined. 
For  occidimus,  Ruseus  says  perimus.  Re- 
gressum :  return. 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Orcmus  pacem,  et  dextras  tendamus  inermes. 
Quanquam  6  !  si  solitae  quicquam  virtutis  adesset !  415 
416.  Ille  videretur  mi-  Hie  mihi  ante  alios  fortunatusque  laborum, 
lii  ante  alios  Egregiusque  animi,  qui,  ne  quid  tale  videret, 

Procubuit  moriens,  et  humum  semcl  ore  momordit. 
Sin  et  opes  nobis,  et  adhuc  intacta  juventus, 
Auxilioque  urbes  Italse  populique  supersunt : 
Sin  etTrojanis  cum  multo  gloria  venit 

422.  Si  eunt  illis  sua  Sanguine  :  sunt  illis  sua  f  unera,  parque  per  omnes 

423.  Cur  nos  indeco- Tempestas  :  cur  indecores  in  limine  primo 

res  Dericimus  ?  cur  ante  tubam  tremor  occupat  artus  ? 

424.  AWrw  artus        Muha  dieg  variusque  jabor  mutabilis  am  425 

Retulit  in  melius  :  multos  alterna  revisens 

427.  Eos    in  solido  Lusit,  et  in  solido  rursus  fortuna  locavit. 
stalu  Non  erit  auxilio  nobis  jEtolus,  et  Arpi? 

At  Messapus  erit,  felixque  Tolumnius,  et  quos 
Tot  populi  misere,  duces :  nee  parva  sequetur 
431.  Homines delectose  Gloria  delectos  Latio  et  Laurentibus  agris. 
Est  et  Volscorum  egregia  de  gente  Camilla, 
Agmen  agens  equitum,  et  florentes  aere  catervas. 
Quod  si  me  solum  Teucri  in  certamina  poscunt, 
Idque  placet,  tantumque  bonis  communibus  obsto  :    435 
Non  adeo  has  exosa  manus  victoria  fugit, 

438.  Contra  JEnean ;  Ut  tanta  quicquam  pro  spe  tentare  recusem. 

licet  ille  prwstet  se  vel  Ibo  aniniis  contra ;  vel  magnum  praestet  Achillem. 

439.  Paria      armw  FactaqU'e  Vulcani  manibus  paria  induat  arma 

441*E«»  Turnus  de- Ille  licdt>     Vobis  animam  hanc'  ^>rer<>que  Latino,  440 
vovihanc  •     "  Turnus  ego,  baud  ulli  veterum  virtute  secundus, 

442.  Me  solum  .Devovi,     Solum  ^Eneas  vocat  ?  et,  vocet,  oro. 

NOTES. 

416.  Forlunatus :  happy  in  his  toils— la-  433.  Florentes  are :  shining — gleaming  in 

bors.     A  Greek   idiom.     So  also  egregius  brass. 

animi :  illustrious— heroic  in  soul.     Ruseus  436.  Victoria  non  adeo.    On  many  of  the 

says,  prastans  vertute.  old  coins,  are  to   be  seen  persons  holding 

419.  Intacta:  fresh— that  hath  not  been  victory  in  one  hand.    To  this  circumstance, 
engaged  in  action.  Mr.  Addison  conjectures,  the  poet  here  al- 

420.  Populi  :  nations.  lades.     Exosa  here  is  to  be  taken  actively. 
422.  Tempestas  par :  an  equal  storm  of     Victory,  disdaining  his  hand  so  much,  had 

war  on  both  sides.    Ruaeus  says,  par  dades.  not  abandoned  him,  that  he  would  refuse, 

"By  per  omnes,  we  may  understand  both  sides,  &c.  This  speech  of  Turnus  is  of  the  noblest 

the  Trojans  and  Italians.  character,  and   shows  him  to  be  the  real 

424.  Ante  tubam :  before  the  trumpet  sound,  soldier.   It  is  very  different  from  that  of  the 

425.  Dies :  in  the  sense  of  tempus.    Mu-  envious  and  cowardly  Drances. 

tabilis  osw :  of  changing  or  revolving  years.  ^    T                 in   ,     h        of  victory_ 

ReuUt  mulla  :  changes   many  things,  &c.  Of  the  h        of  ^taimng  the  prize  of  victo- 
Kuogus  says,  vertit.    Labor :  change — vicis- 
situde—revolution.    Ruffius  says,  motus. 

426.  Fortuna  alterna :  fortune  revisitincr  438.  Pmstet :   in  the  sense  of  exhibeat, 

men   alternately,  hath  deceived   many vel   reprasentet.    Animis :  courage — confi- 

played  an  unexpected  game  with  them,  and  dence  of  victor}'. 

again,  &c.  Alterna :  in  the  sense  of  alterhis.  439.  Paria  arma  :  arms  equal  to  those  of 

428.  Mtolus:  the  Jptolian  (namely)  Di-  Achilles,  and  made  by  the  hands  of  Vulcan, 
cmede ;  who  was  by  birth  an  jEtolian,  and  Turnus  was   at  this    time    ignorant  that 
at  that  time,  reigned  over  the  city  Arpi.  ./Eneas  actually  possessed  armor  made  by 

429.  Tolumnius.    He  was  an  augur,  and  Vulcan. 

foretold  the  success  of  the  war,  and  there-  441.  Haud  secundut :  not  inferior — not 
by  animated  the  troops.  He,  therefore,  is  second  to  any  of  his  illustrious  ancestors  in 
culled /C/Z.T.  valor,  frtcnfm  :  in  the  sense  of  majnrum. 


.     LIB.  XI. 


Nec  Drances  potius,  sive  est  haec  ira  Deorum, 
Morte  lu  t ;  sive  est  virtus  et  gloria,  tollat. 

Illi  haec  inter  se  dubiis  de  rebus  agebant  445 

Certantes  ;  castra  ^Eneas  aciemque  movebat. 
Nuntius  ingenti  per  regia  tecta  tumultu 
Ecce  ruit,  magnisque  urbem  terroribus  implet : 
Instructos  acie  Tiberino  a  iiumine  Teucros, 
Tyrrhenamque  manum  totis  descendere  campis.      450 
Extemplo  turbati  animi,  concussaque  vulgi 
Pectora,  et  arrectae  stimulis  baud  mollibus  irae. 
Arma  maim  trepidi  poscunt ;  frerhit  arma  juventus  : 
Flent  moesti  mussantque  patres.  "~  Hie  undique  clamor 
Dissensu  vano  magnus  se  tollit  in  auras.  455 

Haud  secus  atque  alto  in  luco  cum  forte  catervae 
Consedere  avium  ;  piscosove  amne  Padusae 
Dant  sonitum  rauci  per  stagna  loquacia  cycni. 

Immo,  ait,  6  cives,  arrepto  tempore,  Turnus, 
Cogite  concilium,  et  pacem  laudate  sedentes  :          460 
Illi  armis  in  regna  ruant.     Nec  plura  locutus 
Corripuit  sese,  et  tectis  citus  extulit  altis. 
Tu,  Voluse,  armari  Volscorum  edice  maniplis  ; 
Due,  ait,  et  Rutulos  :  equitem  Messapus  in  armis, 
Et,  cum  fratre,  Coras,  latis  diffundite  campis. 
Pars  aditus  urbis.Jirment,  turresque  capessant : 
Caetera,  quajusso,  mecum  manus  inferat  arma. 

Ilicet  in  muros  tota  discurritur  urbe. 
Concilium  ipse  pater  et  magna  incepta  Latinus 
Deserit ;  ac  tristi  turbatus  tempore  differt.  470 

Multaquc  se  incusat,  qui  non  acceperit  ultro 


449.  Dicens  Teucros 
instructos  acie,  Tyrrhi- 
numque 

451.  Turbati  sunt 

oi&yyi-cv^tb 

456.  Cum  forte  cater- 
vas  avium  consedere  in 
alto  luco  ;  rauci-ve 
cycni  dant  sonitum  pis- 


464.  Messapus  et  Co- 
a  cum  fratre,  ww,  dif- 
fundite equitem 


NOTES. 


443.  Nec  Drances :       The  meaning   of 
these  two  lines,  is  this :  that  Drances  should 
not  die;  whether  the  vengeance  of  the  gods 
required  that  one  of  them  should  perish  ;  or, 
whether  valor  and  glory  were  the  result  of 
the  contest,  he  should  not  bear  off  the  prize 
of  victory.     Mr.  Dryden  has  expressed  the 
same  sentiment : 

Drances  shall  rest  secure,  and  neither  share 
The  danger,  nor  divide  the  prise  of  war. 

Though  Turnus  had  somewhat  recovered 
his  temper,  during  the  time  of  his  address- 
ing the  king,  yet  he  could  not  conclude, 
without  giving  Drances  this  severe  stroke. 

444.  Luat  morte :  atone  by  his  death  :  that 
is,  lose  his  life.     If  one  of  them  must  die, 
Turnus  chose  rather  to  be  the  one  himself. 

445.  dgcbant :  in  the  sense  of  dicebant. 
449.  Acit :  in  order  of  battle — in  battle 

array. 

452.  drrecto:   aroused.      Slimulis:   im- 
pulse. 

453.  Trepidi :  quick — in  haste.     Frcinit  : 
in  the  sense  ofjlagilul. 

454.  Patres :  the  senators.    The  council 
of  state.     Mussant :  repine — grieve. 

455.  Di*x?nsu  :   disagreement — discord- 
ance. 


457.  Paduscf, :  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
river  Po.  Piscoso  amne :  in  the  fishy  stream. 

458.  Stagna.     Stagnum,  is,  properly,  the 
deep  parts  of  the  sea,  or  river.     Here  it  is 
taken  for  the  whole  river,  or  stream.     Lo- 
quacia :  resounding — echoing. 

459.  Tempore  arreplo :  the  occasion  being 
taken,  Turnus,  &c.     These  words  of  Tur- 
nus are  extremely  sarcastic. 

461.  Illi :  the  enemy. 

463.  Maniplis:   in   the  sense  of  turmif. 
Edice  :  in  the  sen^e  of  jiibc,  vel  itupcra. 

464.  Equtlem:  the  cavalry — horsemen  in 
general.     This   is   the   reading  of  Heyne. 
Ruseus  szys,equiles.  Messapus—  Coras.  These 
are  in  the  nom.  for  the  voc.  after  the  Greek 
idiom. 

465.  Diffundite :  lead  out — draw  up  the 
cavalry  in  arms. 

467.  Ca-.tera  manus  :  let  the  other  troops, 
&c.  Jusso  :  for  j-ussero,  by  syn. 

470.  Deserit :  in  the  sense  of  rtUnquit. 
vel  abrumpit.  Latinus,  alarmed  at  the  dis- 
mal crisis  of  his  affairs,  gives  up  his  plan 
of  conciliation,  and  again  relies  upon  de- 
fensive meaeurrp. 


550  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Dardanium  .dEneam,  generumque  asciverit  urbi. 
Praefodiunt  alii  portas,  aut  saxa  sudesque 
Subvectant.     Bello  dat  signum  rauca  cruentum 
Buccina.     Turn  muros  varia  cinxere  corona  475 

Matronae  pueriq'ue  ;  vocat  labor  ultimus  omnes. 

Nee  non  ad  templum  summasque  ad  Palladis  arces 
Subvehitur  magna  matrum  regina  caterva, 

479.  Lavinia  virgo  tst  Dona  ferens  :  juxtaque  comes  Lavinia  virgo, 
ert'causa*  &  ^"^  ^M£B  ^au?a  mau  tanti,  atque  oculos  dejecta  decoros.        480 

480.  Dejecta  quoad  Succedunt  matres,  et  templum  thure  vaporant, 
decoros  Et  mcestas  alto  fundunt  de  limine  voces  : 

Armipotens  belli  praeses,  Tritonia  virgo, 
Frange  manu  telum  Phyu-gii  praedonis,  et  ipsum 
Pronum  sterne  solo,  portisque  effunde  sub  altis.       485 

Cingitur  ipse  furens  certatim  in  praelia  Turnus. 
487.  Ille'mdviius  quoad  Jamque  aded  Rut u linn  thoraca  indutus  ahenis 
Rutulum  Horrebat  squamis,  surasque  incluserat  auro, 

489.  Ok  i  ic  Xempora  nudus  adhuc  :  laterique  accinxerat  ensem, 

Fulgebatque  alta  decurrens  aureus  arce  :  490 

Exsultatque  animis,  et  spe  jam  praecipit  hostem. 
492.jTaJwqualisequus,  Qualis,  ubi  abruptis  fugit  praesepia  vinclis, 
ubi  fugit  praesepia,  vin-  Tandem  liber,  equus,  campoque  potitus  aperto  ; 
clw   abruptis,    tandem  Aut  jue  in  pastus  armentaque  tendit  equarum  ; 

Aut  assuetus  aquae  perfundi  flumine  noto  4!K~» 

Emicat,  arrectisque  fremit  cervicibus  alte 

498.  Cui,  nempe,Turno,  Luxurians  ;  luduntque  jubce  per  colla,  per  armos. 
Camilla,  acie  Obvia  cui,  Volscorum  acie  comitante,  Camilla 

NOTES. 

473.  Prafodiuntportasi  some  dig  trenches         484.  Pnxdonis.     She  calls  ^neas  a  rob- 
before  the  gates,  with  a  view  to  keep  off  the     ber,  in  allusion  to  the  conduct  of  Paris,  at 
enemy.  the  court  of  Menelaus. 

474.  Subvectant:   this  is  the  reading  of         485.  Effudt:  rout  him — break  in  pieces 
Heyne  and  Davidson.    Ruaeus  reads,  subji-     his  power  undei,  &c. 

ciunt.  488.  Ahenis  squamis ;  in  his  brazen  armor. 

475.  Varia  corona :  in  various  companies,  Squama, :  the  plates  in  a  coat  of 'mail,  which 
or  troops.    They  manned  the  walls  in  va-  in  some  degree  resembled  the  scales  of  a 
rious  parts.     So  universal  was  the  sense  of  fish.    By  meton.  the  corslet,  or  coat  of  mail 
danger,  that  all  who  were  capable  of  making  itself:  and  hence,  by  synec.  armor  in  gen- 
resistance,  took  up  arms.  The  last  struggle,  eral.    Horrtbat :  in  the  sense  of  lactbat  hor- 
the  ultimus  labor,  called  upon  every  one  to  rifice.     Incluserat  suras :  he  had  bound  his 
unite  in  making  what  resistance  they  could,  legs  in  gold.     He  had  put  on  his  golden 
in   aid  of  the  regular  forces.      Corona :  a  sandals.     Any  thing  made  of  gold  may  be 
company,  or  body  of  men,  standing  around  called  aurum. 

in  the  form  of  a  circle  or  ring,  was  called  491.  Prcecipit:  mtlieaenseofprczoccupat. 

corona.  Here  taken  for  the  troops  in  general.  494.  Tendit:  in  the  sense  of  fert  se. 

4P>1.   Vaporant:  perfume.  495.  Perfundi:  in  the  sense  of  lavari. 

483.  Armipotens  prases:  O!  powerful  pat-  496.  Emicat:  he  springs  forth.     Ruaeus 

roness  of  war,  &c.     This  prayer  is  taken  says,  exilil.    Fremit :  neighs.    Altc  may  be 

from  Homer,  Iliad    17,  where   the  Trojan  connected  either  with  arrcclis,  or  luxurians. 

matrons  invoke  the  aid  of  Pallas  against  This  last  is  used  in  the  sense  of  exsultans. 

Diomede.     It  is  almost  a  literal  version  of  498.  Acie  Volscorum :  the  troops  of  the 

the  Greek,  which  Mr.  Pope  hath  elegantly  Volsci  accompanying  her.   Acies  :  properly 

rendered  into  English :  an  army  in  order  of  battle;  sometimes  it  is 

Oh,  awful  Goddess  1  ever  dreadful  maid,  put  for  troops  in  general.  Here  Virgil  gives 

Troy's  strong  defence,  unconquer'd  Pallas,  an  instance  of  the  high  respect,  that  was 

aid ;  anciently  paid  to  the  general  of  an  army. 

Break  thou  Tydides'  spear,  and  let  him  Camilla,  though  a  queen,  leaps  from  her 

fall,  horse,  to    do    Turnus  honor;   and  all  her 

Prone  on  the  dust,  before  the  Trojan  wall,  troops  follow  her  example.    This  speech  of 


.ENEIS.     LIB.  XL  551 

Occurrit,  portisque  ab  equo  regina  sub  ipsis  • 

Desiluit  ;  quam  tota  cohors  imitata  relictis  500 

Ad  terram  defluxit  equis.     Turn  talia  fatur  : 

Turne,  sui  merito  si  qua  est  fiducia  forti,  502.  Si  qua  fiducia 

Audeo,  et  ^Eneadum  promitto  occurrere  turmse,  BUI  nt  forti  raeritd,  ego 

Solaque  Tyrrhenes  equites  ire  obvia  contra. 

Me  sine  prima  manu  tentare  pericula  belli  :  505     505.  Med  manu 

Tu  pedes  ad  muros  subsiste,  et  moenia  serva. 

Turnus  ad  haec,  oculos  horrenda  in  virgine  fixus  :  50?.    Turnus,    fixus 

O,  decus  Italiae,  virgo,  quas  dicere  grates,  quoad  oculos  in  horren- 

Quasve  referre  parem  ?  sed  nunc,  est  omnia  quando       j&  virgine,  rcspondet  ad 
Iste  animus  supra,  mecum  partire  laborem.  510   ™}Q  Quando  .^  ^ 

rEneas,  ut  fama  ndem  missique  reportant  animus  est  supra  omnia 

Exploratores,  equitum  levia  improbus  arma  pericula 

Praemisit,  quaterent  campos  :  ipse  ardua  mentis  513.  Ut  quaterent 

Perdesertajugo  superans  adventat  ad  urbem. 
Furta  paro  belli  convexo  in  tramite  sylvae,  515 

Ut  bivias  armato  obsidam  milite  fauces. 
Tu  Tyrrhenum  equitem  collatis  excipe  signis. 
Tecum  acer  Messapus  erit,  turmasque  Latinae, 
Tiburtique  manus  :  ducis  et  tu  concipe  curam. 
Sic  ait  :   et  paribus  Messapum  in  proelia  dictis  520      ^ 

Hortatur,  sociosque  duces  ;  et  pergit  in  hostem. 

Est  curvo  anfractu  vallis,  accommoda  fraudi, 

Armorumque  dolis  :  quam  densis  frondibus  atrum  523.  Quam  vallem  la- 

TJrget  utrinque  latus  :  tenuis  quo  semita  ducit,  tus  *ylv(R  atrum  densis 

Angustaeque  ferunt  fauces,  auditusque  maligni.         525 
Hanc  super,  in  speculis,  summoque  in  vertice  mentis 
Planities  ignota  jacet,  tutique  receptus  : 

NOTES. 

Camilla,  though  short,  as  the  time  required,  515.   Furla  :    in   the   sense  of  inxidias. 

is  full  of  courn  <re,  and  it  bespeaks  the  he-  Convexo  :  crooked  —  winding. 

roine.  516.  Fauces  :  straits  —  defiles  :  which  led 

501.  Deftuxit  :  leaped  on  the  ground  —  through  the  mountains  in  two  ways.     Ob- 

dismounted  after  the  example  of  their  queen,  sidam:  take  possession  of  —  block  up.    Ru- 

507.  Horrenda  :   couiageous—  valiant  —  ffius  sa>'8^  occupem. 

inspiring  terror  517.  Collatis  signis:  in  close  fight.    Con- 

511.  Fidem:  assurance—  certainty.    It  is  /«•«  signa,  is  a  military  term,  signifying  to 
governed  by  reportant.     Heyne  takes  *it  in  engage  in  close  fight. 

the  sense  of  nuntium.  51&-  Concipe  curam  :  take  upon  yourself 

512.  Imrobus:  wicked-infamous-with      the  chare  °f  the  general-take  the  chief 


meton.  tor  those  who  bear  them.  .  Armorum  .  in 


513.  Quaterent.     RUBBUS  says,  vastarent.  the  sense  of  6e//i.   The  valley  through  which 

514.  Superans.     This  is  the  reading  of  this  path  led,  was  enclosed  on  each  side  by 
Heyne.     Ruoeus  and  Davidson  read  prope-  a  thick  wood.     Perhaps   airum  should  be 
rans.     Deserta  ardua  :  the  high  deserts  of  connected  with  densis  frondibus. 

the  mountains.  Or,  loca  may  be  understood  525.  Maligni  auditus  :  small—  scanty  ways 

connected  with  deserta.  Jugo  :•  passing  over  —  passages.      Ferunt  :  in  the  sense  of  du- 

thjD   top,  or  ridge  of  the  mountain.     The  cunt,  as  above. 

poet  here,  probably,  has  in  view  the  Alban  526.  In  speculis  :  the  same  as,  in  summo 

mountains,  which  might  extend  into  the  ter-  vertice:  on  the  highest  part  —  pinnacle. 

ritory  of  Laurentum.     Through  this  moun-  527.  Ignota:  unknown  to  the  Trojans. 

tainous  tract,  Turnus  learned,  that  tineas  528.  Occurrere  pugnce  :  the  same  as  oc- 

was  about  to  march  his  army.     He  there-  eurrere  hoslibus.    Jugis  :  from  the  top,  or 

fore  proposes  to  lay  in  ambush.                  .  sides  of  the  mountain. 


P.  VIRGILli   iMARONiS 

Seu  dextra  Isevaque  veils  occurrere  pugnae  ; 
529.  Saxa  in  hostem,  Sive  instare  jugis,  et  grandiu  volvere  saxa. 
Hue juvems  Turnus fer-  Huc  juvenis  not£  fertur  regiOne  viarum,  530 

Arripuitque  locum,  et  sylvis  insedit  iniquis. 
532.  Interea,  Latonia,      Velocem  interea,  sup.eris  in  sedibus  Opim, 
in  superis  sedibus  com-  Unam  ex  virginibus  sociis,  sacraque  caterva, 
Pellabat  Compellabat,  et  has  tristi  Latonia  voces 

Ore  dabat :  Graditur  bellum  ad  crudele  Camilla,     585 
O  virgo,  et  nostris  nequiequam  cingitur  armis, 
Chara  mihi  ante  alias  :  neque  enim  novus  iste  Diamc 
Venit  amor,  subitaque  animum  dulcedine  movit. 
Pulsus  ob  invidiam  regno,  viresque  superbas, 

o40.  Cum  Metabus,  Priverno  antiqua  Metabus  cum  excederet  urbe,         540 
pulsus  regno  ob  Infantem  fugiens  media  inter  prselia  belli 

542.  Sustulit  earn  in-  Sustulit  exilio  comitem,  matrisque  vocavit 
fantera,  comitem  exilio,  Nomine  Casmillae,  mutata  parte,  Camillam. 
yoeavitquS  earn  Camil-  j     e  sinu          se  portang  ;Uga  ionga  petebat 
lam  de  nomine  eius  ma-  ar  , 

tris  Casrnilla?,  parte  no-  Solorum  nemorum  :  tela  undique  saeva  premebant,    545 
minis  mutata  Et  circumfuso  volitabant  milite  Volsci. 

547.  Medio  fugaa^u-  Ecce,  fugae  medio,  summis  Amasenus  abundans 
vius  Amasenus  Spumabat  ripis  ;  tantus  se  nubibus  imber 

551.  Sedit  «/WversantiRuperat.     Ille,  innare  parans,  infantis  amore 

552.  Erat  immane  te-  Tardatur,  charoque  oneri  timet.     Omnia  secum       550 
1U554qUI?  '      Zo  '     r  Versanti»  subito  vix  haec  sententia  sedit. 

cat    nataT,  'dausara  Telum  immane,  manu  valida  quod  forte  gerebat 
libro  Bellator,  solidum  nodis  et  robore  cocto  : 

556.  Quam    /uufamHuic  natam,  libro  et  sylvestri  subere  clausam, 
librans  Implicat,  atque  habilem  mediae  circumligat  hastae  ;  555 

alma  cStri?0      t0nia'Quam  dextlt  ingenti  librans,  ita  ad  aethera  fatur  : 

558.  Ilia  priraa  <an-^^ma>^m  hanc,  nemorum  cultrix,  Latonia  virgo, 
quam  supplex  Ipse  pater  famulam  voveo  :  tua  prima  per  auras 

NOTES. 

529.  Jugis.     The  proper  place  for  this  vel  remota.    Portans :  carryuig  his  child  in 

\vord  appears  to  be  after  volvere :  to  tumble,  his  bosom. 

or  roll  large  rocks  from  the  top  of  the  moun-  545.   Solorum  :   of  the   lonely — solitary 

tain  upon  the  enemy.  groves.  The  groves  upon  the  distant  moun- 

531.    Iniquis:    rough — uneven.      Ruaeus  tains,  lonely  and  solitary, 

says,  asperis.  546.  Volitabant.    This  verb  expresses  the 

533.  Caterva :  retinue — band.  rapidity,  and  quickness  of  their  motions. 

534.  Latonia  :  a  name  of  Diana ;  from  547.  Amasenus :  a  river   of  the    Volsci. 
Latona,  the  name  of  her  mother.     Voces  :  Hodie,  Toppia.   Summis  ripis :  over  the  top 
in  the  sense  of  verba.  of  its  banks. 

536.  Nostris  armis.    Camilla  was  armed  551.  Subilb  h<zc :  on  a  sudden  this  reso- 
like  Diana   and   the  nymphs.     O,  Virgo :  lution,  or  purpose,  was  fixed  upon  by,  &c, 
meaning  Qpis.  Vix.     He  came  to  this  determination,  des- 

537.  Chara  :  referring  to  Camilla.  Alias  :  perate  indeed ;  but  nothing  better  presented, 
S.'irgines  is  understood.  with  difficulty,  in  spite  of  all  his  tender  fears 

539.  Invidiam,  viresque  superbas.    David-  for  the  safety  of  his  child.      Sedit :  in  the 

son  renders  these  words :  u  Invidious  mea-  sense  ofjixa  est. 

sures,  and  insolent  abuse  of  power."     His  553.  Coclo  :  hardened  in  the  fire, 

tyrannical  and  oppressive  government  ex-  555.  Circumligat :   he  binds  the   infant 

cited  the  hatred  of  his  subjects,  who,  by  easy  (so  as  not  to  hurt  her)  to  the  middle 

force  of  arms,  drove  him  from  his  throne,  of  the   spear :   having  previously  enclosed 

Privernum  was  the  name  of  his  city.  the  child  in  bark  and  sylvan  cork,  to  secure 

541.  Prcelia  belli :  contentions — strifes  of  her  from  injury.  Implicat :  Ruacus  says,  alli- 

war.     In  the  sense  of  certamina  belli.     Ru-  gat. 

3Rus  says,  pugnas  belli.  558.  Ipse  pater.     This  is   said,  because 

544.  Longa :  in  the  sense  of  longe  posita  none  but  the  father  had  a  right  to  devote 


.    LIB.  XI. 


Teia  tenens  supplex  hostem  fugit :   accipe,  tester, 
Diva,  tuatn,  quae  nunc  dubiis  committitur  auris. 
Dixit :  et  adducto  contortura  hastile  lacerto 
Immittit :  sonuere  undae  :  rapidum  super  amnem 
Infelix  fugit  in  jaculo  stridente  Camilla. 
At  Metabus,  magna  propius  jam  urgente  catervu, 
Dat  sese  fluvio,  atque  hastam  cum  virgine  victor 
Gramineo,  donum  Triviae,  de  cespite  vellit. 
Non  ilium  tectis  ullae,  non  mcenibus  urbes 
Accepere  :  neque  ipse  manus  feritate  dedisset ; 
Pastorum  et  solis  exegit  montibus  aevum. 
Hie  natam  in  dumis  interque  horrentia  lustra, 
Armentalis  equae  mammis  et  lacte  ferino 
Nutribat,  teneris  immulgens  ubera  labris. 
Utque  pedum  primis  infans  vestigia  plantis 
Institerat,  jaculo  palmas  oneravit  acuto ; 
Spiculaque  ex  humero  parvae  suspendit  et  arcum. 
Pro  crinali  auro,  pro  longae  tegmine  pallae, 
Tigridis  exuviae  per  dorsum  a  vertice  pendent. 
Tela  manu  jam  turn  tenera  puerilia  torsit, 
Et  fundam  tereti  circum  caput  egit  habena, 
Strymoniamque  gruem  aut  album  dejecit  olorem. 
Multae  illam  frustra  Tyrrhena  per  oppida  matres 
Optavere  nurum  :  sola  contenta  Diana, 
./Eternum  telorum  et  virginitatis  amorem 
Intemerata  colit.    Vellem  baud  correpta  fuisset 
Militia  tali,  conata  lacessere  Teucros  ! 
Chara  mihi,  comitumque  foret  nunc  una  mearum. 
Verum  age,  quandoquidem  fatis  urgetur  acerbis, 
Labere,  Nympha,  polo,  finesque  invise  Latinos, 


573.  Plantis  pedum 


560 


565 


570 


575 


580 


584.  Ego  vellem  ut 

585  #k  naud 

586.  Foret  chara  mihi, 
unaque 

587.  Verum  age,  O 
nympha 


NOTES. 


Ins  children  to  the  service  of  the  gods.  And 
those,  who  were  thus  devoted,  were,  by 
the  Latins,  called  Camilli.  I  the  father  de- 
vote, &c. 

559.  Fugit  hostem:  escapes  from  the  enemy. 

560.  Auris  :  in  the  sense  of  ventis. 

563.  In  jaculo  :  upon  the  whizzing  spear. 

566.  Cespite :  in  the  sense  ofripa.  Trivia,  : 
a  name  of  Diana.  See  Eel.  iv.  10.  Donum  : 
the  infant  bound  to  the  spear ;  a  present  or 
gift  to  Diana. 

567.  JVon  ulla>  urbes :  no  cities  received 
him,  &c. 

568.  Neque  ipse  :  nor  would  he  have  given 
liis  hand,  (accepted  the  invitation,)  on  ac- 
count of  his  savage  nature,  choosing  rather 
to  inhabit  the  mountains  and  woods. 

569.  JEvum :  in  the  sense  of  vitam. 
571.  Mammis:  the  breast,  or  teats  of  a 

brooding  mare — of  one  belonging  to  the 
herd,  or  drove  of  mares  kept  for  breeding. 
In  this  solitary  retreat,  did  Metabus  bring 
up  his  infant  daughter  upon  the  milk  of  a 
brooding  mare,  milking  the  teats  into  her 
tender  lips.  This  is  a  beautiful  picture  of 
paternal  care  and  affection.  Lacte  ferino. 
This  is  the  same  with  the  milk  of  the  ani- 


mal just  mentioned.  Ferino  :  an  adj.  from 
ferus,  which  sometimes  signifies  a  horse,  or 
other  domestic  animal. 

573.  Primis :  in  the  sense  of  prima,  to 
agree  with  vestigia  :  or  in  the  sense  of  pri- 
mum :  and  as  soon  as  the  child,  &c. 

575.  Parva  :  of  the  child. 

576.  Crinali  auro.     Ruoeus  says,  aureo 
ornalu  capillorum.      It   may  be  a  clasp  to 
bind   and  adjust  the  hair,  or   a   net-work 
worn  over  the  hair  to   keep  it  in  order; 
either  of  which  maybe  considered  a  mark  of 
efteminacy  and  luxury.     Camilla  was  not 
so  adorned.     The  skin  of  a  tiger  vras  the 
only  ornament  of  her  head. 

577.  Exuvice  :  the  skin  of  a  tiger  hangs, 
&c. 

578.  Puerilia :  light,  such  as  are  suited 
to  the  strength  of  children. 

579.  Egit  fundam :  she  whirled  the  sling. 

584.  Intemerata:    she,  pure  and  unpol- 
luted, content  with  Diana  alone,  cherished 
a  perpetual  love,  &c.  She  had  no  inclination 
to  taste  the  pleasures  of  the  conjugal  state. 

585.  Tali  militia  :  with  the  love  of  such 
a  war,  attempting,  &c. 

587.  Acerliit :  in  the  sense  of  crudrlilwjt. 

0 


P.  VIRGILII 


590 


Tristis  ubi  infausto  committitur  omine  pugua. 
590.  Cape  haec  tda     Haec  cape,  et  ultricem  pharetra  deprome  sagittam, 

Hac,  quicunque  sacrum  violarit  vulnere  corpus, 
592.  Sit-ne  Tros  Ita-  Tros  Italusve,  mihi  pariter  det  sanguine  pcenas. 
lus-ve,  det  Post  ego  nube  cava  miserandce  corpus  et  arma 

593.Mserandamrgi-jnSp0)jata  feranij  tumulo  patriaeque  reponam. 

^595.  At  ilia  Opis  de- Dixit :  at  illa  leves  cceli  delaPsa  per  auras 

lapsa  Insonuit,  nigro  circumdata  turbine  corpus. 

596.  Circumdata  quoad      At  manus  taterea  muris  Trojaiia  propinquat, 

corPus  .  Etruscique  duces,  equitumque  exercitus  omnis, 

Compositi  numero  in  turmas.     Fremit  aequore  toto 
Insultans  sonipes,  et  pressis  pugnat  habenis,  600 

Hue  obversus  et  hue  :  turn  late  ferreus  hastia 
Horret  ager ;  campique  armis  sublimibus  ardent. 
Nee  non  Messapus  contra,  celeresque  Latini, 
Et  cum  fratre  Coras,  et  virginis  ala  Camillae, 
Adversi  campo  apparent :  hastasque  reductis  605 

Protendunt  longe  dextris,  et  spicula  vibrant : 
Adventusque  virum,  fremitusque  ardescit  equorum. 
608.  Uterque  exercitus     Jamque  intra  jactum  teli  progresses  uterque 

progressus  Substiterat :  subito  erumpunt  clamore,  frementesque 

.    Exhortantur  equos  :  fundunt  simul  undique  tela       610 
Crebra,  nivis  ritu,  ccelumque  obtexitur  umbra. 
Continue  adversis  Tyrrhenus  et  acer  Aconteus 


NOTES. 


589.  Infauslo :  inauspicious — unlucky. 

590.  Cape  hoc :    take    these    weapons. 
While  she  is  thus  speaking,  Diana  gives  to 
Opis  her  quiver  of  arrows,  and  directs  her 
to  draw  from  it  one,  which  should  be  fatal 
to  any  person  that,  during  the  engagement, 
might  violate^  the  sacred  body  of  Camilla. 

591.  Sacrum  corpus :  the  sacred  body  of 
Camilla.     Hac:  with  this  arrow.    Sagitta 
is  understood. 

593.  Miserandce :  lamented,  or  unhappy 
virgin.     Virginis  vel  Camilla,  is  plainly  to 
be  supplied. 

594.  Inspoliata  :  safe — untouched  by  the 
enemy — not  taken  away  by  them.     The 
goddess  here  promises  to  bear  oft'  the  body 
of  her  favorite  maid,  together  with  her  ar- 
mor, entire  and    untouched;    and  restore 
her  to  her  own  country  for  burial. 

This  episode  is  finely  contrived.  Just  as 
we  supposed  the  hostile  troops  were  to  com- 
mence the  work  of  death,  the  poet  suspends 
their  operations,  and  relates  the  birth  and 
education  of  Camilla ;  who  was  destined  to 
perform  the  most  distinguished  part  in  the 
military  operations  of  the  day. 

597.  Manus :  in  the  sense  of  milites  vel 
agmen. 

599.  Compositi :  arranged  into  battalions, 
in  order  of  battle. 

600.  Pugnat  :    he     resists     (struggles 
against)  the  tight  drawn  reins,  turning,  &c. 
He  wishes  no  restraint — he  desires  loosened 
reins. 


602.  Horret  ager :  an  iron  field  of  spears. 
Sublimibus:  raised  high. 

603.  Celeres  Latini :  the  light-armed  La- 
tins.    These  were  more  nimble,  and  their 
motions  quicker,  than  those  who  carried 
heavy  arms. 

604.  Ala.    Tlu's  word  signifies  the  wing 
of  our  army.     Also,  troops  in  general :  here 
the  cavalry  of  Camilla.    These  all  appeared 
on  the  plain,  opposite  to  the  Trojan  and 
Tuscan  troops. 

606.  Protendunt :  they  extend  their  spears 
with  their  hands  drawn  far  back.     They 
draw  their  arms  far  back,  that  they  may 
give  a  greater  force  to  the  dart.     Ruseus 
interprets  protendunt  by  immittunt-,  which  is 
not  correct.     They   have    not  commenced 
the  fight  as  yet.     In  this  menacing  manner, 
just  ready  to  discharge  them  upon  the  ene- 
my, the  combatants  advance  to  the  charge. 

607.  Adventus :  the  advance  of  the  men, 
and  the  neighing  of  the  horses,  grows  more 
and  more  fierce.    As  the  armies  approached 
each  other,  we  may  suppose  their  ardor  in- 
creased, and  the  neighing  of  the  horses  be- 
came louder.     Mr.  Davidson  observes,  ad- 
ventus  is  a  feeble  word  to  express  the  move- 
ments of  an  army,  just  on  the  point  of  giving 
battle. 

610.  Exhortantur :  in  the  sense  of  conci- 
fctnt. 

611.  Ritu  nivis:    after  the  manner  of 
snow — thick  as  the  flakes  of  snow.    Umbra  : 
with  darkness.    So  thick  was  the  shower  of 


jENEIS.     LIB.  XI. 


Connixi  iucurrunt  hastia,  primique  ruinam 
Dant  sonitu  ingenti,  perfractaque  quadrupedantum 
Pectora  pectoribus  rumpunt.     Excussus  Aconteus 
Fulminis  in  morem,  aut  tormento  ponderis  actfi, 
Proecipitat  longe,  et  vitam  dispergit  in  auras. 
Extemplo  turbatae  acies  ;  versique  Latini 
Rejiciunt  parmas,  et  equos  ad  moenia  vertunt. 
Trees  agunt ;  princeps  turmas  inducit  Asylas. 
Jamque  propinquabant  portis  :  rursusque  Latini 
Claraorem  tollunt,  et  mollia  colla  reflectunt : 
Hi  fugiunt,  penitusque  datis  referuntur  habenis. 
Qualis  ubi  alterno  procurrens  gurgite  pontus  ' 
Nunc  ruit  ad  terras,  scopulosque  superjacit  undam 
Spumeus,  extremamque  sinu  perfundit  arenam  : 
Nunc  rapidus  retro,  atque  aestu  revoluta  resorbens 
Saxa,  fugit,  litusque  vado  labente  relinquit. 
Bis  Tusci  Rutulos  egere  ad  mcenia  versos  : 
Bis  rejecti  armis  respectant  terga  tegentes. 

Tertia  sed  postquam  congressi  in  praelia,  totas 
Implicuere  inter  se  acies,  legitque  virum  vir. 


Gl.r> 


618.  Acies  Latinorum 
turbatae  sunt 

620 

G22.  Mollia  colla  equo- 
rum 

623.  Hi,  nempe,  Tro- 
jani  fugiunt  inricem 
625      624.  Qualis  ubi  pon- 
tus  procurrens  alterno 
gurgite 

630.  Ruiuli  bis  rejecti 
respectant  Thiscos 

630 


NOTES. 


darts,  that  they  intercepted  the  rays  of  the 
sun. 

613.  Ruinam  :  onset — charge.   Impefam, 
says  Ruseus. 

614.  Perfracta :  dashed — broken.    Qwad- 
vupedantum :  in  the  sense  of  equorum. 

615.  Rumpunt  pectora  :  they  almost  rive 
the  breasts  of  their  horses,  dashed  against 
each  other — they  rush  their  horses  breast  to 
breast  against  each  other,  with  such  impe- 
tuosity, that  they  almost  split,  or  rived  them. 
Heyne  says,  perfringunt. 

616.  In  moremfulminis :  Aconteus,  thrown 
from  his  horse  with  the  velocity  of  light- 
ning, or  of  a  weight  thrown  by  an  engine. 
This  is  an  extravagant  hyperbole.     Prceci- 
pitat :    in   the   sense    of  pracipitatur :    is 
thrown,  at  a  distance. 

619.  Rejiciunt  parmas :  they  turned  their 
shields  behind  them.     This  was  to  secure 
them  against  the  missive  weapons  of  the 
Trojans  in  their  retreat.     This  manner  of 
fleeing,  and  then  facing  about,  was  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  fighting  with  the  cavalry, 
as  practised  by  the  Romans. 

620.  Jlgunt :  in  the  sense  of  instant  vel 
sequunlur. 

622.  Mollia  :  obedient — submissive  to  the 
reins. 

623.  Penitas:    fully — wholly.      Ruseus 
says,  omninot     It  is  to  be  connected  with 
datis.      The    Trojans  retreat  (are  carried 
back)  at  full  speed — as  fast  as  their  horses 
can  carry  them. 

(3-21.  Procurrens  alterno:  rolling  forward 
in  alternate  surges.  Pontus  :  in  the  sense 
ofjluctus,  says  Hcyne.  Ruaeus  says  mare. 
But  then  he  takes  the  poet  here  to  have 
reference  to  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tido. 


This,  also,  is  the  sense  given  to  the  passage 
by  Davidson.  Heyne  and  Valpy  refer  it  to 
the  moving  of  a  wave,  or  surge,  against  the 
shore. 

626.  Sinu  perfundit:   and  washes  the 
margin  (or  edge)  of  the  shore  with  its  curl- 
ing waves.     Se.rvius  explains  sww,  by  cur- 
vatione  etfiexu,  the  curling  and  winding  of 
the  waves.     It  signifies  the  expanded  skirts, 
or  volumes  of  water,  into  which  the  flowing 
sea  stretches  itself  further  and  further  on 
the  shore,  and  overspreads  the  beach  like  a 
garment. 

627.  Atque  resorbens  :  and  sucking  in  the 
rocks,  rolled  back  with  its   tide,   retreats 
backward.     Rapidus  :  in  the  sense  of  celef 
vel  prxcf.ps. 

628.  f^ado :    in  the  sense   of  Jluctu  vel 
unda.     The  surge,  or  wave,  declining,  or 
going  back,  leaves  the  shore,  until  another 
surge  succeeds.     The  retreat  of  the  water 
from  the  shore  is  frequently  so  rapid,  that 
it  carries  along  with  it  stones  and  other 
substances  that  lie  on  the  shore.     To  this 
the  poet  here  alludes.     But  Heyne  takes 
saxa  revoluta  astu,  &c.   to  imply,  that  the 
waves  passed  over,  or  through  the  rock,  in 
approaching  and  retreating  from  the  shore  : 
per  quceftuctus  vel  undarevolvitur,sa.ys  he. 

630.  Respectant:    they  see  the  enemy 
covering   their   backs   with   their    shields. 
The  plain  meaning  is,  that  the  Latins  put 
the  Tuscans  to  flight  in  turn  :  they  see  them 
covering  their  backs  with  their  shields. 

631,  Tertia  prazlia:  the  third  assault— 
the  third  time  they  engaged. 

«.«.  Fmplicncre :  in  the  sense  of  miscu~ 
ernnt.     They  engaged  in  close  fight. 


.  VfRGILIl  MARON1S 


633.  (ireniitus  mori-  Turn  vero  et  gemitus  morientiim  ;  et  sanguine  in  alto 
Armaque,  corporaque,  et  permisti  crcde  virorum 
Semianimes  volvuntur  equi  :  pugna  aspera  surgit.    635 
Orsilochus  Remuli,  quando  ipsum  horrebat  adire, 
Hastam  intorsit  equo,  ferrumque  sub  aure  reliquit : 

638.  Jactat  crura  alta,Quo  SOnipes  ictu  f'urit  arduus,  altaque  jactat, 
Vulneris  impatiens,  arrecto  pectore  crura. 

640.  Ille  Remulus  ex-  Volvitur  ille  excussus  humi.     Catillus  lolam,  640 
cussus  equo                    Ingentemque  animis,  ingentem  corpore  et  armis 

641.  Catillus  dejicit  Dejicit  Herminium  :  nudo  cui  vertice  fulva 

'—     Hermim  »ft»«  c»«aries,  nudique  humeri  :  nee  vulnera  terrent   : 
""*642r  Cui  erat  fulva  Tantus  in  arma  patet.     Latos  huic  basta  per  armos 
ccesaries    in  nudo  ver-  Acta  tremit,  duplicatque  virum  transfixa  dolore.       645 
tice,  humerique  erant     Funditur  ater  ubique  cruor  :  dant  funera  ferro 

Certantes :  pulchramque  petunt  per  vulnera  mortem. 

At  medias  inter  cades  exsultat  Amazon, 

649.  Amazon,  nempe,  Unum  exserta  latus  pugnae,  pharetrata  Camilla. 
Camilla  pharetrata  ex-  Et  nunc  jenta  manu  spargens  hastilia  denset, 

Nunc  validam  dextra  rapit  indefessa  bipennem. 
Aureus  ex  humero  sonat  arcus,  et  arma  Dianoe. 
Ilia  etiam,  si  quando  in  tergum  pulsa  recessit, 
Spicula  converse  fugientia  dirigit  arcu. 

655.  At  circum  earn, At  circum  lectae  comites,  Larinaque  virgo, 
sunt  lect®  Tullaque,  et  iuraiam  quatiens  Tarpeia  securim, 

NOTES. 


650 


636.  Horrebat  adire:  he  feared  to  attack 
him.  Timeret,  says  Rureus. 

638.  Jactat  crura :  The  meaning  is,  that 
his  horse  reared  upon  his  hind  feet,  throw- 
ing his  fore  feet,  arid  beating  the  air  with 
them.  In  doing  this,  lie  threw  his  rider. 

642.  Dejicit:  in  the  sense  of  proslernit. 
Cui :  in  the  sonso  of  cujus.  So  huic :  for 
hujus,  644.  infra.  Vtrlice. :  in  the  sense  of 
capite.  His  yellow  hair  waved  upon  his 
naked  head. 

644.  Patet  tantus:   so  great  he   stands 
opposed  to  arms.     This  is  the  sense  given 
to  the  words  by  Davidson  ;  who  observes, 
that  Servius,  and  most  commentators  after 
him,  understand  the  words  to  mean :  that 
he  stood  so  large  a  mark  exposed  to  the  darts 
of  the  enemy.     But  this  is  so  far  from  being 
a  reason  for  his  not  being  afraid,  that  it  is 
a   strong   reason  why  he  should  be.     /n, 
may  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  contra. 

645.  Ada :  in  the  sense  of  immissa ;  agree- 
ing with  hasta,    Transfixa  :  passing  through 
his  shoulders,  doubles  the   man   with   the 
pain  of  the  wound.     The  pain  inflicted  by 
the  spear  was  so  great,  that  he  was  no 
longer  able  to  maintain  an  erect  posture. 
RUSBUS  says,  incurvat  hominem. 

The  reading  above  is  that  of  Hcyne, 
founded  upon  the  .Roman,  Medicean,  and 
other  MSS.  of  antiquity,  and  generally 
adopted  by  modem  editors.  Some  read 
viri  transfixa  dolorvn.  This 


Turnebus  approve*.      Others   read   dup'li- 
catque,  virum  transfixa^  dulorem. 

647.  Certantes :  a  part,  of  the  verb  cerfo, 
taken  as  a  sub.  The  combatants — the 
contending  armies. 

649.  Exserta  unum  latus    pugna:    her 
right  side  was  naked,  and  disengaged  for 
action,  (punnet,)  but  her  left  was  incumber- 
ed  with  her   bow,   and   half-moon  shield. 
Such  a   shield   the    Ama/ons  wore.      Or, 
pugncE  may  signify  the  attacks  of  the  ene- 
my.    Then  the  sense  will  be  :  that  she  had 
one  side  (to  wit,  the  right,)  exposed  to  the 
enemy,  while  the  other  was  covered  with 
her  shield;  which  prepares  the  reader  for 
the  circumstance  mentioned  afterwards,  of 
her  receiving  her  mortal  wound  in  this  part 
of  her  body.     Camilla  is  here  called  an 
Amazon,  because  she  was  armed  like  one 
of  them. 

650.  Spargens:    this  expresses,  as  well 
as  denset,  the  rapidity  with  which  she  re- 
peated her  throws.     She  scattered  her  jave- 
lins  thick   on  every  side.      Spargit  dens?^ 
says  lleyne. 

tJ5i2.  Arma:  in  the  sense  ofsagitta. 

653.  In  tergum :  backward  :  in  the  sense 
of  retro. 

654.  Spicula:  the  winged   arrows  from 
her   inverted  bow.      She  turned  her  bow 
over  her  shoulder,  and  in  that  position  dis- 
charged her  winged  arrow  upon  the  enemy. 
In  this  manner  the  Parthians  conducted 


.    LIB.  XL 

Itaiidcs  ;  quas  ipsa  decus  sibi  dia  Camilla  au 

Delegit,  pacisque  bonas  bellique  mimstras.  J  m  decus 

Quales  Threiciae,  cum  flumina  Thermodontis  ministrasque 

Pulsant,  et  pictis  bellantur  Amazones  armis  ;  660 

Seu  circum  Hippolyten ;  sen  cum  se  Martia  curru 

Penthesilea  refert ;  magnoque  ululante  tumultu 

Fcemiiiea  exsultant  lunatis  agmiaa  peltis. 

Quern  telo  primum,  quern  postivmum,  aspera  virgp,^ 
Dejicis?  aut  quot  hurni  morientia  corpora  fundis?  665 
Kumenium  Clytio  primum  patre  ;  cujus  apertum  666.  Primum  inierficit 

Adversi  longa  transverberat  abjete  pectus.  Eumenium  natum 

Sanguinis  ille  vomens  rivos  cadit,  atque  cruentam 
Mandit  humum,  moriensque  suo  se  in  vulnere  versat. 

Turn  Lirin  Pao-asumque  super  :  quorum  alter,  habenas      670.    Turn   inierficit 
Suffosso  revofutus  equo  dum  colligit ;  alter  671  l£o,  ftp-mjq^fa- 

Dum  subit,  ac  dextram  labenti  tendit  inermem,  pites  pariterque ;  quo- 

Praecipites  pariterque  ruunt.     His  addit  Amastrum          rum  alter 
Hippotaden  :  sequiturque  incumbens  eminus  hasta 
Tereaque,  Harpalycumque,  et  Demophoonta,  Chromim- 
que :  675 

Quotque  emissa  manu  contorsit  spicula  virgo  ; 
Tot  Phry^ii  cecidere  viri.     Procul  Ornytus  armis 

Ignotis,  e°t  equo  venator  lapyge  fertur  :  678.  Venator  Ornytus 

Cui  pellis  latos  humeros  erepta  juvenco 
Pugnatori  operit ;  caput  ingens  oris  hiatus,  680 

Et  mala?  texere  lupi  cum  dentibus  albis  ; 

NOTES. 

their  retreat;  which  the  poet  here  has  in  670.  Super:  in  the  sense  of  praterea:  be- 

his  view.  side — in  addition  to  those  before  mentioned, 

657.  halides :  Italian  nymphs.  671.  Revolutus  :  falling  backward  from 

658.  Bonas  :  skilful— expert.  his  wounded  horse,  while,  &c. 

659.  Flumina  :  the  river,  put  by  meton.  672.  Labenti  :  to  him  falling— to  his  fall- 
for  the  banks  of  the  river.     They  beat  the  ing  friend. 

banks  so  as  to  make   the   river   resound.  673.  Pariter :  at  the  same  time— both  at 

Thermodontis :   gen.  of  Thermodon,  a  river  once  fall  to  the  ground.     Ruunt :    in  the 

of  Thrace,  the  country  said  to  have  been  sense  of  cadunt. 

inhabited  by  the  Amazons.  674.  Incumbens :    in  the  sense  of  petens 

660.  Pictis  armis:  with  party-coloured,  or  vel  instans.      The  simple  meaning  of  tho 
varieo-ated  arms.     Bellantur :  in  the  sense  expression  is  :  she  killed  these  men  as  they 
of  ou^nanf.  stood  al  a  distance  from  her,  with  her  jave- 

66  f.  Hippoluten.  Hippolyte  was  a  fa-  1ms,  thrown  at  them.  Virgil  had  an  admi- 
mous  queen  of  the  Amazons.  It  is  said  she  rable  talent  for  varying  his  style  and  ex- 
was  vanquished  by  Hercules,  tfcnthesilea  prcssion. 

was  also  queen  of  that  female  race.     She         678.  Ignotis  armis :  arms  that  were  strange 

came  to  the  assistance  of  Priam  during  the  and  unusual. to  him.     lapyge,  foTlapygio 

Trojan  war,  and  was  slain  by  Achilles,  or  an  adj.  from  lapyx,  the  son  of  1  oedalus, 

his  son  Pyrrhus.     See  ^En.  i.  491.  who  first  settled   in   Apulia  :     Apuhan.— 

662.  Magnoque  ululante:    with   aloud  Fertur:  rides  along— moves  on. 

veiling  noise.  679.  Cui :  in  the  sense  of  cujus.  Juvenco  : 

663.  Lunatis  peltis:  with  their  crescent  in  the  sense  of  tauro.     This  was  some  wild 
shields— shields  in  the  form  of  a  half  moon,  bull,  killed  by  the  hunter,  in  whose  hide  he 

664.  Aspera :  in  the  sense  of  belltcosa.  had  dressed  himself.      Pugnatori :  put  ] 

665.  Fundis:  in  the  sense  of  slernis.  apposition  with  juvenco.    Heyne  says,  syl- 
667.  Abjete  :  for  abide  :  the  fir  tree— any      veslri—cum  quo  pugnaverat. 

thin*  made  of  the  wood  of  that  tree— a  680.  Ingens  hiatus  :  lit.  the  large  opening 

spea'r  or  javelin  of  that  wood.     Adversi :  an  of  the  mouth,  and  the  jaws  of  a  wol 

adj.  agreeing  with  cujus:  right  against—  white  teeth,  covered  his  head, 

opposite  to-Tin  front  of.  was  covered  with  the  skm  taken  from  the 


685 


558  K  VIRGILII  MA.RONIS 

-^^4 

Agrestisque  manus  armat  sparus  :  ipse  catervis* 
683.  Supra  alios  toto  Vertitur  in  mediis,  et  toto  vertice  supra  ost. 

V8fift4e  C     'ii    '11   t      Hunc.  ilia  exceptum  ;  neque  enim  labor,  agmine  verso  ; 

jicit   hunrexcepatum;  Trajicit,  et  super  haec  inimico  pectore  famr  : 

enim  neque  erat  labor  Sylvis  te,  Tyrrhene,  feras  agitare  putasti  ? 

ei;  ejus  agmine  Advenit  qui  vestra  dies  muliebribus  armis 

685.  Super  cum  ;ac«n-Verba  redarguerit.     Nomen  tamen  haud  leve  patrum 

"687.  Dies  advenit,  qui  Manibus  hoc  referes,  telo  cecidisse  Camilla. 

690.  Protinus  inttrji-     Protmus  Orsilochum  et  Buten,  duo  maxima  leucrum 
cit  Corpora  :  sed  Buten  adversum  cuspide  ftxit  691 

692.   Qua  colla  ejua  Loricam  galeamque  inter,  qua  colla  sedentis 
sedentis  equo  Lucent,  et  laevo  dependet  parma  lacerto  ; 

694.  Ilia  fugiens         Orsilochum  fugiens,  magnumque  agitata  per  orbem, 

Eludit  gyro  interior,  sequiturque  sequentem.  695 

Turn  validam  perque  arma  viro  perque  ossa  securim, 
Altior  insurgens,  oranti  et  multa  precanti 
Congeminat  :  vulnus  calido  rigat  ora  cerebro. 

Incidit  huic,  subitoque  aspectu  territus  haesit, 

700.    Bellator    filius  Apenninicolae  bellator  filius  Auni,  700 

Auni       ApenninicolB,  Haud  Ligurum  extremus,  dum  fallere  fata  sinebant. 
haud    extremus   Ligu-  ¥ 

rum,  dum  fata  sjnebanl  Isque>  ubl  se  null°  Jam  cursu  evadere  pugna 
eum  fallere,  incidit  huic,  Posse,  neque  instantem  reginam  avertere,  cernit  ; 
territusque  Consilio  versare  dolos  mgressus  et  astu, 

705,    Quid    est  tarn  Incipit  haec  :  quid  tarn  egregium,  si  foemina  forti     705 
egregium,  si  tu  bdlatrix  pidjg  6qUO  ?  dimitte  fugam,  et  te  cominus  aequo 
iffi^7  */?      tr  Mecum  crede  solo,  pugnseque  accinge  pedestri  : 

Jam  nosces,  ventosa  ferat  cui  gloria  fraudem. 

NOTES. 

head  of  a  wolf,  while  his  shoulders  were  the  pursuer  in  turn.     Coming  up  with  him* 

covered  with  the  hide  of  a  wild  bull.     The  rising  high  to  give  her  blows  more  effect. 

former  the  hero  wore  for  a  helmet,  the  lat-  she  drove  her  sturdy  axe  through,  &c. 

ter  for  a  corslet.  696.   Viro  :  in  the  sense  of  viri. 

682.  Sparus:  a  kind  of  rustic  weapon.  698.  Congeminat:  Iluceus  says  impingit. 

683.  Vertitur  :  in  the  sense  of  incedit  vel  699.  Incidit  huic  :  met   her  by   chance. 
move/.  HcEsit:  stood  amazed  at  the  sudden  and 

684.  Exceplum  :  in  the  sense  of  intercep-  unexpected  sight. 

turn.     Verso  :  routed  —  thrown  into  disorder.  701.  Ligurum:  gen.  of  Ligures.     These 

688.    Redarguerit  :     shall    confute    thy  were  a  people  of  Italy,  whose  country  was 

words.      He  had,  perhaps,  boasted  of  his  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Apennines, 

valor.     Nomen:  honor  —  renown.  and   extended  to  the  Tuscan  sea  on  the 

691.  Adversum  :  opposite  —  right  against  south.     Cato  mentions  them  as  notorious 
her.     Pierius  found  aversum  in  some  of  the  for  their  tricks  and  deception.     To  this  trait 
best  manuscripts  ;  but  the  sense  is  in  favor  of  character  the  poet  here  alludes,  in  the 
of  adversum  :  the  wound  which  he  received  words  fallere,  £c.     Pugna  :   Heyne  reads 
was  in  the  throat,  inter  loriccem,  galeamque,  pugnce. 

which  could  not  have  happened,  if  his  back          703.  Instantem  :  pressing  upon  him. 
had   been    turned    towards    her.      Heyne          704.  Ingressus  :  attempting  to  effect  (put 

reads  aversum.  in  practice)  his  tricks  and  deception,  by 

694.  Fugiens  :    the  sense  of  this  passage  stratagem  and  cunning,  he  says  (incipif) 

appears  to  be  this  :  the  queen,  fleeing  from  these  things.     Rusens  says,  incipiens. 
Orsilochus,  was  pursued  by  him  in  a  large          705.  Forti  :  in  the  sense  of  celeri. 
circuit.     Here  she  lost  him  in  the  crowd,         706.  Dimitte  fugam:  dismiss  your  flight  — 

(eludit^)  that  is,  he  lost  sight  of  her,  which  your   horse,   which   enables    you   to    flee. 

was   the   object  she  had  in  view.     Then  J£quo  solo:    on   the  level   ground  —  equal 

turning  about  in  a  circle  smaller,  and  on  the  terms  with  me. 

inner  side,  (gyro  interior,*)  she  came  in  be-         708.  Ventosa  gloria  :  vain  —  empty  boast- 

hind  him,  who  was  supposing  he  was  all  ing.      Ventosa  is  used  here  v/ith  peculiar 

the  time  in  pursuit  of  her,  and  so  became  propriety  —  mere  empty  vaunting  —  Hght  as 


j£NEIS.     LIB.  XI. 


Dixit.     At  ilia  lurens,  acrique  accensa  dolore, 
Tradit  equum  comiti,  paribusque  resistit  in  arinis,    710 
Ense  pedes  nudo,  puraque  interrita  parma. 
At  juvenis,  vicisse  dolo  ratus,  avolat  ipse, 
Haud  mora,  conversisque  fugax  aufertur  habenis, 
Quadrupedemque  citum  ferrata  calce  fatigat.. 
Vane  Ligur,  frustraque  animis  elate  superbis,          715 
Nequicquam  patrias  tentasti  lubricus  artes  : 
Nee  fraus  te  incolumem  fallaci  perferet  Auno. 
Haec  fatur  virgo,  et  pernicibus  ignea  plantis 
Transit  equum  cursu  :  fraenisque  adversa  prehensis 
Congreditur,  posnasque  inimico  a  sanguine  sumit.    720 
Quam  facile  accipiter  saxo  sacer  ales  ab  alto 
Consequitur  pennis  sublimem  in  nube  columbam, 
Comprensamque  tenet,  pedibusque  eviscerat  uncis  : 
Turn  cruor,  et  vulsac  labuntur  ab  aethere  plumae. 

At  non  haec  nullis  hominum  sator  atque  Deorum  725 
Observans  oculis,  summo  sedet  altus  Olympo. 
Tyrrhenum  genitor  Tar*chontem  in  praelia  saeva 
Suscitat,  et  stimulis  baud  mollibus  incitat  iras. 
Ergo  inter  caedes  cedentiaque  agmina  Tarchon 
Fertur  equo,  variisque  instigat  vocibus  alas,  730 

Nomine  quemque  vocans  ;  reficitque  in  prselia  pulsos : 
Quis  metus,  6  nunquam  doliturij  6  semper  inertes 
Tyrrheni,  quae  tanta  animis  ignavia  venit  ? 
Foemina  palantes  agit,  atque  haec  agmina  vertit  ? 
Quo  ferrum  ?  quidve  hsec  gerimus  tela  irrita  dextris  ? 


712.  Ratus  se  vicisse 
earn  dolo 


721.  Tarn  facile  qu  am 
accipiter,  ales  sacer 
Marti  volans  ab  alto 
saxo 

725.  At  Jupiter,  sator 
727.  Turn  i/te,  genitor 


731.  Quemque  homi- 
nem 

733. 0  Tyrrheni,  nun- 
quam dolituri,  O  semper 
inertes 

735.  Quo  nos  gerimus 
ferrum 


NOTES. 


the  wind.  Fraudem :  this  is  the  common 
reading.  It  is  the  reading  of  the  Roman 
MS.,  and  for  which  Servius  contends. 
Heyne  reads  laudem,  but  expresses  a  doubt 
upon  it.  Fraudem  is  to  be  taken  in  the 
sense  ofdamnum — detrimentum  vel  pcRnam, 
which  sometimes  is  the  meaning  of  the  word. 
If  laudem  be  read,  it  may  be  taken  in  its 
ujual  acceptation. 

709.  Acri  dolore :  with  keen  resentment. 

711.  Resist  it :  this  is  the  reading  of 
Heyne.  Ruaeus  and  Davidson  read  assist  it. 
The  sense  is  the  same  with  either.  Purd 
parma :  with  her  shield  which  had  no  im- 
press upon  it.  The  same  as  alba  parma. 
Lib.  ix.  548.  Pedes  :  a  footman — on  foot. 

713.  Conversis  habenis :    his  reins  being 
turned.     Here  habenis  is  plainly  put  for  the 
head  of  his  horse.     He  turned  his  horse, 
and  left  her  at  full  speed. 

714.  Ferrata  calce :  with  his  iron  heel — 
with  his  spurs.     Fatigat :  in  the  sense  of 
impellit. 

715.  Ligus  :  gen.  Liguris  :  deceitful  Li- 
gurian. 

7 16.  Lubricus  :  slippery — turning  every 
way  to  answer  his  purposes  of  deception. 

717.  Perferet :  in  the  sense  of  reducet. 

718.  Ignea  transit :  burning  with  ire,  she 
with  swift  foot  passes  his  horse  in  his  course. 


This  action  of  Camilla  would  have  been 
incredible,  if  we  had  not  been  previously 
prepared  for  something  of  the  kind.  See 
Lib.  vii.  803,  where  her  swiftness  is  de- 
scribed. Ignea :  Valpy  says,  swift,  or  quick 
as  lightning.  Ruseus  says,  ardens. 

719.  Adverse:  opposite — right  against 
him,  in  front. 

723.  Pvdibus  :  by  this  wo  are  to  under- 
stand the  talons,  or  claws  of  the  hawk, 
which  are  crooked,  or  bending :  hence  the- 
propriety  of  uncis.  Eviscerat :  in  the  sense 
ofdilaniat. 

725.  JVbn  nullis  oculis :  with  some  atten- 
tion— regard.  It  implies,  that  he  was  atten- 
tively regarding  the  scenes  that  were  pass- 
ing upon  the  field  of  battle. 

730.  Alas:  the   light  troops.     See  604, 
supra. 

731.  Rcficit  pulsos:  he  rallies  and  brings 
back  the  flying  troops  to  the  fight.     Ruaeus 
says,  revocat. 

732.  Dolituri  nviiquam :    never  to   ieel 
resentment :  a  part,  of  the  verb  doleo. 

735.  Qt/o/b-mw:    for   what   intent — to 
what  purpose  do  we  bear  the  sword  ?  Irrita 
useless — unavailing  in  our  hands. 

Tarchou  is  very  severe  upon  the  Tuscan*, 
calling  them  stupid,  and  patient  of  insults 
and  injuries.  Me  alludes,  perhaps  tn  the 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

736.  At  vos  non  estis  At  non  in  Venerem  segues,  nocturnaque  bella,         736 
segnes  Aut,  ubi  curva  chores  indixit  tibia  Bacchi, 

Expectare  dapes,  et  plena?  pocula  mensae, 

739.    Hie   est  vcster  (Hie  amor,  hoc  studium)  dum  sacra  secundus  aruspex 
amor,  hoc  est  vestrum     Nuntiet,  ac  lucos  vocet  hostia  pinguis  in  altos.         740 
Haec  effatus,  equum  in  medios  moriturus  et  ipse 
Concitat,  et  Venulo  adversum  se  turbidus  infert ; 
Dereptumque  ab  equo  dextra  complectitur  hostem, 
744.  Aufert  Venulum  Et  gremium  ante  suum  multa  vi  concitus  aufert. 

Tollitur  in  coelum  clamor,  cunctique  Latini  745 

Convertere  oculos.     Volat  igneus  aequore  Tarchon 
Arma  virumque  ferens  :  turn  summa  ipsius  ab  hasta 
Defringit  ferrum,  et  partes  rimatur  apertas. 

749.  Ille  Venulus        Q^  vuinus  ietaie  ferat.     Contra  ille  repugnans 

Sustinet  a  jugulo  dextram,  et  vim  viribus  exit.          750 
751.Utque  cum  fulva  Utque  volans  alte  raptum  cum  fulva  draconem 

Fert  aquila,  implicuitque  pedes,  atque  unguibus  hsesit : 
Saucius  at  serpens  sinuosa  volumina  versat, 
Arrectisque  horret  squamis,  et  sibilat  ore, 
755.  Ilia  aquila  haud  Arduus  insurgens  :  ilia  haud  minus  urget  adunco     755 

Luctantem  rostro  ;  simul  aethera  verberat  alis. 
.     Haud  aliter  praadam  Tiburtum  ex  agmine  Tarchon 
Portat  ovans.     Ducis  exemplum  eventumque  secuti 
MoBonidse  incurrunt.     Turn  fatis  debitus  Aruns 
Velocem  jaculo  et  multa  prior  arte  Camillam          7t>0 

NOTES. 

faraeness  with  which  they  endured  the  ty-  755.  Urget:    the  more  the  snake  strug- 

ranny  of  Mezentius,  and  patiently  submit-  gles,  and  endeavors  to  extricate  itself,  the 

ted  to  it  till  it  became  past  endurance  ;  and  closer  does  the  eagle  gripe  it  in  his  talons 

now  they  are  not  ashamed  to  turn  their  and  crooked  beak :  just  so  Tarchon  bears 

backs  before  a  woman.    Gerimus.     This  is  off  Venulus  in  his  tenacious  grasp.     Tibur- 

the  reading  of  Heyne,  and  is  found  in  the  turn :  the   same  with    Venulum.     He  was 

best  MSS.     Ruceus  reads  geritis.  commander,  and  a  principal  man    among 

736.  Venerem:  in  the  sense  of  voluptatem  the  Tiburtines.     Their  city  was  called  Ti- 
vel  cupidinem.  bur,  situated,  some  say,  about  twenty  miles 

737.  Indixit :  proclaimed — appointed.          north  of  the  place  where  Rome  was  after- 
739.  Secundus :  favorable — propitious. —     wards  built.     It  was  founded  by  Tiburtus* 

The  person  who  predicted  future  events  by  the  son  of  Amphiaraus.     See  ^n.  vii.  630. 

inspecting  the  entrails  of  victims,  was  called  759.  Mazonidce:  the  Tuscans.     They  are 

aruspex.     When  the  auspices  were  favora-  here  So  called,  because  their  ancestors  re- 

ble,  he  was  called  secundus.     After  the  an-  moved  from   JMtEom'a,  a   country  of  Asia 

nouncement  of  the  auspices,  the  feast  im-  Minor,  and  settled  in  Italy.     Aruns  debilus 

mediately  followed.     Sacra.     Ruaeus  says  fatis:  Aruns  devoted  to  death.     It  is  said 

mcrificia.     Davidson,  sacred  rites.  of  him,  because  he  was  to  kill  Camilla  ; 

742.  Turbidus  :  in  the  sense  of  acer.  and  whoever  killed  her,  forfeited  his  life  to 

743.  Complectitur  :  he  grasps  in  his  right  Diana,  by  a  decree  of  that  goddess.     See 
hand.  591,   supra.      Incurrunt :   in  the  sense  of 

744.  Ante  suum  gremium  :  in  the  sense  irruunt.    Fatis  :  in  the  sense  of  morti. 

of  ante  se.  760.  Circuit:   he  goes  around  Camilla, 

746.  Igneus :  in  the  sense  of  ardens.  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  some  unpro- 

748.  Defringit  ferrum:  he  breaks  off  the  tected   place,  where   he   may  give   her   a 

steel  from  the  end  of  his  spear,  so  that  he  mortal  wound.     He   follows  her  over  the 

could  do  him  no  injury.     Rimatur :  in  the  field    of  battle,   and  closely    observes  her 

sense  of  quant.     Partes :  the  exposed  part  movements ;  and  continues  unobserved  by 

of  his  throat.  her,  until  the  fatal  moment  arrived.     She 

750.  Exit :  in  the  sense  of  avert  it.     It  is  was  in  the  pursuit  of  Chloreus,  and  intent, 
here  used  actively.     Sustinet :  in  the  sense  upon  his  spoils,  when  Aruns,  having  ob- 
afrepellit.  served  a  favorable  opportunity  to  effect  his 

752.  limit :  and  griped  him  in  his  talons,     purpose,  threw  his  spear,  and  a  god  direr'- 


.ENELS.     LIB.  XI. 


fHiJ 


Circuit,  et,  quae  sit  tbrtuna  facillima,  tentat. 

Qua  se  cunque  furens  medio  tulit  agmine  virgo ; 

Hac  Aruns  subit,  et  tacitus  vestigia  lustrat ; 

QU&  victrix  redit  ilia,  pedemque  ex  hoste  reportat ; 

Hac  juvenis  furtim  celeres  detorquet  habenas.          765 

Hos  aditus,  jamque  hos  aditus,  omnemque  pererrat 

Undique  circuitum ;  et  certain  quatit  improbus  hastam. 

Forte  sacer  Cybelae  Chloreus,  olimque  sacerdos, 
Insignis  longe  Phrygiis  fulgebat  in  armis : 
Spumantemque  agitabat  equum ;  quern  pellis  ahenis 
In  plumam  squamis  auro  conserta  tegebat.  771 

Ipse,  peregrina  ferrugine  clarus  et  ostro, 
Spicula  torquebat  Lycio  Gortynia  cornu : 
Aureus  ex  humeris  sonat  arcus,  et  aurea  vati  774 

Cassida :    turn  croceam  chlamdemque,   sinusque    cre- 
Carbaseos  fulvo  in  nodum  collegerat  auro,  [pantes 

Pictus  acu  tunicas,  et  barbara  tegmina  crurum. 
Hunc  virgo,  sive  ut  templis  praBfigeret  arma 
Troia,  captivo  sive  ut  se  ferret  in  auro 
Venatrix,  unum  ex  omni  certamine  pugnae  780 

Caeca  sequebatur  ;  totumque  incauta  per  agmen, 
FcDmineo  praedae  et  spoliorum  ardebat  amore. 
Telum  ex  insidiis  cum  tandem,  tempore  capto, 
Conjicit,  et  Superos  Aruns  sic  voce  precatur : 
Summe  Deum,  sancti  castos  Soractis,  Apollo,         785 
Quern  primi  colimus,  cui  pineus  ardor  acervo 
Pascitur ;  et  medium  freti  pietate  per  ignem 


702.  Quacunque  fu- 
rens virgo  tulit  se 


770.  Quern  equum  pel- 
lis  conserta  ahenis  squa- 
mis el  auro 


774.  Aurea  cassida 
est  huic  vati  in  capite 

777.  llle  erat   pictus 
acu  quoad  tunicas 

778.  Virgo,   sive  ut 
prsefigerat  Troia  arma 
templis,   sive  ut  vena- 
trix  ferret  se  in  captivo 
auro,  cffica  sequebatur 
hunc  unum 

783.  Cum  tandem 
Aruns,  tempore  capto, 
conjicit 

785.  O  Apollo,  summe 
787.  Et  nos  tui  cul- 
tores,   freti  nostra  pie- 
tate 


NOTES. 


ed  it  to  the  naked  breast  of  the  virgin  war- 
rior.    Circuit :  of  circum  and  eo. 

761.  Fortana :  time — opportunity.  Valpy 
says,"  the  most  vulnerable  point — where  the 
chance  of  hitting  seemed  most  favorable." 

766.  Pererrdt :  examines — surveys.    Ru- 
seus  says,  percurrit.     Aditus :   access — ap- 
proaches. 

767.  Certam :  unerring — certain.    Impro- 
bus :    with   wicked   design.      Ruaeus  says, 
malignus. 

771.  Conserta:    compacted,  or  fastened 
with  brazen  nails,  and  gold.     In  plumam  : 
in  the  form  of  a  plume.     The  nails  were  so 
placed  in  the  skin,  as  to  represent  the  figure 
of  a  plume,  or  plumes  ;  and  served  in  some 
measure,  as  defensive  armor  for  the  horse. 

772.  Peregrina  ferrugine :  in  foreign  blue 
and  purple.     Clarus :  in  the  sense  of  splen- 
dens. 

773.  Gorlynia :  an  adj.  from  Goriyna,  a 
city  of  Crete.     Cornu :  in  the  sense  of  arcu. 

776.  Collegerat:  then   he  had  collected 
his  saffron-colored  cloak,  and  its  rustling 
folds  of  fine  linen,  into  a  knot  with  yellow 
gold. 

777.  Pictus :  embroidered  as  to  his  tunic. 
Barbara  tegmina :  the  foreign  coverings  of 
his  legs.     These  may  be  called  barbara,  be- 
cause they  were  of  Phrygian  fashion. 


780.  Ex  omni :  Ruceus  says,  ex  omnibus 
certanlibus  in  prozlio.  Davidson,  "  of  all  the 
warring  chiefs."  hi  this  case,  certamcn  will 
be  by  melon,  for  cerlator  vel  bellator.  The 
meaning  is,  that  she  singled  him  out  of  all 
the  combatants,  and  pursued  him  over  the 
field  of  battle,  as  being  the  richest  prize,  and 
affording  the  most  valuable  spoils.  This 
idea  is  expressed,  and  assigned  in  the  fol- 
lowing lines,  as  the  reason  of  her  procedure. 
She  was  so  intent  upon  the  booty  and  spoils, 
that  she  forgot  her  perilous  situation.  She 
did  not  perceive  Aruns,  nor  was  she  in  any 
way  apprized  of  his  design  against  her. 

783.  Ex  insidiis :  privately — or  from  his 
concealment. 

785.  Soractis.     Soractes  or  Soracte  was 
a   mountain   of  Etruria,   near  the   Tiber, 
about  twenty-six  miles  north  of  the  place 
where  Rome  was  afterward  built.     It  was 
sacred   to   Apollo;   who   is   thence   called 
Cuslos  Sorctctis. 

786.  Ardor  :  in  the  sense  of  ignis.    Cui  : 
for  whom — in  honor  of  whom.    Ligni  is  to 
be  supplied  after  acervo. 

787.  Freti  pietate  premimus,  &c.  This  cir- 
cumstance is  illustrated  from  an  historical 
passage  in  Pliny,  lib.  7.     Hand  procul  urbe 
Roma,  in   Faliscorum    agro,  familix  sunt 
pauca,  quiz  vocantur  Hirpia :  qua  sacrificio 


562 


P.VIRGILII  MARON1& 


Cultores  multa  premimus  vestigia  pruna. : 
Da,  pater,  hoc  nostris  aboleri  dedecus  armis, 
Omnipoteris  !  Non  exuvias,  pulsseve  trophaeum 
Virginis,  aut  spolia  ulla  peto.     Mihi  caetera  laudem 
792.  Haec  dira  pestis  Facta  ferent.     HJEC  dira  meo  dum  vulnere  pestis 

Camilla  Pulsa  cadat,  patriam  remeabo  inglorius  urbem. 

794.  Phoebus  audiit;  Audiit,  et  voti  Phoebus  succedere  partem 

ct  dedit  Mente  dedit :  partem  volucres  dispersit  in  auras.     795 

Sterncret  ut  subita  turbatam  morte  Camillam, 
797.  Annuit  itti  oran-  Annuit  oranti :  reducem  ut  patria  alta  videret, 

tii ut  Non  dedit ;  inque  Notos  vocem  vertere  procellsc. 

Ergo,  ut  missa  manu  sonitum  dedit  hasta  per  auras. 
Convertere  animos  acres,  oculosque  tulere  •  800 

801.1psa«/  nihilme-  Cuncti  ad  reginam  Volsci.     Nihil  ipsa  neque  aurse, 

mor  Nee  sonitus  memor,  aut  venientis  ab  sethere  teli ; 

Hasta  sub  exsertarn  donee  perlata  papillam 
Haesit,  virgineumque  alte  bibjt  acta  cruorem. 
Concurrunt  trepidae  comites,  doininamque  ruentem 
Suscipiunt.     Fugit  ante  omnes  exterritus  Aruns       806 
Laetitia,  mixtoque  motu  :  nee  jam  amplius  hastae 
^edere,  nee  telis  occurrere  virginis  audet. 

occiso,  conscius  audacis  Ac  vclut  ille,  pnus  quam  tela  inimica  sequantur, 

facti,  continue-  avius      Continue  in  montes  sese  avius  abdidit  altos,  810 


NOTES. 


,  quod  Jit  ad  montem  Soractem  Apollini, 
super  ambustam  ligni  struem  ambulantes  non 
aduruntur. 

788.  Multa  prund.    It  is  said,  so  manifest 
was   the  power  of  Apollo  here  displayed, 
that  his  priests  and  votaries  could  walk 
through  the  midst  of  fire,  and  tread  upon 
burning  coals,  without  receiving   the  least 
injury  from  the  flames.      Vestigia :  in  the 
sense  of  pedes. 

789.  Hoc  dedecus :  this  disgrace  of  fleeing 
before  a  woman,  and  falling  under  her  vic- 
torious arm. 

791.  Mihi:  in  the  sense  of  mea. 

792.  Dum :  provided  that — on  condition 
that.    Meo  vulnere :  in  the  sense   of  mea 
hasta.     Vulnus  is  frequently  put  by  melon, 
for  the  weapon  that  gives  the  wound.  Ru- 
setis  says,  vulnere  a  me  infticto. 

793.  Remeabo,  &c.    It  was  an  inglorious 
act  in  Aruns  to  wound  Camilla,  in  that  pri- 
vate manner,1ike  a  coward,  without  daring 
to  enter  the  list  with  her  in  fair  combat. 
He  was  sensible  of  this,  and  that  he  would 
be  looked  upon  as  a  coward.    Nevertheless, 
he  was  willing  to  lie  under  that  disgrace, 
provided  he  could  accomplish  his  wishes. 

795.  Mente  dedit.      Phoebus  heard   his 
prayer,  but  gave  no  external  indication  of 
his  purpose  concerning  it ;   or  else  Aruns 
would  have  been  deterred  from  the  action : 
he  granted  it  in  his  mind,  and  only  a  part 
of  his  prayer,  not  the  whole. 

796.  Turbatam :  confused — in  a  state  of 
perturbation. 


797.  Alia :  in  the  sense  of  clara  vel  no- 
bilit. 

798.  Procellce,:  the  tempest     The  word 
properly  means  a  violent    storm    at    sea. 
Notos :   here  taken  for  winds   in  general ; 
properly  the   south  wind.     Voctm:  in  the 
sense  ofverba,  the  words  of  Aruns:  (to  wit) 
that  he  would  return  in  safety  to  his  own 
country. 

801.  JVYfo'Z:  in  the  sense  of  won. 

803.  Perlata  :  wafted — borne.  Ruseus 
says,  veniens.  Sub :  deep  into  her  naked 
breast.  This  word  is  frequently  used  in  this 
sense  by  the  poet. 

805.  Ruentem :  in  the  sense  of  cadentem. 

806.  Exterritus  fatitia  :  struck— alarmed 
with  joy,  and  mingled  fear  above,  &c.    His 
sensation  was  joy  mingled  with  fear.     He 
rejoiced  that  he  had  wounded  Camilla,  and 
at  the  same  time,  he  feared  the  avenging 
weapons  of  the    Latins.     He   fled   imme- 
diately.    We  may  observe  how  very  differ- 
ently the  poet  represents  the  characters  and 
actions  of  Camilla  and  Aruns.  She  appears 
in  every  respect  the  heroine ;  both  valiant 
in  action,  and  fearless  in  danger :  he,  on 
all  occasions,  showing  hhnself  the  coward 
and  poltron.      Our  feelings  are  interested 
in  her  behalf:  and  we  regret,  since  she  was 
doomed  to  fall,  that  it  had  not  beeu  by  a 
nobler  arm. 

809.  Ille  lupus :  and  as  a  wolf,  &c.^  Ille 
is  used  in  the  same  sense,  .flSn.  x.  407.  Ac 
velut  ille  aper :  and  xii.  5.     Ille  fro. 

810.  Avius :  alone— in  secret. 


iS.    LIB.  XL 


Occiso  pastore,  lupus,  magnovc  juvenco, 
Conscius  audacis  facti  :  caudamque  remulcens 
Subjecit  pavitantem  utero,  sylvasque  petivit. 
Haud  secus  ex  oculis  se  turbidus  abstulit  Aruns, 
Contentusque  fuga  mediis  se  immiscuit  armis.          815 
Ilia  manu  moriens  telum  trahit  :  ossa  sed  inter 
Ferreus  ad  costas  alto  stat  vulnere  mucro. 
Labitur  exsanguis  ;  labuntur  frigida  leto 
Lumina :  purpureus  quondam  color  ora  reliquit. 
Turn  sic  exspirans,  Accam,  ex  aequalibus  unam,      8*20 
Alloquitur,  fida  ante  alias  quae  sola  Camillas, 
Quicum  partiri  curas  ;  atque  haec  ita  fatur  :    / 
Hactenus,  Acca  soror,  potui :  nunc  vulnus  acerbum 
Conficit,  et  tenebris  nigrescunt  omnia  circum. 
Effuge,  et  haec  Turno  mandata  novissima  perfer :     825 
Succedat  pugnae,  Trojanosque  arceat  urbe. 
Jamque  vale.     Simul  his  dictis  linquebat  habenas, 
Ad  terram  non  sponte  fluens.    Turn  frigida  toto 
Paulatim  exsolvit  se  corpore,  lentaque  colla 
Et  captum  leto  posuit  caput,  arma  relinquens  ;         830 
Vitaque  cum  gemitu  fugit  indignata  sub  umbras. 

Turn  vero  immensus  surgens  ferit  aurea  clamor 
Sidera  :  dejecta  crudescit  pugna  Camilla. 
Incurrunt  densi,  simul  omnis  copia  Teucrum, 
Tyrrhenique  duces,  Evandrique  Arcadis  alae.  835 

At  Triviae  custos  jamdudum  in  montibus  Opis 
Alta  sedet  summis,  spectatque  interrita  pugnas. 
Utque  procul  medio  juvenum  in  clamore  furentum 
Prospexit  tristi  multatam  morte  Camillam  ; 
Ingemuitque,  deditque  has  imo  pectore  voces  :         840 


816.  Ilia  Camilla 


821.  Qu®  sola  erat 
fida  Camillse  ante  alias, 
quicum  solebat 


828.  Ilia  frigida  pan- 
latim 


NOTES. 


813.  Subjecit  caudam :  puts  his  trembling 
tail  between  his  legs,  (under  his  belly,) 
keeping  it  close.  Remulcens  :  cherishing  it 
— fondly  taking  care  of  it. 

817.  Stat:  in  the  sense  of htzret.  Mucro: 
the  point — barb  of  his  spear. 

818.  Labitur  exsanguis  :  Donatus  reads, 
labitur   et   sanguis,  seemingly,  to  save  the 
appearance  of  contradiction  in  the  narra- 
tion :  for  Camilla  does  not  fall  from  her 
horse,  till  some  time  after  this,  verse  827. 
But  labitur  does  not  necessarily  imply  that 
she  fell  to  the  ground  ;  but  she  faints,  or 
sinks  down,  being  supported  perhaps  on  her 
horse,  by  her  attendants,  for  some  minutes. 
Dav. 

819.  Quondam  :   soon   after — presently. 
Ora :  in  the  sense  of  vultum.     She  became 
pale,  and  her  eyes  became  cold  in  death. 

822.  Quicum :  the  abl.  for  qud-cum  :  with 
whom. 

823.  Potui.    Servius  supposes  vivere  vel 
pugnare  to  be  understood.      Ruseus   and 
Heyne  supply  pugnare.    La  Cerda,  David- 
son, and  Valpy,  take  it  absolutely.     Hacte- 
nus potui  '  hitherto  I  have  been  powerful — 


my  strength  hath  availed  me;  now,  &c. 
Conficit :  in  the  sense  of  interjicit.  Me  is 
understood. 

828.  Fluens :  in  the  sense  of  labens. 

829.  Lenta  colla :  she  reclined  her  droop* 
ing — lifeless  neck. ' 

830.  Captum:  overcome. 

833.  Dejecta :  in  the  sense  of  occisa  vel 
inlerfecta. 

834.  Incurrunt:  rush  in  crowded  ranks 
upon  the  enemy. 

835.  dloz :  in  the  sense  of  equites. 

836.  Trivia.    This  is  a  name  of  Diana  ; 
either    because   she    presided    over  Trivia, 
the  crossways ;  or,  because  she  was  fabled 
to  have  three  forms.    She  was  called  Luna 
in  heaven,  Diana  on  the  earth,  and  Hecate 
in  hell.     Opis  :  a  nymph  of  Dianat's  train. 
She  is  called,  therefore,  custos  in  the  sense  of 
comes  vel  famula.     She  was  appointed  by 
Diana  to  avenge  any  injury  done  to  Ca- 
milla, upon  the  author  of  it.     She,  there- 
fore, hastens  to  kill  Aruns. 

839.  Multatam  :  in  the  sense  of  interfec- 
tam.     Ruseus  says,  affectam. 

840.  Dedit :  in  the  sense  of  emisif. 


P.  VIRGILH  MARON1S. 

Heu  !  nimium,  virgo,  nimium  crudele  luisti 
842.  Tu  O  virgo,  luisti  Suppliciurn,  Teucros  conata  lacessere  bello  ! 
nimium  ^jec  tj^  desertae  in  dumis  coluisse  Dianam 

Profuit,  aut  nostras  hun  ero  gessisse  pharetras. 

846  H  It      ^on  tamen  indecorem  tua  te  regina  relinquet  845 

Extrema  jam  in  morte  :  neque  hoc  sine  nomine  letum 
Per  gentes  erit,  aut  famam  patieris  inultae. 
Nam  quicunque  tuum  violavit  vulnere  corpus, 
849.  Fuit  ingens  bus-  Morte  luet  merita.     Fuit  ingens  monte  sub  alto 

antiqui  Regis  Dercenni  terreno  ex  aggere  bustum  850 

Antiqui  Laurentis,  opacaque  ilice  tectum. 
Hie  Dea  se  primum  rapido  pulcherrima  nisu 
Sistit,  et  Aruntem  tumulo  speculatur  ab  alto. 
854.  Ut  vidit  turn,       ut  vidit  fulgentem  armis,  ac  vana  tumentem  : 

Cur,  inquit,  diversus  abis  ?  hue  dirige  gressum  :       855 
856.  Veni    hue,  lu,  Hue,  periture,  veni ;  capias  ut  digna  Camillae 
Praemia.     Tu-ne  etiam  tehs  moriere  Dianre  ? 
Dixit :  et  aurata  volucrem  Threissa  sagittam 
Deprompsit  pharetra,  cornuquo  inlensa  tetendit ; 
860.  Duxit  illud  longe  Et  duxit  longe,  donee  curvata  coirent  860 

Inter  se  capita,  et  manibus  jam  tangeret  aequis, 
862.  Aempe,  ItBva  ma- Laeva  aciem  ferri,  dextra  nervoque  papillam. 
nu  tangeret  acicm  ferri,  Extemplo  teli  stridorem  aurasque  sonantes 
dextra  maun  nervoque  Audiit  una  Arvuis,  hacsitque  in  corpore  ferrum. 
^llT^o^obMhn- Illum.  exPirantem  socii  atque  extrema  gernentem      865 
quunt  ilium  Obliti  ignoto  camporum  in  pulvere  linquunt : 

Opis  ad  asthereum  pennis  aufertur  Olympum. 

Prima  fugit,  domiria  amissa,  levis  ala  Camillce  : 
Turbati  f ugiunt  Rutuli ;  fugit  acer  Atinas  ; 

NOTES. 

841.  Luisti :  thou  hast  suffered,  &c.  Ni-  856.  Capias  digna  :  the  meaning  is,  that 

mium.  The  nimi.':ni  it-  here  emphatical ;  thou  mayest  be  slain — mayest  receive  the 

and  is  to  be  repeated  with  crudele:  too  just  reward  for  killing  Camilla.  Morte,  or 

cruel,  or  severe.  a  word  Of  tjie  ijke  import,  is  understood  to 

843.  DesertK :  alone — by  thyself.  govern  Camilla. 

845.  Indecorem :  in  the  sense  of  inhono-  857.  Tu-ne  moriere :  shalt  thou  die  by  the 
ratam.                                 .  weapons  of  Diana  ?    Dost  thou,  miscreant, 

846.  JVbmme :  renown— glory.  deserve  to  die  by  the  weapons  of  Diana  ? 

847.  Famam   inullce :  the  infamy  of  one  The  words  imply,  that  he  was  utterly  un- 
unavenged.     Famam,  here  is  plainly  to  be  worthy  of  a  death  so  honorable. 

taken  in  the  sense  of  infamiam,  as  it  some-  858.  Tkreissa.  Latona,  it  is  said,  brought 

times  signifies.    It  was  considered  dishonor-  some  nymphs  from  the   Hyperboreans   to 

able  to  die  in  battle,  without  being  avenged,  educate   her   children,  Diana  and  Apollo, 

and  a  mark  of  infamy.  Servius  makes  them  to  be  the  same  with 

849.  Luet :    the   meaning    is :    he   shall  the  Thracians ;  and  probably  Opts  was  one 

atone  for,  or  expiate  the  crims  with,  &c.  of  them.     Threissa :  nympha  is  understood. 

Crimen  vel  scelus,  is  understood.  The  same  with  Opis. 

8oO.  Dercenni.       This    Dercennus    was  859.  Cornu :  in  the  sense  of  arcum.  In- 

probably  one  of  the  kings  of  the  aborigi-  icnsa  :  angry.    Ruceus  says,  inimica,  agree- 

nes,  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  Italy.  Bus-  'ing  with  Opis. 

turn :  a  tomb.  860>  Ouxit  longe :  stretched  it  wide  asun- 

852.  Atsu:  m  the  sense  of  motu.  der,  until  the  extremities,  &c.    Ruaeus  says, 

854.  Vana:  an  adj.  neu.  pleu.,  used  as  an  exlremitates   ejus  injlexK.      Coirent:   come 
adverb,  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks:  in  the  together — meet.  JLquis :  level — horizontal, 
sense  of  vane.  She  touched  the  barb  with  one  hand,  and 

855.  Diversus:  in  the  sense  of  in  diver  sum  her  breast  with  the  other.     The  bow  was 

bent  to  the  full  length  of  her  arms.    Aciem 


.    LIB.  XL 


563 


Disjectique  duces,  desolatique  manipli  870 

Tuta  peiunt,  et  equis  aversi  ad  moenia  tendunt. 
Nee  quisquam  instantes  Teucros,  letumque  ferentes 
Sustentare  valet  telis,  aut  sistere  contra  : 
Sed  laxos  referunt  humeris  ianguentibus  arcus,       874 
Quadrupedurnque  putrem  cursu  quatit  unguia  campurn. 
Volvitur  ad  muros  caligine  turbidus  atra 
Pulvis  :  et  e  speculis  percussae  pectora  matres 
Foemineum  clamorem  ad  cceli  sidera  tollunt. 
Qui  cursu  portas  primi  irrupere  patentes, 
Hos  inimica  super  mixto  premit  agmine  turba.         880 
Nee  miseram  effugiunt  mortem ;  sed  limme  in  ipso, 
Moenibus  in  patriis,  atque  inter  tuta  domorum 
Confixi,  exspirant  animas.     Pars  cJaudere  portas  : 
Nee  sociis  aperire  viarn,  nee  minibus  audent 
Accipere  orantes  :  oriturque  miserrima  caedes          885 
Defendenturn  armis  aditus,  inque  arma  ruentum. 
Exclusi,  ante  oculos  lachrymantumque  ora  parentum, 
Pars  in  praecipites  fossas,  urgente  ruina, 
Volvitur  ;  immissis  pars  caeca  et  concita  fraenis 
Arietat  in  portas,  et  duros  objice  postes. 
Ipsae  de  muris  summo  certamine  matres 
(Monstrat  amor  verus  patrise)  ut  videre  Camillam  : 


871.  Tuta  loca 


877.  Matres  percuss® 
quoad 


880.    Inimica    turba 
premit 

882.  Tuta  loca  domo- 
rum' 

883.  Pars      incipit 
claudere 

886.  Miserrima  cacdes 
eorum  defendentum 

887.  Pars  eorum,  qui 
exclusi    sunt     volvitur 
praecipites  in 


892.  Monstrat  viam 


NOTES. 


ferri:  the  point  of  the  arrow  was  tipped 
with  iron,  or  steel,  to  make  it  enter  the  ob- 
ject more  easily. 

870.  Manipli.     The  manipulus  was  pro- 
perly the  standard  bearer,  so  called  from  a 
bundle  of  hay  tied  to  the  end  of  a  pole, 
which  the  first  Romans  used  instead  of  an 
ensign.  It  was  afterwards  used  for  the  com- 
panies, or  bands  of  soldiers,  to  which  a  ma- 
nipulus  was  attached :    alto,  vbr  troops  in 
general,  by  melon.     Desolati  :  deserted  by 
their  officers — left  alone.  Disjecti:  scattered 
abroad — slain.     Ruaeus  says,  dissipati. 

871.  Acersi:  in  the  sense  of  corn-em'. 
873.  Sustenlare  :  to  stop — to  resist. 

876.  Pulvis  turbidus,  &.c.     The  meaning 
is,  that  dust  rising  in  clouds  of  thick  dark- 
ness approaches  the  city.     This  was  a  pre- 
sage of  defeat  to  the  Latins,  and  tilled  the 
matrons    with   dismay   and    consternation. 
Dur.ug  the  engagement  they  had  been  spec- 
tators of  the  conflict. 

877.  Speculis  :  in  the  sense  of  muris. 
880.  Mixlo  agmine.  This  may  refer  either 

to  the  Trojans  or  Latins.  If  it  refer  to  the 
former,  it  will  imply  that  they  mingled  with 
the  Latins,  and  slew  them  without  regard 
to  the  order  of  attack  :  if  it  refer  to  the 
latter,  it  will  imply  that  they  fled  in  confu- 
sion and  disorder,  and  in  that  state  were 
pursued  by  the  erifemy.  It  appears  that 
some  of  the  foremost  of  the  pursuers  en- 
tered the  gates  along  with  the  Latms,  and 
continued  the  work  of  death  within  the 


walls,  and  among  the  very  houses  of  the 
city. 

886.  Defendentum :  of  those  who  by  force 
of  arms  oppose  the  entrance  of  the  flying 
troops,  and  of  those,  who  wish  to  force  an 
entrance  to  save  themselves  from  the  hands 
of  the  enemy. 

888.  Pracipites :   headlong — quick — un- 
expected, denoting  the  manner  of  their  fall. 
It  will  agree  with  pars,  as  a  noun  of  multi- 
tude.    Fossas :  these  were  the  large  holes, 
or  pits,  which    the   Latins  dug  befoie  the 
gates,  to  impede  the  approach  of  the  ene- 
my.    See  473.  supra. 

889.  Fran  is  immissis :  at  full  speed — the 
reins  being  given  to  the  horses.   CCECU  :  this 
implies  that  they  had  lost  their  presence  of 
mind,  and  knew  not  what  they  were  doing. 
Concita :  in  the  sense  of  cderis. 

890.  Duros  objice  :  strengthened — made 
strong — secured  by  bars. 

891.  Summo  certamine. :  with  the  greatest 
zeal,  or  earnestness.     Heyne  says,  extremo 
cerlamine. 

892.  Ut   vidt-re:  as   they   saw   Camilla. 
Heyne  says,  cxtinpiu  Cami/lce.      They  had 
been  spectators  of  the  battle,  and  beheld  her 
noble  deeds  of  valor ;  and  how  much  pat- 
riotism and  love  of  country  were  displayed 
in  all  her  actions.      Prompted  by  her  ex- 
ample, they  now  arm  themselves  in  haste, 
and  repair  to  the  place  of  danger,  ready  to 
die  in  their  country's  cause. 


566 


P.  VIRGILIf  MARONI8 


901.  Die  Turnus 


Tela  manu  trepidse  jaciunt :  ac  robore  duro, 
Stipitibus  ferrum  sudibusque  imitantur  obustis 
PraBcipites,  primseque  mori  pro  mcenibus  ardent.      895 

Interea  Turnum  in  sylvis  saevissimus  implet 
Nuntius,  et  juveni  ingentem  fert  Acca  tumultum  : 
m.Dicit  aciesVols-  Deletas  Volscorum  acies,  cecidisse  Camillam, 
corum  deletas  esse  T  •    <* 

Ingruere  mfensos  hostes,  et  Marte  secundo 

Omnia  corripuisse  ;  metum  jam  ad  mcenia  ferri.      900 
Ille  furens,  nam  saeva  Jovis  sic  numina  poscunt, 
Deserit  obsesses  colles,  nemora  aspera  linquit. 

Vix  e  conspectu  exierat,  campumque  tenebat ; 
Cum  pater  ^Eneas,  saltus  ingressus  apertos, 
Exsuperatque  jugum,  sylvaque  evadit  opaca.  905 

Sic  ambo  ad  muros  rapidi  totoque  feruntur 
Agmine,  nee  longis  inter  se  passibus  absunt. 
Ac  simul  jEneas  fumantes  pulvere  campos 
Prospexit  longe,  Laurentiaque  agmina  vidit : 
Et  saevum  ^Enean  agnovit  Turnus  in  armis,  910 

Adventumque  pedum,  Hatusque  audivit  equorum. 
Continue  pugnas  ineant,  et  praelia  tentent : 
Ni  roseus  fessos  jam  gurgite  Phoebus  Ibero 
Tingat  equos,  noctemque,  die  labente,  reducat. 
Considunt  castris  ante  urbem,  et  mcenia  valiant.      915 


NOTES. 


893.  Trepida :  in  haste — quick.  So,  also, 
prczcipites,  in  verse  895.  infra. 

894.  Imitantur :  they  imitate  the  weapons 
of  iron,  with  hard  oak  stakes,  and   poles 
hardened  at  the  point.  With  these  weapons, 
made  on  the  exigency  of  the  moment,  in 
imitation  of  iron  weapons,  they  arm  them- 
selves, and  are  desirous  of  dying  first  in  the 
defence  of  their  country.   Manibus :  in  the 
sense  of  urbi  vel  patriot. 

897.  Fert :  in  the  sense  of  refert  vel  nun- 
ci&t.  Secundo :  in  the  sense  offavenle  vel 
juvante. 

901.  Numina:  decrees — purposes.   Sceva: 


in  the  sense  of  dura.  JVam :  this  is  the 
common  reading.  Heyne  reads,  et. 

905.  Evadit :  escapes  from  the  wood.  This 
shows  the  danger  he  had  been  in  from  the 
ambush,  which  Turnus  laid  for  him. 

907.  Longis  passibus.  Longis  must  be 
taken  here  in  the  sense  of  multis,  or  passi- 
bus in  the  sense  of  intervallo.  Ruseus  says, 
longo  intervallo. 

910.  Scevum  ;  fierce — valiant  in  arms. 

911.  Flatus  :  in  the  sense  of  hinnitus. 
913.  Ibero  gurgite  :  in  the  western  ocean. 

Here  the  poet  supposed  the  sun  to  extinguish 
his  light  every  evening. 

915.  Mcenia :  in  the  sense  of  castra. 


QUESTIONS. 


How  does  this  book  open  ? 

What  does  ^Eneas  do  with  the  body  of 
Pallas? 

How  many  chosen  men  accompany  it  ? 

What  effect  had  the  news  of  his  death 
upon  his  father  ? 

How  many  captives  did  2Eneas  send  as 
victims  to  his  Manes  ? 

Whom  does  the  poet  here  imitate  ? 

Does  the  poet  here  outrage  the  character 
of  his  hero  ? 

Is  there  any  expression  of  Homer,  which 
disapproves  of  the  conduct  of  Achilles,  in 
offering  human  victims  at  the  tomb  of  Pa- 
troclus? 

Is  there  a  difference  in  character  between 
the  two  heroes? 


What  are  the  distinguishing  features  of 
character  ? 

When  the  news  of  the  defeat  reached  the 
city,  what  effect  did  it  produce  upon  the 
Latins  ? 

Did  Latinus  send  ambassadors  to  ./Eneas, 
to  desire  a  truce,  for  the  purpose  of  burying 
their  dead  ? 

Was  this  granted  to  them  ? 

How  long  a  time  was  agreed  upon  for 
that  purpose  ? 

Who  was  a  principal  person  of  this  em- 
bassy ? 

Who  was  Drances? 

What  is  his  character? 

Where  was  Turnus  at  this  time  ? 

On  the  return  of  the  ambassadors  from 


lti.     LIK.  XI. 


Diomede,  did  Latinus  call  a  council  of  state 
to  receive  the  answer  ? 

What  was  the  nature  of  that  answer? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  the  Latins  ? 

Who  was  the  principal  person  of  that 
embassy  ? 

Who  was  Diomede? 

Why  did  he  come  to  Italy  ? 

What  were  his  reasons  for  declining  to 
take  part  with  Turnus  and  the  Latins  ? 

What  does  he  say  of  the  valor  of  ^ 

What  course  did  he  advise  Latinus  to 
take  ? 

What  city  did  he  build  in  Italy  ? 

Where  was  it  situated  ? 

What  is  said  of  his  companions  in  arms  ? 

Is  this  a  ridiculous  and  improbable  story  ? 

What  is  the  conclusion  of  Latinus  in  re- 
gard to  the  war  ? 

Did  he  make  any  speech  upon  the  occa- 
sion ? 

What  did  he  propose  to  do  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  speech  of 
Drances  ? 

Of  what  did  he  accuse  Turnus  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  reply  of 
Turnus  ? 

What  is  his  object  in  this  reply  ? 

Were  there  any  political  parties  at  this 
time  among  the  Latins? 

Who  may  be  said  to  have  been  at  the 
head  of  the  party  in  favor  of  Turnus  ? 

Who  was  at  the  head  of  the  other  party  :' 

What  did  this  party  wish  to  effect  ? 

Was  any  proposition  made  to  Turnus  to 
decide  the  dispute  with  ./Eneas  in  single 
combat  ? 

Who  made  the  proposition  ? 

How  was  it  received  by  Turnus  ? 

Did  he  express  any  reluctance  to  meet 


During  the  deliberations  of  the  council, 
what  information  reaches  Laurentum  ? 

What  effect  had  this  advance  of  the  enemy 
upon  Latinus  ? 

What  did  Turnus  do  upon  this  emer- 
gency ? 

In  how  many  divisions  were  the  enemy 
to  advance  ? 

Under  whose  command  were  the  infantry 
to  march  ? 

In  what  way  were  they  to  approach  the 
city? 

How  were  the  cavalry  to  advartee  ? 

Could  they  come  in  arn-  other  way  ; 


What  was  the  nature  of  the  ground  over 
which  each  division  was  to  pass  ? 

How  did  Turnus  receive  this  information  ? 

What  resolution  did  he  take  on  receiving 
this  intelligence  ? 

Would  this  give  him  any  particular  ad- 
vantage over  ^Eneas  ? 

In  what  would  it  consist? 

Where  does  Turnus  meet  Camilla : 

Does  he  confer  upon  her  the  command  oi' 
the  cavalry? 

WThat  direction  does. he  give  her? 

Who  was  Camilla  ? 

Who  was  her  father? 

What  did  his  subjects  do  to  him  ? 

What  was  the  age  of  Camilla  at  that 
time  ? 

How  did  he  save  his  child  from  the  fury 
of  his  subjects  ? 

Plow  did  he  save  himself? 

To  whom  did  he  dedicate  his  daughter  ? 

What  was  the  manner  of  her  education  ? 

Was  she  a  favorite  of  Diana  ? 

Did  she  afterward  succeed  to  the  throne 
of  the  Volsci  ? 

How  was  Camilla  armed  ? 

For  what  was  she  distinguished  ? 

Who  assisted  her  in  command,  during  the 
action  ? 

Who  commenced  the  fight  ? 

How  many  times  dffl  the  combatants 
charge  each  other  and  retreat? 

What  took  place  after  this  ? 

How  did  Camilla  distinguish  herself? 

What  were  some  of  her  deeds  of  valor  ? 

By  whom  was  she  finally  killed  ? 

What  effect  had  her  death  upon  the  issue 
of  the  battle  ? 

By  whom  was  Aruns  slain  ? 

By  whose  orders  was  he  slain  ? 

And  by  whose  arrow? 

Did  Aruns  conduct  in  a  cowardly  manner 
$on  this  occasion  ? 

Was  he  sensible  of  it  ? 

Finding  herself  mortally  wounded,  what 
did  Camilla  do  ? 

Whom  did  she  send  to  acquaint  Turnus 
of  the  state  of  the  battle  ? 

What  effect  had  the  news  upo^him? 

Did  he  leave  his  place  of  concealment? 

What  took  place  immediately  afterward : 

Was  this  an  unlucky  circumstance  for 
Turnus  ? 

What  prevented  a  renewal  of  the  fight 

When  was  the  decisive  action  fought.' 


LIBER    DUODECIMUS. 


TURNUS,  perceiving  his  troops  to  be  disheartened  by  their  reverses,  resolves  to  accept  tiic 
proposal  of  deciding  the  dispute  by  single  combat  with  ^Eneas.  Latinus,  in  a  tender 
and  pathetic  speech,  endeavors  to  dissuade  him  from  it.  He  advises  him  to  relinquish 
his  claim  to  Lavinia,  and  seek  a  wife  among  the  daughters  of  the  Italian  princes.  He 
plainly  tells  him,  that  the  gods  forbid  him  to  unite  his  daughter  to  any  other  than  a 
foreigner.  He  recounts  the  disastrous  consequences  of  his  opposition  to  the  Trojans, 
and  concludes  by  reminding  him  of  his  aged  father,  and  the  sorrow  that  would  fall 
upon  him,  if  the  issue  were  to  prove  disastrous.  At  this  critical  moment,  the  queen 
comes  in,  seconds  her  husband's  entreaties,  and  beseeches  him  to  relinquish  his  rash 
purpose.  She  declares,  the  safety  of  their  family  and  kingdom  depends  upon  his  life; 
and  that  she  is  resolved  to  perish  with  him,  and  not  to  see  Lavinia  transferred  to 
./Eneas.  But  the  hero  is  not  moved  from  his  purpose,  and  prefers  to  die  rather  than 
part  with  his  beloved  Lavinia. 

The  virgin  Heard  the  expostulation  of  her  mother,  and  love  kindled  a  blush  upon  her 
cheeks.  This  thrilled  through  the  heart  of  Turnus,  and  all  the  tender  emotions  of  his 
soul  were  roused.  Forthwith  he  sends  Idmon  to  the  Trojan  camp  to  proclaim,  that  on 
the  following  day,  he  would  decide  the  dispute  with  vEneas. 

In  the  mean  time,  he  prepares  his  armor,  and  examines  his  steeds.  At  the  return  of  day, 
the  parties  repair  to  the  field.  Latinus  accompanies  Turnus.  Here  he  ratifies  a  league 
with  jEneas,  and  calls  the  gods  to  witness.  To  prevent  its  execution,  Juno  sent  the 
nymph  Juturna,  the  sister  of  Turnus,  to  rouse  the  Rutulians  to  arms,  and  kindle  the 
war.  For  this  purpose,  she  caused  a  portentous  sign  in  the  heavens,  which  the  augur 
interpreted  favorably  for  the  Italians.  Forthwith  he  hurled  a  spear  among  the  Trojans, 
and  the  two  armies  rushed  to  the  combat  with  great  impetuosity.  Latinus  hastens 
from  the  field.  ./Eneas  is  wounded  by  an  arrow,  which  caused  great  confusion  among 
the  Trojans.  Turnus,  observing  this,  mounts  his  car,  arid  drives  over  the  field,  spread- 
ing death  and  desolation  in  his  course.  Wherever  he  directs  his  way,  whole  troops  and 
squadrons  flee  before  him.  He  performs  prodigious  feats  of  valor. 

Jn  the  mean  time,  ,/Eneas  retires  from  the  field,  and  demands  the  speediest  relief.  He  is 
miraculously  healed  by  Venus.  This  being  done,  the  hero  calls  for  his  arms,  embraces 
Ascanius,  and  goes  in  search  of  Turnus.  The  fight  now  is  renewed  on  the  part  of  the 
Trojans,  and  the  victorious  Rutulians  fly.  At  this  crisis,  Juturna  takes  the  reins  of  her 
brother  s  steed,  and  drives  him  victorious  over  the  plain.  ^Eneas  pursues,  and  seeks  by 
every  method  to  meet  and  engage  him;  but  Juturna  baffles  all  his  efforts.  Unable  to 
effect  his  purpose,  he  resolves  to  wreak  his  vengeance  upon  the  Rutulians ;  and  here 
he  commenced  a  dreadful  slaughter :  the  noblest  of  the  Italians  fall.  Turnus,  too, 
drives  on  with  no  less  impetuosity,  and  Trojan,  Tuscan,  and  Arcadian  bite  the  ground. 

./Eneas,  at  the  suggestion  of  Venus,  resolves  to  attack  the  city,  and  by  one  decisive  blow, 
either  force  Turnus  to  the  combat,  or  overthrow  the  empire  of  Latinus.  For  this  pur- 
pose he  assembles  his  troops,  explains  his  designs,  and  exhorts  them  to  assault  the  city 
with  vigor.  They  instantly  mount  the  wails,  and  spread  the  devouring  flames.  At 
this  sudden  change  of  affairs,  all  hearts  are  filled  vv^th  dismay.  The  queen,  expecting 
that  Turnus  was  slain,  and  his  troops  routed,  resolved  not  to  survive  the  sad  catas- 
trophe, and  frantic  with  despair,  hung  herself. 

In  this  state  of  tilings,  Sages  flies  to  Turnus,  and  informs  him  that  /Eneas  was  thundering 
in  arms  ;  that  the  city  was  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy  ;  that  all  looked  to  him  for  pro- 
tection ;  and  that,  in  despair,  the  queen,  his  faithful  friend,  had  deprived  herself  of  life. 
At  this  information  the  hero  is  struck  with  amazement,  and  turning  his  eyes,  he  beholds 
the  very  tower,  which  he  himself  had  built  for  the  defence  of  the  city,  wrapt  in  flames. 
He  could  not  bear  the  sight ;  and  leaving  his  sister,  he  sprang  from  his  chariot,  and 
rushed  through  darts  and  foes,  calling  upon  the  hostile  armies  to  desist  from  the  fight ; 
that  he  was  come  to  enter  the  lists  with  ./Eneas.  Instantly  a  cessation  of  arms  took 
place,  and  the  two  heroes  prepare  for  the  combat.  At  first  they  throw  their  javelins 
from  a  distance,  and  rush  to  close  combat  with  great  violence.  They  blows  on  blows 
redouble.  Turnus,  rising  high  to  give  his  blow  more  eifect,  breaks  his  sword  by  the 


JENEIS,    LIB.  XII.  569 

iiilt.  He  now  discovers  a  fatal  mistake.  When  first  he  mounted  his  car,  ardent  for 
the  fight,  he  had  taken  the  sword  of  his  charioteer,  Mitescus,  instead  of  his  own  trusty 
sword,  which  Vulcan  had  made  for  his  father  Dannus.  He  is  now  left  defenceless,  and 
at  the  mercy  of  his  foe.  He  flies  off  swift  as  the  wind,  pursued  by  JEneas,  and  pressed 
on  all  sides  by  the  Trojans.  He  calls  for  his  heavenly-tempered  sword,  and  chides  the 
Rutulians.  None  of  them  dare  to  interfere,  being  prevented  by  the  threats  of  TEneas. 
Juturna,  at  length,  restored  his  sword  to  him,  and  Venus  disengaged  the  spear  of 
^Eneas.  The  two  heroes  again  prepare  for  the  combat. 

At  this  juncture,  Jove  interposes  in  favor  of  ^Eneas.  His  first  care  is  to  withdraw  Juturna 
from  the  contest.  For  this  purpose,  he  despatches  one  of  the  furies  to  the  field  of  battle, 
which,  assuming  the  form  of  an  owl,  flies  backward  and  forward  before  the  face  of 
Turnus.  The  hero  knew  the  portentous  omen.  A  shivering  pervaded  his  limbs : 
coldness  unnerved  his  arm.  His  reason  left  him :  his  speech  forsook  him.  As  soon  as 
Juturna  heard  the  whizzing  of  the  fury's  wings,  she  recognised  the  direful  messenger ; 
and  in  all  the  agony  of  grief  and  distress,  and  uttering  the  tenderest  expressions  of 
affectionate  attachment  to  her  brother,  she  fled  from  his  sight,  and  plunged  herself  in 
the  deep  river. 

uEneas  in  the  mean  time  urges  on  the  attack,  and  calls  upon  Turnus  no  longer  to  decline 
the  contest.  He  replied,  "I  fear  not  thee,  nor  thy  boasting  words:  I  fear  the  gods 
alone  :  I  fear  Jove,  who  is  my  enemy."  At  this  moment,  he  seizes  a  huge  stone  that 
lay  near  him,  and  hurled  it  at  ^Eneas ;  but  it  reached  him  not.  The  fury  had  deprived 
him  of  his  wonted  strength.  His  efforts,  therefore,  were  unavailing.  His  knees  sunk 
under  him  ;  and  trembling  seized  his  whole  body.  yEneas  throws  a  javelin,  which 
wounds  him  in  the  thigh,  and  caused  him  to  fall  upon  his  knee.  In  this  situation,  he 
acknowledges  himself  vanquished,  and  resigns  Lavinia,  the  royal  bride,  to  the  victor. 
One  favor  he  asked,  on  account  of  his  aged  father,  that  his  body  might  be  restored  to 
his  friends.  ./Eneas,  moved  with  compassion  at  the  mention  of  his  aged  father,  was 
about  also  to  spare  his  life  ;  when,  discovering  upon  his  shoulder  the  belt  which  Pallas 
wore,  he  became  indignant,  and  plunged  into  his  bosom  his  naked  sword. 

TURNUS  ut  infractos  adverse  Marte  Latinos 
Defecisse  videt,  sua  mine  promissa  reposci, 

Se  signari  oculis  :  ultro  implacabilis  ardet,  3.  Oculis  omnium 

Attollitque  animos.     Pcenorum  qualis  in  arvis 

Saucius  ille  gravi  venantum  vulnere  pectus,  5     5.  Qualis  ille  leo  in 

Turn  demum  movet  arma  leo  ;  gaudetque  comantes        arvis  Pcenorum,  saucius 
Excutiens  cervice  toros,  fixumque  latroms  Vuoad  Pec 

Impavidus  frangit  telum,  et  fremit  ore  cruento. 
Hand  secus  accenso  gliscit  violentia  Turner  ^ 
Turn  sic  affatur  regem,  atque  ita  turbidus"!  10 

Nulla  mora  in  Turrio  :  nihil  est  quovd  dicta  retractent 

Ignavi  jEneadae  ;  nee,  quse  pepigere,  rccusent.  1^>.   Recusent  facer* 

Congredior  :  fer  sacra,  pater,  et  concipe  foedus. '  ea  quse 

Aut  hac  Dardanium  dextra  sub  Tartara  mittam, 
Desertorem  Asia? ;  sedeant,  spectentque  Latini !         1"> 
Et  solus  ferro  crimen  commune  re  fell  am  : 

NOTES. 

1 .  Infractos :  broken — disheartened.  Mar-  7.  Lalrnuis  :  the  hunter.     FUutn :  that 
tc  :  in  the  sense  of  pugna  vel  bello.  had  pierced  his  breast. 

2.  Promissa  :  his  promises  that  he  would  9.  Gliscil :  in  the  sense  of  rrcscii. 
jiieet  ./Kneas  in  single  combat.  11.  Retractent  dicta:    that  they   si;- 

3.  Ultro.     This  word  implies,  that  Tur-  retract  their  words.     ^Cneas  was  the  lirsf 
mis  was  impelled  by  some  violent,  but  vo-  who  proposed  to  decide  the  dispute  in  single 
luntary  emotion.  combat  with  Turnus ;  and  lie  had  pledged 

4.  Pcenorum :    the  Carthaginians,  here      himself  to  accept  the  proposition :  to  this 
put  for  the  Africans  in  general.  reference  is  made  verse  2,  supra.     Qworf  : 

6.  Movet  arma  :  he  moves  his  arms — he  a  couj.  or  in  the  sense  of  ob  quod. 

prepares  for  the  attack.     Comantes  toros:  13.  Fcr  :  in  the  sense  of  offer.     Concipe: 

the  shaggy,  or  bushy  mane.    Ille  leo  :  a  lion,  in  the  sense  of  sand. 

by  way  of  eminence.  16.  Refdlam :  in  the  sense  of  aierlam  vel 


570  P.  VIRGILIl 

17.  Aut  Tfojmus  ha- Aut  habeat  victos  ;  cedat  Lavinia  conjux, 
beat  not  yictos ;  el !  La-      om  gedato  respondit  corde  Latinus  : 
vinia  coniux  ccdat  Hit  ^^.  •    •  n 

victori.  °  praestans  animi  juvenis,  quantum  ipse  feroci   >; 

20.  Consulere  libi      Virtute  exsuperas,  tanto  me  impensius  aequum  est       ^0 
Consulere,  atque  omnes  metuentem  expendere  casus. 
Sunt  tibi  regna  patris  Dauni,  sunt  oppida  capta 
Multa  manu  :  nee  non  aurumque  animusque  Latino  est. 

24.  Innuptse  virgines  Sunt  alioe  innuptae  Latio  et  Laurentibus  agris, 

Nee  genus  indecores.     Sine  me  haec  hand  mollia  fata 

Sublatis  aperire  dolis  ;  simul  haec  animo  hanri. 

Me  natam  nulli  veterum  sociare  proeorum 

Fas  erat,  idque  omnes  Divique  hominesque  cane  bant. 

Victus  amore  tui,  cognato  sanguine  victus, 

Conjugis  et  mcestae  lachrymis,  vincla  omnia  rupi ;     30 

31.  Eripui  earn  pro-  Promissam  eripui  genero  ;  arma  impia  sumpsi. 
missam  Ex  illo  qui  me  casus,  quae,  Turne,  sequantur 

32.  ExJJlo  tempore,  O  Beuaj  vi(}es  ;  quantos  primus  patiare  labores. 

Bis  magna,  victi  pugna,  vix  urbe  tuemur 
Spes  Italas  :  recalent  nostro  Tiberina  fluenta  85 

Sanguine  adhuc,  campique  ingentes  ossibus  albent. 
Quo  referor  toties  ?  quae  mentem  insania  mutat  ? 

38.  Si  paratus  sum  ^i»  Turno  exstincto,  socios  sum  accire  paratus ; 
accire  Trojanos        ,      Cur  non,  incolumi,  potius  certamina  tollo  ? 

39.  Eo  incolumi         Quid  consanguinei  Rutuli,  quid  caetera  dicet  40 
41.  Fors  refutct  hoc  Ttalia,  ad  mortem  si  te  ;  fors  dicta  refutet ! 

mca  dicta  Prodiderim,  natam  et  connubia  nostra  petentem  / 

Respice  res  bello  varias ;  miserere  parentis 

NOTES. 

refutabo.     Crimen  :  either  the  common  dis-  seek  a  wife  among  the  Italian  princesses'; 

grace,  by  the  preceding  defeat  and  flight :  among  whom  he  would  find  some  one  wor- 

or    the   imputation   thrown  upon  him  by  thy  of  so  distinguished  a  prince.     Manu  : 

Drances  and  others,  of  his  wanting  courage  by  valor. 

to  meet  ^Eneas.     This  last  appears  to  be          26.  Dolis  sublatis :  guile,  or  deceit  being 

the  sense  of  Rueeus.  taken  away — in  plain  words.     Fatu  :  sup. 

19.  Feroci:    bold — daring.      Quantum:  in  u  of  the  verb  for :  to  be  spoken,  or  said, 
in  the  sense  of  quanta,  corresponding  with  Hauri :  in  the  sense  of  audi. 

tantb.     Praestans  animi :  excelling  in  cou-  28.  Canebant :   in  the  sense  of  pradicc- 

rage— valor.  ^ant  vej  monebant. 

20.  Tantb  impensius  aquum :  by  so  much  29. -Cognato  sanguine.     Turnus  was  the 
the  more  anxiously,  it  is  just  that  I  should  son  of  Venilia,  the  sister  of  Amata,  the  wife 
consult  your  safety.  of  Latinus.    Hence  the  propriety  of  cognalo 

21.  Casus:  hazard— dangers.  sanguine :     kindred   blood.      Vincla:    re- 
23.  JVec  non  aurumque :  Servius  takes  the      straints — obligations. 

sense  of  these  words  to  be  :   Latinus  satis  33   Primw  .  in  the  gense  of     ; 
opulenlus  esti  et  nobihs  eliam  absque  his  nup~ 

His :  implying  that,  as  Turnus  was  power-  34-  Bis  victt-     They  were  first  beaten  on 

ful  and  wealthy  enough  without  contracting  the  banks  of  lhe  Tlber^ whcn  ^neas  landed 

an  alliance  with  Latinus,  so  Latinus  needed  lus  reinforcements  from  Etruna ;  and  a  se- 

not  to  match  his  daughter  with  him  for  the  cond  tinle  vanquished  under  the  walls  of 

sake  of  aggrandizing  himself.    Though  this  Latinm,  in  the  horse  fight,  when  Camilla 

makes  sense  of  aurum,  it  puts  a  forced  sig-  was  slain-     See  the  preceding  book, 

nification  upon  animus.     Ruaeus  says,  sunt  37.  Quo  referor  :  why  am   I  carried  so 

quoque  Latino  divitice  et  bcnevolentia.  often  backward  ? — why  do   I  change  my 

The  expression  implies,  that  Latinus  en-  resolution  so  often,  of  giving  my  daughter 

tertained   a    friendly   disposition    towards  to  ^Eneas  ? 

Turnus,  and  desired  to  promote  his  happi-  39.  Certamina :  disputes — contests, 
ness  in  any  way  that  his  wealth  could  con-  41.  Fors  :  fortune— the  issue  of  the  con- 
tribute to  it;  but  he  could  not  bestow  his  test. 
daughter  upon  him.     He    advises  him  to  43.  Res  :  state — condition. 


JENELS.     LIB.  X1L  571 

Longsevi,  quern  nunc  moestum  patria  Ardea  longe  44.  Longe  d  te 

Dividit.     Haudquaquam  dictis  violentia  Turni  45 

Flectitur  :  exsuperat  magis,  segrescitque  medendo. 

Ut  primum  fari  potuit,  sic  institit  ore  : 

Quam  pro  me  curam  geris,  hanc  precor,  optime,  pro  me     48-  °  Optimo 

Deponas,  lo.umque  siLs  pro  la«3e  pacisci        ! 

H<t  nos  tela,  pater,  ferrumque  haud  debile  dextra        50geris 

Spargimus,  et  nostro  sequitur  de  vulnere  sanguis.  52.  Eum  fugacem 

Longe  illi  Dea  mater  erit,  quae  nube  fugacem 

Foeminea  tegat,  et  vanis  sese  occulat  umbris. 

At  regina,  nova  pugnae  conterrita  sorte, 
Flebat,  et  ardentem  generum  moritura  tenebat :         65 
Turne,  per  has  ego  te  lachrymas,  per  si  quis  Amatae         56.  O  Turne,  precor 
Tangit  honos  animum.     Spes  tu  nunc  una  senectae,       te  Pfr  has  lachrymas, 
Tu  requies  miser*  :  decus  imperiumque  Latini 
le  penes  :  in  te  oirmis  domus  inclinata  recumbit.  tuum 

Unum  oro  ;  desiste  manum  committere  Teucris.         60     58.  Tu  es  sola  requies 
Qui  te  cunque  manent  isto  certamine  casus,  mifli  miser® 

Et  me,  Turne,  manent.     Simul  hsec  invisa  relinquam       j| 
Lumina,  nee  generum  ^Eneam  captiva  videbo.  mc 

Accepit  vocem  lachrymis  Lavinia  matris, 
Flagrantes  perfusa  genas  :  cui  plurimus  ignem          65 
Subjecit  rubor,  et  calefacta  per  ora  cucurrit. 
Indum  sanguineo  veluti  violaverit  ostro 
Si  quis  ebur ;  vel  mixta  rubent  ubi  lilia  multa 
Alba  rosa :  tales  virgo  dabat  ore  colores. 
Ilium  turbat  amor,  figitque  in  virgine  vultus.  70 

Ardet  in  arma  magis  ;  paucisque  affatur  Amatam  : 

Ne,  quseso,  ne  me  lachrymis,  neve  omine  tanto  73.  Q  mater,  quteso, 

Prosequere  in  duri  certamina  Martis  euntem,  ne,  ne  prosequere  me 

NOTES. 

44.  Ardea :  the  capital  city  of  the  Rutuli.      Turnus  were  slain,  that  Lavinia  should  fall 
The  whole  address  of  Latinus  is  tender  and      to  jEneas;   that  the  Rutuli  should  be  his 
pathetic,  and  bespeaks  the  goodness  of  his     subjects,  &c.     Verse  17,  supra. 

heart.    Among  other  arguments  to  dissuade  57.  Honos  :  respect — regard. 

Turnus  from  the  combat,  he  mentions  his  59.  Domus  :  in  the  sense  offamilia.     In- 

aged  father.  clinata :  in  the  sense  ofprona  vel  labens. 

45.  Dividit :  in  the  sense  ofseparat.  60.  Desiste :  in  the  sense  ofomitte.    Com- 

46.  JEgrescit  medendo  :   he  grows  more  mittere  manum :  to  engage  in  close  combat, 
obstinate  by  being  persuaded — by  applying  Ruaeus  says,  conserere  manum. 
remedies.     Medendo :  a  gerund,  in  rfo,  of  63.  Lumina :   in  the  sense  of  lucem  vel 
vnedeor.     This  is  said  by  way  of  metaphor,  vitam. 

47.  Institit  :    he   proceeded — began    to         64.  Accepit :  in  the  sense  of  audiit. 
speak.  65.  Perfusa  genas :  w,et  as  to  her  blush - 

48.  Geris:  in  the  sense  of  halts.  ing  cheeks  with  tears.     A  Grecism.     SCB 

49.  Pacisci :  to  exchange  death  for  glo-     Kcl.  i.  55. 

ry — to  obtain  glory  and  renown  in  the  room  66.  Rubor  :  modesty,  by  meton.   Ignem : 

of  death — for  death.  the  glow,  or  blush,  which  her  extreme  mo- 

51.  De  vulnere  nostro :  from  the  wound  desty  diffused,  or  spread  over  her  cheeks, 
inflicted  by  us.  Subjecit  properly  signifies,  spread  under  the 

52.  Dea  mater  erit  longe  illi.     This  is  a  skin.     Calefacta  :  red  (or  blushing)  counte- 
Latin  idiom.     The  meaning  is  :  his  mother  nance. 

will  be  far  from  affording  him  any  assistance,         67.  Violarerit  •'  in  the  sense  of  tinxtrit. 
as  she  had  done  on  former  occasions.     It         70.  Turbat:  in  the  sense  of  agitat. 
will  not  be  in  her  power  to  do  it.  72.  Tanto  :  in  the  sense  of  infausto.   The 
54.  Sorte :  son  here  means  the  terms,  or  repetition  of  the  ne  is  emphatical.    Prow- 
conditions  of  the  combat.    These  were,  if  quere  properly  signifies,  to  convoy :  here,  to 


572  P.  VIRGILJI  MARONIS 

74.  Mora  mortis  est()  mater  :  nequc  onim  Turno  mora  libera  mortis. 
libera  Turno.     Tw,  ONuntius  hfec   Jdmon,  Phrvgio  mea  dicta  tyranno        75 
Idmon,  nuntms  refer      ^  placitura  refer  .   ^  prim{jm  cng^  ^ 

Puniceis  invccta  rotis  Aurora  ruhebit  ; 
Non  Teucros  agat  in  Rutulos  :  Teucrum  arma  quiescant, 
Et  Rutulum  :  nostro  dirimatur  sanguine  bellum  : 
lllo  quaeralur  conjux  Lavinia  campo.  80 

Haec  ubi  dicta  dedit,  rapidusque  in  tecta  recessit, 

82.  Tuens  eos  fremen-  Poscit  equos,  gaudetque  tuens  ante  ora  frementes, 
tes  ante  ejus  ora  Pilumno  quos  ipsa  decus  dedit  Orithyia  ; 

84.  Qui  equi  Qui  candore  nives  anteirent,  cursibus  auras. 

Circumstant  properi  aurigae,  manibusque  lacessunt    85 
Pectora  plausa  cavis,  et  colla  comantia  pectunt. 
87.   Dehinc   Turnus^Pse  dehinc  anro  squalentem  alboque  orichalco 
ipse  Circumdat  loricam  humeris  ;  simul  aptat  babendo 

Ensemque,  clypeumque,  et  rubne  cornua  cristae  : 
Ensem,  quern  Dauno  ignipotens  Deus  ipsc  parenti     00 
Fecerat,  et  Stygiii  candentem  tinxerat  uridu. 
Exin,  qua  mediis  ingenti  adnixa  columnar 
jEdibus  adstabat,  validam  vi  corripit  hastam, 

95.    O   hasta,   nun-  Actoris  Aurunci  spolium  :  quassatque  tremenjem, 
quam  frustrata  Vociferans  :  Nunc,  6  nunquam  frustrata  vocatus        9f» 

\ctor  °Hlb     maximus  Hasta  meos,  nunc  tempus  adest  ;  to  maximus  Actor. 
*  C9«'  Revu1sa»n  ab  illo?e  Turni  nunc  dextra  £erit  ?  da  ^rnere  corpus, 
mea  valida  Loncamque  manu  valida  lacerarc  revulsam 

Semiviri  Phrygis,  et  foedare  in  pulvere  crines, 
Vibratos  calido  ferro,  myrrhaque  madentes.  100 

101.  Ejus  ardcntis      His  agitur  furiis,  totoque  ardcntis  nb  orr 

NOTES. 

Mow,  or  accompany.     Her  tears  \vere  an  their  hollow  hands.     Colla  :  in  the  sense  oi 

inauspicious  omen,  or  presage  of  the  event,  jubce. 

74.  Nequeenim:  as  if  he  had  said  :  your  87.  Squalenlem  :   rough  with  gold,  ami 

tears  will  be  of  no  avail,  for  I  have  passed  pale,  &c. 

my  word  ;  and,  if  death  be  the  event,  I  88.  Habendo  :  for  carrying—  wearing.  A 

cannot  retract  ;  I  have  no  power  to  retard,  gen.  in  do  of  the  dat.  case.     The  same  as  ad 

or  put  off  my  destiny.     This  is  the  plain  habendum.     Rurcus  says,  ut  gestentur. 

meaning  of  the  passage  ;  yet  Servius  con-  89.  Cornua  rubrct  cr-iiiae,  :  the  extremities 

aiders  it  inexplicable.     Mora  :  a  putting  off,  of  the  crimson  plume.    The  crisis  were  the 

or  deferring.  feathers  worn  upon  the  helmet,  and  rising 

78.  JVbn  agat  :  let  him  not  lead  his  Tro-  above  it.    The  cornua  were  the  ends,  or  ex- 

jans,  &c.  tremities  of  these  plumes,  put  for  the  whole 

83.  Orithyia:    the   daughter   of  Erech-  plume  or  tuft,  by  synec.  :  and  these  again, 
theus  king  of  Athens,  who  was  said  to  be  f<or  tne  nelmet»  ty  meton. 

carried  away  by  Boreas  into  Thrace.     She  90>  fgniPotens  &eus:  Vulcan. 

was  reputed  a  goddess,  and  Virgil   makes  9h  Tinxerat  :  in  the  sense  of  mcrserat. 

Pilumnua,  the  great-grandfather  of  Turnus  9^'  ^a^dam  hastam.       This   spear    had 

to  have   received   these   horses  from  her!  been  taken  from  Auruncian  Actor,  either  by 

Thrace,  the  place  of  her  residence,  was  fa-  Turnus   himself,  or  one  of  his  ancestors. 

inous  for  breeding  generous  steeds.    Dccus  :  ^ence  it  is  called  spolium.  Actor  was  slain. 

plainly  in  the  sense  of  munus  vet  donuai.  95'  Frustrata:  deceiving—  disappointing. 

K  u  CB  us  says,  ornamtntum.  9^-  Lacerare  :  to  rend  —  break  in  pieces. 

84.  Anteirent:     excelled-surpassecl  -  ^-  Semivin  Phrygis.    What  is  here  said 
Auras  :  in  the  sense  of  vcntos.  °.  ^ne'  1S  Sald  ^  ^              ^  '  ™ 


. 

allusion  to  some  custom  ot  the  . 

85.  Lacessunt  :  in  the  sense  of  palpant.  100.  Vibratos  :  curled,  or  twisted  up  with 
Heyne  takes  lacessunt  plausa,  siaiply  for  a  hot  iron.  To  curl  the  hair,  and  smear  it, 
plaudunt.  witli  unguents,  wore  considered  marks  of 

80.  Plausa  cavis  :  stroked,  or  patted  with      effeminacy. 


JKNKiS.     LIB.  XII. 


573 


Scintillas  absistunt  :  oculis  micat  acribus  ignis. 
Mugitus  veluti  cum  prima  in  praelia  taurus 
Terrificos  ciet,  atque  irasci  in  cornua  tentat, 
Arboris  obnixus  trunco,  ventosque  lacessit  105 

Ictibus,  et  sparsa  ad  pugnam  proludit  arena- 

Nee  minus  interea  maiernis  saevus  in  armis 
jEneas  acuit  Martem,  et  se  suscitat  ira, 
Oblato  gaudens  cornponi  fcedere  bellum. 
Turn  socios  mceslique  metum  solatur  liili,  110 

F^aia  docens  :  regique  jubet  responsa  Latino 
Certa  referre  viros,  et  pacis  dicere  leges. 

Postera  vix  summos  spargebat  lumine  montes 
Orta  dies  ;  cum  primum  alto  se  gurgite  tollunt 
Solis  equi,  lucemque  elatis  naribus  efflant.  115 

Campum  ad  certamen,  magnae  sub  mcenibus  urbis, 
Dimensi  Rutulique  viri  Teucrique  parabant  ; 
In  medioque  focos,  et  Dis  communibus  aras 
Gramineas.     Alii  fontemque  igncmque  ferebant. 
Velati  lino,  et  verbena  tempora  vincti.  li-dter^ 
Procedit  legio  Ausonulum,  pilataque  plenis 
Agmina  se  fundunt  portis.     Hinc  Troius  omnis, 
Tyrrhenusque  ruit  variis  exercitus  armis  ; 
Hand  seeds  instruct!  ferro,  quam  si  aspera  Marti  s 
Pugna  vocet.    .Nee  non  mediis  in  millibus  ipsi         125 
Ductores  auro  volitant  ostroque  decori  ; 
Et  genus  Assaraci  Mnestheus,  et  fortis  Asylas, 
Et  Messapus  equum  domitor,  Neptunia  proles. 
Utque  dato  signo  spatia  in  sua  quisque  recessit, 
Defigunt  tellure  hastas,  et  scuta  reclinant.  1.30 

Turn  studio  effusae  matrcs,  et  vulgus  inermum, 
Invalidique  s^nes,  turres  et  tecta  domorurn 
Obsedere  :  alii  portis  sublimibus  adstant. 

At  Juno  e  summo,  qui  rune  Albanus  habctur  ; 


118.  In  medio  para- 
bant 
120.  Vincti^woad  tern  - 

pora 


124.  Instruct!  sunt 

125.  Vocet  cos 


131.   Studio    videndi 
certamen 

134.  At  Juno  prospi- 
cicns  e  summo  tumulo 


NOTES. 


102.  Absistunt:  fly  off  from.  Ruseussays, 
tTumpunt. 

103.  Mugitus :  bellowings.    Ciet :  in  the 
sense  of  emit  fit. 

105.  Lacessit :  in  the  sense  of  provocat. 

106.  Proludit.     Ruseus  says,  parat. 

107.  Maternis  armis  :  the  armor  made  by 
Vulcan,  at  the  desire  of  his  mother.  Hence 
called  matemis.     JVer  minus :  in  the  sense 
of  nee  non  :  likewise — also — in  like  manner. 

1015.  Marian :  in  the  sense  of  pugnam. 
Acuit:  prepares  for  the  corn  bat. 

109.  Oblato  Jkderc :  upon  the  conditions, 
or  terms  offered. 

111.  Docens  fata  :  teaching  them  the  pur- 
poses ol  the  gods  concerning  hitn.     llubcus 
says,  aperient  fata  itlis. 

1 12.  Dictre :  in  the  sense  of  proponcre. 
Leges     terms — conditions. 

114.  .lito  gurgite :  from  the  deep  ocean. 
116.  Campum:  tho  ground — space.    De- 
me;m  :  having  measured  it  out. 


119.  Fonlem:  in  the  sense  of  aquam. 

120.  Velati  lino.     Servius  says  that  the 
priests  and  sacred  ministers  among  the  Ro- 
mans, were  prohibited  from  wearing  any 
thing  of  linen ;  and  that  V  irgil   designedly 
clothes  the  ftciales  or  priests  in  linen  veils 
on  this  occasion,  to  give  us  to  know  before- 
hand, that  the  league  was  to  be  broken  ; 
since  it  was  ushered  in  with  unlawful  rites. 
Heyne    reads,  limn,  which  was  a  kind  of 
apron  worn  by  the  priests  in  time  of  sacrifice, 
that  reached  down  from  the  navel  to  the 
feet.     The  common  reading  is  lino. 

121.  Pitata:  armed  With  darts  or  javelins. 
. •/  x'.'/i '  na  :  troops. 

121.  Instruct:  ferro  :  furnished,  and 
equipped  with  arm.-'. 

127.  Genus:  offspring,  or  descendants. 
Assaraci.  See  Geor.  iii.  35. 

133.  Obxedi-re:   in  the  sense  of  implevf- 
runt.     Afi.ttant :  in  the  sense  of  slant. 

134.  If.thffi.ir:  in   tho   SCHFC    of  voratur. 


574 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONiS 


Turn  neque  nomcn  erat,  nee  honos,  aut  gloria  monti ; 
Prospiciens  tumulo,  campum  spectabat,  et  ambas     136 
Laurentum  Troumque  acies,  urbemque  Latini. 
??8'  _?*v?  /:"n™ sic  Extemplo  Turni  sic  est  effata  sororem 

"  Diva  Deam,  stagnis  quae  fiuminibusque  sonoris 
Praesidet :  hunc  illi  rex  astheris  altus  honorem          140 
Jupiter  erepta  pro  virginitate  sacravit : 

142.  Ut  prsetulerim  te  Nympha,  decus  fluviorum,  animo  gratissima  nostro, 
imamcunctis«rgint6w,gciSj  ut  tu  cunctis  unam,  qurocunque  Latinte 
g^Un  ''  Magnanimi  Jovis  ingratum  ascendere  cubile, 

145.  Te  in  parte  cceli  Praetulerim,  coalique  lubens  in  parte  locarim.  145 

mecum  Disce  tuum,  ne  me  incuses,  Juturna,  dolorem. 

Qua  visa  est  fortuna  pati,  Parcaeque  sinebant 
148.  Res  cedere  pros-  Cedere  res  Latio,  Turnum  et  tua  mo3nia  texi : 

Nunc  juvenem  imparibus  video  concurrere  fatis, 
Parcarumque  dies  et  vis  inimica  propinquat.  150 

Non  pugnam  aspicere  hanc  oculis,  non  fcedera  possum. 
152.Situaudes/occrcTu,  pro  germano  si  quid  praesentius  audes, 

Perge  ;  decet :  forsan  miseros  meliora  sequentur. 
Vix  ea;  cum  lachrymas  oculis  Juturna  profudit, 
Terque  quaterque  manu  pectus  percussit  honestum. 


quid 

154.  Vix  dixerat  ea 


160.  Earn  incertam 


Non  lachrymis  hoc  tempus,  ait  Saturnia  Juno  ; 
Accelera,  et  fratrem,  si  quis  modus,  eripe  morti 
Aut  tu  bella  cie,  conceptumque  excute  fcedus. 
Auctor  ego  audendi.     Sic  exhortata  reliquit 


ab  urbr. 


Incertam,  et  tristi  turbatam  vulnere  mentis. 
Quadrijugo  vehitur  curru,  cui  tempora  circum 


156 


160 


1<?1.  Reges  promfya/Tnterea  reges  :  ingenti  mole  Latinus 


NOTES. 


This  mount  was  called  Alban,  from  Alba 
Longa,  a  city  built  by  Ascanius  after  he  had 
reigned  at  Lavinium  thirty  years.  For  the 
reason  of  its  name,  see  ^En.  viii.  44. 

140.  Prttsidet.    Juturna  is  by  Ovid  called 
a  Naiad.    A  fountain  issuing  from  the  foot 
of  mount  Alban,  and  a  lake  which  it  sup- 
plied, were  sacred  to  her.    The  river  flowed 
into  the  Tiber.     Its  water  was  celebrated 
for  its  purity. 

141.  Sacravit:   in  the  sense  of  donavit. 
This  honor  Jupiter  conferred  upon  her,  in 
compensation  of  her  lost  virginity. 

143.  PrcKtulerim  te :  1  preferred  thee  alone, 
&c. 

144.  Ingratum :   the  bed  here  is   called 
ungrateful,  to  save  the  indecency  of  giving 
that  harsh  epithet  to  Jove.     The  amors  of 
Jupiter  were  always  displeasing  to  Juno. 
Valpy  observes,  that  the  word  is  to  be  taken 
in  the  sense  of  ingrati,  agreeing  with  Jovis. 
Heyne  says,inui*u/n  mihi,  referring  to  Juno. 

145.  In  parte  :  in  the  sense  of  participem. 

147.  Qua :  as  far  as — as  long  as.  Ruaeus 
says,  quatenus. 

148.  Texi :  in  the  sense  of  dffendi. 

150.  Dies  et  inimica  :  this  is  a  circumlo- 
cution, denoting  that  the  last  day  of  the 
life  of  Tarnns  had  arrived. 


152.  Prcesentius.  Servidi  takes  this  in 
the  sense  of  ejficacius,  vel  vehementius.  But 
it  may  refer  to  what  Juno  had  just  before 
said  ;  non  pugnam :  I  cannot  bear  to  see  the 
combat ;  I  can  only  lament  his  hard  fate, 
and  intercede  for  him  at  a  distance  :  but,  if 
you  have  courage  (audes)  to  lend  your 
brother  some  nearer  aid,  and  assist  him 
with  your  presence,  then  set  about  it  imme- 
diately :  it  becomes  you  to  attempt  it.  Ru- 
ceus  says,  utilius. 

155.  Honestum  :  in  the  sense  of  decorum. 

158.  Cie :  in  the  sense  of  excita.     Con- 
cepfum  :  in  the  sense  of  inceptum.    Excute : 
in  the  sense  of '/range.   Ruoeus  says,  dissipa. 

159.  Ego  auctor  audendi :  I  am  the  author 
(adviser)  of  the  daring  attempt.     The  ge- 
rund is  here  used  in  the  sense  of  ausi. 

160.  Tristi  vulnere. :  with  bitter  agony  of 
mind.      Vulnus,  is  properly  a  wound ;  by 
melon,  the  wounding  instrument;  also  the 
pain,  or  anguish  arising  from  the  wound. 
RUEDUS  says,  solicitudine. 

161.  Ingenti  mole:  with  a  mighty  retinue. 
Ruseus  says,  magno  apparatu. 

163.  Bis  sex  aurati  radii :  twelve  golden 
rays  or  beams  represented  the  twelve  signs 
of  the  zodiac.  Cui  tempora :  around 
refulgent  temples,  &c. 


.EiNElS.     LIB.  Xlf, 


575 


165 


170 


Auriui  bis  sex  radii  fulgentia  cingunt, 
Soils  avi  specimen  :  bigis  it  Turnus  in  albis, 
Bina  manu  lato  crispans  hastilia  ferro. 
Hinc  pater  JEneas,  Romano?  stirpis  origo, 
Sidereo  flagrans  clypeo  et  coelestibus  armis, 
Et  juxta  Ascanius,  magnoe  spes  altera  Romae, 
Procedunt  castris  :  puraque  in  veste  sacerdos 
Setigerae  fcetum  suis,  intonsamque  bidentem 
Attulit,  admovitque  pecus  flagrantibus  aris. 
Illi  ad  surgentem  conversi  lumina  Solem, 
Dant  fruges  manibus  salsas,  et  tempora  ferro 
Summa  notant  pecudum,  paterisque  altaria  libant. 

Turn  pius  ^Eneas  stricto  sic  ense  precatur  :  175 

Esto  nunc  Sol  testis,  et  haec  mihi  terra  precanti, 
Quam  propter  tantos  potui  perferre  labores  : 
Et,  pater  omnipotens,  et  tu,  Saturnia  Juno, 
Jam  melior,  jam  Diva,  precor :  tuque,  inclyte  Mavors, 
Cuncta  tuo  qui  bella  pater  sub  numine  torques,        180 
Fontesque  fluviosque  voco ;  quaeque  aetheris  alti 
Relligio,  et  quae  ccEruleo  sunt  numina  ponto : 
Cesserit  Ausonio  si  fors  victoria  Turno, 
Convenit,  Evandri  victos  discedere  ad  urbem  ; 
Oedet  lulus  agris ;  nee  post  arma  ulla  rebelles 


168.  Et  juxta  cum 


176.  Nunc  tu,  O  Sol, 
et  hffic  terra,  propter 
quarn  potui  perferre 
tantos  labores,  esto  tes- 
tis mihi 

179.  Precor  vos 

180.  O  inclyte  pater 
Mayors,  qui 

184.  Trojanos  victos 


185 


NOTES. 


164.  Specimen :  after  the  manner  of  his 
grandsire,  the  Sun.  Latinus  was  the  grand- 
son of  Picus,  who  took  Circe  the  daughter 
of  the  Sun  to  wife,  and  by  her  had  Faunus, 
the  father  of  Latinus,  who  was,  therefore, 
the  grandson  of  the  Sun.  .Albis  bigis  :  in 
a  chariot  drawn  by  two  white  steeds.  //  : 
in  the  sense  of  vehilur. 

167.  Flagrans :  in  the  sense  of  resplendens 
vel  lucens. 

170.  F&twn  seiigera  suis :  the  young  of 
a  bristly  sow — a  pig.  Ruoeus  observes,  that 
the  ewe-lamb  (inlonsam  bidentem)  was  of- 
fered for  jEneas  after  the  manner  of  the 
Greeks,  who  commonly  ratified  a  league 
with  the  sacrifice  of  a  sheep  or  lamb.    The 
swine  again  is  for  Latinus,  after  the  Ro- 
man  or   Italian   manner ;    which,  accord- 
ing to  Livy,  was  of  great  antiquity.     He 
gives   the  form   of  ratifying   a   league  in 
the  reign  of  Tullus  Hostilius.     Having  in- 
voked Jupiter,  the  fecialis  or  priest  says : 
lllis  legibus  populus  non  dejiciet.     Si  prior 
defecerit,  publico  consilio,  dolo  ma!o ;  tu  illo 
die^  Jupiter,  populum  sic  ferito,  ut  ego  hunc 
poreum  hodie  feriam :    tanlb    magis  ferito, 
qnanlo  magis  putes  pollesque. 

171.  Pecus:  in  the  sense  of  victimas.   At- 
tulit :  in  the  sense  of  adduxit.    Admovit : 
in  the  sense  of  statuit. 

172.  Lumina  :  in  the  sense  of  oculos  vel 
faciem. 

173.  Dant :    in   the  sense   of  spargunt. 
Frugcs:  in  the  sense  ofmolam. 


174.  Pecudum :  in  the  sense  of  victima- 
rum.  Paterisque:  and  they  made  libations 
upon  the  altars.  This  was  the  dropping,  or 
sprinkling  of  wine,  or  other  liquor,  upon  the 
altar,  from  the  sacred  bowls,  or  goblets. 

179.  Melior  Diva.     Juno  was  the  impla- 
cable enemy  of  the  Trojan  race.     ./Eneas 
would  intimate,  that    now  at  length,  she 
was  ceasing  from  her  resentment,  and  be- 
coming more  favorable  to  them.     Precor  : 
I  beseech  you.     Melior :    in  the   sense  of 
propitia  vel  mitis. 

180.  Torques:  in  the  sense  of  regis  vel 
tencs.    Numine :  in  the  sense  ofpolestate. 

181.  Quceque  relligio.     By  rdligio  we  are 
here  to  understand  the  objects  of  religious 
worship — the   gods  of  heaven  above ;    in 
opposition  to  the  objects  of  religious  wor- 
ship on  the  earth.     The  verb  est  is  to  be 
supplied.     RUGBUS  says,  qucr.cunque  dirini- 
tas.     Voco  :  in  the  sense  of  inroco  vel  precor. 

./Eneas  here  makes  a  very  solemn  invoca- 
tion of  the  gods  above,  and  of  the  deities 
that  preside  over  the  sea,  to  witness  tho 
ratification  of  the  treaty.  The  deities  here 
named  were  those  that  were  called  DO. 
communes,  or  gods  common  to  both  sides  or 
parties  to  the  contract. 

183.  Fors:  in  the  sense  of  forte. 

184.  Convenit:    it  is  agreed  upon.     Ad, 
urbem  Erandri :  this  was  the  city  Pallan- 
teum.     See  ^En.  viii.  5  t. 


576 


P.  VIRG1LII    MAROMS 


./Eneadae  referent,  ferrove  base  regna  lacesssent. 
Sin  nostrum  annuerit  nobis  victoria  Martem, 

188.  Firrnentspem     (Ut  potius  reor,  et  potius  Di  numine  firment) 
Non  ego  nee  Teucris  Italos  parere  jubebo, 
Nee  mihi  regna  peto.     Paribus  se  Jegibus  amba3      190 
Invictae  gentes  aeterna  in  foedera  mittant. 
Sacra  Deosque  dabo  :  socer  arma  Latinus  habeto, 

193.  Socer  habeto  so-  Impenum  solemne  socer  :  mihi  moania  Teucri 

t   Constituent,  urbique  dabit  Lavinia  nomen. 
Sic  prior  /Eneas  :  sequitur  sic  deinde  Latinus,      195 
Suspiciens  ccelum,  tenditque  ad  sidera  dextram  : 
197.  O  ^Enea,  juro  Hasc  eadem,  jEnea,  terram,  mare,  sidera  juro, 
per  haec  eadem  numina,  Latona?que  genus  duplex,  Janumque  bifrontem, 
per  terram  Vimque  Deum  infernam,  et  diri  sacraria  Ditis  : 

Audiat  haec  genitor,  qui  foedera  fulmine  sancit :       200 
Tango  aras  ;  mediosque  ignes  et  numina  tester  : 
Nulla  dies  pacem  hanc  Italis,  nee  foedera  rumpet, 
Quo  res  curique  cadent :  nee  me  vis  ulla  volentom 
204.  Non;  si  t//a  wAvertet :  non,  si  tellurem  effundat  in  undas 
effundat  Diluvio  miscens  ;  coelumve  in  Tartara  solvat :          205 

Ut  sceptrum  hoc  (dextra  sceptrum  nam  forte  gerebat) 
Nunquam  fronde  levi  fundet  virgulta,  nee  umbras, 


NOTES. 


187.  Nostrum :  noster  here  is  used  in  the 
sense  of  propitium  vel  seeundum.     Mars  is 
his,  or  on  his  side,  whose  interest  he  es- 
pouses.    Annuerit :    shall  prove,  show,  or 
declare  Mars.     Servius  takes  it  by  hypal- 
lage,   for  nosier  Mars   annuerit   victoriam 
nobis. 

188.  Numine:  Ruccus  says,  auctorilate. 

189.  Non:  this  appears  to  be  merely  ex- 
pletive. 

190.  Leges:  terms — conditions.  Mitlant: 
in  the  sense  of  jungant. 

192.  Socer  lutbeto  arma :  let  my  father-in- 
law  have  the  management  of  peace  and 
war :  which  is  the  same  thing  as  being 
king.  This  is  more  fully  expressed  in  the 
next  line.  Solemne  :  usual — customary. 
Heyne  says,  legitimum :  Ruseus,  supremum. 
Dabo:  I  will  attend  to  religious  rites,  and 
to  the  gods — I  will  regulate  the  ceremonies 
of  religion,  and  the  worship  of  the  gods. 
This  alludes  to  the  Penates,  and  Vesta, 
whose  worship,  it  is  said, /Eneas  introduced 
into  Italy. 

197.  Juro  hate  eadem.  Latinus  swears  by 
the  same  gods,  by  whom  ./Eneas  had  just 
sworn,  besides  those  here  enumerated.  Du- 
plex genus :  by  this  we  are  to  understand 
Apollo  and  Diana,  who  were  twin  children 
of  Latona. 

199.  Vim  infernam  :  by  the  infernal  power 
of  the  gods — the  power  of  the  infernal  gods. 
That  is,  the  infernal  gods  themselves.     So 
i.is  odora  canum.     ./En.  iv.  132.     Sacraria  : 
sanctuary  of  direful  Pluto. 

200.  Genitor:  Jupiter. 


201.  Tango  aras:  it  was  a  custom  fur 
those  who  made  supplication,  offered  sacri- 
fice, or  took  an  oath,  to  lay  their  hands 
upon  the  altar.  This  custom  has  descend- 
ed to  the  present  time,  in  administering  the 
solemnities  of  an  oath.  The  party  taking 
the  oath  lays  his  hand  on  the  bible,  and  ca  11s 
God  to  witness  the  truth  of  his  declaration. 
Medios  ignes :  those  fires  common  to  both 
parties — in  which  they  partook. 

203.  Quorunqve :   the  parts  of  the  word 
are  separated  by  tmesis,  for  the  sake  of  tlm 
verse  :  howsoever.     Aver  let :  in  the  sense  of 
abducct. 

204.  Si  effundat.   Servius  takes  this  as  an 
hypallage  for  effundat  undas  in   tellurem  : 
should  deluge  the  earth— throw  the  waters- 
over  the  earth.     Ruseus  takes  it  to  imply 
the   sinking   and    dissolving    of  the  earth 
itself  into  Che  waters  of  the  ocean.     Heyne 
appears  to  adopt  the  same  opinion. 

Latinus  here  expresses  his  full  determi- 
nation to  abide  by  the  conditions  of  the 
treaty,  and  declares,  that  no  power  should 
divert  him  from  it  with  his  consent,  not 
even  if  the  world  were  wrapped  in  a  de- 
luge, and  a  general  dissolution  of  things 
take  place.  Ruaeus  says,  dissolval  terram  in 
aquas,  confundens  earn  diluvio. 

205.  Solvat.     Ruseus  says,  dejiceal.     Da- 
vidson renders  the  words,  u  plunge  lir;. 
into  hell."    Heyne  says,  misceat  ccelum  fr 
1\irlarum. 

206.  Ut  sceptrum.     This   comparison    is 
taken  almost  literally  from  Homer.     Fun- 
del :  shall  put  forth,  or  produce. 


IS.     LIB.  XII. 


577 


Cum  semel  in  sylvis  imo  de  stirpe  recisum 
Matre  caret,  posuitque  comas  et  brachia  ferro  ; 
Glim  arbos  ;  nunc  artificis  manus  aere  decoro  '210 

Inclusit,  patribusque  dedit  gestare  Latinis. 

Talibus  inter  se  finnabant  foedera  dictis, 
Corispectu  in  medio  procerum.     Turn  rite  sacratas 
In  flammam  jugulant  pecudes,  et  viscera  vivis 
Eripiurit,  cumulantque  oneratis  lancibus  aras.          215 

At  vero  Rutulis  impar  ea  pugna  videri 
Jamdudum,  et  vario  misceri  pectora  motu  : 
Turn  magis,  ut  propius  cernunt  non  viribus  uequis. 
Adjuvat  incessu  tacito  progressus,  et  aram 
Suppliciter  venerans  demisso  lumine,  Turnus,          220 
Tabentesque  gense,  et  juvenili  in  corpore  pallor. 
Quern  simul  ac  Juturna  soror  crebrescere  vidit 
Sermonem,  et  vulgi  variare  labantia  corda  : 
In  medias  acies,  formam  assimulata  Camerti, 
Cui  genus  a  proa  vis  ingens,  clarumque  paternae      225 
Nomen  erat  virtutis,  et  ipse  acerrimus  armis, 
In  medias  dat  sese  acies,  baud  riescia  re 
Rumoresque  sent  varios,  ac  talia  fatur  : 
Non  pudet,  6  Rutuli,  cunctis  pro  talibus  unam 
Objectare  animam  1  numerone,  an  viribus  aequi        230 
Non  sumus?  En,  omnes  etTroes  et  Arcades  hi  sunt, 
Fatalisque  marius,  infensa  Etruria  Turno. 
Vix  hostem,  alterni  si  congrediamur,  habemus. 
Ille  quidem  ad  Superos,  quorum  se  devovel  .axis, 
Succedet  fama,  vivusque  per  ora  feretur  :  235 


210.  Olim  erat  arbos 

211.  Inclusit  earn  de- 
coro  ffire 

214-  lisdem  vivis 
216.  Ea  pugna  cKpit 
218.   Qemunt    duces 


219-  Turnus  adjuvat 
^     ""'    ^ 


222.  Quern  sermonem 
inter  Rutulos  simul 


^'  ^n(lu(m">  in  me' 
acies>  haud 


234.  Lie  Turnus 

235.  Per  ora  hominum 


NOTES. 


208.  Cum  semel  :  since  once  cut  in   the 
woods  from  the  lowest  stem,  it  is  deprived 
of  the  nourishment  of  its  parent  stock. 

209.  Posuit  :  hath  laid  aside  —  been  strip- 
ped  of. 

210.  Manus  :  the  skill  of  the  artist.     Ma- 
nus:  the  hand,  by  meton.  art  —  skill. 

211.  Patribus:  ,n  the  sense  of  regibus. 

214.  Pecudes  jugulant  :  they  kill  the  sa- 
cred  victims  over  the  flames  of  the  altar. 

215.  Cumulant:  they  heap,  or  load  the 
altars.     See  JEn.  viii.  284.     Oneratis  :    in 
the  sense  of  plenis. 

221.  Tabentes  gencE  :  lank,  or  fallen  cheeks, 
Some  copies  read  pubentes  :  but  tabentes  is 
confirmed  by  the  authority  of  the  best  ma- 
nuscripts,  and  is  most  agreeable  to  the  de- 
sign  of  the  poet.  Heyne  says,  tabentes. 
I'idit:  in  the  sense  of  senlit. 

223.  Labantia:  in  the  sense  of  mobiiia. 
T'ariare  :  in  the  sense  of  dissentire  :    to  be 
dissatisfied  at  the  conditions  of  the  treaty, 
made  between  Latinus  and  ^Eneas. 

224.  Assimulata  :  personating  the  form  of 
Camertus,  she  throws  herself,  &c.     The  in 
medias  acies  is  to  be  taken  after  the  same 
words,  in  line  '227,  infra. 

225.  Genus  :    origin—  descent.     Cui  :  in 
the  sense  of  cujus.     Ingens  :  great  —  illus- 


226.  Nomen  :  renown—  fame.  Acerrimus  : 
in  the  sense  of  fortissimus.  Erat  is  to  be 
repeated  with  this  word,  and  also  with 
genus,  in  the  preceding  line. 

229.  Talibus.  Servius  thinks  we  are  to 
understand  by  this  word  that  all  of  them 
were  equal  to  Turnus  in  valor.  RUSBUS 
says,  omnibus  us.  Davidson  renders  it, 
"all  these."  Animam  unam:  the  life  of 
Turnus. 

231.  Hi  :   this  is  the  reading  of  Heyne. 
The  common  reading  is  hie. 

232.  Fatalis  manus.    By  these  words  Ser- 
vius  understands  the  Trojans,  who  were 
destined  to  come  into  Italy.     But  it  is  bet- 
ter  to  understand  it  of  the  Tuscans,  who 
were   directed  by  fate   to  put   themselves 
under   the   conduct   of  ^neas,   a  foreign 
leader;  and  on  that  condition  alone,  they 
were  assured  of  success.    See  Lib.  viii.  501. 
This  interpretation  frees  Virgil  from  the  im- 
putation  of  idle  repetition.     Etruria  infensa 
Turno  :  one  part  of  Etruria  was  hostile  to 
Turnus  ;  and  another  assisted  him,  under 
the  command  of   Messapus.      The  fatahs 
manus  is  evidently  the  same  as  Etruria  in- 
fensa  Turno. 

233.  AUerni  :   every  other  one.     They 
were  double  the  number  of  the  enemy. 

235.   Vivusaut  fiTtlur  per  ora.    Thin  im- 


.s:s  P.  VIRGIL1I  MARONIS 

Nos,  patria  amissa,  dominis  parere  superbis 
Cogemur,  qui  nunc  lenti  consedimus  arvis. 

Talibus  incensa  est  juvenum  sententia  dictis 
Jam  magis  atque  magis  :  serpitque  per  agmina  murmur. 
_240.Mulatinm/mcn-IpSi  Laurentcs  mutati,  ipsique  Latini;  240 

Qui  sibi  jam  requiem  pugim:,  rebusque  salutem 
Sperabant ;  nunc  arma  volunt,  foedusque  precantur 
Infectum,  et  Turni  sortem  miserantur  iniquam. 
244.  His  rebus  His  aliud  majus  Juturna  adjungit,  et  alto 

Dat  signum  coelo  :  quo  non  pnesentius  ullum  245 

Tuibavit  mentes  Italas,  monstroque  fefellit. 

247.  Namque  aquila,  Namque  volans  rubra  fulvus  Jovis  ales  in  aethra, 
fulvus  ales  Jovis  Litoreas  agitabat  aves,  turbamque  sonantem 

Agminis  aligeri :  subito  cum  lapsus  ad  undas 
Cycnum  excellentem  pedibus  rapit  improbus  uncis. 
Arrexere  animos  Itali ;  cunctaeque  volucres  251 

Convertunt  clamorc  fugam,  mirabile  visu  ! 
jfctheraque  obscurant  pennis,  hostemque  per  auras, 
254,  Donee  ales  vie-  Facta  nube,  premunt :  donee  vi  victus,  et  ipso 
tus  yi,  et  ipso  pondcre  Pondere  detecit,  praedamque  ex  unguibus  ales          255 
rVcni  Projecit  fluvio,  penitusquc  in  nubila  fugit. 

Turn  vero  augurium  Rutuli  clamorc  salutant, 
Expediuntque  maims  :  primusque  Tolumnius  augur, 
259.  Hoc,  hoceratirf,  Hoc  erat,  hoc,  votis,  inquit,  quod  ssepe  petivi  ; 

A    •  •  Accipio,  aguoscoque  Deos.     Me,  me  duce,  fcrrum  2tiO 

Compile,  6  Rutuli,  quos  improbus  advena  bcllo 

NOTES. 

plies,  that   he  should  be  immortal.      Sue-         254.  Nubefactd  :  a  cloud  being  formed — 

cedet :  in  the  sense  of  ascerdet.  closing  in  thick  array  around  him,  they  form 

237.  Lenli:    idle — lazy — at  our  ease. —  a  cloud,  and   darken   the   sky  with  their 
Ruceus  says,  oliosi.  wings. 

238.  Sententia :  resolution — mind.  Heyne          255-  Dcfecit :  failed  in  his  strength, 
says,  animus.  257.  Augurium.  This  word  here  is  used 

241.  Rtbus :  to  the  state.  in  its  proper  sense,  which  is  an  onun  or 

243.  Infectum  :  unmade — broken.  prognostic,  taken  from  the  flight,  or  chirping 

244.  His:   to   these   incentives — incite-      of  birds.     The  Rutulians  were  right  in  ex- 
mcnts.  plaining   the    eagle   to   mean  ./Eneas,   the 

245.  Prceseniius  :  more  effectual :  an  adj.  swan,Turnus,  and  the  other  birds,  to  mean 
of  the  comp.  neu.  agreeing  vvith  portentum  themselves.     But   they  were  mistaken,   in 
vel  mo nstrwn,  understood.     It  governs  quo  taking  this  auguiy,  which  Juturna  procured, 
in  the  abl.  than  which.     It  may  be  rendered  to  have  been  sent  from  the  gods.     To  this 
adverbially.  an   allusion  is   made  in   verse  246,  mons- 

246.  Monstro:  deceived  them  by  the  pro-  troque  fefellit.     This  interposition  of  a  supe- 
digy.     Any  thing  that  is,  or  happens,  con-  rior  power,  was  necessary  to  account  for 
trary  to  the  ordinary  course  of  things,  may  the  sudden  change  produced  in  the  minds  of 
bo  called  motislrum.  the  Rutulians  and  Latins. 

247.  Rubra  alhra :    in  the   ruddy   sky.          258.  Expediunt  manus.     By  this,  Valpy 
Litoreas  aves :  sea-fowls — fowls  frequenting  understands  the  elevating  of  their  hand  in 
tlie  sea  shore.  token  that  they  were  prepared  and  ready 

248.  Turbam  :  in  the  sense  of  multitudi-  for  battle.     R,UEBU'S  says,  explicant  manus. 
nem.    Aligeri  agminis  :  of  the  winged  tribe :  Davidson  renders  the  words, "  they  put  their 
the  same  in  sense  with  volucrwn.     Sonan-  troops  in  array,"  which  is  the  sense  of  Ru- 
tcm  :  refers  to  the  sound  made  by  the  rno-  seus.     Heyne  differs  from  both  these  intrr- 
tion  of  the.r  wings,  as  they  passed  through  pretatioiis.     He  says,  cxpediunt  manus  itt 
the  air.     Rueeus  says,  strcpitanttm.  arma  copinnt :   they  prepare  to  take  their 

250.  Improbus  :  in  the  sense  of  avidus.          arms.  These  had  been  laid  aside,  while  the 

251.  Jltrercre:  in  the  sense  of sustulerunt.      preparatious  were  making:,  and  the  league 

252.  Fuxam :  their  course.  was  ratifying.     See  veree  130,  supra. 


jENEIS.     LIB.  XII. 


579 


Territat,  invalidas  ut  aves  ;  et  litora  vestra 
Vi  populat.     Petet  ille  f'ugam,  penitusque  profundo 
Vela  dabit.     Vos  unanimi  densate  catervas, 
Et  regem  vobis  pugna  defendite  raptum.  265 

Dixit  :  et  adversos  telum  contorsit  in  hostes 
Procurrens  :  sonitum  dat  stridula  cornus.  et  auras 
Certa  secat.  Simul  hoc  ;  simul  ingens  clamor  ;  et  omnes 
Turbati  cunei,  calefactaque  corda  tumultu. 
Hasta  volans,  ut  forte  novem  pulcherrima  fratrum 
Corpora  constiterant  contra,  quos  fida  crearat 
Una  tot  Arcadio  conjux  Tyrrhena  Gylippo  ; 
Horum  unum  ad  medium,  teritur  qua  sutilis  ayo 
Balteus,  et  laterum  juncturas*nb»la  mordet, 
Egregium  forma  juvenem  et  fulgenUbus  arnis, 
1  ransadigit  costas,  iulvaque  enundit  arena. 
At  fratres,  animosa  phalanx,  accensaque  luctu, 
Pars  gladios  stringunt  manibus,  pars  missile  ferrum 
Corripiunt,  caecique  ruunt  :  quos  agmina  contra 
Procurrunt  Laurentum.     Hie  densi  rursus  inundant 


268.  Simul  hoc  Jit 

269.  Turbati  sunt 


273.    Hasta    volans 
nBadi8i*  unum   ho- 


ma,  et  fulgentibus  ar- 
mis,  ad  medium  corpus, 
qua  sutilis  balteus 


Tree's,  Agyllinique,  et  pictis  Arcades  armis. 

Sic  omnes  amor  unus  habet  decernere  ferro. 
Diripuere  aras  :  it  toto  turbida  coelo      v""-- 
Tempestas  telorum,  ac  ferreusjngruit ,  imber : 
Craterasque,  focosque  ferunt.     Fugit  ipse  Lati 
Pulsates  referens,  infecto  fcedere,  Divos. 
Infraenant  alii  currus,  aut  corpora  saltu 
Subjiciunt  in  equos,  et  strictis  ensibfts  adsunt. 


281 


'  Messapus  regem,  regisque  insigne  gerentem,-  L'A^.Ji^,    - 

NO"™ '~ 
262.  Invalidas  aves  :  this  agrees  with  quos, 


NOTES. 


mentioned  before,  and  signifies  the  same 
with  it :  as  week  birds. 

263.  Profundo  :  in  the  sense  of  man'.  Pe- 
nilus:  far  remote — far  distant.  Longe,  says 
Ruaeus. 

264.  Densate:  thicken   your  ranks — in 
close  and  compact  array,  defend,  &c.    Ru- 
JBUS  says,  colligite  agmina. 

267.  Cornus :   this  was  a  spear  (fiasla) 
whose  shaft  was  made  of  the  corniel-tree. 

268.  Simul  hoc.   The  meaning  is,  that  as 
soon  as  the  spear  was  thrown  by  Tolumnius, 
all  the  troops  were  eager  to  engage,  and 
their  courage  was  roused  for  battle.     This 
they  signified  by  a  great  shout. 

269.  Cunei.   The  cuneus  was  a  company 
of  men  drawn    ip  in  the  form  of  a  wedge  : 
hence  it  came  to  signify  troops  in  general,  as 
in  the  present  case. 

270.  Corpora  fratrum :  simply,  fratres. 

271.  Crearat:  by  syn.  for  creavcrat :  in 
the  sense  of  pepererat. 

272.  Conjux  :  wife.     Una :  one. 

273.  Qua  sutilis :  where  the  stitched  belt 
is  worn  around  the  belly. 

274.  Mordet :  binds,  or  fastens.    Junclu- 
ras :  the  ends  or  extremities  of  the  belt. 

278.  Stringunt :  in  the  sense  of  cdwvnt. 


279.  C(£ci :  blind  to  danger. 

280.  Inundant:  deluge  the  plain.     The 
word  is  very  expressive.    They  move  like  a 
devouring  flood.    Agyllini:  the  Tuscans,  so 
called  from  Agylla,  one  of  their  cities. 

282.  Unus  amor :  one  mind — desire. 

283.  Diripuere :  they  stripped  the  altars. 

284.  Ingruit:   pours   down    upon  them. 
Tempestas :  a  cloud — storm.     // :  covers  the 
whole  heaven.     Turbida :  thick — terrific. 

285.  Focos  :  in  the  sense  of  ignes. 

2o7.  Infraenant  currus :  they  prepare  their 
chariots — they  harness  their  horses  in  them. 
Subjiriunt:  with  ^  spring,  they  mount,  or 
throw  I!;  ipon  their  horses?.  Livy 

ia  verb  in  the  same  sense:  pavidum 
regem  in  cquum  subjecit. 

288.  ddsunt :  in  the  sense  of  instant^  vel 
connirrunt. 

289.  Messapus  avidas,  &c.    The  meaning 
of  the  passage  appears  to  be  this:  Mi'>-«;ipus 
desirous  of  breaking  the  league,  as  soon  as 
mounted  on  his  horse,  made  an  attack  upon 
Tuscan  Aulcstes,  With  his  horse  full  in  front. 
This  so  alarmed  him,  that  attempting  to  re- 
treat or  give  back,  he  fell  from  his  horse 
among  the   altars,   which   had  just  been 
erected   for  the   purpose   of  ratifying   the 
league.     In  this  situation,  Messapus,  rising 


580  P.  VIRGILII  MAROMS 

Tyrrhenum  Aulesten,  avidus  confundere  ibedus,      290 
Adverse  proterret  equo  :  ruit  ille  recedens, 
292.  In  aris  oppositis  Et  miser  oppositis  a  tergo  involvr.ur  aris, 
*  terg°  In  caput,  inque  humeros.     At  fervidus  advolat  hastzl 

Messapus,  teloque  orantem  multa  trabali^/^}jSL£t/^ 

295.  Altusque  equo  DesUper  altus  equo  graviter  lent,  atque  it^Tatur  :    295 
desuper  graviter    fent  HQC  habet  .   hajc  melior  magnis  data  victima  Divis. 
turn,  orantem  mutta         _,  T     ,.  ,.  ,  , 

296.  Ille  habet  hoc  Concurrunt  I  tali,  spohantque  calentia  membra.  /y\/&> 
vulnus  Obvius  ambustum  torrem  Chorinams  ab  ara 

299.   Obvius   Ebuso  Corripit,  et  venienti  Ebuso  plagamque  ferenti 
venienti,  ferentique  pla-  Occupat  os  flammis.     Olli  ingens  barba  reluxit,       300 
Nidoremque  anibusta  dedit.     Super  ipse  secutus 
Caesariem  laeva  turbati  corripit  hostis, 
Impressoque  genu  nitens  terrse  applicat  ipsum. 

*"  Sic  rigido  latUS  ense  ferit'      Podalirius  Alsum 

Pastorem,  primaque  acie  per  tola  ruentem,  305 

Ense  sequens  nudo  superimminet :  ille  securi 
307.  Ejus  adversi       Adversi  trontem  mediam  mentumque  reduct& 
Disjicit,  et  sparso  late  rigat  arma  cruore. 
Olli  dura  quies  oculos  et  terreus  urget 
Somnus  ;  in  seternam  clauduritur  lumina  noctem.     310 

At  pius  jEneas  dextram  tendebat  inermem 
Nudato  capite,  atque  suos  clamore  vocabat  : 
Quo  ruitis  ?  quaeve  ista  repens  discordia  surgit  ? 

314.  Fcedus  ictum  est  O  cohibete  iras  !  ictum  jam  icedus,  et  omnes 

315.  Jus  concurrere Composit83  leges:  mihi  jus  concurrere  soli  :  315 
PUMW  SOU ;  8inite  me  Me  sinite,  atque  auierte  metus.     Ego  fcedera  faxo 

316.  Ego  faxo  manu,  Firma  manu  :  Tuinum  jam  debent  haic  mihi  sacra. 
ut  fcedera  tint.  Has  inter  voces,  media  inter  talia  verba, 

NOTES. 

high  upon  his  steed  to  give  the  blow  more  the  sacrifices ;  which  accounts  for  his  being 

effect,  gives  him  a  mortal  wound ;  while  he  at  the  altars.     Reluxit :  his  beard  caught 

in  the  mean  time  is  pleading  for  his  life,  tire,  and  shone — blazed, 
without  avail.    Insigne:  in  the  sense  of  or-          301.  Super:  in  the  sense  of  insuper  vel 

namentum.  prceterea.     Ipse:  Chorinceus. 

291.   Proterret:   affrights — alarms — con-          302.  Turbati :  affrighted — confused, 
founds.     Ruit:  in  the  sense  of  cadit.  303.  Impresso  genu :  exerting  himself  with 

294.  Trabali  :  in  the  sense  of  ingenli.  his  knee  being  thrust  hard  against  him,  he 

296.  Melior  victima :  a  better,  or  more  is  enabled  to  pull  Ebusus  over,  and  bring 
effectual  victim  to  appease  the  gods,  than  him  to  the  ground,    dpplicat :  Ruaeus  says, 
those  that  had  been  offered  for  the  league  sternit 

on  the  altars,  where  he  had  fallen  ;  to  wit,  306.  Superimminet :  in  the  sense  ofpremil 

a  lamb  or  a  pig.    Habet  hoc.     This  was  an  vel  urget.     Securi  reductd :  his  axe  being 

expression  made  by  the  spectators  at  the  drawn  back  to  give  the  blow — with  his  axe 

shows  of  the  gladiators,  when  any  one  re-  drawn  back, 

ceived  a  mortal  wound.  308.  Disjicit :  in  the  sense  of  scindit  vel 

297.  Spoliant :  strip  his  limbs  yet  warm,  secat. 

Rueeus  says,  nudant.  309.  Olli :  for  i7K,  and  this  again  in  the 

298.  Obvius :  in  the   sense   of  adversus.      sense  of  illius. 

Rueeus  says,  occurrens.  31 1 .  Inermem :  unarmed :  of  in,  and  arma. 

300.  Occupat  os :  he  strikes  him  on  the          313.  Repens :  in  the  sense  of  subila. 
face  with  the  fire-brand.  This  prevented  the         315.  Leges :  the  terms  or  conditions  of  the 

blow  that  was  intended  by  Ebusus  to  be  treaty. 

given  to  him.    Occupat  os :  Ruaeus  says, in-         316.  Ego  faxo  :  the  meaning   is:  I  will 

tercepit  vultum  Jlammis.     Heyne  says,  ferit  make  good  my  part  of  the  treaty,  and  these 

oicupando.    This  Chorinaeus  was  a  Trojan  sacred  rites  give  me  security,  that  Turnus 

priest.    Ho  had  been  engaged  in  offering  will  perform  his  part.    Faxo :  for  facero. 


jENElS.     LIB.  XII. 


320     320.    Est   incertum, 
qua  manu  pulsa  sit 


Ecce,  viro  stridens  alls  allapsa  sagitta  est  : 
Incertum  qua  pulsa  manu,  quo  turbine  adacta  ; 
Quis  tantam  Rutulis  laudem,  casusne,  Deusne, 
Attulerit.     Pressa  est  insignia  gloria  facti  ; 
Nee  sese  JEneae  jactavit  vulnere  quisquam. 

Turnus,  ut  JEneam  cedentem  ex  agmme  vidit, 
Turbatosque  duces,  subit£  spe  fervidus  ardet  :         325 
Poscit  equos,  atque  arma  simul,  sahuque  superbus 
Emicat  in  currurn,  et  raanibus  molitur  habenas. 
Multa  virum  volitans  dat  fortia  corpora  leto  : 
Semineces  volvit  multos,  aut  agmina  curru 
Preterit,  aut  raptas  fugientibus  ingerit  hastas.  330 

Qualis  apud  gelidi  cum  flumina  concitus  Hebri 
Sanguineus  Mavors  clypeo  increpat,  atque  furentes 
Bella  movens  immittit  equos  :  ilii  aequore  aperto 
Ante  Notos  Zephyrumque  volant  :  gemit  ultima  pulsu 
Thraca  pedum  :  circumque  atrae  Formidinis  ora,      335 
Iraeque,  Insidioeque,  Dei  comitatus,  aguntur.  336.   Circumaguntur 

Talis  equos  alacer  media  inter  pra3lia  Turnus  eum 

Fumantes  sudore  quatit,  miserabile  cassis  /  {JLffi^ 

Hostibus  insultans  :  spargit  rapida  ungula  rores    .-^  '-       339.  Ungula  ejus  equo- 
Sanguineos,  mixtaque  cruor  calcatur  arena.    ?  V  340  rum 
Jamque  neci  Sthenelumque  dedit,  iTiamyrimque,  Pho-     342.    Congressus  est 
lumque  hunc  et  huuc  cominus  ; 

Hunc  congressus  et  hunc  ;  ilium  eminus  :  eminus  ambos 
Imbrasidas,  Glaucum  atque  Ladem  ;  quos  Imbrasus  ipse  eminus  ambos 


331.   Quails  Bangui- 
neus  Mavors,  cum 


NOTES. 


319.  Viro:  to  the  hero,  i.  e.  .-Eneas.  Alls  : 
here  denotes  the  swiftness  of  the  arrow.  It 
moved  on  wings. 

320.  Quo  turbine  :  by  what  whirling  force  : 
simply,  by  what  force.     Quo  impeiu,  says 
Ruaeus.     Pulsa  :  in  the  sense  of  missa. 

322.  Pressa  est:  is  concealed.     No  one 
has  the  glory  of  so  illustrious  a  deed. 

325.  Fervidus  ardet  :  the  absence  of  ^Eneas 
raises  the  courage  of  Turnus,  and  inflames 
him  tor  battle.     He  is  once  more  victorious, 
as  he  had  been  before  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tiber,  when  ^Eneas  was  absent  in  Etruria. 
This  indirect  method  of  praising  his  hero, 
Virgil  had  learned  from  Homer,  who  makes 
his  victory  to  lean  on  the  side  of  the  Tro- 
jans  during  the  absence  of  Achilles  ;  so,  here, 
the  absence  of  ^Eneas  makes  the  scales  turn 
in  favor  of  the  Latms.      The  absence  of 
^neas  was  sudden  and  unexpected  by  Tur- 
nus;  and  as  soon  as  he  saw  him  withdraw 
irom  the  field   he  was  fired  with  the  hope 
of  retrieving  the  lost  fortunes  of  his  country. 

326.  Superbus  :  in  the  sense  of  ammosus. 

327.  Molitur  :  in  the  sense  of  tractat. 
330.  Proterit  :  he  crushed.    Ruaeus  says, 

sternit.  Agmina  :  the  troops  —  the  enemy. 
As  Turnus  drove  furiously  through  the 
ranks  of  the  enemy,  the  wheels  of  his 
chariot  crushed  some  to  death,  and  others 
wounded  and  half  dead  they  rolled  and 


tumbled  along  as  they  lay  prostrate  on  the 
field.  Ingerit  :  he  hurled  —  threw.  Raptas  : 
in  the  sense  of  correptas  vel  arreptas.  Ruseus 
says,  immittit  fugientibus  hastas  abstractas 
iisdem  :  which  implies  that  Turnus  took  the 
spears  from  the  fugitives,  and  then  threw 
them  at  them.  The  word  raptas  frequently 
signifies  no  more  than,  snatched  up  —  sud- 
denly  taken. 

331.  Flumina  Hebri:  along  the  streams 
of  Hebrus  —  along  the  river  *Hebrus.     See 
Eel.  x.  65. 

332.  Increpat:  in  the  sense  of  sonat. 
333    fmmmt  .  letg  loose_gives  full  reins 

lo  hig  furioug  gteedg 

^    Qfa  a(rff  formidinis  ..   the    form  or 

countenance  of  grim  terror-grim  terror 
itself. 

33g    ComiMw  Dli  .  lhe  retinuo  of  the 
d  L  e   Marg    The  WQrd  comttatus  s 

ion  with  the  preceding  nomina- 
In9idia.  P 

,. 

m  .  the  ,  f  ns,e  .  of 
:  miserably  slam. 

339.  Sanguineos  rores  :  simply,  blood. 

342.  Hunc,  et  himc  :  the  two  last  he  en- 
gacred  in  close  fight  ;  the  former  at  a  dis- 
tance.  Hie  sometimes  signifies  the  latter. 
or  last  mentioned  ;  ille,  the  former,  or  fir«i 
mentioned,  as  in  the  present  case. 


P.  VIRGIL1I  MARONIS 

Nutrierat  Lycia,  paribusque  ornaverat  arrnis, 
Vel  conferre  manum,  vel  equo  pravertere  ventos* 

Parte  alia,  media  Eumedes  in  pnelia  fertur, 
347.  Qtu  erat  proles  Antiqui  proles  bello  praeclara  Dolonis, 
aiitiqui  Nomine  avum  referens,  anirno  manibusque  parentem : 

Qui  quondam,  castra  ut  Danaum  speculator  adiret, 

350.  Ausus  cst  pos-  Ausus  Pehdae  pretium  sibi  poscere  currus.  350 

cere  Ilium  Tydides  alio  pro  talibus  ausis 

Affecit  pretio ;  nee  equis  aspirat  Achillis. 

353.  Hunc  Eumeden  Hunc  procul  ut  campo  Turnus  conspexit  aperto  : 

Ante  levi  jaculo  longum  per  inane  secutus, 
_.-  Sistit  equos  bijuges,  et  curru  desilit,  atque  355 

Semianirni  lapsoque  supervenit :  et,  pede  collo 
Impresso,  dextrae  mucronem  extorquet,  et  alto 
Fulgentem  tingit  jugulo,  atque  haec  insuper  addit : 
359.  En,Trojane,ja-En,  agros,  et,  quam  bello,  Trojane,  petisti, 
cens,  metire  agros          Hespeiiain  metire,  jacens  :  ha3c  praemia,  qui  me     360 
^  Ferro  ausi  tentare,  ferunt :  sic  mcenia  condunt. 

Huic  comitem  Buien,  conjecta  cuspide,  mittit : 

3t>3.  Interjicit  Chlo-  Chloreaque,  Sybarimque,  Daretaque,  Thersilochumquc. 
rea(lue  Et  sternacis  equi  lapsum  cervice  Thymoeten. 

Ac  velut  Edoni  Borese  cum  spiritus  alto  365 

Insonat  jEgteo,  sequiturque  ad  litora  fluctus  ; 
Qua  venti  incubuere,  fugam  dant  nubila  coelo  : 
Sic  Turno,  quacunque  viam  secat,  agmina  cedunt. 
Conversaeque  ruunt  acies :  fert  impetus  ipsurn  : 

NOTES. 

344.  Ornaverat:  and  had  furnished  them  by  the  spear  of  Turnus,  and  dying  of  his 

with  equal  arms — with  equal  skill,  or  valor  wounds,   Eumedes   held    a   dagger  in   his 

in  arms.     Conferre  manum :  to  engage  in  hand.     This  the  conqueror  wrenched  from 

close  fight.  him,  and  buried  deep  in  his  throat. 

347.  Proles  praclara  bello.     This  is  to  be  358.  Tingit :  stains.      Ruseus   says,  im- 
understood  ironically,  as  appears  from  what  mersit.     He  buries  his  glittering  sword   in 
follows :  and  particularly,  from  the  character  his  throat.   Immittit  injugulum  ut  sanguine. 
of  Dolon  in  Homer,  Iliad,  lib.  10,  where  he  tingatur,  says  Heyne. 

appears  to  have  undertaken  the  adventure  359.  En  agros :  after  a  victory,  the  con- 
here  alluded  to,  not  from  true  courage,  but  qnerors  divided  the  conquered  lands  and 
from  mere  covetousness.  He  demanded  the  territory ;  and  in  the  first  place  took  the 
chariot  of  Achilles,  as  a  reward  for  this  dimensions  of  them,  in  order  to  distribute 
service.  them  equally  among  their  troops.  To  this 

348.  Referens :  representing — bearing  the  custom  Turnus,  in  this  bitter  sarcasm,  seems 
name  of.     He  bore  the  name  of  his  grand-  to  allude. 

father,  but  was  like  his  father  in  courage  362.  Cuspide :  in  the  sense  of  jaculo. 

and  valor.  364.  Sternacis  equi :  either  stumbling  and 

349.  Q?.u  :  this  refers  to  the  father,  men-  apt  to  fall  himself;  or  rearing  and  pitching, 
tioned  immediately  before.  in  order  to  throw  his  rider.   Cervice :  shoui- 

350.  Pelidce, :  gen.  of  Pelidcs,  a  name  of  ders — back.     Ruoeus  says,  collo. 
Achilles ;  from  his  father  Peleus :  a  patro-  365.  Spiritus  Edoni  Boreas  :  the  blast  of 
nymic.    Pretium :  as  a  reward  for  his  deed.  Thracian  Boreas.     Boreas,  the  north  wind, 

352.  Affecit  alio  pretio.     It  is  here  inti-  is   here   called  Thracian,  because  it  blew 

mated  that  Dolon  was  slain  by  Diomede.  from    that   country.      The   Edoni  were  a 

354.  Ante  secutus:  having  thrown  a  swift  people  of  Thrace:  hence  the  adj.  Edonus. 
dart  at  him  before — having  pursued  him  Alto :  in  the  sense  of  mari.      Spiritus :  in 
with  a  swift  javelin,  fcc.     Inane :  in  the  the  sense  afflatus  vel  ventus. 

sense  of  acrem.  Longum :  distant — at  a  367.  Dant  fugam :  in  the  sense  offugiwit. 
distance.  Incubutre :  blow — rush  or  press  forward. 

357.  Mucronem   dexlrv.     Though  fallen         369.  Ruunt:  in  the  sense  offugiunf 


;ENEIS.     LIB.  XII. 

Et  cristam  adverse  curru  quatit  aura  volantem.        370 

Non  tulit  instantem  Phegeus,  animisque  frementem  :         371.  Turnvm  instan- 

Objecit  sese  ad  currum,  et  spumantia  fraenis  tem  . 

Ora  citatorum  dextra  detorsit  equorum. 

Dum  trahitur,  pendetque  jugis,  hunc  lata  retectura  - 

Lancea  consequitur,  rumpitque  infixa  bilicem  375     375.      Lata    lancea 

Loricam,  et  summum  degustat  vulnere  corpus.  Tumi 

Ule  tamen,  clypeo  objecto,  conversus  in  hostem 

Ibat,  et  auxilium  ducto  mucrone  petebat : 

Cum  rota  praecipitem,  et  procursu  concitus  axis 

Irnpulit,  effuditque  solo  :  Turnusque  secutus,  /     ,  380  *  * 

Imam  inter  galeam  summi  thoracis  et  oras, 

Abstulit  ense  caput,  truricumque  reliquit  arena. 

Atque  ea  dum  campis  victor  dat  funera  Turnus  ; 
Interea  ^Eneam  Mnestheus,  et  fidus  Achates, 
Ascaniusque  comes,  castris  statuere  cruentuni,   _T  385 
Alternos  longa  nitentem  cuspide  gressus.  &jp* 
Srevit,  et  infracta  luctatur  arundine  telum 

Eripere  ;  auxilioque  viam,  quae  proxima,  poscit :  388.  Quse  est  proxi- 

Ense  secent  lato  vulnus,  telique  latebram  ma  •  jubet  ut  medici  se- 

Rescindant  penitus,  seseque  in  bella  remittant.         390  cent 

Jamque  aderat  Phoebo  ante  alios  dilectus  lapyx 

lasides  ;  acri  quondam  cui  captus  amore  392.    Cui    quondam 

Ipse  suasartes,  sua  munera,  laetus  Apollo  Apollo  ipse  captus  acri 

Awgurium,  citharamque  dabat,  celeresque  sagittas.          amore,  laetus  dabat 

NOTES. 

370.  Adverso  curru :  in  his  chariot  facing  breast-plate,   and   the    lower  part  of  his 

the  wind.     Aura:  in  the  sense  of  ventus.  helmet.  Cam :  this  is  the  reading  of  Heyne 

Volanltm :  waving.     But  curru  may  be  for  and    Davidson.     Ruaeus    reads   quern.      It 

currui,  in   the   dat.      The    wind   blowing  appears  that  Phegeus  had  let  go  of   the 

against    his    chariot    facing    it,   (adverso^  horses,  and  was  preparing  to  attack  Turnus, 

causes  his  plumes  to  wave.     Dum  currus  when  they  sprang  forward,  and  the  wheel 

adversus  vertumfertur,  says  Heyne.  in  its  rapid  motion  struck  him. 

573.  Detorsit  ora :  with  his   right  hand  386.   Nitentem   allernos :   supporting   his 

he  turned  around  the  heads,  &c.     This  he  alternate  steps,  &c.     Cuspide :  in  the  sense 

did  to  stop  them,  that  on  more  equal  terms  of  hasta,  by  synec. 

he  might  engage  Turnus.     These  were  the  387.  Arundine ;  the  shaft  of  the  arrow, 

horses    of    Turnus.      Spumantia :      foam-  It  is  placed  absolutely  with  infracta.     Te- 

ing  at  the  bit.     Citatorum :  in  the  sense  of  lum :  the  barb  or  point  of  the  arrow. 

animosorum,  vel  celerum.  303.  Auxilio :  for  relief.   He  orders  them 

375.  Rumpil :  in  the  sense  of  penetrat.  to  make  a  gash  or  incision  (vulnus)  down 

378.  Petehat :   he   sought   aid   with   his  to  the  very  blade  of  tbe  dart  or  javelin, 
drawn  sword.  He  hoped  to  succeed  against  (latebram  idi,)  and   extract  it  without  de- 
Turnus  by  attacking  him  sword  in  hand,  lay,  that  he  may  again  enter  the  fight,  and 
Ruaeus  says,  vocabat  auxilium.     Davidson  check  the  career  of  Turnus.  Proxima:  the 
renders  it,  "  he  sought  assistance  from  his  speediest — quickest. 

unsheathed  sword."  Mucrone. :  in  the  sense         390.  Rescmdu.nl :  in  the  sense  ofaperiant. 
of  gladio.  39-2.  Cui  :  in  the  sense  01  ay  us  :  with  an 

379.  Axis :  the  extremities  of  the  axle-     ardent  love  of  whom,  Apoilo,  &c. 

tree  extended  beyond  tiie  hub  of  the  wheel.          393.  Suas  artes  dahat:  he  gave  to  him  the 

It  was  most  probably  tins  part  that  struck  choice  of  his  arts.     This  appeurs  to  i 

Phegeus,  and  threw  him  headlong  on  the  meaning  troin  verse  396,  infra,  main  it 

ground.     Concitus:  quickened  and  acqale-  A;c.  The  arts  of  Apollo  were,  1.    Prophecy, 

rated  by  its  rapid  career.     The  impetus  it  £.  Musii- :  \vi;cnce,  lie  is  often  represented 

had  acquired  in  its  course  served  to  increase  with  a  lyre,  and  considered  the  god  ol  poets, 

its  velocity.   Turnus  seeing  him  in  that  sit-  3.  Skill  in  archery  :  hence,  he  is  represented 

uation  sprang  from    his  chariot,  and  took  with  a  quiver.    4.  Medicine.    This  In: 

off  his  hoad  between  the  upper  part  of  his  the  choice  of  lapyx. 


584  P.  yiJlGlLfl  MARONIS 

llle,  ut  deposit i  proferret  fata  parentis,  895 

Scire  potestates  herbarum,  usumque  medendi 
Maluit,  et  mutas  agitare  inglorius  artes. 
Stabat  acerba  fremens,  ingentem  nixus  in  hastam 
).  Tmmobilis  mag-  ^Eneas,  magrio  juvenum,  et  moerentis  liili 
n°^^CjjieUSenio3r1/a11     ^oncursu>  lachrymisque  immobilis.      llle  retorto      400 
succinctus   amictu    re-  P860™1101  m  morem  senior  succinctus  amictu, 
torto  in  Pseonium  Multa  manu  medica  Phcebique  potentibus  herbis 

Nequicquam  trepidat ;  nequicquam  spicula  dextra 
Sollicitat,  prensatque  tenaci  forcipe  ferrum. 
Nulla  viam  fortuna  regit;  ni.iil  auctor  Apollo  405 

Subvenit :  et  saevus  campis  magis  ac  magis  horror 
Crebrescit ;  propiusque  malum  est.   Jam  pulvere  ccelum 
Stare  vident ;  subeunt  equites,  et  spicula  castris 
Densa  cadunt  mediis.   It  tristis  ad  aethera  clamor 
Bellantum  juvenum,  et  duro  sub  Marte  cadentum.    410 

Hie  Venus,  indigno  nati  coricussa  dolore, 
Dictamnum  genitrix  Cretaea  carpit  ab  Ida, 
Puberibus  caulem  foliis,  et  flore  comantem 
414.     Ilia    gramina  Purpureo.      Non  ilia  feris  incognita  capris 
mnt  non  incognita        Gramina,  cum  tergo  volucres  haesere  sagittse.  415 

416.    Venus  circum-  Hoc  Venus,  obscuro  faciem  circumdata  nimbo, 
data  quoad  faciem         Detulit :  h6c  fusum  labris  splendentibus  amnem 
Inficit,  occulte  medicans  ;  spargitque  salubres 
Ambrosiae  succos,  et  odoriferam  panaceam. 

NOTES. 

395.  Dcposili  :    sick dangerously  ill.     make  the  sense  of  malum  easy.     See  JEn. 

Fata :  in  the  sense  of  mortem.     Proferret :     ii.  301. 

put  off—defer.  407.  Jam  vident :  they  see  the  air  or  sky 

396.  Medendi :  the  gerund  in  di,  of  me-     stand  thick  with  dust — to  be  overspread  or 
deor :  in  the  sense  of  medicina.    Potestates:     filled  with  dust. 

properties — qualities.       '  411.  Indigno:  unmerited — undeserved. 

397.  Mutas  artes  :  silent  arts — arts  more  412.  Dictamnum  :  the  herb   dittany.     It 
useful  than  showy.  The  other  arts  of  Apollo  is  said  to  have  grown  only  in  Cre,te,  whence 
were  more  ostentatious  and  showy.     Agi-  it  had  its  name  from  Dicte,  a  mountain  in 
tare :  practice  or  exercise.  that  island.      Its  stalk  bears  soft   downy 

398.  Acerba  :  an  adj.  neu.  plu.,  used  ad-  leaves;  and  its  blossoms  are  not  single,  but 
verbially  :  in  the  sense  of  acerbe.  grow  upon  almost  every  leaf:  whence,  it  is 

399.  Mcerentis  :    of    grieving — afflicted,  said  to  be  comantem  jftore  purpureo  :  this 
lulus:   Hey;  e  connects  lachrymis  with  lull  last  denotes  the  color  of  the  flower.  Caulem: 
mozrenlis.     In  t;ns  construction,  lulus  alone  the  stem  or  stalk  :  it  is  here  put  in  apposi- 

.  is  represented  as  shedding  tears.  The  others  tion  with  dictamnum. 

assemble  to  see  the  wounded  hero.  415.  Gramina  :  in  the  sense  ofherba. 

401.  Pa>onium:  an  adj.  from   Paeon  the  416    Hof  .  thig  herb  diu            The  ^ 

physician  of  the  gods ;    here  put  for  any  in  lhe  followi       line  ig  in  the  fa  with 

physic.an      Retorto :  turned  back  after  the  ghe  ti       d      j  «uajUB           ^^ 

manner  of  Paeon,  that  he  might  periorm  the  in  the  S6ense  of 
operation  more  conveniently. 

403.  Trepidat  multa  :  in  the  sense  of  fcs-  4l7-   Labris  :    tue  vessel   m   wmch   the 
tinat  multa :  he  tries  many  expedients  to  herbs  of  lapyx.  were  infused. 

extract  the  arrow,  to  no  purpose.     Malta         419.    Succos   ambrosia.      Homer   makes 

irntati  says  Heyne.  ambrosia  to  be  the  food  of  the  Gods.     It 

404.  Sollicitat:  he  moves,  or  pulls.    Ftr-  properly  signifies   immortality.     Panacea: 
rum:  the  blade,  or  barbed  part  of  the  spear,  a  salutary  herb,  of  which   Pliny  mentions 
Fortuna:   success — advantage.  three  kinds.     According  to  the  etymology 

406.  Subvenit :  in  the  sense  of  adjuvat.  of  the  word,  it  should  be  a  remedy  for  all 

Auctor  :  the  author  of  medicine.     Horror  :  diseases.     Spargit  :    she  diffuses  in  it  the 

in  the  sense  of  terror,  says  Heyne.     It  may  healing  juices  of  ambrosia.     Rueeus  says, 

mean  a  din  or  clashing  of  arms ;  which  will  miscet. 


IS.     LIB.  XII.  585 

Fovit  ea  vulnus  lympha  longaevus  lapis,  420 

Ignorans  :  subitoque  omnis  de  corpore  fugit 

Quippe  dolor ;  omnis  stetit  imo  vulnere  sanguis. 

Jamque  secuta  manum,  nullo  cogente,  sagitta 

Excidit,  atque  novae  rediere  in  pristina  vires.  424.  In  pristina  offi- 

Arma  citi  properate  viro  :  quid  statis  ?  lapis  425 cia  .  .  . 

Conclarnat :  primusque  animos  accendit  in  hostes. 

Non  haec  humanis  opibus,  non  arte  magistra  427.  -^  *K<  praterea, 

Proveniunt ;  neque  te,  ^nea,  mea  dextera  servat :         hffic  non  Proveniunt 

Major  agit  Deus,  atque  opera  ad  majora  remittit. 

IJle  avidus  pugnae  suras  incluserat  auro  430 

Hinc  atque  hinc  ;  oditque  moras,  hastamque  coruscat. 
Postquam  habilis  lateri  clypeus,  loricaque  tergo  est ; 
Ascanium  fusis  circum  complectitur  armis, 
Summaque  per  galeam  deiibans  oscula,  fatur : 
Disce,  puer,  virtutem  ex  me,  verumque  laborem :     435 
Fortunam  ex  aliis.     Nunc  te  mea  dextera  bello  436-  Sed  disce  fortu* 

Defensum  dabit,  et  magna  inter  praemia  ducet.  na^7  Ducet  fg 

Tu  facito,  mox  cum  matura  adoleverit  setas,  438]  TU  fadto  ut  sis 

Sis  memor,  et  te  animo  repetentem  exempla  tuorum,      memorme«wir*w/w,cum 
Et  pater  JSneas,  et  avunculus  excitet  Hector.          440  mox 

Haec  ubi  dicta  dedit,  portis  sese  extulit  ingens, 
Telum  immane  manu  quatiens  :  simul  agmine  denso 
Anteusque  Mnestheusque  ruunt :  omnisque  relictis 
Turba  fluit  castris.    Turn  caeco  pulvere  campus 
Miscetur,  pulsuque  pedum  tremit  excita  tellus.          445 
Vidit  ab  adverse  venientes  aggere  Turnus,  446.  Trojanos  venien- 

Videre  Ausonii ;  gelidusque  per  ima  cucurrit  tes 

Ossa  tremor.     Prima  ante  omnes  Juturna  Latinos 
Audiit,  agnovitque  sonum,  et  tremefacta  refugit. 

Ille  volat,  campoque  atrum  rapit  ;gmen  aperto.        450     450.  Ille  JEncas  volat 
Qualis,  ubi  ad  terras  abrupto  sidere  nimbus 

NOTES. 

420.  Fovit :  in  the  sense  of  lavit.  faciet.     Inter :  in  the  sense  of  ad.    Heyne 

421.  Ignorans:  ignorant  of  the   virtues     takes  prcemia  in  the  sense  of  victorias. 
which  had  been  communicated  to  it.  438.  Adoleverit:  shall  have  become — shall 

422.  Quippe :     indeed — truly.      Stetit :     have  ripened. 

ceased  to  flow.     Censtitit,  says  Ruaeus.  439.  Repetentem :  calling  to  your  mind. 

427.  HCEC  :  this  cure — these  things.  Ruaeus  says,  revolvenlem  animo.     The  fol- 

428.  Proveniunt :  spring — arise   from.—  lowing  line  is  repeated  from  /En.  iii.  343. 
Magistra :  in  the  sense  ofmedica.  440.  Hector.     He  was  the  uncle  of  As.-u  - 

429.  Agit:  performs  the  cure.  nius,  his  mother,  Creiisa,  being  the  daugh- 

430.  Incluserat  suras:    had   incased   his  ter  of  Priam.     It  is  the  wish  of  ^Eneas  that, 
legs  on  each  side  in  gold.  his  own  example',  and  the  example  of  his 

432.  Habilis  :  in  the  sense  of  aplus.  uncle,  may  excite  him  to  piety  and  virtue* 

433.  Complectitur:    he   embraces   Asca-  and  to  the  performance  of  deeds  of  valor, 
nius,  with  his  arms  spread   around    him.          444.  Turba:  the   troops — all  that  were 
The  circum  and/?m's  are  to  be  united  into  in  the  camp.     Fluit :  in  the  sense  of  rum- 
one  word.  punt  vel  ruunt.     Caco :  darkening,  or  ob- 

434.  Deiibans :  gently  touching  his  lips  scuring  the  air. 

througn  his  helmet.     We  have  here  a  most  445.  Excite:  in  the  sense  ofcommota. 

interesting  instance  of  ,  ifc  [6    slggtre:  in  the  sense  of  tumulovel 

and  of  tender  solicitude  for  the  futvre  wei-  colic. 

fare  of  his  son.  450.  Rapd  :  in  the   sense   of  duett  vel 

435.  Laborem  :  fortitude — patience  under  trahit.     Strain:  Rutrur-  says,  Jcnsum. 
dii.:-  :ities.  451,  Sidcrc  .:'                          "on  observes, 

437.  Dabit :   in  the  tddtt  vel      tha'  may  be  taken  1 


586  P.  VIRG1LII  MARONLS 

452.  Ille  mmbus  dabit  It  mare  per  medium  :  miseris,  lieu,  praescia  Jonge 

453.  Heu,  corda  mi-  Horrescunt  corda  agricolis !  dabit  ille  ruinas 
seris  agricolis  prsescia    Arboribus,  stragemque  satis,  ruet  omnia  late. 

**£//?$& '  •"     -  Antevolant,  sonitumque  ferunt  ad  litora  venti.    -       45i>  *- 
Talis  in  adversos  ductor  Rhoeteius  hostes 
Agmen  agit :  densi  cuneis  se  quisque  coactis    l 
Agglomerant.     Ferit  ense  gravem  Thymbraeus  Osirim  : 
Archetium  Mnestheus,  Epulonem  obtruncat  Achates, 
Ufentemque  Gyas.     Cadit  ipse  Tolumnius  augur,    460 
Primus  in  adversos  telum  qui  torserat  hostes. 
Tollitur  in  ccelum  clamor :  versique  vicissim 
Pulverulenta  fugii  Rutuli  dant  terga  per  agros. 

464.  Eos  a  versos  morli  Ipse  neque  aversos  dignatur  sternere  morti ; 

Nee  pede  congresses  sequo,  nee  tela  ferentes  465 

Insequitur  :  solum  densa.  in  caligine  Turnum 
Vestigat  lustrans,  solum  in  certamina  poscit. 

468.  Concussa  quoad      Hoc  concussa  metu  mentem  Juturna  virago,'  <' 
mentem  hoc  Aurigam  Tumi  media  inter  lora  Metiscum 

Excutit,  et  longe  lapsuin  temone  relinquit.  470 

471.  Jpsasubitme/wslpsasubit,  manibusque  undantes  flectit  habenas, 
locum  Cuncta  gerens,  vocemque,  et  corpus,  et  arma  Metisci. 

Nigra  velut  magnas  domini  cum  divitis  aedes 
Pervolat,  et  pennis  alta  atria  lustrat  hirundo, 
Pabula  parva  legens,  nidisque  loquacibus  escas ;       475 
Et  nunc  porticibus  vacuis,  nunc  humida  circum 

NOTES. 

which  \vus  thought  to  be  the  effect  of  sonic  464.  dversos  morti.  Pierius  found  avr.rsos 
furious  constellation.  In  this  sense,  abrupto  in  the  Roman  manuscript.  The  poet  is 
sidere  will  mean  the  same  with  abrupta  here  telling  us,  that  ./Eneas  disdained  to 
tempestatc,  vel  abruplis  procellis  :  bursting  fight  with  any  of  the  Rutulian  army  but 
storms,  as  in  the  third  Georgic.  Or,  if  Turnus.  This  he  does  by  a  circumlocution, 
sidere  be  taken  in  its  proper  sense,  then  dividing  the  Rutulians  into  three  divisions  : 
abrupto  must  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  ca-  1.  The  aversos  morti:  those  that  were  on 
dente,  setting;  the  constellations  being  the  flight.  2.  The  congresses  aquo  pede: 
thought  more  furious  toward  the  time  of  those  who  were  engaged  in  close  fight,  on 
their  setting.  Nimbus :  a  black  cloud,  equal  terms.  3.  The  ferentes  tela :  those 
fraught  with  thunder  and  rain.  This  is  who  fought  with  missive  weapons,  at  a  dib- 
its proper  meaning.  Heyne  takes  sidere  tance.  Heyne  reads  aversos. 
abrupto  in  the  souse  of  nube  abrupta :  the  465<  Ferentes  .  in  the  sense  of  inferentes, 
cloud  bursting,  or  being  burst. 

452.  Praxcia  longe. :   presaging  disaster,  466'  Caligine:  in  the  sense  of pulvere>vd 
while  the  storm  is  yet  at  a  distance— fore-  nube  pulveris. 

seeing  the  danger  at  a  distance.  468.  Virago :  the  heroine  Juturna. 

453.  Agricolis  miseris  :    the  dat.  in  the         470.  Excutit :  in  the  sense  of  deficit  vel 
sense  of  the  gen.     The  hearts  of  the,  &c.         prcecipilat. 

f*'  *fVm  th°  fvf86  °f  "*?%   •  472.   Kerens  cuncta:   assuming-taking 

456.  Rh&teius :  in  the  sense  of  Troianus,       n  .,  •  +u  +u        •       fr 

so  called  from  Rhateum,  a  promontory  on  a11  t,hin^  both  the  voice'  &c' 

the  coast  of  Troas  473.  Vdut  cam  nigra  hirundo.     The  epi- 

457.  Cuneis  coactis :    the   ranks  being  thet  niS™'  Scaliger  observes,  is  added  to 
closed :   "  in  thick  array,"  says  Davidson,  distinguish  tins  kind  of  swallow  from  those 
Jgrlomerant  se :  they  crowd  themselves  to-  that  haunt  the  banks  of  nvers'  and  are  of  a 
o-ether.  sandy   color.      Petronius    calls   it  urbana 
"  458.'  G-ravem  :  in  the  sense  offorlem.  Prognt,  because  it  loves  to  frequent  towers, 

462.  Tern  :  in  the  sense  of  fugali.    The  and  such  stalely  l>uildings  as  are  m  <*11** 

Rutuli  had  been  victorious,  while  .ffineas  -^des :  Palace.     Rusus  says,  domum. 
was  disabled  by  his  wound.     Now  he  is  on          475.  Nidis  :  the  nests  are  here  put  for  the 

the  field,  the  scale  of  victory  is  turned,  and  young  in  the  nests,  by  meton.     Escas:  put 

they,  in  turn,  are  put  to  flight.  in  apposition  \vithparva  pabula. 


^ENEIS.     LIB.  Xil. 


Stagna  souat :  similis  medios  Juturnaper  host<v 
Fertur  equis,  rapidoque  volans  obifomnia  curru  : 
.Jamque  hie  germanum,  jamque  hie,  ostendit  ovantem  : 
Nee  conferre  manum  patitur  :  volat  avia  longe.        480 

Haud  minus  ^Eneas  tortos  legit  obvius  orbes, 
Vestigatque  virum,  et  disjecta  per  agmina  rnagna 
Voce  vocat.     Quoties  oculos  conjecit  in  hostem, 
Alipedumque  fugam  cursu  tentavit  equorum  ; 
Aversos  toties  currus  Juturna  retorsit. 
Heu  !  quid  agat  ?  varro  nequicquam  fluctuat  sestu 
Diversaeque  vocant  animum  in  contraria  curae. 
Huic  Messapus,  uti  Ia3va  duo  forte  gerebat 
Lenta,  levis  cursu,  prsefixa  hastilia  ferro, 
Horum  unum  certo  contorquens  dirigit  ictu. 
Substitit  jEneas,  et  se  collegit  in  arma. 
Poplite  subsidens  ;  apicem  tamen  incita  summum 
Hasta  tulit,  summasque  excussit  vertice  cristas. 
Turn  vero  assurgunt  iroe  ;  insidiisque  subactus, 
Diversos  ubi  sensit  equos  currumque  referri, 
MultaJovem,  et  laesi  testatur  fcederis  aras. 
Jam  tandem  invadit  medios,  et  Marte  secundo 
Terribilis,  saevam  nullo  discrimine  caedem 
Suscitat,  irarumque  omnes  eftundit  habenas. 


477.  .Similis  huic  aii 
Juturna 


480.  Nee  patitur  eum 


485 


490 


483.   Vocat  Turnum 
magna  voce 


488.  Messapus,  uti 
forte  levis  cursu  gerebat 
laeva  manu  duo  lenta 
hastilia 

490.  Huic^nere 


495     495.  Equos  Tumi  ra- 
pi  diversos 

497.  Medios  hastes 


NOTES. 


477.  Sonat :  chirps,  or  chatters. 

478.  Obit :  goes  over,  or  around.    Ruseus 
says,  percurrit. 

480.  Longc  avia :  far  out  of  the  way,  so 
as  not  to  meet  ^Eneas.     Avia  :  an  adj.  from 
avius,  agreeing  with  Juturna.    Conferre  ma- 
num :  to  engage  in  close  combat,  or  fight 
with  $]neas. 

481.  Legit  torlos  orbes  obvius  :  traces  the 
mazy  circles  and  windings  of  Turrius,  not 
for  the  purpose  of  overtaking  him,  but  for 
the  purpose  of  meeting  him.     This  is  the 
sense  of  obvius. 

482.  Disjecta :   scattered — flying  before 
him. 

484.  Fugam :  the  speed — swiftness.    Ru- 
seus  says,  celeritatcm.     Alipedum :   in  the 
sense  ofcelerum :  the  swift,  or  winged  horses 
of  Turnus. 

485.  Retorsit  currus.     The  meaning  is: 
whenever   jEnieas  was  about  to   intercept 
her  course,  coming  up   in   front,  Juturna 
wheeled  about  the  chariot,  and  drove  back- 
ward, so  as  to  prevent  the  meeting  of  the 
two  champions.     Currus:  the  chariot,  by 
meton.  the  horses. 

486.  Heu,  quid  agat .    Dr.  Trapp  explains 
this  of  Juturna  ;  but  it  is  evident  we  are  to 
understand  it  of  ^Eneas.     It  is  he  who  is 
disappointed,  and  crossed  in  his  design  of 
meeting  Turnus.      JF.stu :  with  a  tide   of 
passions.     Irarnm  is  understood. 

487.  In  contraria  :  in  opposite  directions — 
in  different  ways.     Taken  in  the  sense  of 
•in  contr arias  paries. 


489.  Levis  :  in  the  sense  of  celer,  agreeing 
with  Messapus.  Prce/ixa :  in  the  sense  of 
armata. 

491.  Collegit  se  in  arma  :  he  contracted, 
or  collected  himself  into  his  armor.   Though 
the  word  arma  is  here  mentioned  in  general, 
it  must  be  restricted  to  the  shield,  behind 
which   he   hid   himself,  bending  upon  his 
knee,  and  contracting  his  body.     Virgil  uses 
the  word  in  the  same  sense  in  other  places. 

492.  Subsidens :  in  the  sense  of  cadens. 
Ruffius  says,  incurvans  se.     Incita:  in  the 
sense  of  immissa  vel  cdcr. 

493.  Conciia  hasta  tulit :  the  meaning  is : 
the  rapid  spear  just  grazed  the  top  of  his 
head,  and  carried  with  it  the  tuft,  or  plume 
of  his  helmet.     Vertice:    in  the  sense  of 
cap  He. 

494.  Subactus  insidiis :    baffled  by   the 
stratagems  of  Juturna.   Ruceus  says,  coa ctus. 

496.  Testatur.  This  is  the  reading  of 
most  of  the  ancient  manuscripts.  It  is 
preferable  to  lestatus*  which  is  the  reading 
of  RUOJUS.  Heyne  reads  testatur.  Multa  : 
in  the  sense  ofmultum.  Ruceus  says,  safe. 

499.  Suscital :  in  the  sense  offacit.  Ef- 
f audit  habenas:  he  gives  full  reins  to  his 
anger.  This  is  a  metaphor  taken  from  the 
chariot  race.  Kffandere  habenas:  to  give 
full  rein  to  your  horses— to  set  them  at 
full  speed.  Dare — laxare—mittirc—iminit- 
teee,  &c.— habenas  vel  frana.  are  phrases 
denoting  the  same  thin<>. 


588 


P.  VIRGILII  MAROMS 


500.  Nunc  quis,  quis     Quis  mihi  mine  tot  acerba  Deus,  quis  carmine  cfedes 


Deus  expediat  mihi  car-  Dwersas,  obitumque  ducum,  quos  aequore  toto 
ba/t 


501 


503.  Placuit-ne  te,  O  Expediat  ?  tanton'  placuit  concurrere  motu, 
Jupiter  Jupiter,  aeterna  gent.es  in  pace  futuras  ? 

jEneas  Rutulum  Sucronem,  (ea  prima  ruentes     505 
Pugna  loco  statuit  Teucros,)  baud  multa  moratus, 
Excipit  in  latus,  et,  qua  fata  celerrima,  crudum 
Transadigit  costas  et  crates  pectoris  ensem. 
Turnus  equo  dejectum  Amycum,  fratremque  Diorem, 
510.  Ferit  hunc  Dio-  Congressus  pedes  ;  hunc  venientem  cuspide  longa,    510 
ran  venientem  Hunc  mucrone  ferit  ;  curruque  abscissa  duorum 

Suspendit  capita,  et  rorantia  sanguine  portat. 

513.  Ille  &neas  mil-  IUe  Talon,  Tana'imque  neci,  fortemque  Cethegum, 
tit  Talon  Tres  uno  congressu,  et  moestum  mittit  Onyten, 

Nomen  Echionium,  matrisque  genus  Peridiae.  515 

516.  Hie  Turnus  in-  Hie  fratres  Lyci£  missos,  et  Apollinis  agris, 

Et  juvenem  exosum  nequicquam  bella  Menceten 
Arcada  :  piscosae  cui  circum  Humina  Lernae 
Ars  fuerat,  pauperque  domus  :  ncc  nota  potentum 
missi  e  dive°rsire    im"  Limina>  conductaque  pater  tellure  serebat.  520 

522.  In  sonantia  vir-  Ac  velut  immissi  diversis  partibus  ignes 
sjulta  c  lauro  Arentem  in  sylvam,  ct  virgulta  sonantia  lauro  ; 


NOTES. 


nOl.  Obitum :  in  the  sense  of  mortem. 

502.  Inque  vicem :    for    invicemque,  by 
tmesis.     Agit :  causes,  or  effects. 

503.  Motu :   rage — violence.      Tantori1 : 
for  tanto-ne,  by  apocope. 

505.  Pugna:  attack— assault.     Statuit: 
stopped.  The  meaning  of  this  passage  may 
be:  that  the  opposition   made  by    Sucro 
checked  the  Trojans,  who  were  before  rush- 
ing on  the  enemy,  and  railing  without  con- 
trol.  Or,  this  assault  of  ;Lneas  upon  Sucro 
caused  him,  and  the  Trojans,  to  stop  their 
career  arid  pursuit  of  Turnus,  and  remain 
in  the  same  place.     This  is  the  sense  given 
to  it  by  Heyne.     RUSEUS  proposes  a  third 
meaning  to  the  words,  to  wit :  that  the  as- 
sault of  jEneas  upon  Sucro  first  caused  the 
Trojans  to  rally  and  stand  their  ground, 
who  before  were  fleeing,  and  unable  to  re- 
sist so  great  a  hero. 

506.  Multa:  in  the  sense  of  multum.  This 
is  in  imitation  of  the  Greeks,  who  used  ad- 
jectives of  the  neu.  gen.  as  adverbs. 

507.  Excipit:  in  the  sense  of  ferit,  vel 
vulnerat.    Qua  fata  :  wflcre  death  is  easiest 
to  be  effected.     Fata :  in  the  sense  of  mors. 
T h$  verb  sunt  is  understood. 

508.  Crates :  ace.  plu.    RUCEUS  says,  sep- 
tum.    Crudum  :  naked — bloody.    Costas — 
Crates.     These  are  governed  in  the  ace.  by 
the  prep,  trans,  in  comp.,  while  the  verb 
fidigit  governs  crudum  ensem. 

510.  Congressus  pedes :  Turnus  on  foot  en- 
gaging Amycus,  &c.    Congredi  :  signifies  to 


engage  in  close  combat — to  fight  hand  to 
hand. 

514.  Congressu:  onset — assault.    Ruaeus 
says, impetu.  Genus:  in  the  sense  of prolem, 
vel  jilium. 

515.  Echionium  :  an  adj.  from   Echion, 
the  name  of  the  Theban,  who  accompanied 
Cadmus  at  the  building  of  Thebes  in  Beotia. 
Onytes  was  an  Echionian,  or  Theban  name. 
Ruceus  says,  Thebanum. 

516.  Lycia :   a  country  of  Asia  Minor, 
celebrated  for  the  oracles  of  Apollo.     It  is 
here  put  in  apposition  with  agris.   See  JEn. 
iv.  143. 

517.  Exosum:  a  part,  agreeing  with  juve- 
nem, and  governing  bella.     Mencetes  was  an 
Arcadian. 

519.  Ars:  business,  or  employment.  Cui: 
in  the  sense  of  cujus.    Lerna  :  a  lake  near 
the   city   of   Argos  in  the    Peloponnesus, 
famous  for  its  having  been  the"  abode  of  the 
Hydra,  that  was  slain  by  Hercules.     Flu- 
mina :  in  the  sense  of  aquas. 

520.  Limina  potentum :  the  palaces  of  the 
great  were  not  known  to  him.     Ursinus  as- 
sures us  that  limina  is  the  reading  of  the 
most  ancient  manuscript,  Liber  Colitianus 
vetustissimus,  and  he  makes  no  doubt  of  its 
being  the  true  reading.    Heyne  and  David- 
son read  limina.      Ruaeus  and  Valpy  read 
munera.      Of  this  it  is   difficult   to  make 
sense,  whereas  limina  is  easy.     Conducta  : 
in  hired  land.    He  had  no  farm  of  his  own, 

522.  Virgulta :  in  the  sense  of  nemorct. 


jENEIS.     LIB.  XII. 


Aut  ubi  decursu  rapiclo  de  montibus  altis 

Dant  sonitum  spumosi  amnes,  et  in  aequora  currunt,  524.  Aut  ubi  amnes 
Quisque  suum  populatus  iter  :  non  segnius  ambo  525  spumosi  rapido  decursu 
;o  m  525.  Quisaue  amnis 

Aneas  lurnusque  ruunt  per  praBiia  ;  nunc,  nunc 

Fluctuat  ira  intus  :  rumpuntur  nescia  vinci 
Pectora  :  nunc  totis  in  vulnera  viribus  itur. 

Murranum  hie,  atavos  et  avorum  antiqua  sonantem  529.  Hie  JEneas  sco- 
Nomina,  per  regesque  actum  genus  omne  Latinos,  530  pulo,  atque  turbine  in- 
Praecipitem  scopulo  atque  ingentis  turbine  saxi  gentissaxi,excutitMur- 

Excutit,  effunditque  solo.     Hunc  lora  et  juga  subter 
Provolvere  rotae  ;  crebro  super  ungula  pulsu 
Incita  nee  domini  memorum  proculcat  equorum. 
Ille  ruenti  Hyllo,  animisque  immane  frementi, 
Occurrit,  telumque  aurata  ad  tempora  torquet : 
Olli  per  galeam  fixo  stetit  hasta  cerebro. 
Dextera  nee  tua  te,  Grajum  fortissime  Creteu, 
Eripuit  Turno  :  nee  Di  texere  Cupencum, 
jEnea  veniente,  sui :  dedit  obvia  ferro 
Pectora,  nee  misero  clypei-mora  profuit  aerei. 
Te  quoque  Laurentes  viderunt,  jEole,  campi, 
Oppetere,  et  late  terram  consternere  tergo  : 
Occidis,  Argivae  quern  non  potuere  phalanges 
Sternere,  nee  Priami  regnorum  eversor  Achilles. 
Hie  tibi  mortis  erant  metse  :  domus  alta  sub  Ida ; 
Lyrnessi  domus  alta ;  solo  Laurente  sepulchrum. 
Totae  adeo  conversae  acies,  omnesque  Latini, 
Omnes  Dardanidae.     Mnestheus  acerque  Serestus. 
Et  Messapus,  equum  domitor,  et  fortis  Asylas, 
Tuscorumque  phalanx,  Evandrique  Arcadis  alae : 
Pro  se  quisque,  viri  summa  nituntur  opum  vi. 
Nee  mora,  nee  requies  :   vasto  certamine  tendunt. 


ranum. 

532.  EfFundit    eum 
praecipitem 

533.  Ungula    equo- 
535  rum,  nee  memorum 

535.  Ille  Turnus  oc- 
currit  Hyllo 


540 


545 


544.  Tu  occidis,  quern 

546.  Erat  tibi  alta 
domus  sub  Ida ;  erat  tibi 
alta  domus  Lyrnessi; 
nunc  est  tibi 

548.   Convers®  sunt 


552.  Omnes  viri,  quis- 
quo  pro  se 


NOTES. 


523.  Decursu:  descent. 

524.  JEquora  :  in  the  sense  of  mare. 

525.  Populatus:  laying  waste. 

527.  Nescia  vinci  :   knowing  not  to  be 
conquered  —  invincible.      Rumpuntur:  are 
burst  —  pant  and  heave  as  if  they  would 
burst  with  rage. 

528.  Itur  :  they  go  —  march. 

529.  Sonantem  :  in  the  sense  ofjactantem 
vel  gloriantem.    Return  :  in  the  sense  of  de- 
ductum. 

531.  Turbine:  with   the  force.     Heyne 
' 


532.  Excutit  :  in  the  sense  of  dejicit  vel 
sternit. 

533.  Super  :   in  the  sense  of  insuper  vel 
prater  ea. 

534.  India  :  quick  —  in  rapid  movement. 

536.  Aurata  Tempora  :  his  temples  decked 
with  a  gilded  helmet. 

537.  Fixo  :    being   pierced  -  the  spear 
passed  through  his  helmet. 

539.  Eripuit.     Ruwus  says,  servavit. 

540.  Sui  :    in  the   sense  of  propitii  vel 
faventes.     Or.   his   own   gods  —  those   gods 


whose  priest  he  was.     Cupencus,  in  the  Sa- 
bine  language,  signified  a  priest. 

541.  «/2Cm'.  Pierius  found  aris  in  all  the 
ancient  manuscripts  which  he  examined, 
instead  of  cpm,  as  in  the  common  editions. 
Heyne  reads  cerei.  Mora :  resistance. 

543.  Oppetere.     This  word  properly  sig- 
nifies to   die,  like  a  hero,  on   the  field  of 
battle  :  quasi  ore  peters  terram,  to  bite  the 
ground,  as  we  say  in  English. 

544.  Occidis :  thou  tallest.     Ruceus  says, 
moreris. 

546.  Metw  mortis :  for  meta  rila,  the  limit 
or  boundary  of  life.     This  is  in  imitation 
of  Homer's  rtXof  S-tivaroto. 

547.  Lyrnessi :  Lyrnessus  was  a  city  of 
Phrygia*  near  the  Sinus  Adramyttcnus. 

548.  Converses :  Ruffius   says,  permittee. 
The  verb  sunt  is  understood. 

551 .  Ate :  in  the  sense  of  equites,  vel  eqiK- 
talus. 

552.  Nituntur:  strive — struggle.  Opum: 
this  appears  merely  expletive,  lluseus  says, 
virium. 

553.  Tendunt:  in  the  sense  ofcontendunt 
\~p\  Ivctantur. 


f>£0  P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Hie  mentem  ^Enese  genitrix  pulcherrima  misit, 
Iret  ut  ad  muros,  urbique  adverteret  agmen  555 

Ocyus,  et  subita  turbaret  clade  Latinos. 

557.  Ille  JEneas  ut  Hie  ut,  vestigans  divcrsa  per  agmina  Turnum, 

Hue  atque  hue  a#5es  circumtulit ;  aspicit  urbem 
Immunem  tanti  belli,  atque  impune  quietam. 

560.   Accendit    am-  Continuo  pugnae  accendit  majoris  imago  :  560 

Mnesthea,  Sergestumque  vocat,  fortemque  Serestum, 
Ductores;  tumulumque  capit,  quo  camera  Teucrum 
Concurrit  legio  ;  nee  scuta  aut  spicula  densi 
Deponunt.     Celso  medius  stans  aggere  iatur  : 

565.  Jupiter  stat  hac  Ne  qua  meis  esto  dictis  mora  :  Jupiter  hac  stat :      565 
parte pro  nobis  Neu  quis  ob  inceptum  subitum  mini  segnior  ito. 

567.  Eruam  urbem    Urbem  hodie>  causam  belli,  regna  ipsa  Latini, 
Ni  frsenum  accipere  et  victi  parere  fatcntur, 
Eruam  ;  et  aequa  solo  fumantia  culmina  ponam. 
Scilicet  exspectem,  libeat  dum  prffilia  Turno  570 

Nostra  pati  ?  rursiisque  velit  concurrere  victus  ? 

572.  Hoc  est  caput,  Hoc  caput,  6  cives,  haec  belli  summa  nefandi. 
nan?*  urbs  Laurentum  Ferte  faceg  proper6j  fedusque  reposcite  flammis. 

Dixerat  :  atque  animis  pariter  certantibus  omnes 
Dant  cuneum,  densaque  ad  muros  mole  feruntur.      575 

576.  Seal®  apparue-  Scalae  improvise,  subitusque  apparuit  ignis. 

Discurrunt  alii  ad  portas,  primosque  truridant : 
Ferrum  alii  torquent,  et  obumbrant  aethera  telis. 
Ipse  inter  primos  dextram  sub  moenia  tendit 
-/Eneas,  magnaque  incusat  voce  Latinum  :  580 

Testaturque  Deos,  iterum  so  ad  praelia  cogi ; 

582.   Italos  jam  bis  Bis  jam  Italos  hostes  ;  haec  altera  foedera  rumpi. 
fsse  hostes  Exoritur  trepidos  inter  discordia  cives  : 

Urbem  alii  reserare  jubent,  et  pandere  portas 
Dardanicfe  ;  ipsumque  trahunt  in  moenia  regem.      585 

NOTES. 

554.  Mentem:  mind — design — purpose.  571.  Pati  nostra  pmlia :  to  fight  with  me. 

.Visit :   in  the   sense   of  immisit.      Heyne  Ruseus  says,/erre  pugnam. 

lakes  mentem  in  the  sense  of  consilium.  575.  Dant  cuneum :  they  form  themselves 

558.  Acics  :  in  the  sense  of  oculos:  some  into  the  military  wedge,  which  is  drawn  to 
understand  it  of  the  various  parts  of  the  a  point  in  the  front,  and  widens  toward  the 
army.     Immunem :  in  the  sense  of  expertem.  -  rear ;   and   in  this  close  body  (dcnsa  mole) 

563.  JVcc  scuta :  this  was  according  to  the  they  rush  against  the  city.     Dant :  in  the 

custom  of  the  Roman  soldiers,  who  were  sense  of formant  velfaciunl.    Feruntur:  in 

wont  to  be  drawn  up  in  arms  before  their  the  sense  of  irruunt.    Ruseus  interprets  mole 

general,  when  he  harangued  them.  Legio :  by  multitudine. 

in  the  sense  of  tiirmce  vel  acies.     Ruaeus  578.  Ferrum.  Any  missive  weapon  tipped 

says,  exercitus.  with  iron  or  steel,  may  be  called/ern/m. 

565.  Slat  hac :  stands  here  with  us— favors  579.  Tendit :  in'  the  sense  of  protendil. 

us — is  on  our  side,  in  this  bold  undertaking.  Sub :  in  the  sense  of  ad. 

This  may  be  said  in  allusion  to  hiy  being  582.  Hac  allera  fcedera.    The  first  treaty 

the  avenger  of  violated  faith.  was,  when  Latinus  promised  to  llioneus  to 

.r>68.  Fatcntur :  unless  they  consent  to  re-  take  jEneas  for  his  ally,  and  son-in-law, 

cefte  the  reins  and  obey.  Aetipcrefrcznum,  -/En.  vii.  259.     The  second  league  or  treaty 

vel/rcena  is  a  military  phrase,  denoting  un-  was  that  which  ratified  the  single  combat 

conditional   submission    to   the  conqueror,  between  Turnus  and  ./Eneas,  195.  supra. 

Ruseus  says,  volunt.  585.  Trahunt ;  they  draw  the  king  to  the 

569.  JEqua:  level  with  the  ground.  Po-  walls,  that  he  may  ratify  the  treaty,  and  ^ 

nmn  :  in  tho  sense  of  prosternftm.  put  an  end  to  the  war. 


J3NEIS.     LIB.  XII.  591 

Arma  t'erunt  alii,  et  pergunt  defendere  muros. 

Inclusas  ut  cum  latebroso  in  pumice  pastor 

Vestigavit  apes,  fumoque  implevit  amaro  :  588.  Implevit  locum 

IllaB  intus  trepidae  rerum  per  cerea  castra 

Discurrunt.  magnisque  acuunt  stridoribus  iras.         590 

Volvitur  ater  odor  tectis  ;  turn  murmure  caeco 

Intus  saxa  sonant :  vacuas  it  fumus  ad  auras. 

Accidit  hacc  fessis  etiani  fortuna  Latinis, 
Quae  totam  luctu  concussit  funditus  urbem. 
Regina  ut  tectis  venientem  prospicit  hostem,  595 

Incessi  muros,  ignes  ad  tecta  volare  : 

Nusquam  acies  contra  Rutulas,  nulla  agmina  Turni :         597.  Contra  prospwd 
Infelix  pugnse  juvenem  in  certamine  credit  nusquam  Rutulas  acies 

Extinctum  :  et,  subito  mentem  turbata  dolore,  apparere 

Se  causam  clamat,  crimenque,  caputque  malorum  :   600 
Multaque  per  mcestum  demens  effata  furorem,  600.  Se  esse  causam 

Purpureos  moritura  manu  discindit  amictus, 
Et  nodum  informis  leti  trabe  nectit  ab  alta. 
Quam  cladem  miserae  postquam  accepere  Latinae, 

Filia  prima  manu  flavos  Lavinia  crines,  605     605.  Lavinia  prirna 

Et  roseas  laniata  genas  ;  turn  caetera  circum  furil,  laniata  quoad 

Turba  furit :  resonant  late  plangoribus  aedes. 
Hinc  totam  infelix  vulgatur  fama  per  urbem. 
DemittuDt  mentes  :  it,  scissa  veste,  Latinus, 
Conjugis  attonitus  fatis,  urbisque  ruina,  610 

Canitiem  immundo  perfusam  pulvere  turpans  : 
Multaque  se  incusat,  qui  non  acceperit  ante 
Dardanium  ^Eneam,  generumque  adsciverit  ultro. 

NOTES. 

086.  Pergunt :  in  the  sense  of  parant.  rites  of  burial.     Nectit :  she  binds,  or  ties 

587.  Pumice.  Pumex  is  properly  the  the  rope'.  Nodum:  in  the  sense  of/une/H, 

pumice  stone  :  here  put  for  any  stone.  says  Heyne. 

583.   Vestigavit :  hath  found — discovered.  605.  Accepere :  in  the  sense  of  audivtrunt. 

589.  Castra :  their  hives.  Trepidce  rerum :  Quam  cladem  :  in  the  sense  of  cujus  mortem. 

•alarmed  for  their  state—  condition.  Timentes  go6.  Lavinia  laniata:  after  the  women 

*m*  i-cbitf,  says  RUJEUS.  So  fexsi  rerum,  had  iearned  the  tragic  end  of  her  mother, 

Lavinia  was  the  first  to  express  her  grief. 

591.  Teeti»  :  this  again  means  the  hives.  This  she  did  by  tearing  her  hair,  and  maag- 

Odor:  fume — vapor,  or  smoke.  Coco:  Hng  her  rosy  cheeks.  Servius  reads  flows. 

smothered—obscure.  or  floreos,  instead  of  Jlavos,  in  imitation  of 

593.  Fortuna  :  in  the  sense  of  calamitas.  Enmus.    But  there  is  no  authority  to  sup- 
Fessi* :  afflicted— distressed.  port  this  reading ;  and  there  is  no  necessity 

594.  Concussil:  in  the  sense  of  impleint.  for  the  alteration  ;  for  yellow,  or  golden  hair, 

595.  Tectis,     Tectum  here  is  in  the  sense  was  the  color  most  admired  among  the  an- 
of  iirbs.     Incessi :    the  inf.  of  the  verb  in-  cients. 

cessor :  to  be  assaulted.  Ut :  when — as  soon  599.  Demittunt :  their  resolution  fails — 

they  despond.     Ruaous  says,  dejiciunt  ani- 

599.  Turbata :  in  the  sense  of  commota.  mos,      Davidson  renders   it,  "  their  souls 
Mentem  is  put  as  a  Grecism.  despond." 

600.  Crimen  :  the  criminal  author.  610>  palis  .  m  thc  sense  ofmorte. 

601.  Demens:   wanting   reason.     Of  <fc,  6H>  T          s.  defiling-teariug. 
and  men*.    Ajjata :  in  the  sense  of  dicens 

velloqwau.     Per:  through-daring.  ^2.  Multa :    in   the   sense    of  mull  UK, 

603.  Informis  :  unnatural—awful.0  Heyne  This  and  the  following  line  are  u 

says,/urpw.     The  poet  here  expresses  his  *™ni  ^En.  xi.  471.     In  some  copies 

disapprobation  of  suicide,  by  calling  it  in-  do  not  aPPear  m  tlus  Pla' 

form-is  leti.      According  to  the  pontifical  613.  Adsciverit:  admitted,  or  received  hujp 

hooks,  such  persons  were  deprived  of  the  as  a  son-in-law. 


P.  VIRGILI1  MARONIS 

Interea  extreme  bellator  in  aequore  Turnus 
Palantes  sequitur  paucos,  jam  segnior,  atque  015 

Jam  minus  atque  minus  successu  laetus  equorum. 
Attulit  hunc  illi  caecis  terroribus  aura 

618.  Commixtum  c«e-  Commixtum  clamorem,  arrectasque  impulit  aures 
Confusse  sonus  urbis,  et  illaetabile  murmur. 
Hei  mihi  !  quid  tanto  turbantur  moenia  luctu  ?          620 
Quisve  ruit  tantus  diversa  clamor  ab  urbe  ? 
Sic  ait  :  adductisque  amens  subsistit  habenis. 
Atque  huic,  in  faciem  soror  ut  conversa  Metisci 
Aurigae,  currumque  et  equos  et  lora  regebat, 

625.  Occurrit  huic  ^Taiibus  occurrit  dictis  :   Hac,  Turne,  sequamur       025 
tahbusdictis  :hacpar/e,  m     •  ... 

O  Turne  *  rojugenas,  qua  pnma  viam  victoria  pandit. 

Sunt  alii,  qui  tecta  manu  defendere  possint. 

Ingruit  ^Eneas  Italis,  et  praelia  miscet  : 

Et  nos  saeva  manu  mittamus  funera  Teucris. 

630.Numeroc(wonimNec  numero  inferior,  puenae  nee  honore  recedes.    630 
631.  Turnus  - 


O  soror,  et  dudum  agnovi,  cum  prima  per  artem 
Foedera  turbasti,  teque  haec  in  bella  dedisti  : 

634.  Falhs  me.    Sed  gt  nunc  nequicquam  fallis  Dea.     Sed  quis  Olympo 
quis  Deorum  voluit  te  Demissam  tantos  voluit  te  ferre  ,abores  7  635 

oemissam  ,,....  .   ,       .  ,          „ 

An  trains  misen  letum  ut  crudele  videres  ? 

Nam  quid  ago  ?  aut  quae  jam  spondet  fortuna  salutem  ? 
638.  Ego   ipse   vidi  Vidi  oculos  ante  ipse  meos,  me  voce  vocantem 
ingentem      Murranum  Murranum,  quo  non  superat  mihi  charior  alter, 
oppetere  ante  meos  ocu-  Qppetere  ingentem,  atque  ingenti  vulnere  victum. 

L°tau7JS!£?  me  VOCC'  Occidit  infelix>  ne  nostrum  dedecus,  Ufens,  641 

643.   Atari*  miseris  Aspiceret  :  Teucri  potiuntur  corpore  et  armis. 
rebus  Exscindi-ne  domos,  id  rebus  defuit  unum, 

NOTES. 

C14.  JEquore:  in  the  sense  of  campo.  617.  Aura  :  in  the  sense  of  vcntus.   C&cis: 

615.  Segnior.     Ruaeus  says,  tardior.  unknown  —  uncertain.   Ruams  says,  incertis. 

616.  Successu  equorum.      Servius,   and          619.  IllcElabile:  mournful  —  unjoyous.  Of 
most  interpreters  after  him,  take  the  mean-      in,  neg.  and  latabilis. 

Jng  to  be  :  that  Turnus  was  now  less  pleased  621.  Diversa  :  in  the  sense  of  ab  diversa. 

with  his  horses,  because  they  were  out  of  parte  urbis.     Ruseus  says,  dissita. 

breath,  and  fatigued.     But  it  seems  much  625.  Occurrit  :  in  the  sense  of  responded 

better  to  understand  it  of  his  being  less  627.  Tecta  :  in  the  sense  of  urbem. 

pleased  with  the  easy  victory  he  gained,  629.  Mittamus  :  in  the  sense  of  demus. 

now  that  /Eneas  was  retired,  and  only  a  Funera  sceva:  in  the  sense  of  cruddem  mor~ 

lew  straggling  troops  left  in  the  field.     This  tern,  says  Ruaeus.     "Let  us  spread  cruel 

agrees  with  the  expressions  paucos  palantcs.  death  among  the  Trojans."    Valpy. 

Successu  equorum  :  this  last  intimates,  that  630.  Numero  :  in  the  number  of  the  slaiit 

the  victory  he  gained  was  now   so  easy,  Turnus  should  equal  ./Eneas  in  the  number 

that  he    had    only   to    drive    the    enemy  of  his  slain,  and  in  the  glory  of  the  fight. 

before   his  chariot,  without  meeting  with  632.  dgnovi  :  the  pron.  te  is  understood. 

any  resistance.     Turnus  might  think  the  633.  Turbasti  :  in  the  sense  of  rupisti. 

victory  not  worthy  of  his  valor,  and  was  634    Fallis:  Heyne  says  vis  iatere. 
therefore  less  pleased  with  it,  than  if  it  had 

more  richly   rewarded   him.     This  better  r  638.  Jtfwmmum.    He  was  one  of  the  Ita- 

accords  with  the  sentiments  of  the  soldier.  lian  Pnnf  s'  and  slam  by^™™,  verse  529, 

This  is  the  opinion  of  Davidson.     He  ren-  suPra"     *«*"*«»  ;  mighty—powerful. 

ders  the  words  ;  "  with  the  cheap  victory  of  641.  Ufens.      He  commanded  the  Agri- 

his  horses."    Heyne  agrees  with  Servius.  cote.     See  yEn.  vii.  745. 

Rueus  observes  :  he  was  less  pleased  with  643.  Unum:  in  the  sense  of  solwn.     The 

his  horses,  because  they  had  carried  him  so  only  thing  wanting  to  our  complete  wretch- 

far  from  the  tight.  edness  and  misery. 


jENEIS.     LIB.  Xll.  503 

Perpetiar  !  dextra  nee  Drancis  dicta  refellam  ?         644 

Terga  dabo  ?  et  Turnum  fugientem  haec  terra  videbit  ? 

Usque  adeone  mori  miserum  est  ?  vos  6  mihi  Manes          646.   Est-ne   usque 

Este  boni ;  quoniam  Superis  aversa  voluntas.  ad*0?  Voluntas  s 

Sancta  ad  vos  anima,  atque  istius  inscia  culpae,  rjs  est  aversa  mihi 

Descendam,  magnorum  baud  unquam  indignus  avorum. 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat :  medios  volat,  ecce,  per  hostes 
Vectus  equo  spumante  Sages  ;  adversa  sagitta          651 
Saucius  ora  ruitque,  implorans  nomine  Turnum  :  652.    Saucius  quoad 

Turne,  in  te  suprema  salus  ;  miserere  tuorum.  a  JJJ'jjgn  suprema 

Fulminat  ^Eneas  armis,  summasque  minatur  salus  est 

Dejecturum  arces  Italum,  excidioque  daturum  :        655     655.  Daturura  ecu  ar~ 
Jamque  faces  ad  tecta  volant.     In  te  ora  Latini,  ces 

In  te  oculos  referunt :  mussat  rex  ipse  Latin  us. 
Quos  generos  vocet,  aut  quae  sese  ad  fcedera  flectat. 
Praeterea  regina,  tui  fidissima,  dextra 
Occidit  ipsa  sua,  lucemque  exterrita  fugit.  660 

Soli  pro  portis  Messapus  et  acer  Atinas 
Sustentant  aciem.     Circum  hos  utrinque  phalanges 

Stant  densaE,  strictisque  seges  mucronibus  horret  663.  E  strictis  mucro- 

Ferrea  :  tu  currum  deserto  in  gramine  versas.  nibus 

Obstupuit  varia  confusus  imagine  rerum  665 

Turnus,  et  obtutu  tacito  stetit.     ^Estuat  ingens 
lino  in  corde  pudor,  mixtoque  insania  luctu, 
Et  furiis  agitatus  amor,  et  conscia  virtus. 

Ut  primum  discussae  umbrae,  et  lux  reddita  menti,          669.  Sunt  discuss** 
Ardentes  oculorum  acies  ad  moenia  torsit  670 

Turbidus,  oque  rotis  magnam  respexit  ad  urbem. 
Ecce  autem,  flammis  inter  tabulata  volutus 

NOTES. 

644.  Dicta  -Drancis.     See  /En.  xi.  336,  the  stale  of  Latinus'  mind.     On  the  one 

et  sequens.  hand,  he  was  inclined  to  match  his  daughter 

646.  Est-ne  usque  adeb :  is  it  indeed  so  with   ^Eneas,  and  fulfil  his   engagements : 
grievous  a  thing  to  die?  on  the  other,  he  was  overawed  by  Turnus, 

647.  Superis  :  in  the  sense  of  Superorum.  and  durst  not  openly  declare  his  sentiments ; 
Boni :  propitious — kind.  Turnus  now  plain-  but  faintly  hinted  them,  like  one  who  mut- 
ly  sees,  that  the  Gods  above  are  against  ters  what  he  is  afraid  to  speak  out.  Iluocus 
him,   and  that  he  mast  fall   beneath  the  says,  dubitat.     Ileyne  says,  tacit  e  ddiberat. 
sword  of  .Eneas.    He  addresses  himself  to  Referunt :  turn — cast.    The  verb  is  to  be  re- 
the  gods  below,  (Manes,}  not  so  much  with  peatcd  before  each  objective  case. 

a  view  to  obtain  their  assistance  against  659.  Tui  :  in  the  sense  of  libi. 
the  purposes  of  Jove,  as  they  might  give  662.   dciem:   in   the   sense  of  pugnam. 
his  shade,  his  sancla  anima,  a  welcome  re-  Phalanges :  the  troops  in  general, 
ception  ;  since  it  would    descend  to  them  664.  Deserto  gramine  :  in  the  sense  of  ear- 
covered  with  glory,  free  from  any  imputa-  tremo  campo.     See  614,  supra. 
tion  of  cowardice  or  fault,  and  no  way  do-  665.  Rerum :  of  distress — affliction.  Jin- 
generate  from  his  illustrious  ancestors.  agine :  form — image. 

648.  Inscia  istius  culpce  :  free  from  the  667.  Ingens  pudor :  this,  and  the  follow- 
fault  or  crime  of  deserting  his  friends  in  ing  line  are  repeated  from  ^En.  x.  870. 
their  distress,  and  difficulty.     This  he  will  668.  Insania. :  distraction.     RUJBUS  says, 
not  do,  though  he  knows  that  it  must  ter-  amentia.     Furiis  :  Hoyne  conjectures  refer- 
minate  in  his  death.      Sancta :  pure — un-  ence  is  had  to  the  nuptials  of  Lavinia,  of 
polluted.  which  he  now  began  to  despair. 

652.  Ora:  in  the  sense  of  vultum.     He  670.  Acies  oculorum :  the  sight  of  his  eyes ; 

was  wounded  full  in  the  face — right  in  front,  simply,  his  eyes.     Heyne  reads,  orbes. 

Implorans:  in  the  sense  of  vocans.  671.  Rotis :  in  the  sense  of  curru. 

655.  Dejecturum  :  would  rase.  672.  Vortex  flammis  :  a  whirling  volume 

657.  Mussat.    This  word  strongly  marks  of  flame  rolled.  &c.     The  prep.  £  is  under- 


p.  V1KG1L11 

Ad  ccelum  undabat  vortex,  turrimque  teriebut  , 
Turrim,  compactis  trabibus  quam  eduxerat  ipse, 
Subdideratque  rotas,  pontesque  instraverat  altos.     675 
Jam  jam  fata,  soror,  superant  ;  absiste  morari  : 
Quo  Deus,  et  quo  dura  vocat  fortuna,  sequamur. 

678.  Stat  mild  pati  Stat  conferre  manum  ^Enese  :  stat,  quicquid  acerbi  est 
morteUd  aCerbl  ^  ™Morte  Pati  J  nec  me  indecorem,  germana!  videbis 

680.  Ante  mortem      Amplius.     Hunc,  oro,  sine  me  furere  ante  furorem. 

Dixit  :  et  e  curru  saltum  dedit  ocyus  arvis  :  681 

Perque  hostes,  per  tela  ruit  ;  moestamque  sororem 
Deserit  ;  ac  rapido  cursu  media  agmina  rumpit. 

684.Velutcumsaxmn  Ac,  veluti  montis  saxum  de  vertice  praeceps 

^LUT^'T  d?,T  Hce  Cum  ruit  avulsum  vento,  seu  turbidus  imber  685 

686.  BflWtaWl^prolllit>  aut  annjs  golvit  sublapsa  Vetustas; 

Fertur  in  abruptum  magno  mons  improbus  actu, 
Exsultatque  solo,  sylvas,  armenta,  virosque 
Involvens  secum  :  disjecta  per  agmina  Turnus 
Sic  urbis  ruit  ad  muros,  ubi  plurima  fuso  690 

Sanguine  terra  madet,  stridentque  hastilibus  aurse  : 
Significatque  manu,  et  magno  simul  incipit  ore  : 
Parcite  jam,  Rutuli  ;  et  vos,  tela  inhibite,  Latini  ; 

694.  Fortuna  kujus  Qugecunque  est   fbrtuna  mea  est  ;  me  verius  tmum 
pugn*  est  mea  :  est  ve-  pro  ^  ^^  ^^  et  deccrnere  fem)>  695 

695.  Lucre  violaium  Discessure  omncs  medii,  spatiumque  dedere. 
foedus  At  pater  ^Eneas,  audito  nomine  Turni, 

701.  Tantus  quantus  Deserit  et  muros,  et  summas  deserit  arces  ; 


_ 

pater  Apenninus  ipse,  J-«SBtitia  exsultans,  horrendumque  mtonat  armis  : 
cumfremit                    Quantus  Athos,  aut  quantus  Eryx,  aut  ipse  coruscis 

NOTES. 

stood  to  govern  flwnmis.      Tabulata:  the  6<J1.  Arvis:  in  the  sense  of  /erne. 

stages  or  stories  of  the  tower.  685.  Turbidics  imber:  a  violent  heavy  rail/, 

674.  Turrim,  quam  ipse  :  the  tower  which  686.  Proluit  :  washed  away  —  undermined 
he  himself  had  raised,  &c.      Edurerat  :  in  it.    Vetustas  :  in  the  sense  of  tempus.    Sub- 
the  sense  of  struxerat.  lapsa  :  having  passed  away.     Ruseus  says, 

675.  Subdiderat  :    had   placed   under   it  labentc.      Solvit  :  torn  it  away  —  broken  it 
wheels.  loose. 

Towers  were  built  of  wood,  and  common-  687.  Mon*  fertur  improbus  :   the   massy 

ly  several  stories  (tabulata)  high.  They  were  rock  is  carried  violent,  &c.    Mons  here  evi- 

Ibr  the  purpose  of  defence,  or  assault  ;  and  dently  means  the  same  as  saxum,  just  be- 

were   so   constructed   that   they   could   he  fore  mentioned.     In  abruptum:  down  the 

moved  by  means  of  wheels  or  rollers,  placed  sides  of  the  mountain.     Improbus  implies 

tinder  them,  to  the  place  where  they  were  that  the  rock  rushed  down  with  an  irresis- 

required.     Sometimes  several  of  them  were  tible  force.     Actu  :  in  the  sense  of  impeiit. 

connected  by  means  of  bridges  (ponies)  at  689.  Involvens:  in  the   sense  of  rapiens, 

the  tops,  made  of  planks  and  timber.     By  Disjecta  :  scattered—  fleeing  before  him. 

these  bridges  the  men  could  pass  from  one  690.  Plurima  :  in  the  sense  of  plurimian. 

to  another,  whenever  it  became  necessary.  This  implies  that  Turnus  rushed  into  the 

678.  Slat  :  the  imp.  of  sfo.  I  am  resolved  hottest  of  the  battle  —  where  the  earth  was 

—  it  is  fixed.     Ruscus  says,  deliberation  est.  wet  the  most  with  blood. 

680.  Furere  hunc  :  in  the  sense  of  indul-  692.  Ore,  :  in  the  sense  of  voce. 

gerr  huic  furori.    The  construction  is  ac-  693.  Parcite  :  rease,  or  spare  your  arms. 

cording  to  a  Greek  idiom.     Permit  me,  O,  694.     Veriiis  :    in   the   sense   of  cequiiis- 

sister  !  to  rage  in  this  manner  —  to  indulge  Pro  vobis  :  in  your  room,  and  stead. 

this  passion.  Ante  :  this  refers  to  his  death,  t>98.  Deserit  :  in  the  sense  of  rdinquit, 

or  his  engagement  with  J2neas,  in  which  he  699.  Rumpit  :  in  the  sense  ofabrwnpi: 

was  persuaded  he   should   be  slain:  ante  700.  Intonat  :  in  the  sense  of  sonat. 

>?w>r/  ew»  vel  antiqv.am  moriar.  701.  .ithos  :  a  mountain  in  Macedonia. 


-ENEIS.    LIB.  XII. 


595 


Cum  fremit  ilicibus  quantus,  gaudctque  nivali 
Vertice,  se  attollens  pater  Apenninus  ad  auras. 

Jam  vero  et  Rutuli  ccrtatim,  et  Troes,  et  omnes 
Convertere  oculos  Itali ;  quique  alta  tenebant  705 

Mcenia,  quique  imos  pulsabant  ariete  muros  ; 
Armaque  deposuere  humeris.     Stupet  ipse  Latinus, 
Ingentes  genitos  diversis  partibus  orbis 
Inter  se  coiisse  viros,  et  cernere  ferro. 
Atque  illi,  ut  vacuo  patuerunt  aequore  cam  pi, 
Procursu  rapido,  conjectis  e minus  hastis, 
Invadunt  Martem  clypeis  atque  aere  sonoro. 
i)at  gemitum  tellus  :  turn  crebros  ensibus  ictus 
Congeminant :  fors  et  virtus  miscentur  in  unum. 
Ac  velut,  ingenti  Sila,  summove  Taburno, 
Cum  duo  conversis  inimica  in  prselia  tauri 
Frontibus  incurrunt ;  pavidi  cessere  magistri ; 
Stat  pecus  omne  metu  mutum  ;  mussantque  juvencae, 
Quis  pecori  imperitet ;  quern  tota  armenta  sequantur  : 
Illi  inter  sese  multa  vi  vulnera  miscent,  720 

Cornuaque  obnixi  infigunt,  et  sanguine  largo 
Colla  armosque  lavant :  gemitu  .nemus  omne  remugit. 
Haud  aliter  Tros  ^Eneas  et  Daunius  heros 
Concurrunt  clypeis  :  ingens  fragor  asthera  complet. 

Jupiter  ipse  duas  asquato  examine  lances  725 

Sustinet,  et  fata  imponit  diversa  duorum  ; 
Quern  damnet  labor,  et  quo  vergat  pondere  letum. 


708.    Duos   ingentes 
viros  genitos  in 

710      710.  Utprimum 


715 


719.  Quis  taurus 


721.  Cornua  inter  se 


NOTES. 


projecting  into  the  ^gean  sea.  It  is  said 
to  be  sixty  miles  in  length,  and  so  high  that 
it  overshadows  the  island  of  Lemnos.  Ho- 
die,  Monte  Santo.  It  is  so  called  from  the 
number  of  monasteries  upon  it.  Eryx  :  a 
mountain  in  Sicily,  next  in  height  to  jfEtna, 
so  called  from  a  king  of  that  name  who 
was  slain  by  Hercules.  Jt  is  situated  near 
the  western  side  of  the  island.  Hodie, 
Monte  Giulia.no. 

703.  Pater  Apenninus :  mount  Apennine 
is  here  called  pater,  either  as  being  the  pa- 
rent of  so  many  noble  rivers  and  woods ;  or 
by  way  of  dignity,  as   being   the   greatest 
mountain  in  Italy.    The  Apennines  are  pro- 
perly a  range   of.  mountains  running  the 
whole  length  of  Italy,  and  dividing  it  nearly 
in  the  middle. 

704.  Certatim :  eagerly. 

708.  Ingenfes  viros :  that  two  mighty  he- 
roes born  in,  &c. 

709.  Coiisse :  in   the   sense  of  congredi. 
Cernere :  in  the  sense  ofpugnare,  vel  dec er- 
nere. 

710.  Campi :   the   ground— the    space 
cleared  for  the  combatants. 

712.  Invadunt  Martem:  in  the  sense  of 
incipiunt  pugnam. 

714.  Congeminant:  they  repeat — redou- 
ble.    In  unum :  into  one — together. 

715.  Si/a:  a  vast  forest,  or  tract  of  hills, 
covered  with  wood,  that  formed  part  of  the 


Apennine  mountains  in  Calabria.  Taburno  : 
this  was  a  mountain  in  the  confines  of  Cam- 
pania, which  blocks  up  the  famous  straits  of 
Caudi  or  Caudium.  Here  the  Roman  army 
was  obliged  to  surrender  to  the  Samnites, 
and  to  pass  under  the  yoke. 

717.  Magistri:  in  the  sense  of  pastor  es. 
Cessere  :  in  the  sense  offugerunt. 

718.  Mussant:  Heyne  says,  tacite  expec- 
tant.    Ruaeus  says,  timide,  et  quasi  tacite 
mugiunt. 

721.  Largo  :  in  the  sense  of  multo. 

722.  Lavant :  Ruaeus  says,  tingunt. 

723.  Daunius  heros:  Turnus.     He  was 
the  son  of  Daunus  and  Venilia. 

725.  JEquato  examine:  equal  poise  or 
balance.  Examen  is  the  tongue,  or  needle 
of  the  balance,  which,  being  exactly  in  equi- 
libria, shows  the  scales  to  be  equal. 

7'27.  Quern  labor  damnet :  whom  the  com- 
bat should  devote  or  doom  to  death.  The 
fates,  or  destiny,  were  not  at  the  disposal  of 
Jove.  He  could  only  examine  into  futurity. 
He  puts  (imponit)  the  fates  of  the  com- 
batants into  the  scales  of  the  balance,  to  see 
which  end  of  the  beam  would  rise.  Servius, 
and  some  others,  take  the  words  in  the  sense 
of  quern  felix  labor  damnet  votis :  whom  the 
combat  shall  doom  to  pay  his  vows — who 
shall  be  the  successful  combatant.  But  it 
is  easier  to  consider  the  expression  as  refer- 
ring to  one  and  the  same  person:  whom 


386  p.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 

Emicat  hie,  impune  putans,  et  corpore  toto 
729.  Putans  futurum  \\te  sublatum  consurgit  Turnus  in  ensem, 

Et  ferit'     Exclamant  Tr°es>  trepidique  Latini,         730 
Arrectaeque  amborum  acies.     At  perfidus  ensis 
Frangitur,  in  medioque  ardentem  deserit  ictu, 
Ni  fuga  subsidio  subeat.     Fugit  ocyor  Euro, 
Ut  capulum  ignotum,  dextramque  adspexit  inermem. 
735.  Fama  est,  eum  Farna  est,  praecipitem,  curn  prima  in  pra^liu  junctos 
prtEcipitem,  cum   con-  Conscendebat  equos,  patno  mucrone  relicto,  736 

ST^^fSS.1*""  ^d»1'  «>™»  -"*"  rapuisse  Meusci : 
trepidat,  rapuisse  Adque  dm,  dum  terga  dabant  palantia  1  eucn, 

Suffecit :  postquam  arma  Dei  ad  Vulcania  ventum  est, 
Mortalis  mucro,  glacies  ceu  futilis,  ictu  740 

Dissiluit :  fulv£  resplendent  fragmina  arena. 
Ergo  amens  diversa  fuga  petit  rcquora  Turnus, 
Et  nunc  hue,  inde  hue,  incertos  implicat  orbes. 
Undique  enim  densa  Teucri  inclusere  corona  : 
AXque  hinc  vasta  palus,  hinc  ardua  nicenia  cingunt. 

746.  JEneas  insequi-      Nee  minus  jEneus,  quanquarn  tardata  sagitta       746 
tur,    quanquam  genualnterc|um  genua  impediunt,  cursumque  recusant, 
ta<748ta  fjdem   tre  i<iilnse(iuitur :  trepidique  pedem  pede  fervidus  urget. 
furni  ^nciusum  veluti  si  quando  flumine  nactus 

749.  Si  quando  canis  Cervum,  aut  punicea?  septum  formidine  pennie,        750 
venator  nactus  Venator  cursu  canis  et  latratibus  inst.it : 

Ille  autem,  insidiis  et  ripa  terntus  alta, 
Mille  t'ugit  refugitque  vias  :  at  vividus  Umber 

NOTES. 

the  combat  shall  devote  to  ruin,  as  above.  734.  Capulum :  the  hilt  only  remained 

This  is  the  opinion  of  Valpy.      Davidson  in  his  hand.     He  now  discovered  the  fatal 

renders   the  words,  "  whom  the   toilsome  mistake.     Ut :  when — as  soon  as. 

combat  destines  to  victory."  Labor  :  in  the  737.  Trepidat :  in  the  sense  of  properat. 

sense  of  pugna,  says  Heyne.    The  poet  here  739.  Suffecit:  in  the  sense  of  sa  (is  fuit. 

imitates  Homer,  who  makes  Jove,  in  like  Vulcania  arma  Dei :  in  the  sense  of  arma 

manner,  weigh  the   fates   of  Hector   and  Dei    Vulcani,  vel   Divina   arma    Vulcani. 

Achilles.      Qt/o  ponders:   in   which    scale.  Those  arms  which  Vulcan  made  for  JSneas. 

Death  was  to  fall  to  the  party,  whose  scale  This    construction    is    imitated    from  the 

sunk  or  fell.     Ruse  us  says,  mors  indinat.  Greeks. 

729.  Alti :  this  is  to  be  taken  with  subla-  740.  Mortahs  mucro  :  a  sword  made  by 
turn.  men — a  mortal  sword.  Futilis  :  in  the  sense 

730.  Ferit :  JEnea.n  is  understood.     Tre-  offragilts. 

pidi:  trembling — in  anxious  fear.    Consur-  741.  Dissiluit:  in  the  sense  offractusest. 

git :  in  the  sense  of  insurgit.  742.  Divtrsa  cequora  :   different  parts  of 

731.  Arrectce, :  in  the  sense  of  suspense,  the  plain.     Amens:   alarmed.     Of  a  priv. 
The  verb  sunt  is  understood.  and  >nens. 

732.  Deserit:  leaves  him  ardent  for  the  743.   Implicat:  in  the   sense  of facit  vel 
fight,  at  the  mercy  of  his  antagonist.  These  format.     He  wheels  around  in   his   flight, 
last,  or  words  of  the  like  import,  are  neres-  forming  irregular  figures,  or  circles. 

sary  to  make  the  sense  complete.     When  744.  Corona  densa :  in  close  ranks — in  a 

he  mounted  his  chariot,  it  was  his  intention  close  compact  body. 

to  take  his  trusty,  heavenly  tempered  sword  746.  Sagitta :  the  arrow  by  which  he  was 

that   sword    made    by  Vulcan   for   his  wounded  in  the  beginning  of  the  action. 

father;  but  in  his  haste  and  perturbation,  he  lleyne  says,  vulnere. 

took  the  sword  of  Metiscus,  his  charioteer;  748.  Fervidus:  in  the  sense  of  ardens. 

which  here  deceived  him.     It  is  therefore,  749.  Flumine:  some  copies  have  injiu- 

called  perfidus  ensis.  mine.    Heyne  omits  the   in.     This  is  the 

733.  Nifuga :  had  not  flight  come  to  his  reading  of  the    Roman  MS.      Inclusum  : 
aid — had  he  not  instantly  fled,  he  would  enclosed,  or  confined  by  a  river. 

have  fallen  under  the  arm  of  ^Eneas,  being         750.   Formidine.      The  formido,  as   Dr. 
left  in  that  defenceless  state.  Trapp  observes,  was  a  rope  stuck  thick  with 


2ENEIS,     LIB.  XII. 


597 


Hseret  hians,  jam  jamque  tenet,  similisque  tenenti  754. 

Increpuit  malis,  morsuque  elusus  inani  est.  755  Jam  Ja™que  tenet  eum 

Turn  vero  exoritur  clamor  :  ripseque  lacusque 

Responsant  circa,  et  coelum  tonat  omne  tumultu. 

Ille  simul  fugiens,  Rutulos  simul  increpat  omnes,  758.  Ille  Turnus  se- 

Nomine  quemque  vocans  ;  notumque  efflagitat  ensem.   mul  est  fugiens 

./Eneas  mortem  contra,  praesensque  minatur  760 

Exitium,  si  quisquam  adeat :  terretque  trementes, 

Excisurum  urbem  minitans,  et  saucius  instat. 

Quinque  orbes  explent  cursu,  totidemque  reteximt 

Hue,  illuc  :  nee  enim  levia  aut  ludicra  petuntur 

Praemia ;  sed  Turni  de  vita  et  sanguine  certant.       765 

Forte  sacer  Fauno  foliis  oleaster  amaris 
Hie  steterat,  nautis  olim  venerabile  lignum  ; 
Servati  ex  undis  ubi  figere  dona  solebant 
Laurenti  Divo,  et  votas  suspendere  vestes  : 
Sed  stirpem  Teucri  nullo  discrimine  sacrum 
Sustulerant,  puro  ut  possent  concurrere  eampo. 
Hie  hasta  ^Erieae  stabat :  hue  impetus  illam 
Detulerat,  fixam  et  lenta  in  radice  tenebat. 
Incubuit,  voluitque  manu  convellere  ferrum, 

Dardanides  ;  teloque  sequi,  quern  prendere  cursu    775     775.  Sequique  Tur 
Non  poterat.     Turn  vero  amens  formidine  Turnus,         num  telo,  quern 
Faune,  precor,  miserere,  inquit :  tuque  optima  ferrum 
Terra  tene  :  colui  vestros  si  semper  honores, 
Quos  contra  ^Eneadag  bello  Yecerejprofanos. 
Dixit :  opemque  Dei  non  cassa  in  vota  vocavit.        780 


761.  Adeat  Turnum: 
terretque  eos  trementes, 
minitans  sc  excisurum 


768.  Ubi  illi  servati 
ex  undis 


772,  Impetus  qus  dez- 
tm 


NOTES. 


red  or  crimson  feathers  to  enclose,  and 
frighten  the  deer,  or  other  animals.  See 
Geor.  iii.  371.  • 

753.  Umber :  a  dog  of  Umbria,  in  the 
north  of  Italy.  Can-is  is  understood,  Vi-oi- 
dus :  quick  scented. 

755.  Increpuit :  Rueeus  says,  insonuit. 
He  shuts  his  jaws,  as  if  in  the  act  of 
seizing  him. 

761.  Si  quis  adeat.  Virgil  here  outrages 
the  character  of  his  hero.  It  is  true  he  has 
the  example  of  Homer  for  it.  But  it  is  to 
be  remembered  the  two  poets  lived  in  very 
different  states  of  society.  Turnus  is  forced 
to  the  contest  with  unequal  weapons.  Of 
his  sword  he  is  deprived,  and  left  without 
arms.  In  this  situation,  he  is  pursued  by 
./Eneas,  who  threatens  to  put  the  person  to 
death,  who  shall  give  him  his  sword,  that  he 
may  be  in  a  condi'ion  to  defend  himself, 
and  be  on  more  equal  terms  with  his  adver- 
sary. This  is  a  course  of  conduct,  which 
no  age  or  nation,  however  barbarous,  can 
justify.  Much  less  is  it  becoming  in  the 
soldier,  and  the  hero.  The  putting  to  death 
of  unarmed  and  defenceless  persons  may  be 
practised,  but  cannot  be  justified.  Valpy. 

763.  Rdexunt  tolidem  :  they  retrace,  or 
form  back  again,  as  many  more.  The 
meaning  is,  that  Turnus  went  tive  times 
around  the  field  of  combat,  pursued  by 


jEneas.  Explent  :  in  the  sense  ofconjiciunl. 
Rdexunt  :  Ruseus  says,  relcgunt. 

764.  Enim  :  in  the  sense  of  equidem.  Lu- 
dicra :  trifling  —  of  no  value. 

766.  Oleaster.     The  wild  olive  was  fre- 
quently planted   before  temples,   that  the 
consecrated  offerings  might  be  suspended 
upon  its  boughs.  It  was  a  very  durable  tree, 
and  not  apt  to  receive  any  injury,  though 
ever   so   many  nails  were   driven  into  its 
wood.     Its  leaves  were  bitter. 

767.  Lignum:  in  the  sense  of  arbor,  fo 
nerabile:  in  the  sense  of  vcntra-ndum. 

769.  Votas  :  in  the  sense  of  devotas. 

770.  JYutto  discrimine  :  with  no  regard  to 
its  sacredness.    Nullo  respectu  habito,  says 
Ileyne. 

771.  Puro:   in  the  sense  of  aperto^  vel 
vacua.     Sustulerant:  in  the  sense  of  abscin- 
dunnt. 

7?;3.  Lcnla  radice:  in  the  tough  root.  It 
stuck  fast  in  the  root,  so  that  it  could  not  be 
drawn  out. 

77.~>.  Dardanides  :  ./Eneas.  A  patronymic 
from  Dardanus.  Incubuit:  RUHMIS 


776.  Amens  :  Ruccus  says,  r.xanimatus, 
778.  Colui  :   1  have   regarded,   or   held 
sacred. 

780.  Castn:  in  the  sense  of  imttilia. 


p.  VIRGILII    MARONIS 

Namque  diu  luctans,  lentoque  in  stirpe  moratus, 
Viribus  haud  ullis  valuit  discludere  morsus 
Roboris  ./Eneas.     Dum  nititur  acer  et  instat, 

784.  Rursus  Daunia  Rursus  in  aurigae  faciem  mutata  Metisci 
Deamutatainfaciem    procurrit,  fratrique  ensem  Dea  Daunia  reddit.         785 
Quod  Venus  audaci  Nymphae  indignata  licere  ; 
Accessit,  telumque  alta  ab  radice  revellit. 
Olli  sublimes,  armis,  animisque  refecti, 
Hie  gladio  fidens,  hie  acer  et  arduus  hasta, 
Adsistunt  contra  certamine  Martis  anheli.  790 

Junonem  interea  rex  omnipotentis  Olympi 
Alloquitur,  fulva  pugnas  de  nube  tuentem. 

^  .        Quae  jam  finis  erit,  conjux  ?  quid  denique  restat  / 

.94.  7w  ipsa  scis,  et  in(jigetern  JE,neam  scis  ipsa,  et  scire  fateris, 
jatens  it  scire  /Lneam  ^  , 3  .         .       ^    .  \     .  ,  ...  ^n.^ 

indigetem  deberi  Ueben  coslo,  iatisque  ad  sidera  toll!. 

Quid  struis  ?  aut  qu&  spe  gelidis  in  nubibus  haeres  ? 

Mortalin'  decuit  violari  vulnere  Divum  ? 

Aut  ensem  (qnid  enim  sine  te  Juturna  valeret?) 

799.   Decuit-ne  cum  Ereptum  reddi  Turno,  et  vim  crescere  victis  ?          799 
Desine  jam  tandem,  precibusque  inflectere  nostris  : 
Nee  te  tantus  edat  tacitam  dolor ;  et  mihi  curae 
Saepe  tuo  dulci  tristes  ex  ore  recursent. 
Ventum  ad  supremum  est.     Terris  agitare  vel  undis 

805.  Domum  Latini  Tr°Janos  potuisti ;  infandum  accendere  bellum, 

806.  Veto  te  tentare  Deformare  domum,  et  luctu  miscere  hymenaeos  :     805 
quicquam  Ulterius  tentare  veto.     Sic  Jupiter  orsus  : 

NOTES. 

782.  Discludere  morsus  roboris:  to  loosen,     side  of  his  mother,  was  of  divine  descent, 
or  separate  the   hold  of  the  wood.     The      Valpy  says, "  destined  to  divinity." 

poet  here  represents  the  root  of  the  tree  798.  Valeret:  in  the  sense  of  posset  facsre. 

(stirpe)  as  a  fierce  dog,  or  wild  beast,  whose  •  799.  Ereptum.  This  alludes  to  his  trusty 

tusks  take  so  fast  hold  of  the  prey,  that  sword,  which  he  forgot  to  take  with  him 

there  is  no  disengaging  them.     Lento:  iu  when  he  mounted  his  chariot  at  the  begin- 

the  sense  of  tenace.      Discludere:  in   the  ning  of  the  fight.  It  was  taken,  or  snatched 

sense  of  solvere.  from  him,  by  his  forgetfuiness. 

783.  Acer :  in  the  sense  of  ardens.  ./Eneas  800.  Inflectere  :  in  the  sense  of  movere. 
is  to  be  supplied.  Edat :  consume — waste  away.  Ruseus  says, 

785.  Daunia  Dea  :  Juturna,  the  sister  of  angat.    Et.    The  tt  here  connects,  and  con- 
Turnus,  and  daughter  of  Daunus :  hence  tinues  the  preceding  negative.     The  nee  is 
the  adj.  Daunia.     See  139,  supra,  et  seq.  to  be  repeated  after  the  et ;  or  the  et  is  to 

786.  Quod :   in  the  sense  of  hoc.     It  is  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  nee.     This  last  is 
governed  by  indignata:  indignant — angry,  the  opinion  of  Valpy.     Heyne  observes,  the 

788.  Refecti :  in  the  sense  of  reparati  vel  nee  is  to  be  repeated.     Negativa  nee  repe- 
animati.  tenda  es/,  says  he.    Curce :  troubles.    Solici- 

789.  Arduus :  in  the  sense  of  elatus.  tudines,  says  Ruaeus. 

790.  Contra:  against   each   other — face  804.  Accendere  bellum:  to  kindle  horrid 
each   other.     Anheli :  Rueeus   refers   it  to  war.    See  flln.  vii.  323 ;  where  Juno  raises 
Turnus   and   ^neas.      Heyne  connects  it  Alecto  from  the  infernal  regions,  who  broke 
with  Martis;  and  it  is  a  very  appropriate  the  league  which  Latinus  had  made  with 
epithet  of  a  fight,  like  the  present.     The  ^Eneas,  and  kindled  the  war. 

sense  is  the  same  in  either  construction.  805.  Deformare :  to  afflict — trouble — dis- 

794.  Indigetem.  Indiges  is,  properly,  a  dei-  grace.    Davidson  says,  "  dishonor."  Heyne 

fied  hero — a  demi-god.     Such  an  one  was  thinks  reference  is  here  made  to  the  death 

^Eneas  after  his  death.  of  Amata,  who  hung  herself.    Disgrace  and 

796.  Hares :  in  the  sense  of  manes.  ignominy  always  attend  suicide.  Hymenceos  : 

797.  Divum :  this  is  said  by  anticipation,  the  match  of  Lavinia  arid  ./Eneas.  Miscere : 
^neas  was  not  yet  a  god.    Or  divum  may  in  the  sense  of  turbare. 

be  in  the  sense  ofdivinum;  and  then  it  will         806.  Orsus :  in  the  sense  of  locutm  f*f. 
refer  to  the  origin  of  .Eneas ;  who,  on  the     Of  the  verb  ordinr. 


.    LIB.  XII.  590 

Sic  Dea  submisso  contra  Saturnia  vultu  : 

Ista  quiclem  quia  nota  mihi  tua,  rnagne,  voluntas,  lj08.  O  magne  Jupi- 

Jupiter,  et  Turnum  et  terras  in  vita  reliqui.  tcr,  quia  quidem  ista 

Nee  tu  me  aeria  solam  nunc  sede  videres  810 tua  volu«tas  est  nota 

Digna  indigna  pati ;  sed  flammis  cincta  sub  ipsa 

Starem  acie,  traherernque  inimica  in  praelia  Teucros.  , 

Juturnam  misero,  fateor,  succurrere  fratri 

Suasi,  et  pro  vi.a  majora  audere  probavi : 

Non  ut  tela  tanien,  non  ut  contenderet  arcum.          815     815.  Tamennon  sua- 

Adjuro  Stygii  caput  implacabile  fontis,  s*'  nec  probavi utjaceret 

Una  superstitio  superis  quse  reddita  Divis.  ^  ™n  suasi'  nec  Pro~ 

Et  nunc  cedo  equidem,  pugnasque  exosa  relinquo. 

Illud  te,  nulla  fati  quod  lege  tenetur, 

Pro  Laiio  obtestor,  pro  maj estate  tuorum  :  820     820.  Obtestor  tc  con- 

Cum  jam  connubiis  pacem  lelicibus,  esto,  cedere  illud  pro 

Component ;  cum  jam  leges  et  fcedera  jungent : 

Ne  vetus  indigenas  nomen  mutare  Latinos,  823.  Ne  jubeas  Lati- 

Neu  Troas  fieri  jubeas,  Teucrosque  vocari ;  nos  indigenas  mutare 

Aut  vocem  mutare  viros,  aut  vertere  vestes.  825     825.   Sit  Latiura  in 

Sit  Latium  ;  sint  Albani  per  scecula  reges  :  atemnm 

Sit  Romana  potens  Itala  virtutc  propago  : 

Occidit,  occideritque  sinas  cum  nomine  Troja.  828.  Troja   occidit. 

Olli  subridens  hominum  rerumque  repertor  :  tu  3ue  sinas  ut 

Et  germana  Jovis,  Saturnique  altera  proles,  830     830.  Ait:  tu,  et  get- 

Irarum  tantos  volvis  sub  pectore  fluctus  ?  mana 

Verum  age,  et  inceptum  frustra  submitte  furorem  : 

NOTES. 

807.    Submisso:   in  the   sense   of  tristi.  in  the  sense  of  data  velfacta.    Others  lake 

The  verb  retpondit,  or  some  other  of  the  like  it  to  imply,  imposed  or  retaliated  upon  the 

import,  is  understood.  gods  above,  by  the  infernal  gods  :  as  if  this 

810,  Nec  tu  nunc:  some  words  appear  fear,  or  dread  of  swearing  by  Styx,  made 
necessary  here  to  make  the  sense  complete  :  the  gods  above  subject,  in  their  turn,  to  the 
otherwise,  you  would  not,  £c.     If  I  had  not  gods  below,  as  much  as  these  latter  are  to 
known  it  to  be  your  will,  you  would  not  the  former. 

now  see,  &c.    Acrid  sede  :  in  the  aerial  re-  819.  Tenetur:  withheld — prohibited, 

gions.     Reference  is  here  had  to  verse  792,  820.  Tuorum.     The  Latin  kings  derived 

where  Juno  is  represented  as  viewing  the  their  descent  from  Saturn,  the  brother  oi' 

field  of  battle,  seated  on  a  cloud.  Jove. 

811.  Pati digna indigna ;  to  bear  things,  822.  Component:  in  the  sense  of  const i~ 
becoming  and  unbecoming.     This  is  a  pro-  tuenl. 

verbial  expression,  the  import  of  which  is,  823.  fndigenas  :  natives — those  born  in 

ic  to  bear  every  thing,  even  the  greatest  in-  the  country. 

suits  and  indignities."  ,.  J'o'ccm :    language.     The   meaning 

112.  Inimica.     Ruoeus  says,  adversa.  is:  do  not  order  the  men  to  change  their 

816.  Stygii  fontis  :  Styx,  a  fabulous  river  language,  or  their  dress. 

ol' hell.     The  gods  were  wont  to  swear  by          827.  Romana  propago  sit :  let  the  Roman 

it;  and  if  they  swore   falsely,  they  were  offspring  be  powerful,  by  Italian  valor :  i.  e. 

doomed  to  lose  their  divinity  for  a  length  of  let  all  the  future  glory  and  grandeur  of  the 

time.     Hence  it  is  called  implacabilis :  in-  Romans    be  grafted  on  the  valor  of  the 

exorable.     Fontis :    in  the  sense  of  Jluoii.  Latins.    Propago  :  in  the  sense  of  proles. 
Caput:  the  head,  or  source;  put  for  the          829.  Repertor:  in  the  sense  of  auctor  vel 

whole   stream,   by    synec.      Adjuro    caput  pater. 

Stygii :  simply   for,  juro  per  Stygem,  says          830.  Et  germana  Joris :  Ruams  and  some 

Heyne.  others  read  e.s-,  in  the  place  of  ct.     Ileym 

817.  Una  superstitio  :  the  fear,  or  dread,  reads  et. 

Sefrvius   says,  the  sole,  or  only  obligation.          i:;J|.   I'ulris:    why  dost   thou   roll 

Heyne  takes  superstitio  for  religio,  et  metus     mighty,  & 

ex  ca  ortus,     Reddita.     Servius  takes  this  -,  i/r/p:  rrslrain — curb* 


GOO  P.VIRG1L1I  MARONIS 

833.   Victusque  luis  J)o,  quod  vis  ;  et  me,  victusque  volensque,  reimtto. 
precibus  Sermom-iti  Ausonii  patrium  moresque  tenebunt : 

835.  Corpore  Latini  Utque  est,  nomen  erit :  commixti  corpore  tantum     835 
populi  Subsident  Teucri :  morem  ritusque  sacrorum 

Adjiciam  :  faciamque  omnes  uno  ore  Latinos. 

838.  Videbis  genus  Hinc  genus,  Ausonio  mixtum  quod  sanguine  surget, 
ortum  hinc  Supra  homines,  supra  ire  Deos  pietate  vidcbis. 

Nee  gens  ulla  tuos  aeque  celebrabit  honores. 
Annuit  his  Juno,  et  mentem  lietata  retorsit. 
Interea  excedit  coslo,  nubemque  reiiquit. 
843.  Genitor  Deorum      His  actis,  aliud  genitor  secum  ipse  volutat : 

ipse  Juturnamque  parat  fratris  dimittere  ab  armis. 

845.    Dicuntur   esse  Dicuntur  gemmae  pestes,  cognomine  Dirae  ;  845 

geminaj  Quas,  et  Tartarean!  Nox  intempesta  Megoeram, 

Uno  eodemque  tulit  partu  ;  paribusque  revinxit 
Serpentum  spiris,  ventosasque  addidit  alas. 
Hae  Jovis  ad  solium,  saevique  in  limine  regis 
Apparent,  acuuntque  metum  mortalibus  negris ; 
851.  Morbosque  ho-  Si  quando  letum  horrificum  morbosque  Deum  rex 

minibus  Molitur,  meritas  aut  bello  territat  urbes. 

Harum  unam  celerem  demisit  ab  aethere  summo 
Jupiter,  inque  omen  Juturnae  occurrere  jussit. 
Ilia  volat,  celerique  ad  terram  turbine  fertur,  855 

Non  secus,  ac  nervo  per  nubem  impulsa  sagitta ; 
Armatam  saevi  Parthus  cm  am  felle  veneni, 

NOTES. 

833.  Remittome:  I  surrender  myself— I     upon  guilty  men.     Cognomine:  in  the  suns*- 
give  myself  up  to  your  entreaties  and  your      of  nomine. 

tears.  846.  JVor  intempesta :  dead,  inactive  night, 

834.  Sermonem:  in  the  sense  of  linguam.  unseasonable  for  business,  and  when  there 

836.  Subsident :   shall  settle  in  Latium.  is  nothing  stirring.     Ruseus  says,  profunda. 
Valpy  says,  "  shall  take  the  lower  places."  nox. 

Heyne  says,  infimum  locum  occupent.     Mo-  848.  Veniosas  alas :  wings  of  the  wind— 

rem  ritusque  :  in  the  sense  of  modos  ccremo-  swift  as  the  wind. 

niasque  religionis.      This  alludes  to  the  in-  849.  Hcevi  regis.   Savus  is  not  the  habitual 

troduction  of  the   worship  of  the  Penates  character  of  Jove.     It  is  only  what  he  as- 

and  of  fiesta  into  Italy,  by  jEneas.     Heyne  sumes,  at  times.     The  meaning  is :  when  he 

takes  sacrorum  in  the  sense  of  religionis.  is  in  wrath. 

837.  Uno  ore :  of  one  language.     The  850.  Apparent :  they  appear.   They  give 
prep,  e  is  understood.     I   will   cause  both  their  attendance,  as  the  ministers   of  his 
nations  to  be  incorporated  under  the  gene-  will.     Acuunt :   in   the   sense    of  excitant. 
ral  name  of  Latins,  and  to  use  one  and  the  JEgris.     Ruceus  says,  miseris. 

same  language.  852.    Meritas :    deserving,    or    meriting 

839.  Ire  supra  Deos.     This  is  a  most  ex-     punishment — guilty.    Molitur  :  in  the  sense 
travagant  compliment  to  the  Csesars,  from      of  parat. 

the  mouth  of  Jove.     Ruaeus  says,  superare         854.  In  omen :  for  an  omen,  or  portentous 

jDeos,  in  which  Heyne  agrees.     Davidson  sign.     Quasi  portentum,  says  Ruaeus. 
says,  "  exalted  above  gods."  856.  Impulsa  :  in  the  sense  of  missa.    Est 

840.  JVee  ulla  gens.     Juno  was   highly  is  understood.     JVbn  secus  ac :  no  otherwise 
honored  among  the  Romans,  particularly  than — just  so  as — just  as. 

by  the  women.     A  magnificent  temple  was  867.  Felle  smvi  veneni :  with  the  essence 

built  to  her  upon  mount  Aventinus,  in  which  of  strong  poison.     Valpy  says,  u  with  bitter 

Scipio  deposited  her  statue  that  he  brought  poison."      Davidson   renders    the     words, 

from  Carthage.  "  with  the  quintessence  of  malignant  poi- 

841.  Retorsit:  in  the  sense  of  converlit.      son."       Armatam:      imbued impregna- 

I  leyno  says,  itiftexit  vel  mutavit.  ted — tinged.     It  was  usual  with  barbarous 

845.    JJira.     The  furies  were   three  in  nations  to  dip  the  point  of  their  arrows,  and 

number,   Tisiphone,    Megcera,    and  *Alecto.  other  missive  weapons,  into  poison,  in  order 

Two  of  them  stand  before  the  throne  of  to   render  their   wounds  incurable.      The 

•Jove,  to  be  the  ministers  of  his  vengeance  Parthians  were  celebrated   archers.     The 


jENEIS.    LIB.  XII. 

Parthus  sive  Cydon,  telum  immedicabile  torsit ;  858.  Parthus,  m^uoro. 

Stridens,  et  celeres  incognita  transilit  umbras.  sive  Cydon  torsit  tan- 

Talis  se  sata  Nocte  tulit,  terrasque  petivit.  860  fi£ 2™^*  **' 

Postquam  aeies  videt  Iliacas,  atque  agmina  Turni, 

Alitis  in  parvae  subito  collecta  figurarn,  862.  Ilia  collecta  est 

Quae  quondam  in  bustis,  aut  culminibus  desertis  in 

Nocte  sedens,  serum  canit  importuna  per  umbras  : 

Hanc  versa  in  faciem,  Turni  se  pestis  ad  ora  865     865.  Dira  pestis  versa. 

Fertque  refertque  sonans,  clypeumque  everberat  alis.    in 
Illi  membra  novus  solvit  formidine  torpor : 

Arrectaeque  horrore  coma?,  et  vox  faucibus  haesit.  86C.  Cornea  sunt 

At,  procul  ut  Dirae  stridorem  agnovit  et  alas, 

Infelix  crines  scindit  Juturna  solutos,  870     87°- Ut  Juturna  infe- 

Unguibus  ora  soror  fcedans,  et  pectora  pugnis.  anovit' 

Quid  nunc  te  tua,  Turne,  potest  germana  juvare  1 
Aut  quid  jam  miserae  superat  mini  1  qua  tibi  lucem 
Arte  morer  1  talin'  possum  me  opponere  monstro  1 
Jam  jam  linquo  acies.     Ne  me  terrete  timentem,    875 
Obsccense  volucres  :  alarum  verbera  nosco,  876.  O  vos,  obscoen* 

Letalemque  sonum  :  nee  fallunt  jussa  superba  volucres 

Magnanimi  Jovis.     Haec  pro  virginitate  reponit  '1  878.  Reponit-ne  hree 

Quo  vitam  dedit  aeternam  1  cur  mortis  adempta  est         mihi    pro     virginitate 
Conditio  1     Possem  tantos  finire  dolores  880  ereptd 

Nunc  certe,  et  misero  fratri  comes  ire  per  umbras  ! 

Immortalis  ego  !     Aut  quicquam  mihi  dulce  meorum         333.  Quicquam  meo- 
Te  sine,  frater,  erit !     O  quae  satis  ima  dehiscat  rum  bonorum  erit  dulce 

NOTES. 

word  Parthus,  by  the  repetition  of  it,  is         874.  Morer :  can  I  prolong.    Lucem :  in 

made  emphatic.  the  sense  of  vitam. 

858.  Immedicabile :  inflicting  an  incurable         875.  Jam,  jam,  &c.     This  is  in  imitation 
wound.     Cydon :  an  inhabitant  of  the  city  of  Homer,  who  makes  Apollo  quit  the  field 
Cydon,  or  Cydonia,  in  Crete,  founded  by  a  just  before  Hector  is  slain  by  Achilles. — 
colony  from  Samos.     Hodie,   Canea.     The  Acies :  the  fight — the  field  of  battle. 
Cretans  were  celebrated  archers.  876.  Obscoence:  inauspicious — of  ill  omen. 

859.  Transilit :    in  the   sense   of  trans-  Verbera :   the    strokes — flapping    of  your 
currit.  wings. 

860.  Sata:  in  the  sense  of  nata  veljilia.  878.    Hcec  reponit.    Jove  had  an  amour 

862.  ParvM  alitis  :  of  a  small  bird  :  small  with  Juturna ;  and  as  a  reward  for  her  vio- 
in  comparison  with  the  size  of  the  goddess,  lated  virginity,  he  conferred  upon  her  im- 
Subilb.     This  is  the  common   reading. —  mortality.    See  verse  141,  supra.    Reponit : 
Heyne  has  subitam.     Collecta  :  in  the  sense  in  the  sense  of  reddit  vel  dat.    Superba :  in 
of  contracta.  the  sense  of  sasva  vel  dura. 

863.  Buslis:  in  the  sense  ofsepulcris.  879.  Adempta  est:  taken  away  from  me. 

864.  Importuna  :  in  the  sense  of  infausta.  QMO  .•  why — for  what  purpose.  Some  copies 
The  bird  here  meant  is  the  owl,  which  is  have  cur. 

the  only  fowl  that  sings  in  the  night.     Se-  880.  Possem :  I  wish  I  could— O  !  that  I 

rum :  late — in  reference  to  the  time  of  her  could  end,  &c. 

singing.  881.  Certe  :  at  least — surely. 

866.  Pestis  fertque:  the  fury  flies  forward  882.  Immortalis :  This  is  the  reading  of 
and  backwards  before  the  face  of  Turnus,  Heyne.     Valpy  and  Ruseus  read  mortal**. 
screaming  horribly.     Fertque  refertque  se :  This  will  make  a  difference  in  the  sense.  It 
she  advances  and  retreats.  will  strip  the  words  of  any  expression  of 

867.  Nwus :   unusual — new.     Solvit :  in  strong  passion  on  the  part  of  Juturna.    It 
the  sense  of  debililat.  implies  that  if  she  were  mortal,  sho  would 

869.  Stridorem  et  a/as  :   in  the  sense  of  accompany  her  brother  to  the  shades  below. 

stridorem  alarum :  the  noise,  or  whizzing  of  Aut :  Valpy  and  RUEBUS  read  haud.  Heyn* 

her  wings.  reads  aut,  with  an  interrogation.    Ruteus 

871.  Fcedans :  tearing  her  face,  &c.  and  Valpy  read  without  any. 

872.  Quid ;  Ru»us  «ays,  qwmodo.  883.  Salit  alia :  *uffici«ntlj  d«ep. 

7fi 


602  P,  VIRG1LII  MARONiS 

Terra  mihi,  Manesque  Deam  dernittat  ad  inios  ! 

885.  Dea  effata  tan-  Tantum  effata,  caput  glauco  contexit  amictu,  885 

Multa  gemens,  et  se  fluvio  Dea  condidit  alto. 

jEneas  instat  contra,  telumque  coruscat 
Ingens,  arboreum,  et  saevo  sic  pectore  fatur  : 
Quae  nunc  deinde  mora  est  ?  aut  quid  jam,  Turne,  re- 

tractas?  /?«•**$?<•    fc  ^*-> 

ff.      Non  cursu,  saeyis  certandum  est  cominus  armis.       890 

Verte  omnes  tete  in  facies ;  et  contrahe  quicquid 
S92.  Opta  it  sequi      Sive  animis,  sive  arte,  vales  :  opta  ardua  pennis 
Astra  sequi,  clausumque  cava  te  condere  terra. 
894.  Die  TWmwquas-lJle,  caput  quassans  :  Non  me  tua  fervida  terrent 

''         °X  Dicta>  ferox  :  Di  me  terrent>  et  Jupiter  hostis.          895 

Nee  plura  effatus  ;  saxum  circumspicit  ingens, 
Saxum  antiquum,  ingens,  campo  quod  forte  jacebat, 
Limes  agro  positus,  litem  ut  discerneret  arvis. 
899.  Viz  bis  sex  lecti(Vix  illud  lecti  bis  sex  cervice  subirent,  Jj  •-%• 
famines   subirent  illud  Qualia  nunc  hominum  producit  corpora  tellus.          900 

'"^n?  ni   i,  JNe  manu  raptum  trepida  torquebat  in  hostem, 

*jU  1  •  mo  lie  FOB.  insur-  »  *  •  .         . 

gens  altior,et  concitus  Altlor  msurgens,  et  cursu  concitus  heros. 
cursu  torquebat  illud     Sed  neque  currentem  se,  nee  cognoscit  euntem, 
Tollentemve  manu,  saxumque  immane  moventem. 
Genua  labant :  gelidus  concrevit  frigore  sanguis.     905 
Turn  lapis  ipse  viri,  vacuum  per  inane  volutus, 
907.  Nee  evasit  totum  jfec  spatium  evasit  totum,  nee  pertulit  ictum. 
rin' n€  Ac  velut  in  somnis,  oculos  ubi  languida  pressit 

Nocte  quies,  nequicquam  avidos  extendere  cursus 

NOTES. 

884.  Demiltal :  send  me  a  goddess,  &c.  stones  when  they  have  no  other  weapons. 

HUBBUB  says,  detrudet.   Arboreum :  massy  as  Turnus  has  his  trusty  sword,  but  there  is  no 

a  tree— like  a  tree.  mention  made  of  .it.     Jove  prevents  him 

890.  Certandum  est :  the  contest  is  to  be  from  the  use  of  it. 

decided  in  close  fight,  not  at  running.  S&vis :         903.  Sed  neque  cognoscit  se :  so  disordered 

in  the  sense  of  duris.  in  his  senses,  that  he  does  not  perceive  him- 

891.  Facies :  in  the  sense  offormas.  Con-  self  to  be  running,  &c.     The  fury  had  de- 
trahe :  in  the  sense  of  collige.  prived  him  not  only  of  his  strength  of  body, 

892.  Opta :   desire — wish  to  ascend   to.  but  of  the  powers  of  his   mind.      Heyne 
Sequi :  in  the  sense  of  ascendere.  says,  videt  solitas  vires  sibi  deesse. 

894.  Fervida  :  in  the  sense  of  superba.  905.  Concrevit :  hath  congealed — grown 

898.  Limes  agro :  placed  as  a  limit  or  thick.  Frigore  :  may  mean  the  fear  and  con- 
boundary  to  the  land.    Discerneret:  that  it  sternation,  occasioned  by  the  fury,  by  melon, 
might  terminate  (prevent)  disputes  about  This  appears  better  than  to  take  it  for  cold  or 
the  fields.     Davidson  says,  "  to  distinguish  chillness.  That  idea  is  expressed  by  gelidus. 
the  controverted  bounds  of  the  fields."  906.  Per  vacuum  inane  :  moved  through 

899.  Bis  sex  lecti,  &c.    Here  the  poet  had  the   empty  air.      Inane:   in   the   sense  of 
two  passages  of  Homer  in  his  eye :  Iliad  aerem.     Viri.     Servius   connects  viri  with 
v.  302,  where  Diomede  throws  a  stone  at  lapis ;  but  it  illy  suits  the  place.    Its  proper 
JEneas,  such  as  two  men  in  Homer's  time  place  is   after  spatium,  implying  that  the 
could  hardly  have  wielded  :  and  Iliad,  lib.  stone,  passing  or  thrown  through  the  air, 
xxi.   405,   where    Minerva    gives   Mars   a  did  not  go  the  whole  distance  to  ^Eneas,  but 
blow  with  a  stone  that  was  set  for  a  land-  fell  short  of  him,  and  consequently  did  not 
mark.     These,  and  some  other  imitations,  give  him  a  blow.     Rua;us  connects  totum 
discover  less  judgment  and  correctness,  than  with  ictum ;  but  improperly :  for  that  would 
is  to  be  seen  in  the  rest  of  the  poet's  works,  imply  that  the  stone  gave  ./Eneas  a  partial 
This  stone,  which  our  hero  wields  with  so  stroke ;  but  it  is  plain  it  did  not  hit  him  at 
much  ease,  the  poet  informs  us  was  so  large  all,  since  it  did  not  reach  him.  Heyne  takes 
that  twelve  men,  in  his  time,  would  have  viri  with  Servius,  in  the  sense  of  Tumi.  Rn- 
scarcely  been  able  to  carry  it  upon  their  aeus  connects  it  with  spatium. 

shoulders !    Homer  makes  his  heroes  throw         909.  dvidos  cursus :  the  fond  wee* — the 


-ffiNEIS.     LIB.  XII. 


917.  Nee  videt  quo 
eripiat 

919.  Turno  sic  cunc* 
tanti 


Velle  videmur,  et  in  mediis  conatibus  aegri 
Succidimus  :  non  lingua  valet,  non  corpore  not® 
Sufficiunt  vires,  nee  vox  nee  verba  sequuntur. 
Sic  Turno,  quacunque  viam  virtute  petivit, 
Successum  Dea  Dira  negat.     Turn  pectore  sensus 
Vertuntur  varii.     Rutulos  aspectat  et  urbem  ;  915 

Cunctaturque  metu  ;  telumque  instare  tremiscit. 
Nee,  quo  se  eripiat,  nee  qua  vi  tendat  in  hostem, 
Nee  currus  usquam,  videt,  aurigamque  sororem. 

Cunctanti  telum  ^Eneas  fatale  coruscat, 
»Sortitus  fortunam  oculis ;  et  corpore  toto  920 

E  minus  intorquet.     Murali  concita  nunquam 
Tormento  sic  saxa  fremunt,  nee  fulmine  tanti 
Dissultant  crepitus.     Volat  atri  turbinis  instar 
Exitium  dirum  hasta  ferens ;  orasque  recludit 
Loricse,  et  clypei  extremos  septemplicis  orbes  :        925 
Per  medium  stridens  transit  femur.     Incidit  ictus 
Ingens  ad  terram  duplicate  poplite  Turnus. 

Consurgunt  gemitu  Rutuli,  totusque  remugit 
Mons  cireum,  et  vocem  late  nemora  alta  remittunt. 
Jlle  humilis  supplexque  oculos,  dextramque  precantem, 
Protendens,  Equidem  merui,  nee  deprecor,  inquit :  931       93L  Nec  deprecw 

Utere  sorte  tua.     Miseri  te  si  qua  parentis 

rr»  //•  •          M  •      i«  MM*  01  qua  cura  mi- 

Tangere  cura  potest,  oro,  (fuit  et  tibi  tabs  seri  parentis 

Anchises  genitor)  Dauni  miserere  senectffi  ;  933.  Oro  ut  tu  mise- 

Et  me,  seu  corpus  spoliatum  lumine  mavis,  935  rere 

Redde  meis.     Vicisti :  et  victum  tendere  palmas 

A  .JA  j.  T       •   •  •  amicis  sive  vtvum.  seu 

Ausonii  videre  :  tua  est  Lavima  conjux.  te  maviSj  redde  meum 

TJlterius  ne  tende  odiis.     Stetit  acer  in  armis  corpus 


NOTES. 


races  on  which  we  are  intent,  and  eager  in 
the  pursuit. 

910.  JE,gri :  weak — faint  from  our  great 
exertions.    Succidimus :  in  the  sense  of  defi- 
cimus. 

911.  JVo/«B :  in  the  sense  of  solitce.    Cor- 
pore :  in  the  sense  of  corpori,  the  dat. 

913.  Quacunque    virlute  :  by  whatever 
(efforts  of)  valor  he  sought  the  way  of  at- 
tacking jEneas,  or  of  making  his  escape. 

914.  Sensus:  thoughts.  Vertuntur :  in  the 
sense  of  volvuntur. 

916.  Cunctatur  :  he  hesitates — he  knows 
not  what  to  do — he  is  at  a  stand. 

917.  Tendat :  in  the  sense  of  irruat. 

919.  Coruscat:  in  the   sense   of  vibrat. 

920.  Sortitus fortunam  oculis:  Servius  ex- 
plains these  words  thus :  JEneas  oculis  ele- 
git  hunc  locum  ad  ftriendum^  quern  fortuna 
destinaverat  vulneri.  Fortunam :  in  this  sense, 
is  of  the  same  import  with  locum  vulneris. 
Heyne  is  of  the  same  opinion.  Ruaeus  says, 
opportunitalem. 

921.  Murali  tormento :  this  was  an  engine, 
or  machine  for  battering  the  walls  of  cities, 
and  for  throwing  missive  weapons.  Concita  : 
thrown,  or  sent. 

923,  Nen  tanti  crepitus :  nor  do  such 


mighty  peals  burst  from  the  thunder.  Cre» 
pitus :  properly  a  roaring  or  crashing.  Dis- 
sultant :  in  the  sense  of  eduntur  vel  excitan- 
tur.  Instar :  like  a  black  whirlwind — swift 
as  a  whirlwind. 

924.  Recludit :  opens  or  penetrates  the 
extremity  of  his  coat  of  mail.     Ora :  the 
edge  or  border  of  any  thing.    Exitnem :  in 
the  sense  of  mortem. 

925.  Extremos  orbes:  by  this  we  are 'to 
understand  the  lower  part  of  the  shield. 
Septemplicis:  having  seven  folds  or  plates 
of  brass. 

926.  Ictus :  in  the  sense  of  pcrcussus,  vel 
vulneratus. 

'I21.  Duplicato  poplile :  upon  his  bended 
knee.  Heyne  says,  inftexo  genu. 

929.  RemUlunt :  echo— return  the  sound. 
Vocem :  in  the  sense  of  sonum. 

931.  Deprecor :  nor  do  I  entreat  that  ytu 
should  spare  me. 

932.  Sort e :  in  the  sense  of  fortuna.    Mi- 
seri :  in  the  sense  of  infelicis. 

935.  Redde  me  meis,  &c.  Turnus  confesses 
himself  vanquished ;  and  entreats  ./Enea* 
to  send  him  back  to  his  father  and  friwids ; 
but  if  he  choose  rather  (mavis)  to  deprive 
him  of  life,  in  that  case,  that  ho  would  send 


604 


P.  VIRGILII  MARONIS 


-dEneas,  volvens  oculos,  dextramque  repressit. 

940.  ^  Sermo  Jjfomi  Et  jam  jamque  magis  cunctantem  flectere  sermo     949 

oeperat ;  infelix  humero  cum  apparuit  alto 
Balteus,  et  notis  fulserunt  cingula  bullis, 
Pallantis  pueri ;  victum  quern  vulnere  Turnus 
Straverat,  atque  humeris  inimicum  insigne  gerebat. 
Ille,  oculis  postquam  saevi  monumenta  doloris,          945 
Exuviasque  hausit,  furiis  accensus  et  ir£ 

947.  Ait:  Tu-ne  in-  Terribilis :  Tu-ne  hinc  spoliis,  indute,  meorum 
meorum  Eripiare  mihi  ?  Pallas  te  hoc  vulnere,  Pallas 

Immolat,  et  poBnam  scelerato  ex  sanguine  sumit. 
Hoc  dicens,  ferrum  adverse  sub  pectore  condit        950 
Fervidus :  ast  illi  solvuntur  frigore  membra, 
Vitaque  cum  gemitu  fugit  indignata  sub  umbras. 


omirortim 


NOTES. 


bis  dead  body  to  them,  that  it  might  be 
treated  according  to  the  rites  of  his  country. 

940.  Flectere :   to  turn  or  change   him. 
Jlur-Mjs  says,  commoverc. 

941.  Infdix:  inauspicious — unfortunate. 
It  had  proved  so  to  Pallas,  whom  Turnus 
•lew :  it  now  proves  so  to  Turnus,  who  in 
turn  is  slain  by  .&neas.     Alto ;  this  is  the 
reading  of  Heyne  and  Davidson.     RUBBUS 
mnd  Valpy  road  ingeru,  referring  to  the  belt 
(balteui)  of  Pallas,  which  Turnus  wore  upon 
his  shoulders.  Alto :  refers  to  Turnus.  This 
last  is  the  best.      Bullis:  studs  or  bosses. 
Ruteus  lays,  davit. 

943.  Pueri :  in  the  sense  of  juvenis. 

944.  Insigne :  in  the  sense  of  ornamenlum. 

945.  Hausit  oculis  :  he  saw.    6Ym  doloris : 
the  death  of  Pallas  caused  excessive  grief 
to  jfcneas ;  and  from  the  moment  that  he 
beard  of  his  fall,  he  vowed  vengeance  on 
Turnus.     The  sight  of  these  memorials, 
these  spoils,  of  his  friend,  roused  him  into 
fury.     He  had  otherwise,  perhaps,  spared 
his  suppliant.   Hausit :  in  the  sense  of  vidit. 


947.  Indute :  voc.  agreeing  with  /w,  from 
the  verb  tnduo :   clad.     Meorum :    of  my 
friends:  namely,  Pallas. 

948.  Eripiare :  the  passive  is  here  used 
in  the  sense  of  the   middle  voice   of  the 
Greeks:  canst  thou  rescue  thyself  from  my 
hands  ? 

949.  Scelerato:    devoted.     Ruseus  says, 
impio,  in  reference  to  his  having  slain  Pal- 
las.    Heyne  is  of  the  same  opinion,     hn- 
molat :  sacrifices  you  to  the  gods  below. 

951.  Fervidus:    in  the  sense  of  ardens. 
Illi  :  in  the  sense  of  illius.     Frigore  .  with 
the  chill  of  death. 

952.  Indignata  cum  gemitu.    Heyne  takes 
this  in  the  sense  simply  of  gemma  vel  wice- 
rens. 

Mr.  Davidson  observes,  the  conclusion  of 
this  beautiful  poem  is  unworthy  of  the  dig- 
nity of  the  subject.  And  if  Virgil  had  lived 
to  finish  it  to  his  mind,  he  would,  in  all 
probability,  have  given  it  a  more  elegant 
termination. 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  condition  of  the  troops  of 
Turnus  at  the  opening  of  this  book  ? 

What  resolution  does  he  take  in  conse- 
quence of  that  ? 

Does  Latinus  endeavor  to  dissuade  him 
from  the  combat? 

What  is  the  character  of  his  address  to 
him? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  Turnus  ? 

Does  he  refuse  to  give  up  Lavinia  to 
JEneas  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  reply  of 
Turnus  ? 

Is  it  characteristic  of  the  soldier  and  the 
patriot? 

Did  the  queen  also,  endeavor  to  dissuade 
him? 

What  arguments  did  she  use  for  that 
purpose  ? 


Did  Lavinia  hear  this  conversation  of  her 
mother  with  Turnus  ? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  her  ? 

Did  Turnus  behold  this  blush  upon  her 
cheek  ? 

Did  he  consider  it  indicative  of  her  love  ? 

What  effect  had  it  upon  the  hero  ? 

What  resolution  did  he  instantly  take  ? 

Whom  did  he  send  to  acquaint  ./Eneas  of 
that  resolution? 

When  was  the  time  appointed  for  the 
combat  ? 

What  did  Turnus  in  the  mean  time  ? 

What  preparations  were  made  upon  the 
field? 

For  what  purpose  do  they  erect  altars? 

Who  were  the  parties  to  this  league  ? 

What  did  Juno  do  to  prevent  its  execu- 
tion? 


IS.     LIB.  XII. 


605 


To  what  place    does   Juturna   repair? 

Whose  form  does  she  assume? 

What  is  her  object  in  repairing  to  the  field 
of  battle? 

What  effectually  roused  the  Rutulians  to 
arms  ? 

What  was  that  prodigy  or  omen  ? 

Who  was  the  first  to  observe  it  ? 

How  did  Tolumnius  interpret  it  ? 

Who  was  this  Tolumnius  ?  What  effect 
had  this  upon  the  minds  of  the  Italians  ? 

Who  cast  the  first  javelin  ?  Whom  did 
it  kill? 

What  immediately  followed  ? 

What  became  of  Latinus  ? 

What  did  ^Eneas  upon  this  emergency  ? 

Was  he  wounded  ?  Is  it  known  by  whom 
that  wound  was  inflicted  ? 

What  effect  had  this  upon  the  Trojans? 

At  this  juncture,  what  course  did  Turnus 
take  ? 

What  feats  of  valor  does  the  hero  perform  ? 

Who  were  among  the  first  that  he  killed  ? 

What  became  of  JEneas  ? 

Who  attempted  to  extract  the  arrow  ? 

Who  was  this  lapis? 

By  whom  is  it  said,  he  was  instructed  in 
Ihe  healing  art  ? 

Was  he  able  to  effect  a  cure  ? 

By  whom  was  the  hero  finally  cured? 

Where  did  Venus  obtain  the  plant? 

What  is  the  name  of  it  ? 

What  was  the  state  of  the  battle,  while 
JEneas  was  in  his  camp? 

When  he  returned  to  the  fight,  was  the 
scale  of  victory  turned  ? 

Whom  does  he  seek  to  engage  ? 

Is  he  prevented  from  meeting  withTurnus? 

By  whom  is  he  prevented  ? 

How  did  she  accomplish  it  ? 

At  this  juncture,  what  is  the  slate  of  the 
battle? 

Finding  himself  baffled  by  Turnus,  what 
resolution  does  /Eneas  take  ? 

What  did  he  do  previous  to  the  assault  ? 

Having  animated  his  men,  did  they  take 
possession  of  the  city  ? 

Where  was  Turnus  in  the  mean  time  ? 

What  effect  had  this  upon  the  queen  ? 

What  became  of  her? 

Who  brought  the  news  to  Turnus  of  the 
capture  of  the  city,  and  the  death  of  the 
queen  ? 


What  effect  had  it  upon  his  mind  ? 

What  course  did  he  take  ? 

Upon  the  arrival  of  Turnus,  did  the  Tro- 
jans instantly  desist  from  the  assault  ? 

How  did  the  heroes  commence  the  com- 
bat? 

After  that,  what  did  they  do  ? 

What  misfortune  happened  to  Turnus  ? 

Had  he  omitted  to  take,  his  own  sword  ? 

By  whom  was  his  sword  made  ? 

How  did  he  save  his  life  at  that  juncture? 

Was  he  pursued  by  ^Eneas  ? 

Did  he  call  for  his  heavenly  tempered 
sword  ? 

By  whom  was  it  restored  to  him  ? 

What  favor  did  Venus  do  for  jEneas  at 
the  same  time  ? 

Having  recovered  their  arms ;  do  the  he- 
roes prepare  for  a  second  assault  ? 

At  this  moment,  which  side  did  Jove  fa- 
vor? 

What  course  did  he  pursue  ? 

Whom  did  he  send  to  the  field  of  battle  ? 

What  form  did  the  fury  assume  ? 

What  does  she  do? 

What  effect  had  her  sound  upon  Juturna  ? 

What  did  she  instantly  do  ? 

Did  she  utter  any  tender  expressions  for 
her  brother  ? 

What  effect  had  the  fury  upon  Turnus? 

jiEneas  calls  upon  Turnus  no  longer  to 
decline  the  fight ;  and  what  reply  does  he 
make  him? 

Does  he  express  any  signs  of  fear  for  him  ? 

Whom  then  does  he  fear? 

Does  Turnus  forget  that  he  has  his  trusty 
sword  ? 

With  what  does  he  attempt  to  assault 
.-Eneas  ? 

What  was  the  size  of  the  stone? 

Did  it  reach  his  antagonist  ? 

Why  did  it  not  ? 

At  this  moment,  what  did  jEneas  do  ? 

Did  the  spear  wound  Turnus  ? 

Where  did  it  wound  him  ? 

Does  he  acknowledge  himself  conquered  ? 

Does  he  relinquish  his  claim  upon  Lavi- 
nia? 

What  favor  does  he  ask  of  the  victor  ? 

Was  he  about  to  spare  his  life  also  ? 

Why  did  he  not  spare  it  ? 

What  does  Mr.  Davidson  observe  of  the 
ending  of  this  book  ? 


PUBMI   VIRGILII   MARONIS    OPKRUM 
FINI?. 


A  TABLE   OF  REFERENCE 


TO  THE  NOTES, 


THE  abbreviations  Eel.,  Geor.,  and  £Cn.,  stand  for  Eclogue,  Georgic,  and  JEntid.  Thus, 
Eel.  iv.  32,  refers  to  the  fourth  Eclogue,  and  note  upon  the  thirty-second  line :  and  Geor. 
iii.  7,  refers  to  the  third  book  of  the  Georgics,  and  note  upon  the  seventh  line  ;  and  so  of 
the  jEneid. 


Eel.  i.    31 

Assaracus, 

Geor.  iii.    35 

Amazoniam,        JEn.  v. 

311 

40 

Alburnum, 

146 

Amycus, 

373 

62 

Asylas, 

146 

Atys, 

568 

ii.    24 

Aquarius, 

304 

Ardentes  oculos, 

648 

iii.    37 

Amyclse, 

343 

Antennae, 

829 

40 

Amello, 

iv.  271 

Androgei,                    vi. 

20 

x.       1 

Ambrosia, 

415 

Aureus  ramus, 

137 

iii.     40 

Alba  Longa, 

&n.  i.      7 

Ajax, 

470 

59 

Adire, 

10 

Adrasti, 

479 

iv.      6 

Achilles, 

30 

Antenorides, 

483 

10 

ii.  542 

Aloidas, 

582 

Mn.  iv.     143 

Argivi, 

i.    40 

Animas  quibus, 

713 

vi.  398 

Ajax, 

40 

748 

Eel.  iv.    35 

41 

Alcides, 

801 

v.     11 

ii.  414 

Ancus  Martius, 

815 

vi.    61 

Antenor, 

i.  242 

Alii  excudent, 

847 

vii.    42 

Assaraci, 

284 

Aurunci,                     vii. 

205 

ix.    47 

Argos, 

284 

Adytum, 

269 

x.       1 

vi.  838 

Amata, 

360 

Geor.  iv.  344 

Atridas, 

i.  458 

Acrisius, 

372 

JEn.  iii.  696 

Adytum, 

505 

Ardea, 

372 

Eel.  x.       2 

ii.  115 

Amsancti, 

565 

Geor.  iii.     19 

Arcturus, 

i.  744 

Argylla, 

652 

JEn.  iii.  696 

iii.  516 

Amasenus, 

685 

Eel.  x.     11 

Acies, 

ii.    30 

Acies, 

695 

18 

Amens, 

314 

xi. 

498 

57 

Astyanacta, 

457 

Amiterna  cohors,       vii. 

710 

Geor.  i.      9 

iii.  489 

Allia, 

717 

iv.  372 

Ariete, 

ii.  492 

Ausones, 

726 

i.     14 

Antandros, 

iii.      6 

Aclides, 

730 

iv.  317 

Arcitenens, 

75 

Abella, 

740 

i.     18 

Actia  litora, 

280 

Angitise, 

759 

iv.  247 

Andromache, 

294 

Aricia, 

762 

i.    68 

297 

Asylum  rettulit,        viii. 

342 

138 

482 

Argiletum, 

345 

138 

Auspiciis, 

374 

Agyllinse, 

479 

246 

Achemenides, 

606 

Anser, 

655 

222 

607 

Ancile, 

664 

^En.  vi.    28 

690 

Actia  bella, 

671 

Geor.  i.  244 

Agrigas, 

703 

675 

249 

Ala?, 

iv.  121 

678 

JEn.  iv.  585 

Ammone, 

198 

Agrippa, 

682 

vi.  535 

Atlantis  duri, 

247 

Antonius, 

685 

Geor.  i.  383 

Geor.  i.  138 

Augustus, 

714 

ii.  152 

Aulide, 

JEn.  iv.  426 

Araxes, 

728 

161 

Arma, 

v.     15 

Annuit  id,                    ix. 

104 

j£n.  iii.  442 

vi.  353 

Arisba, 

264 

iv.  512 

Acestes, 

v.    30 

Adversi, 

412 

vi.  243 

Animse  —  umbrse,                80 

Alba  parma. 

548 

Geor.  ii.  465 

Agger, 

273 

Ascanius—  lulus, 

641 

(308 


TABLE  OF  REFERENCE. 


Ascanius-Iiilui,  ./En.  ix.  643 

Cremona, 

Eel.  ix.    28 

Geraunia,          JEn. 

Amenta,                             665 

Cycni, 

29 

Gatfloms, 

Athesim,                           680 

Chaonia, 

Geor.  i.      i 

Camarina, 

Apertas  Alpes,             x.     13 

Chalybes, 

58 

Coeus, 

Arpi,                                   28 
Amathus,                             51 

Corybantes.  ) 
Curites,         $ 

12 

Cithsaron, 
Caucasus, 

Atra  face,                            77 

iv.  150 

Convexa, 

Anchemolum,                   389 

JEn.    iii.  11 

Chaos  et  nox, 

Amyclae,                            564 

13 

Career  —  Meta, 

Antiquus  ager  est,      xi.  316 

Coeura, 

Geor.    i.  279 

Cavese, 

Aulidus,                             405   Cylleniua, 

336 

Ceestus, 

Ala,                                    604   Caystrus, 

383 

Carpathium, 

Aruns  debituB,                  759:  Cyclopes, 

47 

Cuneos, 

793 

/En.    iii.  56$ 

Consanguineo, 

806 

vi.  630 

Chalcis, 

Aciem  ferri,                      860 

viii.  416 

Cecropidae, 

Anteirent,                  xii.    84 

Cothurnus, 

Geor.  ii.      9 

Castor  et  Pollux, 

Augurium,                         257 

Clitumnus, 

146 

Cupressos, 

Apollo,                              393 

Camillas, 

169 

Chaos, 

Aversos  morti,                  464   Capua, 

169 

Centauri, 

Athos,                               701   Canis, 

353 

Apenninus,                       703  Cynthius, 

iii.     36 

Chimcera, 

Cocytus, 

38 

Cortina, 

B 

JEn.   vi.  132 

Charon, 

Cithaeron, 

Geor.  iii.    4i 

Ceeneus, 

Bacchus,              Eel.  v.    69 

Chiron, 

550 

Camillus, 

Boreas,                       vii.     51    Corycium, 

iv.  129 

Corintho, 

Bruma,               Geor.  i.  211   Centaurea, 

270 

Capitolia, 

Bootes,                              229!  Cui  nomen, 

270 

Cato, 

Balearides,                         309  :  Canopi, 

287 

Cornelius  Cossus, 

Bactra,                          ii.  138   Clymene, 

345 

Celtiberi, 

Benacus,                             160   Carpathio, 

387 

Cincinnatus, 

Busiridis,                     iii.       5  Charon, 

502 

Campis  aeris, 

Biremis,               JEa.  v.  119 

Carthago, 

J£n.    i.     14 

Cajeta, 

Bijugo,                               144 

339 

Corythi, 

x.  575 

iv.       1 

Calydona, 

Buten,                         v.  372 

213 

Crinem  pascere, 

Bebrycia,                           373 

Charybdis, 

i.  200 

Crimine, 

Brachia,                            829 

iii.  420 

Caeculus, 

Bellua  Lernss,             vi.  287 

Convexo, 

i.  310 

Cimini, 

Burutus,                            818 

607 

Clausus, 

Bigis,                          vii.    26 

Conjux, 

354 

Caspariam, 

Beliona,                             319 

Cyprum, 

622 

Cateias, 

Bactra,                      viii.  688 

Calchas, 

ii.  100 

Circffium  jugum, 

Berecynthia,                ix.     82 

Cassandra, 

246 

Camilla, 

619 

Creiisa, 

760 

Betias-Pandarug,              674 

773 

Cuspide, 

Baise,                                 710 

711 

Cacus,                       i 

Boreae,                          x.  350 

787 

xii.  365 

Greta, 

iii.  104 

Capitolium, 

Busta,                         xi.  201 

Cybele, 

111 

Codes, 

Bis  sex  lecti,              xii.  899 

vi.  784 

Cloelia, 

Cycladas, 

iii.     74 

Datilina, 

c 

127 

Datonem, 

Calamo,             Eel.     i.     10 

Corytus,    ) 
Corythus,  $ 

170 

Cleopatra, 
Uycladas, 

Conon,                         iii.     40 

Chaonia, 

335 

2ares, 

Cum®,                         iv.       4 

Circse, 

386 

Hingere,  mcenia, 

.En.  vi.       2 

v.  864 

Corona  —  acies, 

Codrus,              Ed.    v.     11 

vii.     10 

Curru,                                  29 

19 

Ceres,                                  79 

282 

}ui  Remulo, 

>En.  ii.  714 

Claustra  Pelori 

,          iii.  410 

^itharse, 

iv.     58 

412 

^apua, 

Caucasus,           Eel.  vi.    42 

Chlamyd0m, 

iii.  484 

^inyra  —  Cupavo. 

Clyteranestra,     /En.  xi.  266 

iv.  137 

Cycaus, 

TABLE   OF  REFERENCE. 


Cometa.-,           JEn.      x.  272 

Dahaj,             JEn.     viii.  730 

Erato,              JEn.    vii.    37 

Caphereus,                   xi.  260 

Domus  ^Enere,            ix.  448 

Extrema  tellus,                 225 

Camilla,                            498 

Dindyma,                           618 

Excussos,                          299 

594 

Diomede,                     x.    28 

Egeria,                              761 

780 

29 

762 

Cornua  Crist®,          xii.    89 

xi.  243 

Evander,                   viii.    51 

Cunei,                               269 

269 

130 

457 

276 

ix.      9 

575 

Cupencus,                         540 

Daucia  proles,              x.  391 
Drances,                      xi.  122 

Eurystheo,                viii.  292 
Electro,                             402 

Crepitus,                            923 

338 

Exhausta,                     x.    67 

Cydon,                              858 

Dotalis,                       xi.  369 

Eurytion,                          499 

Costhurnus,    Eel.    viii.     10 

Dardanio  capiti,               399 

Equitem,                     xi.  464 

Dictamnum,               xii.  412 

Edoni,                        xii.  365 

D 

Dardanides                        775 

Echionium,                       515 

Deformare  domum            805 

Dexter,                Eel.   i.    18 

Dirse—  Furiae,                    845 

Depasta  florem,                  55 

Diana,                          iv.     10 

E 

Demophoon,                v.     10 

Ferulas,            Eel.      x.    25 

Daphnis,                             20 

Echo,                Eel.      ii.    46 

Fas—  Jus,        Geor.     i.  269 

52 

Eurydice,                    iii.    46 

Fasces,                         ii.  495 

Damnabis,                          80 

Geor.    iv.  317 

Favos,                        iv.  104 

Deucalion,                  vi.    41 

Epicurus,          Eel.     vi.     31 

Fucus, 

Dulichium,                          76 

Eurotas,                              83 

Fata  rependens,   JEn.  i.  239 

Dodona,            Geor.   i.  121 

JEn.       i.  498 

Feri,                             ii.    51 

Die,                                   208 

Erigone,         Geor.            33 

Fuimus  Troes, 

Duodena  astra,                 232 

Epirus,                                59 

Fastigia, 

Dii  majores,  )                    49g 
Dii  minores,  $ 

JEn.    iii.  295 
Elis,               Geor.       i.    59 

Furiis,                         iii.  331 
vi.  572 

Decii,                           ii.  169 

Eumenides,                      278 

Fas,                            iv.  350 

Dacus,                               497 

iv.  483 

Formidine,      Geor.   iii.  371 

Dicte,                                536 

JEn.    iii.  331 

JEn.    xii.  750 

Daedala,                      iv.  179 

Emathia,        Geor.       i.  492 

Favete  ore,                  v.    71 

./En.  vi.     14 

Etruria,                         ii.  533 

Ferimur  emeus®, 

Defrutum,        Geor.  iv.  269 

Eurystheus,                 iii.       4 

Facies  delapsa, 

Danai,                JEn.  i.       40 

Epidaurus,                           43 

Ferrei  thalami,           vi.  280 

Deiphobi,                         310 

Eridanus,                    iv.  372 

Fasces,  )                           gjg 

567 

i.  482 

Securis,  $    t 

vi.  495 

JEn.     vi.  658 

Fabricium,                        844 

525 

Electra,                         i.    28 

Fabii,                                845 

Delos,     •                     iii.     75 

Equum,                        ii.     15 

Fatalis,                       vii.  114 

Dardanus,                        167 

232 

xi.  233 

170 

Enixae,                          iii.  327 

xii.  232 

vii.  240 

Enceladi,     —f-tt  9       59B- 

Fata  Phrygum,          vii.  294 

Dulichium,                  iii.  271 

Exhaustum.                iv.     14 

Fumidus  amnis,                465 

Dodonteo:?.                        466 

Erebus,                              510 

Ferum,                              489 

Drepani,                            707 

Eryx,                            v.    24 

Fescenninas  acies,            695 

Dido,                          -iv.       1 

411 

Faliscos,                            695 

36 

xii.  701 

Facialia  jura,                    695 

654 

Exsequiee,                     v.     53 

Ferulos,                              714 

Dos,                                   104 

Entillus,                            447 

Feronia,                            800 

Draco  custos,                    484 

Erymantho,                       448 

Fostus  enixa,             viii.    44 

Dares,                         v.  447 

466 

Fluvius  corniger, 

463 

Eurytion,                           513 

Fovere  castra,             ix.    57 

Damnati  mortis,          vi.  430 

Exsortem,                          534 

Funera  tua,                      417 

Datum  tempus,                 535 
Discedam,                         545 

Elysium,                           735 
Euboea,                       vi.      2 

Ferrugo,                            582 
Falarica,                           705 

Deus,                                 749 

ix.  710 

Fera  Carthago,            x.    ! 

Decios,                              824 

Enavit,                        A'i.     16 

Furtum, 

Drusos,                              824 

Eriphylen,                         445 

Fauces,                       xi.  516 

Danae,                      vii.  732 

Eteocles,                           445 

Fortuna, 

410 

Evadnen,                           447 

Famara  inultr, 

Dii  Communes,       viii.  275 

Evantes,                            517 

Fcetum  sui0,               xii.  1' 

srii.  181 

Exercentur  penis,           739 

Flavos  crine?, 

77 


610 


TABLE   OF  REFERENCE. 


jfurere  furorem,^n.  xii.  680 
Fejle  s»vi  veneni,            057 

Hippomanes,     Mn.    iv.  510 
Hellebores,     Geor.     iii.  451 

Inachiaj,             ^En.  vii.  372 
Iberi,                 Geor.  iii.  408 

Hortos,                         iv.  118 

Indi,                            iv.  293 

G 

Hydaspes,                          211 
Hypanis,        Geor.     iv.  370 

JEn.  vi.  795 
vii.  605 

Hector,             ^En.       i.     99 

viii.  705 

Galatea,            Eel.     i.    31 
Glaucus,                     vi.    74 

xii.  440 
Harpalyce,                     i.  31? 

?nferijs,             Geor.  iii.    66 
iv.  545 

Geor.      i.  437 

Hesperiam,                         530 

'uno,                    .flin.  i.      4 

JEn.    v.  823 

Helena;,                             65'- 

ii.  612 

Grynium,          Eel.    vi.    72 

ii.  567 

nvisum  genus,             i.     28 

Gallus,                         x.      6 

vi.  52y 

Illyricos,                             243 

Ganges,          Geor.     ii.  137 

x.     92 

lulus,                                 267 

Gangaridse,                iii.    27 

Hecubam,                    ii.  501 

v.  568 

Get®                                462 

vii.  320 

Ilia,                               i.  274 

Galesus,                      iv.  126 
Galbanum,                        264 

Hospitium,                  iii.     15 
Harpy  i®,                          212 

vi.  777 
Iliades,                          i.  480 

Gallee,                               267 

vii.  119 

xi.     35 

Ganymedis,       JEn.     i.    28 

Helenum,                    iii.  294 

Ithacus,                         i.  104 

v.  252 

Hermionem,                      328 

Jus-fas,                         ii.  157 

Gorgone,                     ii.  616 

Hospita  a>quora, 

Immixti, 

vii.  341 
Chadivus,                   iii.    35 

Hyrcania,                   iv.  365 
vii.  605 

Idomenea.                    iii.  122 
401 

Gcte,                                 35 

Hecate,                       vi.  511 

Ithaca, 

vii.  604 

609 

Inspirata, 

Gerrainos  parentes,    iii.  180 

Hectorei,                     v.  190 

Inanis  Tumulus                304 

181 
Gela,                                701 

Hippocoontis,                    492 
Hoc,  Ilium,                       756 

Inventa  sus,                      389 
392 

Getula?,                     iv.    40 

Hercules,                    vi.  123 

fntempesta  nox,                587 

v.  192 

395 

Jussa  Heleni,                    684 

Gravidam  imperils,    iv.  229 

001 

larbasr,                         iv.    36 

x.    87 

viii.  288 

198 

Gryneeus,                    iv.  345 

Hannibal,                   vi.  845 

Iris,                                    700 

Gnossia,                       v.  306 

x.     11 

v.  606 

Geryon,                      vi.  289 

Helicon  a,                    vii.  641 

lonio  mari, 

vii.  661 

Hernica  saxa, 

Imberturbidus,                  696 

viii.  202 

Hortin®,                             716 

Ino,                                    823 

Glaucum,                   vi.  483 

Hermi,                               720 

Icarus,                         vi.     14 

0<?nus  Divi,                     792 

Halesus,                            724 

31 

Augustus,                          793 

Hippolyti,                          761 

Incertam  Lunam,             270 

Gracchi,                            842 
Geminae  port®,                 893 

Hesione,                    viii.  157 
Hcedi,                         ix.  668 

Ignem  simplicis,                747 
In,                                      810 

Gabin®,                    vii.  682 

Hasta  protenus,           x.  339 

Infelix  pater,                     820 

Gajsa,                    v   viii.  662 
Gelouos,                           725 

Hippolyten,                 xi.  661 
Hausit  oculis,            xii.  945 

Italus,                         vii.  178 
Jugalis,                               320 

Ganges,                       ix.    30 

Janus,                                610 

Gravise®,                     x.  184 

617 

Gargani,                    xi.  247 

I  &  J 

lo,                                      789 

Indegenae,                 viii.  314 

Juniperi,             Eel.  vii.     53 

xii.  823 

x.     76 

Ignea  rima,               viii.  392 

Ismarus,                    viii.    44 

lapyge,                              710 

Hylau,               Eel.    vi.     43 
Hesperides,                        61 

Jupiter,               Geor.  i.  121 
iv.  150 

Iberia,                         ix.  582 
Idee®,                                 620 

jEn.    iv.  484 

fan.  ix.     84 

Inarime,                             716 

Hippomenes,     Eel.    vi.    61 
Heliades,                             62 

670 
Ingenium  fato,   Geor.  i.  416 

Intendere  nurneros,           776 
Idalium,                       x,    51 

Hebrus,                        x.    65 

Indigetes,                          498 

Ille-hic,                             130 

Hyades,         Geor.      i.  138 

^n.  xii.  794 

750 

Mn.     iii.  516 

Ityraei,                Geor.  ii.  448 

xii.  342 

Halcyones,      Geor.     i.  399 

Istrum,                              497 

Ilva,                              x.  173 

Heemus,                             492 

Isthmia,                       iii.     19 

Ismara,                              351 

Hermus,                       ii.  137 

Ixion,                                   38 

Infula,                                538 

Hippodame,               iiL      7 

iv.  484 

Die  aper,                           707 

Hero,                                258 

jEn.  vi.  601 

xi.  809 

Hippomanes.                   280 

Inachiw,            Geor.  iii.  153 

Inferiasurabris, 

TABLE  OF  REFERENCE, 


611 


lapyx,                 JEn.  xi.  247 

Lucretia, 

JEn.  vi.  818 

Mensas,              JE 

n.  ii.  257 

Juturna,                      xii.  140 

Latinus, 

vii.     45 

Magna  Grsecia, 

iii.  396 

lapis,                                 393 

50 

Planes, 

565 

In  contraria,                      487 

xii.  164 

iv.  387 

Informis  leti,                      603 

Laurens,       ) 

vi.  743 

Improbus,            Geor.  i.  145 

Laurentum,  ) 

vii.     63 

x.    39 

JEn.  xii.  687 

Lymphata, 

377 

xii.  674 

Importuna,                         864 

Lupercal, 

viii.  343 

Mauritania, 

iv.  206 

Inane,                                 906 

Luperci, 

343 

Moaonia  mitra. 

216 

Infelix,                                941 

LycsBum, 

344 

Mercurius, 

252 

Lupam  fffitam, 

630 

Magalia, 

259* 

L, 

Lelegas, 

725 

Maleae, 

v.  193 

Legio, 

ix.  368 

Mseander, 

250 

xii.  563 

Mens, 

vi.     11 

Lupercalia  —  Lycs3,Ecl.  ii.  31 

Lampada, 

ix.  535 

Minos, 

20 

Lucina,                        iv.     10 

Lydia  gens, 

x.  155 

431 

Geor.  iii.     60 

Ligurum, 

185 

Minotaurus, 

24 

Linus,                 Eel.  iv.    56 

xi.  701 

Massylum, 

60 

Lustro,                          v.     75 

Lausus, 

x.  793 

Misenus, 

164 

Lucifer,                      viii.     17 

819 

ix.  715 

Lethe,                  Geor.  i.     78 

Locros, 

xi.  265 

Malesuada  fames, 

vi.  276 

Lycaon,                              138 

Movet  urnam, 

432 

Laomedon,                        502 

M 

Menelaus, 

525 

Lucrinus,                      ii.  161 

xi.  262 

JEn.  iii.  442 

Malum, 

Eel.  ii.    51 

Musaeum, 

vi.  667 

Ligures,              Geor.  ii.  16ft 

Myrtus, 

54 

Moeotica  tellus, 

798 

Lapitha?,                      iii.   116 

vii.     62 

Marcellus, 

855 

JEn.  vi.  601 

Musoe, 

iii.     60 

869 

vii.  307 

Murex, 

iv.     44 

883 

Leander,           Geor.  iii.  258 

Myricse, 

vi.     10 

Mercede, 

vii.  317 

Lynx,                                264 

Msenalus, 

viii.     21 

Mycenae^ 

372 

Lares,                                 344 

Medea, 

47 

Malta, 

393 

JEn.  v.  744 

Mars, 

x.     44 

Movent  Martem, 

603 

viii.  543 

JEn.  iii.     13 

Mezentius, 

648 

Lydia,              Geor.  iv.  211 

vi.  777 

viii.  482 

Lavinium,             JEn.  i.       2 

Minerva, 

Geor.  i.     18 

x.    71 

Lycios,                              113 

JEn.  ii.  171 

900 

Libya,                                 339 

Mysia, 

Geor.  i.  102 

Messapus, 

vii.  691 

Latona,                             502 

Monstrum, 

184 

x.  354 

Laocoon.                      ii.    40 

JEn.  iii.  307 

735 

201 

v.  523 

xii.  289 

LOGVUS.                 JEn.  ii.  693 

xii.  246 

Massica, 

vii.  726 

Eel.  i.     18 

Melicertes, 

Geor.  i.  437 

Marrubium, 

750 

Lydius  Tibris,     JEn.  ii.  782 

Media, 

ii.  126 

Myrtum, 

817 

Lycurgo,                      iii.     14 

Massicus, 

143 

Mensse  secundse, 

viii.  284 

Leucatse,                            274 

Marsi, 

167 

Mceonia, 

499 

Loricam,                           467 

JEn.  vii.  758 

ix.  546 

vii.  639 

Mantua, 

Geor.  ii.  198 

Metium, 

viii.  642 

Lilybeum,                   iii.  706 

JEn.  x.  198 

Manlius, 

652 

Luna  obscura,             iv.     81 

201 

Morini, 

727 

Lycia?  sortes,                     346 

Molorclms,       Geor.  iii.     19 

Mcenia  Acestro, 

is.  21? 

Lacertis  adductis,        v.  141 

Milesus, 

306 

Mincius, 

x.  206 

Loricam,                           260 

Moeotis, 

349 

Manus  miseranda, 

xi.  259 

Limen,                              316 

Molossus, 

405 

MoconidsB, 

759 

Lusus  Trojas,                    553 
Labyrinthus,                      589 

Mel  am  pus, 
Melissae, 

550 
iv.  150 

Mycenceus  ductor, 
Manipli, 

266 
870 

590 

Mantilia, 

377 

Melior  victima, 

xii.  296 

Ludi  Apollinares,       vi.     70 

Mycenae, 

JEn.  i.  284 

Multa, 

506 

Longseva  sacerdos,           321 

vi.  838 

Mussat, 

657 

Eel.  iv.       4 

Mercati  solum, 

i.  367 

Murali  tormento, 

921 

Laodamia,          JEn.  vi.  447 

Manus  artificum,              454 

Laertes,                             529 

Meinnon, 

489 

N 

Labem,                             746 

Mensae, 

723 

Lavinia,                            763 

Myrmidones. 

ii.       7 

Nymphtp,             F! 

•I.  ii.    46 

Lernam.                          "01 

MoDni.i, 

234 

Narcissus, 

46 

,312 


TABLE  OF  REFERENCE, 


Narcissus,  Geor.  iv.  160 

Nectar,  Eel.  v.    71 

Nereus,  vi.    35 

Nereides,  35 

Nisus,  74 

Nemus,  x. 


Neptunus, 


9 
Geor.  i.     14 


JEn.  iii. 

v.  799 

Naryx,  Geor.  ii.  438 

Niluna,  iii.    28 

iv.  287 

293 

;En.  vi.  800 
viii.  711 

Niphates,          Geor.  iii.    30 

Noricum,  474 

Nimbus,  fan.  i.  102 

viii.  354 

Nurus,  ii.  501 

Numina  Magna,  623 

Narycii  Locri,  iii.  399 

Numidse,  iv.  41 

viii.  724 

Nox  atra,  v.  721 

Nomentum,  vi.  773 

Numitor,  777 

Numa,  810 

Nar,  vii.  517 

Nefae,  596 

x.  499 

673 

Nubigense,  vii.  674 

viii.  293 

Nursia,  vii.  716 

Nunc,  6  nunc,          viii.  579 

Nisus — Euryalus,        ix.  176 

205 

Navale,  xi.  329 

Nee  minus,  xii.  107 

Nee  non,  107 

Nostrum,  18 

Nox  intempesta, 
Non  secus  ac,  856 


'arthus, 

'an, 

3ierides, 

^arcee, 

Phyllis, 

"'uniceus, 

Pceni, 


Olympus, 

Orgia, 
Orion, 

Olympia, 

Oscilla, 
Orphea, 


Otiutn, 
Orestes, 


Eel.  v.    56 
JEn.  i.  374 

x. 

Eel.  v.    69 
&n.  iv.  30 
Eel.  viii.    55 
JEn.  i.  535 

iii.  51 

Geor.  i.     5< 
iii.     1 
ii.  38£ 
Eel.  iii.    46 
Geor.  iv. 


n.  vi. 

Geor.  iv.  564 
^En.  iii.  32J 


)restes,  /En.  iv.  471 

Omen  regibus,  vii.  174 

Osci,  729 

)mnigenumDeorum,viii  698 
Oricia,  x.  136 

Ocnus — Bianor,  198 

)rbem  triplice  aere,  783 

Opis,  xi.  836 

)rithyia,  xii.     83 

Occupat  os,  300 

)ppetere,  543 

Oleaster,  766 


Eel.  i.     62 
ii.    31 
iii.     60 
iv.    47 
v.     10 
17 
27 

jEn.  i.  302 
»entheus,  Eel.  v.     69 

Proserpina,  79 

^En.  iv.  511 
69C 

Parnassus,          Eel.  vi.     29 
x.     11 

Pyrrha,  vi.     41 

Prometheus,  42 

Proetides, 
Phaethontiades, 
Phaeton,  62 

/En.  v.  105 

Philomela,  Eel.  vi.  7£ 

Geor.  iv.  51 
Progne,  Eel.  vi.    78 

Phcebo,  82 

iv.     1C 
Priapus,  Eel.  vii.     33 

Geor.  iv.  11 
Pollio,  Eel.  iv.     12 

viii. 

Pontus,  95 

Pindus,  x.     1 

Palladium,          Geor.  i.     1 
/En.  ii.  16€ 

Pallas,  Geor.  i.     II 

Pleiades,  131 

Plurima,  187 

Poenas,  405 

Philippi,  49< 

Pharsalia,  49( 

Panchaia,  ii.  13 

Penates,      )  ^n 

Penetrales,  $ 

/En.  ii.  29 
71 

v.  744 
viii.  54! 

Pales,  Geor.  iii. 

Pelops, 
Pythia, 


aros,  Geor.  iii.  34 

'otniades,  268 

'hasim,  iv.  367 

'roteus,  388 

'arthenope,  564 

Jolus,  &n.  i.    90 

rocella,  102 

Jorta;  belli,  294 

Japhus,  415 

'atroclus,  458 

^rgama,  466 

Jeplum,  480 

Jenthesilea,  491 

^lasgi,  624 

vii.  796 
viii.  600 

Phoenissa  i.  670 

iv.  529 
Palamedis,  ii.     82 

Phalanx,  254 

antheus,  319 

Plurima  imago,  369 

Pyrrhus,  470 

263 

iii.  294 
Penetralia,  ii.  484 

Prianii  fatorum,  554 

557 

Polydorus,  iii.    42 

43 

Phineus,  212 

Phaeacum,  291 

Priameia  Virgo,  321 

Philoctetse,  402 

Petilia,  402 

Polyphemus,  617 

636 

Pelorus,  687 

Pachynum,  698 

Pygmalion,  iv.       1 

Pronuba,  166 

vii.  319 

Parvulus  jflCneaa,        iv.  328 
Pentheus,  469 

Pluto,  638 

Pompas.  v.     53 

Palrna,  111 

Phorcus,  240 

Panopea,  240 

Portunus,  241 

Paridem,  370 

Fandare,  496 

Prselato,  541 

Polites,  564 

Porta,  755 

Palsemon,  823 

Pedem  facere,  830 

Palinurus,  833 

870 
vi.  338 

348 

379 

Pasiphae,  14 

24 

Perithoiie.  12-? 


TABLE  OF  REFERENCE. 


013 


Perithous,          JEn.  vi.  394 

Quirites,            JEn.  vii.  709 

Sisyphus,          Geor.  iii.    39 

vii.  304 

710 

Silari,                                 146 

Pyram,                        vi.  215 

Quocunque  fonte,     viii.    74 

Styx,                                  551 

Procul  O,                           25}'. 

liuadrupedante,                596 

iv.  488 

Phlegethon,                       265 

Quern  labor  damnet,  xii.  727 

^Cn.    vi.  265 

Phae  drain,                          445 

324 

vii.  76  i 

xii.  816 

Procris,                        vi.  44". 

R 

Serpyllum,       Geor.  iv.    31 

Protecilaus,                       447 

Speluncis,                          364 

Pulsus  parens,                  609 

ahodope,            Geor.  i.  332 

Samo,              ^En.       i.    15 

Phlegyas,                           61  P. 

iii.  351 

Sarpedon,                          100 

Pseana,                               ,657 

Rostrum,                      ii.  508 

ix.  697 

vii.  769 

'lomulus,              jEn.  i.  274 

Simois,                          i.  100 

Principio  spiritus,       vi.  724 

vi.  777 

Syrtis,                                111 

Pompeius  Mag- 

Rhesus,                         i.  469 

Sanguine  Teucri,             235 

nus,                                 828 

-ludentes,                    iii.  267 

Sichseus,                           348 

Perses  —  Pyrrhus,               83.". 

683 

iv.       1 

Prosequitur  Anchises,       898 

Rogos,                        iv.  646 

Scamander,                  i.  473 

Plaga  iniqui  solis,      vii.  225 
Pero,                                 689 

Remigium,                   vi.     16 
Regna  Caspia,                  798 

Sidera  cadentia,          ii.      9 
Sinonem,                            82 

Partem  Sabiriis,                700 

Rerum  Lachyrmae,       i.  462 

86 

Pallanteum,              yiii.     51 

Recidiva,                    vii.  321 

Sponsse,                            345 

Porsenna,                           646 

x.     58 

Scyria,                              477 

Puppibus  turritis,              69^ 

Romulidis,                 viii.  638 

Sub  axe,                            512 

Pilumnus,                    ix.       3 

>.rgia  horrebat,                854 

Sic,  O,  sic,                        644 

x.     76 

:lostrata  corona,               684 

Superi,                               659 

Prisca  fides,                 ix.     79 

'Ihenus,                     viii.  727 

Stella  lapsa,                     694 

Parva  discrimina,              14? 

Remulus,                     ix.  363 

Stat,                                  750 

Pontes,                               170 

'lejiciunt  parmas,       xi.  619 

Strophadum,               iii.  209 

xii.  675 

Religio,                       xii.  181 

212 

Phaleras,                     ix.  359 

iii.  409 

Servire  Phrygio,         iv.  103 

Pater  Romanus,                449 

363 

Sermone,                           277 

Produxi  te,                       487 

ilerum  trepidae,          xii.  589 

Si  fata,                               340 

Palici,                                 585 

Romana  propago,             827 

Solum,                         v.  199 

Prochyla,                           715 

vii.  Ill 

Pactas  sponsas,            x.    79 

x.  102 

Pactolus,                            142 

Salius,                          v.  298 

Populonia,                          172 

Spiculum-pilum,               306 

Piste,                                   17'' 

Sinistra,             Eel.     i.     18 

Spatium,                            316 

Pyrgi,                                  184 

Scythiam,                            66 

Sirenes,                             864 

Phaeton,                              Iflt" 

Sibylla,                        iv.      4 

Somnus  —  Mors,          vi.  278 

Pallas  —  Lausus,                43-> 

Saturnus,                               6 

Salmonea,                          585 

Penetrabile,                       481 

Saturnia  regna,                     6 

Sisyphus,                           616 

Paphus,                                55 

Satyri,                           v.     73 

Spargit  corpus,                 636 

Partim,                         xi.  204 

Syracusae,                    vi.       1 

Sylvius,                             763 

Protei,                               262 

x.       1 

Scipiadas,                          843 

Pharos,                               262 

Silenus,                        vi.     14 

Spolia  opima,                   859 

Priverno,                             539 

Scyllam,                              74 

Sabinus,                      vii.  178 

Penthesilea,                       661 

/En.      i.  200 

Samum,                             208 

Praecipites,                         888 

iii.  420 

Sortes,                              269 

Pacisci  letum,            xii.    49 

684 

iv.  346 

Poeonium,                          401 

Sardoiis,            Eel.    vii.    41 

Situ,                            vii.  440 

Panaceani,                         41  9 

Solstitium,                           47 

Soractis,                             696 

Pati  digna  indigna,          811 

Sophocles,                  riii.     10 

xi.  785 

Specula,                               59 

Sarnus,                      vii.  738 

Saltus,                           x.       9 

Sarrantes,                          738 

Sylvanus,                            24 

Sicani,                                795 

Salii,                                    44 

Sacrani,                               796 

Quinquc  Zonte,  Geor.  i.  233 

Geor.      i.    20 

siculi,                                 795 

Quadrigae,                         512 

Sabsei,                                  57 

Spectans  oricntia,     viii.    68 

^En.  vi.  535 

Sirius,                               218 

Supertitio,                         187 

Quae  quibus,                iv.  371 

iv.  425 

Salii,                                  285 

Quara  mihi  cum,              436 

;En.    x.  373 

Saeculum,                          508 

Quisque  patimur,        vi.  743 

Seres,              Geor.     ii.  121 

Sabinas  raptas.                 635 

Quirinus,                           859 

Sabini,                              532 

Sistrum.                             «96 

614 


TABLE  OF   REFERENCE, 


Stellas  palantes,  /En.  ix. 

20 

Tritonia,              /En.  ij. 

171 

Ut  spolia,  &c.       Ain.  i.  486 

Sed  periisse  semcl, 

140 

Tacitae  Lunae, 

255 

Umbra),                              607 

Sublatum, 

203 

Testudine  acta, 

441 

Ulysses,                        ii.      7 

Sic  itur  ad  astra, 

641 

Thalami, 

503 

iii.  617 

Specus  atri, 

700 

Thymbreeus,                iii. 

85 

634 

Squamae, 

707 

Eel.    iv. 

10 

Umbone,                      ii.  546 

xi. 

488 

Transtris,                    iii. 

289 

•           vii.  633 

Solus  honos  sub, 

23 

Tripodas, 

360 

Utramque  Trojam,     iii.  504 

Sidus  triste, 

260 

Tarenti, 

551 

Utrumque  caput,        iv.  357 

Scelus  artificis, 

407 

TaediE,                         iv. 

18 

Umbra,                             387 

Secundus  aruspex, 

739 

Titan,                 JEn.  iv. 

179 

Sidere  abrupto,          xii. 

451 

Eel.    iv. 

6 

Suecessu  equorum, 

616 

JEn.    vi. 

725 

, 

Su  peris, 

647 

Talaria,                       iv. 

239 

Sila, 
Superstitio, 
Seevi  regis, 
Scelerato, 

T 

715 
817 
849 
949 

Thy  as  —  Baccho, 
Tartara, 
Trivia, 
xi. 
Tripodas,                     v. 
Triremis, 

301 
446 
609 
836 
110 

Vaccinia,              Eel.  ii.     18 
Varus,                         vi.      7 
Virgo,                                 47 
Vesper,                                86 
Vulcanus,           Geor.  i.  295 
Vesta,                                498 

JL 

Tege»8e,                       v. 
Transcribunt, 

299 
750 

/En.  i.  292 
U"     9Q7 

Tigrim,             Eel.     L 

62 

Triton, 

824 

•    -  •  '  * 
v.  745 

Thetim,                       iv. 

32 

vi. 

173 

ix    2/»Q 

Thalia,                        vi. 

2 

Theseus, 

20 

1A.     XO<7 

Vacuum,           Geor.  iv.  226 

Tereus, 

78 

28 

Virum,                   /Kn.  i.       1 

Taurus,          Geor.      i. 
Tithonus, 
iii. 

218 
249 
48 

Tyndarus, 
Tydeus, 
Titania  pubes, 

121 
479 
580 

Volvere,                        i.      9 
Vale,                                  219 
xi.    97 

Tyrrhenus,                   ii. 
Tartara, 
iv. 

Theatrum, 

JEtTl*       V» 

Thespis,          Geor.     ii. 
Theseidae, 

193 
292 
482 
381 
289 
340 
383 
383 

Tityon, 
Tyrrheno  sale, 
Tellus  jacet, 
Tullus  Hostilius, 
Tarquinius, 
Torquatus, 
Tumultum, 
Turnus,                      vii. 

595 
697 
795 
814 
818 
825 
855 
56 

Viscera,                         i.'  211 
Venus,                              229 
Virgine  csesa,               ii.  116 
Visum  aliter,  Dis,             428 
Vis  canum,                 iv.  132 
Virgam,                             242 
Vexatus  bello,                   615 
Virtus,                           v.  363 

Tantalus,                    iii. 
Timavus, 
Taygete,                     iv. 
Tempe,  plu., 
Taurino, 
Tcenarus, 

.    7 
474 
232 
317 
372 
467 

Trabea, 
Thyrsos, 
Transcribi, 
Tessera, 
Tuba-  classica 

63 
188 
390 
422 
637 
637 

Viscum,                        vi.  205 
Velinos  portus,                 366 
Violate  orbemcrusti,  vii.  114 
Velinus,                             517 
Vulnus,                              533 
\ii    "Ififl 

Tariais, 
Trojce,               /En.      i. 
Tyrii, 
Tiber, 

517 
1 
12 
13 

Teutones, 
Tybris,                      viii. 
Tarpeiam  sedem, 
Tres  radios, 

741 
330 
347 
429 

Vulturnus,                  vii.  729 
Virbius,                              761 
Volsci,                Geor.  ii.  168 

vii. 
Thetis,                        .  i. 

30 
30 

Tyrrhenus  clangor, 
Ter  centum, 

526 
716 

/r.*n.  vi  J.  <JfM 
Vada,                           x.  207 
xi    62P 

Teucri, 
Tydeus, 
Trinacria, 

38 
97 
196 

Thebana,                     ix. 
Tyrrhenes  acies,           x. 
Tolumnius,                  xi. 

697 
691 
429 

Vulcania  acies,            x.  408 
Velati  (feciales,)        xii.  120 
170 

iii. 
Timavi,                          i. 

384 
244 

Thermodon, 
Tibur, 

659 
755 

Vortex,                             672 

Togatam, 

282 

Tiburtus, 

755 

Troilus, 

474 

Tango  aras,               xii. 

201 

x 

Teucer, 

619 

Tabulata, 

675 

iii. 

104 

Taburno, 

715 

108 

Xanthi,              /En.  iii.  497 

Typhoeus,                     i. 

665 

ix. 

716 

u 

Triones,                         i. 

744 

Thymcetes,                    ii. 

32 

Tcnedos, 

21 

Ut  vidi,  &c.       Eel.  viii. 

41 

Zacynthos.         JEn.  iii.  270 

203 

Urbes,                 Geor.  i. 

25 

TABLE  OF  REFERENCE. 


G15 


Sgle, 
ithioi 


JEthiopes, 
^Equor, 

^Eoliam, 
JEolus, 

JEneada?, 


Eel.  vi.    20 

x.    68  jEstas  prima, 
jEn.  iv.  481   jEgaeo, 
Geor  i.    50  jEueae  domus, 
JEn.  iii.  290  ^acides, 
i.     52  ^Etna, 

52  jEstas  septima, 
viii.  416 
i.  157,  .Era, 


i.  i.  544 

-/Era,                   ^ED.  x. 

783 

iv.  615 

./Equos,                      vii. 

695 

xi.  292 

yEsculapius, 

773 

iii.      8 

jEgysthus,                   xi. 

268 

74 

^Equato  examine,      xii. 

725 

97 

296 

CE 

554 

i.  755 

CEbaliae,          Geor.  ir. 

125 

v.  628 

CEagrus, 

524 

vii,  526 

CEnotria,           jEn.  iii* 

165 

FINIS. 


• 


/? 


-  °  • 

v> 


' 


? 

J 


' 

/ 


*  :] 

< 

/a*    'IftcwHt    ftekto  k/6£/J 


317 

ro  <**tA*  fr 

at-  #«* 

, 

'  (•/    //,'. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 


This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 
on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 

—  -*•*.  -.  \-*v      I     p«v 

:c.C  U  LD 

JUN4    'b5"oAM 

• 

- 

. 

- 

- 

_ 

- 

- 

LD  2lA-60m-3,'65 
(F2336slO)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


APT6R  MOUH  CHUTE 


.SEP1Z 


JUN      4  1865 


3RSf.SVfr   COOK  DEPART.' 


LD  21-100m-7,'40  (6936s) 


YC  52230 


M250123 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


